Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Croatian |
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Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga
2006
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The medieval archaeological heritage of Croatia |
| Physical Description: | 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9532121986 |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Zagreb |b Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga |c 2006 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The medieval archaeological heritage of Croatia | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 400-1500 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Sadržaj
Uvod
Prvi dio
SISTEMATIZACIJA, PERIODIZACIJAI KRONOLOGIJA
MATERIJALNE KULTURE
GROBNE ARHITEKTURE I NEKROPOLA
I.
s
Počeci istraživanja
Prva sistematizacija građe
Suvremena istraživanja
Novi radovi
II.
Prostorna, vremenska i kulturna obilježja
Osnovni podaci
III. Stratigrafska istraživanja nekropola i podjela materijalne kulture
po skupinama
Metodologija rada
Analiza nekropola
Relativno kronološka interpretacija skupina
IV.
naušnica te tipova arhitekture grobne komore
Horizonti nekropola
Prvi ili rani (poganski) horizont
Drugi ili srednji (kristijaniziram) horizont
Treći ili kasni horizont
V.
Faze razvoja materijalne kulture
/.
//.
///.
IV.
VI.
Opći rezultati
Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save
VII.
za čin pokapanja i prostorni smještaj nekropola
VIII.
IX.
X.
Opća tipologija rane sakralne arhitekture
XI.
bjelobrdskog tipa između planina i rijeke Save
Drugi dio
SISTEMATIZACIJA OSNOVNIH NAUŠNICA
OSVRTOM NA PODRUČJE RASPROSTIRANJA
I. Grobni nalazi i prilozi nakitnog tipa
Popis nalazišta obrađenih u tekstu
II.
te vremenski i prostorni raspored tipova
Naušnice
Proste karičice
Proste
Proste karičice tanjeg obruča sa spiralnim završetkom-stošcem (br.
Grozdaste filigranske naušnice (br.
Naušnice sa stiliziranim klasom (br.
Proste karičice tanjeg obruča
Naušnice antikizirajućeg tipa nasuprotnih pupoljaka (br.
Filigranske antikizirajuće sljepoočničarke
Naušnice antikizirajućeg cvjetnog
Trojagodne
Grozdaste fino lijevane naušnice
Filigranske naušnice
Jednojagodne prave male naušnice glatkih jagoda (br.
Četverojagodne filigranske naušnice
Jednojagodne filigranske naušnice
s
Jednojagodne naušnice
urešenom jagodom (br.
Jednojagodne naušnice
Dvojagodne filigranske naušnice
Proste deblje karike ravnih završetaka
Jednojagodne naušnice okruglih jagoda bez naglašenog spoja (br.
Trojagodne naušnice okruglih jagoda bez naglašenog spoja (br.
Jednojagodne sljepoočničarke
između dvije petlje (br.
Trojagodne sljepoočničarke
između tri petlje Y-oblika (br.
Naušnice od pletene tanke kovine (br.
Proste deblje karike
Sadržaj
Naušnice (sljepoočničarke)
Filigranske naušnice
Naroskane filigranske naušnice (br.
Trojagodne filigranske naušnice jednakih okruglih jagoda (br.
Trojagodne filigranske naušnice okomite veće srednje jagode (br.
UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA
SUMMARY
Kratice
Literatura
Bilješka
The Medieval archaeological heritage
of Croatia
Introduction
This work summarises one part of the research carried out by many Croatian but
also European archaeologists medievalists
Ages in Croatia, especially that part which is represented by the most numero¬
us jewellery artefacts to be found
shape, in the manner in which it was fashioned, in the metal used to produce it and in
size, ranging from small real earrings up to
were
and placed in graves continuously and without any interruptions throughout the Early
Middle Ages, the Middle Ages proper and the Later Middle Ages in Croatia.
By the end of the 20th century, sufficient material data had been gathered to finalise the
basic work needed to achieve
of jewellery in general, and earrings in particular. The aim of this book is to attempt a
systematic overview of Old Croatian material culture, and to illustrate its distribution in
space and time.
Spatial, temporal and cultural distinctive characteristics
The text deals with the geographical area of part of early medieval Croatia (Littoral Croa¬
tia and
ridi towards the river
Roman province of
the 9th century left by Alfred the Great; it also coincides with an area according to Oro-
sius in his work Seven Books of Histories Against the Pagans, but also with modern data
(M.
area from the middle of the 10th century according to the workDe
(Ferjančić
The necropolises that are discussed in this work have been chosen on the basis of their
publication in scientific literature, and after personal insight into these artefacts in indi¬
vidual museums. I have also carried out a reconnaissance of their sites in the field and
made a record of medieval stone tomb monuments and standing tombstones. I have
excavated the greater part of necropolises in
Raška
Ivinje near Murter both in cooperation with my associates, and on my own; at the time, I
304
was the first person to computer process the data gathered
necropolises in the
I have chosen a total of
recorded and, more importantly, on the basis of the fact whether geodesic plans have
been drawn up that include plotted graves and descriptions of grave units. Information
on many important cemeteries has only partly been published and there is no graphic
documentation for them (e.g.
only
been published in their entirety, however, they were damaged during excavations (no.
4);
record of all or most grave units), (No.
finds discovered in these graves as dating back to the Early and Later Middle Ages, to a
period from the 7th to the 15th century.
Methodology
The process of establishing the chronology and periods for medieval material culture
(jewellery) in Littoral Croatia, extending as far as the northernmost slopes of the Dina-
ridi and the valley of the rivers Sana and
ment of necropolises, is a complex problem and a task attempted by many experts and
researchers. However, these researchers failed to establish a sufficient number of points
of reference, as they dated most types of jewellery ad hoc into all-embracing
-
A methodological approach to the essential problem should be founded on a general
overview of available and accessible material and aimed at striving to find certain regu¬
larities or rules that govern the phenomena. In view of this, we carried out a horizontal
and vertical
all finds) among a group of
and non-mobile material culture finds that have been published in their entirety or to a
greater extent. Taken within a broader context, an additional hundred or so necropoli¬
ses have been taken into consideration based on the fact that they have been published.
These analyses resulted in differentiated groups of jewellery (earrings) with homogeneous
distinctive characteristics in common within the group depending on appearance, the
technique used, and the type of material used, which were located in particular parts
of the necropolises, and which, unlike other groups of this kind at the same necropolis,
can be reciprocally, relatively chronologically correlated. The Differentia
location of earrings in very clearly differentiated types-shapes of underground burial
chambers. The chronology is borne by the shape of the earring, and not the burial cham¬
ber. In addition, the presence of artefacts belonging to other known cultural groups
Carinthian-Koettlach,
Late Avar,
a table was produced that shows the relative relations among these nine jewellery gro¬
ups (earrings), allowing comparisons to be drawn among them. In this way, different
Summary
jewellery developmental phases have been discerned, which make it possible to separate
necropolises with the same distinctive characteristics into specific burial horizons. As a
result, an absolute chronology of jewellery and necropolises was established on the basis
of shape and stratigraphy.
A typological analysis of earrings was carried out on individual finds and a general fra¬
mework for their distribution and origin was established
from neighbouring culture areas. On the basis of an anthropological analysis, it was con¬
firmed that earrings were primarily to be found in the graves of women, and very rarely
in those of men or children. Apart from applying a purely archaeological method, results
from related scientific disciplines were also applied
art, history, as well as an analysis using the C14 method. In addition, a synthesis of the
material was made possible with the help of a relatively large number of written sources,
pre-Romanesque sacral buildings with dated epigraphic monuments and pre-Romane-
sque three-strand patterns and coins found in graves, as well as historic geography and
topography and palaeolinguistics. A general
blished according to horizons, material culture (jewellery-earrings) through its develop¬
ment phases in correlation to grave architecture, and the architecture itself, according
the material and shape of underground burial chambers.
Stratigraphie
medieval necropolises in the region of Central Europe. One example of a successful
stratigraphie
ve
Christianised and pagan horizons within the cemetery with pertinent material cultu¬
re. Positive results were also gained from a "geographical" analysis of the necropolis
Bled-Pristava in Slovenia (Knific
separate layers were discerned relatively chronologically
younger Koettlach culture layer.
(1981)
mjenica; he obtained three basic layers-phases of Bjelo
stly been accepted in literature. Thorough horizontal
been carried out at the
attempts to define the relations between particular types of jewellery were more or less
successful (supplemented by
justify the application of this method.
A relatively chronological interpretation of groups
By analysing the stratigraphy at
separate groups of identical earring shapes at these necropolises, certain relative chro¬
nological relations have been noted and recorded. There is a distinct regularity in the
occurrence and disappearance of general groups, nine in total during the entire period,
which were always in the same relation with each other; this is presented within this text
and in a separate table.
306
In order to establish the comparatively oldest groups of jewellery, but also the youngest
groups, one needs to take the arrival of Croats in their new homeland and the material
and spiritual culture they brought with them into consideration. One should also take
earring finds from various imported foreign cultural groups into consideration. Plau¬
sible, definitive conclusions are only possible if one reviews the alignment patterns of
groups from different necropolises. We have established nine in all:
1
mics. It is characterised by explicit non-Christian spirituality, which can be linked
to migration, datable Early Carolingian artefacts, that is, there are more
finds
is elongated and rectangular in shape or in earth graves at
of a vertical stratigraphy, older than the group with single-beaded temple pendants
from the same site, and older than the group with triple-beaded filigree earrings and
triple-beaded filigree earrings with a larger central bead in Grborezi. The structure
of ceramic and other artefacts in group I on
the necropolises
group are not shaped as temple pendants and are mostly fashioned in filigree: "Q",
grape-like filigree with a stylised spike, loop and clasp, with
loop and clasp and thin spiral cone and with buds on either side.
2
with ceramics in
found in the eastern part of the necropolis. In these practically empty graves that
are elongated and rectangular in shape, finds like "Istriari" wire earrings with spiral
loops and pendants, and earrings with loop and clasp,
earrings with an early form of buds placed opposite each other on either side, for ex¬
ample, in Dubravice, are extremely rare; these finds are more common in younger
layers, ranging from
expected. On rare occasions these graves may contain a single ceramic vessel as a
surviving remnant of earlier beliefs
etc.)
a newly accepted and victorious Christianity, confirmed possibly
engraved on slabs and grave stones at graves with no finds on
other sites
bers is to be found at many necropolises. Some, like
-
in part positioned below the group with graves with earrings, like
also those next to Early Christian churches, like
Begovače.
3
buds placed opposite each other on either side, as well as types of earrings from a pre¬
vious (older) period with plain links and loop and clasp, thin spiral cone and stylised
spike. During the duration of this group's first phase of existence, the form of stone
burial chambers changed from an elongated rectangular shape to a completely new
elliptic shape, that is, an irregular oval shape. Vertically and stratigraphically, this
Summary
may be seen on
found above the upper slab of the lower rectangular grave with Caroligian spurs. Ot¬
her significant jewellery that appears in what are now "classic" Old Croatian forms
are almond-shaped filigree earrings, floral,
aded earrings, and others; however, the spatially most common type
earrings are the most significant. This third, relatively chronological, group is na¬
med after them
the same necropolises as the previous group. In view of shapes and the quantity of
jewellery, this is the most complex group, and is followed by a new group.
The two shapes of stone burial chambers are no longer to be found simultaneously
in this group. The shape to survive is the oval form, whereas the rectangular shape
disappears completely; the repertoire of earring shapes is drastically reduced. This
new group only includes large filigree single-beaded temple pendants in a number
of variants; during most of the duration of this group a certain quantity of thicker
links is to be found. Vertically and in terms of stratigraphy, individual earrings be¬
longing to the previous group are to be found below single-beaded earrings, as on
Bribir-Vratnice.
4
necropolises that contain the previous two groups, that is, all eight Christianised
groups, there are now new and separate necropolises that only contain group
The group to take over from the previous, fourth group, are the second and third gro¬
ups at the
the fourth group with single-beaded earrings. It is important to note that these two
necropolises have no earlier or later groups and they therefore stop at an internal se¬
cond and third relatively chronological group. In the overall relatively chronological
relations among all necropolises these two latter groups at the cemeteries at
and Gomjenica make up the fifth general group. The necropolis in Mahovljani only
contains this group. Since the prevalent and exclusive forms include various non-
filigree links (ordinary larger and thicker links, links with woven thin wire, links with
three joints and S-links), and non-filigree single-beaded and triple-beaded earrings
with round beads and single-beaded and triple-beaded Y-shaped temple pendants
with bi-conical beads and looped beads, we have named this group
links and Y-shapes. The necropolises Radun and
five, which continues and can be found at cemeteries
overview. In group five burials cease at a significant number of recorded necropoli¬
ses
At the necropolis on Mastirine, where the ground is narrow and rocky, the groups,
except for the first group with ceramics, are relatively chronologically ordered with
groups extending from the east and towards the west in the same order as indicated
in the horizontal stratigraphy of groups at cemeteries that have been Christianised
in the upper layers
2 -
of small non-filigree single-beaded earrings with bell-shaped spherical sections, si¬
milar to a general group
308
oval
which belongs to a general group
pendants in oval chambers;
group
fourth group at this necropolis, with a number of sporadic graves in mixed oval
and new trapezium-shaped burial chambers with late medieval coins, generally, and
taken within a broader context, belongs to the subsequent general groups
appear later. The fourth group is also to be found closest to the church itself on the
west side.
Only the fifth general group is, in places, intermittently intermixed with
material.
The advent of earrings fashioned in different forms and with the application of dif¬
ferent techniques, that is, filigree and granulation, goes hand in hand with new and
ever-increasing finds of late medieval coins from Venice, Hungary,
other littoral cities and the erection of stone tomb monuments-slabs and standing
tombstones that sometimes bear the name of the deceased, or names of historic fi¬
gures. Apart from the initial oval and dominant trapezium-shaped burial chambers,
this period is also marked by rectangular chambers with standing tombstones.
Taken relatively chronologically, important necropolises belonging to this group in¬
clude the Knin-Spas and
dence of earlier group of single-beaded temple pendants and the group with links, a
separate and isolated group
type of earring is also to be found at necropolises that have been used continuously
over an extended period, for example,
as they are not to be found at numerous necropolises that were used commencing
with group
The next group includes granulated filigree earrings which can be numismatically
dated. Namely, for the first time, late medieval coins, predominantly from, the 13th
or 14th century, are a common find alongside finds
the first earrings to be found in larger quantities even outside the borders of Croatia,
to the east across the River
Byzantine coins to the end of the 12th and 13th century, at gravesites within this con¬
text.
Two new general groups of earrings can be found at the Grborezi necropolis where
significant quantities of more recent coins, predominantly from the 14th and 15th
century, have been found, and where no other aforementioned groups (except for
group
rings with round heads of identical size and
triple-beaded filigree earrings with a larger central bead, but now within a context
that includes surface grave architecture, stone tomb monuments-slabs and standing
tombstones. These are all the major significant earring forms until the advent of
a new period. The analysed necropolises at
encompasses all four general new groups, and they also include late medieval coins
Summary
and slabs with standing tombstones from the same period. In addition to this, an
entire layer of triple-beaded earrings is to be found vertically and stratigraphically
above all other layers at
four general relatively chronologically differentiated groups of earrings at Old Cro¬
atian cemeteries.
Necropolis horizons, material culture phases
burial chamber architecture
The results of analyses, in terms of stratigraphy, indicate the existence of three basic
burial HORIZONS at necropolises in Croatia from the end of the 8th and up to the 15th
century, that is, until this area was devastated by invading Turks. The following is a short
overview:
I horizon (or early/pagan/):
(necropolis type
Zagreb-Velika
II horizon (or middle/classical/)
(necropolis type
III horizon (or late)
(necropolis type Sv. Martin na Ivinju, greater numbers of cemeteries begin to Sv.
Petar
The abovementioned division into periods indicates the existence of completely separate
necropolises belonging to all three stratum-horizons. It also indicates clearly defined
groups of material culture (earrings) and related forms of burial chamber architecture.
Their distribution is not regionally limited, but rather extends over the entire area of
the Croatian state in the Late Middle Ages
Posavina,
what would later become the
the periodical alternation of burial practices were regular in the entire region. Changes
in burial practices were often due to social and political processes (e.g. mass conversion
to Christianity in the middle of the 9th century; the formation of a personal union with
Hungary in
polises without church buildings, but at necropolises with church buildings. This was
probably prompted from outside the country (by Rome?), as a similar process occurred
in, for example, Hungary; large cemeteries without sacral objects were also abandoned
in Hungary, for example, type
Pristave II into consideration, then it would seem that the same process also applies to
Slovenia. This type of development in the spatial organisation of necropolises established
a specific chronological framework that can be divided into three clearly defined strata
or horizons. The development of part of the material culture defined by the spiritual
3
tendencies of the time (in pagan horizon I we find ceramic finds, icon depictions on
deer antlers, other objects of pagan provenance belonging to a "provisions" category
for the journey to the next world, oblation, and others), and partly corresponds to the
burial horizon in character. During certain time periods this interaction is missing; for
example, the distinctive features of jewellery, especially earrings as the most common
find, have nothing in common with the later period of Christianity (iconography) that
was prevalent. Rings, although rarely, bore the sign of the cross, or a cross, worn by the
deceased during his lifetime, was placed in the burial chamber (primarily in the north
Bjelo Brdo
The three aforementioned, temporally separate burial layers/horizons were common du¬
ring the entire period of the Early and Late Middle Ages. Reviewed statistically, cemeteri¬
es belonging to a type of cemetery without church would seem to be more numerous than
necropolises existing in the same period that are to be found next to sacral objects. In the
Early Middle Ages there were great deviations from this rule, particularly in the Adria-
tic-Pannonian-Pre-Alpine area since it was impossible to build church objects straight
away. As of the beginning of the 12th century there were very few exceptions to this rule,
and all cemeteries were abandoned and began to develop next to sacral buildings. Close
family members from the Croatian nobility were buried in pre-Romanesque churches
belonging to Croatian magnates. Initially, these burials were rare and exclusive. Within
a relatively short period, by the end of the Late Middle Ages there was a rise in numbers
of necropolises with stone slabs and standing tombstones, which were predominantly
without church objects. With the advent of the Turks, these ceased to be used, that is,
they became a relatively rare phenomenon.
Taken within this context, and in view of the three aforementioned burial horizons and
spatial organisation of necropolises, Old Croatian material culture
rijalna kultura (SMK))
[horizon I] phase I: early or pagan layer
[horizon II] {phase II: classical Old Croatian layer
{phase III: SMK interim period/layer
[horizon III] phase IV: late SMK layer
The first phase coincides with the first necropolis burial and organisation horizon. Gra¬
ve material, not finds, is predominant and serves as provisions for the "next world";
the predominant artefact within this non-Christian context is ceramic vessels as food
receptacles for the deceased. This type of grave material is such a strong marker of this
first phase and its burial horizon that it is beyond doubt that this horizon (phase) con¬
tinued to exist as long as there is ceramic material in the graves. Subsequent phases and
horizons do not coincide and overlap completely. Consequently, phase II and III do not
coincide with horizon II, and the same applies to phase IV and horizon III.
Later developments led to ensuing changes in spiritual tendencies
version to Christianity, and the people became Christians. Ceramics disappeared from
Summary
graves forever; and, if reviewed typologically, objects found buried with the deceased
were exclusively traditional and usable parts of everyday dress, which naturally also in¬
cludes jewellery. Certain minor changes in the chronological development of grave ar¬
chitecture, and the appearance of various types of larger earrings, make it possible to
divide the second material culture (jewellery) development (change) phase into three
separate groups in terms of stratigraphy:
phase II: group I (third quarter of the 9th century)
[horizon II, without phase III] group II (last quarter of the 9th
and beginning of the 10th century)
group III (mostly 10th century)
As a result of research into necropolis horizons and their material culture it has been pos¬
sible to establish distinctive regional architectural characteristics of burial chambers.
Types of burial chamber architecture
hnique in which they are made,
distribution chart:
-
-
-
-
-
STONE "COFFIN" (RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE
(±795- 850-900/925)
-
-
-
(MULTI-LAYERED DRYSTONE, OR SLABS)
SPECIAL SHAPES:
Based on this approximate chronological
chambers (stone coffins), it may be deduced that they do not particularly depend on
individual horizons, phases or groups. In addition to this, individual types are chara¬
cterised by regional traits, of which the most marked example is the ellipsoid form with
folding lid, primarily common in the area between the rivers
wever, it may be said that, as far as the first burial horizon and the first material culture
phase are concerned, plain ground burials were common from
underground architecture consisting of wooden planks (coffin), or rectangular drystone
312
walls with multiple layers of stones or slabs (most frequently without lids) with a plain
tiled bottom maybe found, but are rare. In later horizons and phases, as stated, regional
types (Littoral Croatia and
torial borders between individual types of underground chambers depend on the degree
to which certain areas and regions have been researched.
Basic earring forms
Apart from rings, earrings are the next most numerous typological group and they and
account for approximately three quarters, and sometimes more, of all archaeological
grave finds. There are about thirty basic shapes and variants, made of a variety of me¬
tals
technologies
from horizon II, the beginning of which cannot be dated to earlier than
appearance of the "classical" Old Croatian jewellery horizon
phase of these decorative objects that were susceptible to trends and other social influ¬
ences
Nin-Ždrijac (Belošević
burial entities bearing pagan characteristics, play a key role in the chronology taken wit¬
hin a specific context. The years of
which the last non-Christian burials were performed at these necropolises. This is clearly
indicated by horizontal stratigraphy carried out at
of the western part of the necropolis towards its southeast end (plan III; supplements
and analyses V. So.), a group of
any other objects of everyday usage in the form of provisions, but includes the find of
one "Istrian" earring, dated to the second half of the 9th century (from horizon II). Grave
no.
group of graves. It may, therefore, be concluded that those buried in the southeast part of
the
bly from a settlement close by, or even from
cant number of graves, may have even lasted thirty odd years. After complete conversion
to Christianity in the years following
mention of "those who were (as yet) still not converted to Christianity" during the reign
of his grandfather
applies at almost all early Old Croatian cemeteries.
Earrings belonging to the next horizon (II; phase II) belong to the repertoire of classical
Old Croatian jewellery production, which has, so far, been diversely dated. As far as ter¬
ritorial distribution of this type of jewellery is concerned, the
especially the cemetery in the village of
1998),
shapes and their variants. In this western area earrings belonging to other culture groups
-
bly produced locally
Summary
The second half of the 9th century saw the development of extensive jewellery producti¬
on in Croatia; distinctive types of earrings made of bronze, gilded bronze or precious
metals were created and developed. In this period, which was a turning-point in many
respects, a type of earring, peculiar in shape and dimensions and made using filigree
and granulation techniques, was fashioned that had no contemporary European pa¬
rallel. With their large size and bead shape
subsequently triple- and tetra-beaded, these earrings of
pendants which migrated from the ears to be hung from plaited hair, or on a cloth or
leather head band. Real earrings,
often additionally worn as part of female dress. Such combinations have on archaeo¬
logical evidence been demonstrated at
Dalmaţia
vince)
of Old Croatian earrings with hypotheses ranging the Byzantine Empire, as the source
of the form, or even direct import from Constantinople itself, to their completely indi¬
genous design and production. Be that as it may, at the moment one thing is fairly cer¬
tain
tory (Karaman
examples
favour of an Adriatic-Croatian provenance, as does the fact that there have also been
finds of workshop beaten sheet and semi-finished beaded earrings
2,
was one of the principal centres of the Croatian state with the mausoleum of Croatian
kings and queens in the Church of Sv
a putative workshop centre in Early medieval
centuries, royal
(Gunjaca
stings found there. On the basis of both these finds of semi-finished jewellery and the
statistical, typological and topographical analysis of the territory over which they are
dispersed, taken together with the uniformity of the models and variants, the techno¬
logy of gold working employed can be described in outline. In Littoral Croatia the cast
types of jewellery pass out of use between
technique was filigree, granulation and beaten metal sheet, all joined by soldering.
Precious metals were used (silver, and less frequently gold), as well as silver and gil-
ted bronze, or frequently only bronze. A combination of different types and materials
was possible within one grave like the one from Spas Hill in
Strance
Brdo)
with crescents or small cones, wire pendants with glass globes and a certain number
of "antique-like" filigree types of temple pendants. The same production technology
was applied in the making of a large quantity of the rings found. In some cases the
ornamentation of the rings was produced by engraving or chasing, while the glass of
metal "stone" was soldered into place on the bezel with filigree wire, or simply set into
the prepared setting recessed into it
314
"Classical"
middle of the 9th century; it is to be found among the most westerly finds in
in the hinterland of Trieste), in central and southern Littoral Croatia
the
also been made in the valleys of major northern rivers
dmilačje
and
as
the same necropolises, which also penetrates from north to south and, in places, as far
as the Adriatic
(Bribir, Đevrske, Mratovo, Kistanje, Knin).
aded types, types with joints, represented by absolutely identical workshop examples or
variants, are in essence regularly distributed throughout the whole of this vast region.
This is the largest group and is also accompanied by other types of jewellery and clothing
adornments, which are not discussed here
It has been noted that none of the analysed earring types survived for longer than about
one hundred years, that is, three generations.
This work presents a basic description of each individual earring type, of which there are
thirty in all, along with territorial dispersion for each. It should be noted that distributi¬
on often depended on the quality of trading routes, as well as political relations between
medieval Croatia and neighbouring political entities.
Old Croatian earrings may be divided according to basic chronological forms, and ac¬
cording to temporal and spatial distribution of types. On the basis of this, they may be
divided as follows:
-
plain links with
plain links with thinner hoop and spiral cone-ending (NO.
grape-like filigree earrings (NO.
earrings with stylised spike (NO.
plains links with thinner hoop, and loop and clasp (NO.
-
-
antique-like earrings of floral il-type (NO.
-
-
-
-
tetra-beaded filigree earrings-temple pendants (NO.
Summary
single-beaded filigree earrings-temple pendants with smooth beads and with a fili¬
gree connecting garland of calottes and endings (NO.
single-beaded earrings-temple pendants with fine filigree beads (NO.
single-beaded earrings-temple pendants with smooth beads (NO.
twin-beaded filigree single-beaded earrings-temple pendants (NO.
plain large links with straight open ends (NO.
single-beaded earrings with round beads and no accentuated link with loop (NO.
"20")
triple-beaded earrings with round beads and no accentuated link (NO.
single-beaded temple pendants with bi-conical beads between the loop (NO.
triple-beaded temple pendants with bi-conical beads between three loops, Y-shaped
(NO.
earrings made of thin plaited metal (NO.
S-shapedlinks(NO."25")
earrings (temple pendants) with three joints (NO.
filigree earrings with three (one) joint (NO.
filigree earrings of the beaded type (NO.
triple-beaded filigree earrings with equal-sized round beads (NO.
triple-beaded filigree earrings with a larger vertical central bead (NO. |
| adam_txt |
Sadržaj
Uvod
Prvi dio
SISTEMATIZACIJA, PERIODIZACIJAI KRONOLOGIJA
MATERIJALNE KULTURE
GROBNE ARHITEKTURE I NEKROPOLA
I.
s
Počeci istraživanja
Prva sistematizacija građe
Suvremena istraživanja
Novi radovi
II.
Prostorna, vremenska i kulturna obilježja
Osnovni podaci
III. Stratigrafska istraživanja nekropola i podjela materijalne kulture
po skupinama
Metodologija rada
Analiza nekropola
Relativno kronološka interpretacija skupina
IV.
naušnica te tipova arhitekture grobne komore
Horizonti nekropola
Prvi ili rani (poganski) horizont
Drugi ili srednji (kristijaniziram) horizont
Treći ili kasni horizont
V.
Faze razvoja materijalne kulture
/.
//.
///.
IV.
VI.
Opći rezultati
Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save
VII.
za čin pokapanja i prostorni smještaj nekropola
VIII.
IX.
X.
Opća tipologija rane sakralne arhitekture
XI.
bjelobrdskog tipa između planina i rijeke Save
Drugi dio
SISTEMATIZACIJA OSNOVNIH NAUŠNICA
OSVRTOM NA PODRUČJE RASPROSTIRANJA
I. Grobni nalazi i prilozi nakitnog tipa
Popis nalazišta obrađenih u tekstu
II.
te vremenski i prostorni raspored tipova
Naušnice
Proste karičice
Proste
Proste karičice tanjeg obruča sa spiralnim završetkom-stošcem (br.
Grozdaste filigranske naušnice (br.
Naušnice sa stiliziranim klasom (br.
Proste karičice tanjeg obruča
Naušnice antikizirajućeg tipa nasuprotnih pupoljaka (br.
Filigranske antikizirajuće sljepoočničarke
Naušnice antikizirajućeg cvjetnog
Trojagodne
Grozdaste fino lijevane naušnice
Filigranske naušnice
Jednojagodne prave male naušnice glatkih jagoda (br.
Četverojagodne filigranske naušnice
Jednojagodne filigranske naušnice
s
Jednojagodne naušnice
urešenom jagodom (br.
Jednojagodne naušnice
Dvojagodne filigranske naušnice
Proste deblje karike ravnih završetaka
Jednojagodne naušnice okruglih jagoda bez naglašenog spoja (br.
Trojagodne naušnice okruglih jagoda bez naglašenog spoja (br.
Jednojagodne sljepoočničarke
između dvije petlje (br.
Trojagodne sljepoočničarke
između tri petlje Y-oblika (br.
Naušnice od pletene tanke kovine (br.
Proste deblje karike
Sadržaj
Naušnice (sljepoočničarke)
Filigranske naušnice
Naroskane filigranske naušnice (br.
Trojagodne filigranske naušnice jednakih okruglih jagoda (br.
Trojagodne filigranske naušnice okomite veće srednje jagode (br.
UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA
SUMMARY
Kratice
Literatura
Bilješka
The Medieval archaeological heritage
of Croatia
Introduction
This work summarises one part of the research carried out by many Croatian but
also European archaeologists medievalists
Ages in Croatia, especially that part which is represented by the most numero¬
us jewellery artefacts to be found
shape, in the manner in which it was fashioned, in the metal used to produce it and in
size, ranging from small real earrings up to
were
and placed in graves continuously and without any interruptions throughout the Early
Middle Ages, the Middle Ages proper and the Later Middle Ages in Croatia.
By the end of the 20th century, sufficient material data had been gathered to finalise the
basic work needed to achieve
of jewellery in general, and earrings in particular. The aim of this book is to attempt a
systematic overview of Old Croatian material culture, and to illustrate its distribution in
space and time.
Spatial, temporal and cultural distinctive characteristics
The text deals with the geographical area of part of early medieval Croatia (Littoral Croa¬
tia and
ridi towards the river
Roman province of
the 9th century left by Alfred the Great; it also coincides with an area according to Oro-
sius in his work Seven Books of Histories Against the Pagans, but also with modern data
(M.
area from the middle of the 10th century according to the workDe
(Ferjančić
The necropolises that are discussed in this work have been chosen on the basis of their
publication in scientific literature, and after personal insight into these artefacts in indi¬
vidual museums. I have also carried out a reconnaissance of their sites in the field and
made a record of medieval stone tomb monuments and standing tombstones. I have
excavated the greater part of necropolises in
Raška
Ivinje near Murter both in cooperation with my associates, and on my own; at the time, I
304
was the first person to computer process the data gathered
necropolises in the
I have chosen a total of
recorded and, more importantly, on the basis of the fact whether geodesic plans have
been drawn up that include plotted graves and descriptions of grave units. Information
on many important cemeteries has only partly been published and there is no graphic
documentation for them (e.g.
only
been published in their entirety, however, they were damaged during excavations (no.
4);
record of all or most grave units), (No.
finds discovered in these graves as dating back to the Early and Later Middle Ages, to a
period from the 7th to the 15th century.
Methodology
The process of establishing the chronology and periods for medieval material culture
(jewellery) in Littoral Croatia, extending as far as the northernmost slopes of the Dina-
ridi and the valley of the rivers Sana and
ment of necropolises, is a complex problem and a task attempted by many experts and
researchers. However, these researchers failed to establish a sufficient number of points
of reference, as they dated most types of jewellery ad hoc into all-embracing
-
A methodological approach to the essential problem should be founded on a general
overview of available and accessible material and aimed at striving to find certain regu¬
larities or rules that govern the phenomena. In view of this, we carried out a horizontal
and vertical
all finds) among a group of
and non-mobile material culture finds that have been published in their entirety or to a
greater extent. Taken within a broader context, an additional hundred or so necropoli¬
ses have been taken into consideration based on the fact that they have been published.
These analyses resulted in differentiated groups of jewellery (earrings) with homogeneous
distinctive characteristics in common within the group depending on appearance, the
technique used, and the type of material used, which were located in particular parts
of the necropolises, and which, unlike other groups of this kind at the same necropolis,
can be reciprocally, relatively chronologically correlated. The Differentia
location of earrings in very clearly differentiated types-shapes of underground burial
chambers. The chronology is borne by the shape of the earring, and not the burial cham¬
ber. In addition, the presence of artefacts belonging to other known cultural groups
Carinthian-Koettlach,
Late Avar,
a table was produced that shows the relative relations among these nine jewellery gro¬
ups (earrings), allowing comparisons to be drawn among them. In this way, different
Summary
jewellery developmental phases have been discerned, which make it possible to separate
necropolises with the same distinctive characteristics into specific burial horizons. As a
result, an absolute chronology of jewellery and necropolises was established on the basis
of shape and stratigraphy.
A typological analysis of earrings was carried out on individual finds and a general fra¬
mework for their distribution and origin was established
from neighbouring culture areas. On the basis of an anthropological analysis, it was con¬
firmed that earrings were primarily to be found in the graves of women, and very rarely
in those of men or children. Apart from applying a purely archaeological method, results
from related scientific disciplines were also applied
art, history, as well as an analysis using the C14 method. In addition, a synthesis of the
material was made possible with the help of a relatively large number of written sources,
pre-Romanesque sacral buildings with dated epigraphic monuments and pre-Romane-
sque three-strand patterns and coins found in graves, as well as historic geography and
topography and palaeolinguistics. A general
blished according to horizons, material culture (jewellery-earrings) through its develop¬
ment phases in correlation to grave architecture, and the architecture itself, according
the material and shape of underground burial chambers.
Stratigraphie
medieval necropolises in the region of Central Europe. One example of a successful
stratigraphie
ve
Christianised and pagan horizons within the cemetery with pertinent material cultu¬
re. Positive results were also gained from a "geographical" analysis of the necropolis
Bled-Pristava in Slovenia (Knific
separate layers were discerned relatively chronologically
younger Koettlach culture layer.
(1981)
mjenica; he obtained three basic layers-phases of Bjelo
stly been accepted in literature. Thorough horizontal
been carried out at the
attempts to define the relations between particular types of jewellery were more or less
successful (supplemented by
justify the application of this method.
A relatively chronological interpretation of groups
By analysing the stratigraphy at
separate groups of identical earring shapes at these necropolises, certain relative chro¬
nological relations have been noted and recorded. There is a distinct regularity in the
occurrence and disappearance of general groups, nine in total during the entire period,
which were always in the same relation with each other; this is presented within this text
and in a separate table.
306
In order to establish the comparatively oldest groups of jewellery, but also the youngest
groups, one needs to take the arrival of Croats in their new homeland and the material
and spiritual culture they brought with them into consideration. One should also take
earring finds from various imported foreign cultural groups into consideration. Plau¬
sible, definitive conclusions are only possible if one reviews the alignment patterns of
groups from different necropolises. We have established nine in all:
1
mics. It is characterised by explicit non-Christian spirituality, which can be linked
to migration, datable Early Carolingian artefacts, that is, there are more
finds
is elongated and rectangular in shape or in earth graves at
of a vertical stratigraphy, older than the group with single-beaded temple pendants
from the same site, and older than the group with triple-beaded filigree earrings and
triple-beaded filigree earrings with a larger central bead in Grborezi. The structure
of ceramic and other artefacts in group I on
the necropolises
group are not shaped as temple pendants and are mostly fashioned in filigree: "Q",
grape-like filigree with a stylised spike, loop and clasp, with
loop and clasp and thin spiral cone and with buds on either side.
2
with ceramics in
found in the eastern part of the necropolis. In these practically empty graves that
are elongated and rectangular in shape, finds like "Istriari" wire earrings with spiral
loops and pendants, and earrings with loop and clasp,
earrings with an early form of buds placed opposite each other on either side, for ex¬
ample, in Dubravice, are extremely rare; these finds are more common in younger
layers, ranging from
expected. On rare occasions these graves may contain a single ceramic vessel as a
surviving remnant of earlier beliefs
etc.)
a newly accepted and victorious Christianity, confirmed possibly
engraved on slabs and grave stones at graves with no finds on
other sites
bers is to be found at many necropolises. Some, like
-
in part positioned below the group with graves with earrings, like
also those next to Early Christian churches, like
Begovače.
3
buds placed opposite each other on either side, as well as types of earrings from a pre¬
vious (older) period with plain links and loop and clasp, thin spiral cone and stylised
spike. During the duration of this group's first phase of existence, the form of stone
burial chambers changed from an elongated rectangular shape to a completely new
elliptic shape, that is, an irregular oval shape. Vertically and stratigraphically, this
Summary
may be seen on
found above the upper slab of the lower rectangular grave with Caroligian spurs. Ot¬
her significant jewellery that appears in what are now "classic" Old Croatian forms
are almond-shaped filigree earrings, floral,
aded earrings, and others; however, the spatially most common type
earrings are the most significant. This third, relatively chronological, group is na¬
med after them
the same necropolises as the previous group. In view of shapes and the quantity of
jewellery, this is the most complex group, and is followed by a new group.
The two shapes of stone burial chambers are no longer to be found simultaneously
in this group. The shape to survive is the oval form, whereas the rectangular shape
disappears completely; the repertoire of earring shapes is drastically reduced. This
new group only includes large filigree single-beaded temple pendants in a number
of variants; during most of the duration of this group a certain quantity of thicker
links is to be found. Vertically and in terms of stratigraphy, individual earrings be¬
longing to the previous group are to be found below single-beaded earrings, as on
Bribir-Vratnice.
4
necropolises that contain the previous two groups, that is, all eight Christianised
groups, there are now new and separate necropolises that only contain group
The group to take over from the previous, fourth group, are the second and third gro¬
ups at the
the fourth group with single-beaded earrings. It is important to note that these two
necropolises have no earlier or later groups and they therefore stop at an internal se¬
cond and third relatively chronological group. In the overall relatively chronological
relations among all necropolises these two latter groups at the cemeteries at
and Gomjenica make up the fifth general group. The necropolis in Mahovljani only
contains this group. Since the prevalent and exclusive forms include various non-
filigree links (ordinary larger and thicker links, links with woven thin wire, links with
three joints and S-links), and non-filigree single-beaded and triple-beaded earrings
with round beads and single-beaded and triple-beaded Y-shaped temple pendants
with bi-conical beads and looped beads, we have named this group
links and Y-shapes. The necropolises Radun and
five, which continues and can be found at cemeteries
overview. In group five burials cease at a significant number of recorded necropoli¬
ses
At the necropolis on Mastirine, where the ground is narrow and rocky, the groups,
except for the first group with ceramics, are relatively chronologically ordered with
groups extending from the east and towards the west in the same order as indicated
in the horizontal stratigraphy of groups at cemeteries that have been Christianised
in the upper layers
2 -
of small non-filigree single-beaded earrings with bell-shaped spherical sections, si¬
milar to a general group
308
oval
which belongs to a general group
pendants in oval chambers;
group
fourth group at this necropolis, with a number of sporadic graves in mixed oval
and new trapezium-shaped burial chambers with late medieval coins, generally, and
taken within a broader context, belongs to the subsequent general groups
appear later. The fourth group is also to be found closest to the church itself on the
west side.
Only the fifth general group is, in places, intermittently intermixed with
material.
The advent of earrings fashioned in different forms and with the application of dif¬
ferent techniques, that is, filigree and granulation, goes hand in hand with new and
ever-increasing finds of late medieval coins from Venice, Hungary,
other littoral cities and the erection of stone tomb monuments-slabs and standing
tombstones that sometimes bear the name of the deceased, or names of historic fi¬
gures. Apart from the initial oval and dominant trapezium-shaped burial chambers,
this period is also marked by rectangular chambers with standing tombstones.
Taken relatively chronologically, important necropolises belonging to this group in¬
clude the Knin-Spas and
dence of earlier group of single-beaded temple pendants and the group with links, a
separate and isolated group
type of earring is also to be found at necropolises that have been used continuously
over an extended period, for example,
as they are not to be found at numerous necropolises that were used commencing
with group
The next group includes granulated filigree earrings which can be numismatically
dated. Namely, for the first time, late medieval coins, predominantly from, the 13th
or 14th century, are a common find alongside finds
the first earrings to be found in larger quantities even outside the borders of Croatia,
to the east across the River
Byzantine coins to the end of the 12th and 13th century, at gravesites within this con¬
text.
Two new general groups of earrings can be found at the Grborezi necropolis where
significant quantities of more recent coins, predominantly from the 14th and 15th
century, have been found, and where no other aforementioned groups (except for
group
rings with round heads of identical size and
triple-beaded filigree earrings with a larger central bead, but now within a context
that includes surface grave architecture, stone tomb monuments-slabs and standing
tombstones. These are all the major significant earring forms until the advent of
a new period. The analysed necropolises at
encompasses all four general new groups, and they also include late medieval coins
Summary
and slabs with standing tombstones from the same period. In addition to this, an
entire layer of triple-beaded earrings is to be found vertically and stratigraphically
above all other layers at
four general relatively chronologically differentiated groups of earrings at Old Cro¬
atian cemeteries.
Necropolis horizons, material culture phases
burial chamber architecture
The results of analyses, in terms of stratigraphy, indicate the existence of three basic
burial HORIZONS at necropolises in Croatia from the end of the 8th and up to the 15th
century, that is, until this area was devastated by invading Turks. The following is a short
overview:
I horizon (or early/pagan/):
(necropolis type
Zagreb-Velika
II horizon (or middle/classical/)
(necropolis type
III horizon (or late)
(necropolis type Sv. Martin na Ivinju, greater numbers of cemeteries begin to Sv.
Petar
The abovementioned division into periods indicates the existence of completely separate
necropolises belonging to all three stratum-horizons. It also indicates clearly defined
groups of material culture (earrings) and related forms of burial chamber architecture.
Their distribution is not regionally limited, but rather extends over the entire area of
the Croatian state in the Late Middle Ages
Posavina,
what would later become the
the periodical alternation of burial practices were regular in the entire region. Changes
in burial practices were often due to social and political processes (e.g. mass conversion
to Christianity in the middle of the 9th century; the formation of a personal union with
Hungary in
polises without church buildings, but at necropolises with church buildings. This was
probably prompted from outside the country (by Rome?), as a similar process occurred
in, for example, Hungary; large cemeteries without sacral objects were also abandoned
in Hungary, for example, type
Pristave II into consideration, then it would seem that the same process also applies to
Slovenia. This type of development in the spatial organisation of necropolises established
a specific chronological framework that can be divided into three clearly defined strata
or horizons. The development of part of the material culture defined by the spiritual
3
tendencies of the time (in pagan horizon I we find ceramic finds, icon depictions on
deer antlers, other objects of pagan provenance belonging to a "provisions" category
for the journey to the next world, oblation, and others), and partly corresponds to the
burial horizon in character. During certain time periods this interaction is missing; for
example, the distinctive features of jewellery, especially earrings as the most common
find, have nothing in common with the later period of Christianity (iconography) that
was prevalent. Rings, although rarely, bore the sign of the cross, or a cross, worn by the
deceased during his lifetime, was placed in the burial chamber (primarily in the north
Bjelo Brdo
The three aforementioned, temporally separate burial layers/horizons were common du¬
ring the entire period of the Early and Late Middle Ages. Reviewed statistically, cemeteri¬
es belonging to a type of cemetery without church would seem to be more numerous than
necropolises existing in the same period that are to be found next to sacral objects. In the
Early Middle Ages there were great deviations from this rule, particularly in the Adria-
tic-Pannonian-Pre-Alpine area since it was impossible to build church objects straight
away. As of the beginning of the 12th century there were very few exceptions to this rule,
and all cemeteries were abandoned and began to develop next to sacral buildings. Close
family members from the Croatian nobility were buried in pre-Romanesque churches
belonging to Croatian magnates. Initially, these burials were rare and exclusive. Within
a relatively short period, by the end of the Late Middle Ages there was a rise in numbers
of necropolises with stone slabs and standing tombstones, which were predominantly
without church objects. With the advent of the Turks, these ceased to be used, that is,
they became a relatively rare phenomenon.
Taken within this context, and in view of the three aforementioned burial horizons and
spatial organisation of necropolises, Old Croatian material culture
rijalna kultura (SMK))
[horizon I] phase I: early or pagan layer
[horizon II] {phase II: classical Old Croatian layer
{phase III: SMK interim period/layer
[horizon III] phase IV: late SMK layer
The first phase coincides with the first necropolis burial and organisation horizon. Gra¬
ve material, not finds, is predominant and serves as provisions for the "next world";
the predominant artefact within this non-Christian context is ceramic vessels as food
receptacles for the deceased. This type of grave material is such a strong marker of this
first phase and its burial horizon that it is beyond doubt that this horizon (phase) con¬
tinued to exist as long as there is ceramic material in the graves. Subsequent phases and
horizons do not coincide and overlap completely. Consequently, phase II and III do not
coincide with horizon II, and the same applies to phase IV and horizon III.
Later developments led to ensuing changes in spiritual tendencies
version to Christianity, and the people became Christians. Ceramics disappeared from
Summary
graves forever; and, if reviewed typologically, objects found buried with the deceased
were exclusively traditional and usable parts of everyday dress, which naturally also in¬
cludes jewellery. Certain minor changes in the chronological development of grave ar¬
chitecture, and the appearance of various types of larger earrings, make it possible to
divide the second material culture (jewellery) development (change) phase into three
separate groups in terms of stratigraphy:
phase II: group I (third quarter of the 9th century)
[horizon II, without phase III] group II (last quarter of the 9th
and beginning of the 10th century)
group III (mostly 10th century)
As a result of research into necropolis horizons and their material culture it has been pos¬
sible to establish distinctive regional architectural characteristics of burial chambers.
Types of burial chamber architecture
hnique in which they are made,
distribution chart:
-
-
-
-
-
STONE "COFFIN" (RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE
(±795- 850-900/925)
-
-
-
(MULTI-LAYERED DRYSTONE, OR SLABS)
SPECIAL SHAPES:
Based on this approximate chronological
chambers (stone coffins), it may be deduced that they do not particularly depend on
individual horizons, phases or groups. In addition to this, individual types are chara¬
cterised by regional traits, of which the most marked example is the ellipsoid form with
folding lid, primarily common in the area between the rivers
wever, it may be said that, as far as the first burial horizon and the first material culture
phase are concerned, plain ground burials were common from
underground architecture consisting of wooden planks (coffin), or rectangular drystone
312
walls with multiple layers of stones or slabs (most frequently without lids) with a plain
tiled bottom maybe found, but are rare. In later horizons and phases, as stated, regional
types (Littoral Croatia and
torial borders between individual types of underground chambers depend on the degree
to which certain areas and regions have been researched.
Basic earring forms
Apart from rings, earrings are the next most numerous typological group and they and
account for approximately three quarters, and sometimes more, of all archaeological
grave finds. There are about thirty basic shapes and variants, made of a variety of me¬
tals
technologies
from horizon II, the beginning of which cannot be dated to earlier than
appearance of the "classical" Old Croatian jewellery horizon
phase of these decorative objects that were susceptible to trends and other social influ¬
ences
Nin-Ždrijac (Belošević
burial entities bearing pagan characteristics, play a key role in the chronology taken wit¬
hin a specific context. The years of
which the last non-Christian burials were performed at these necropolises. This is clearly
indicated by horizontal stratigraphy carried out at
of the western part of the necropolis towards its southeast end (plan III; supplements
and analyses V. So.), a group of
any other objects of everyday usage in the form of provisions, but includes the find of
one "Istrian" earring, dated to the second half of the 9th century (from horizon II). Grave
no.
group of graves. It may, therefore, be concluded that those buried in the southeast part of
the
bly from a settlement close by, or even from
cant number of graves, may have even lasted thirty odd years. After complete conversion
to Christianity in the years following
mention of "those who were (as yet) still not converted to Christianity" during the reign
of his grandfather
applies at almost all early Old Croatian cemeteries.
Earrings belonging to the next horizon (II; phase II) belong to the repertoire of classical
Old Croatian jewellery production, which has, so far, been diversely dated. As far as ter¬
ritorial distribution of this type of jewellery is concerned, the
especially the cemetery in the village of
1998),
shapes and their variants. In this western area earrings belonging to other culture groups
-
bly produced locally
Summary
The second half of the 9th century saw the development of extensive jewellery producti¬
on in Croatia; distinctive types of earrings made of bronze, gilded bronze or precious
metals were created and developed. In this period, which was a turning-point in many
respects, a type of earring, peculiar in shape and dimensions and made using filigree
and granulation techniques, was fashioned that had no contemporary European pa¬
rallel. With their large size and bead shape
subsequently triple- and tetra-beaded, these earrings of
pendants which migrated from the ears to be hung from plaited hair, or on a cloth or
leather head band. Real earrings,
often additionally worn as part of female dress. Such combinations have on archaeo¬
logical evidence been demonstrated at
Dalmaţia
vince)
of Old Croatian earrings with hypotheses ranging the Byzantine Empire, as the source
of the form, or even direct import from Constantinople itself, to their completely indi¬
genous design and production. Be that as it may, at the moment one thing is fairly cer¬
tain
tory (Karaman
examples
favour of an Adriatic-Croatian provenance, as does the fact that there have also been
finds of workshop beaten sheet and semi-finished beaded earrings
2,
was one of the principal centres of the Croatian state with the mausoleum of Croatian
kings and queens in the Church of Sv
a putative workshop centre in Early medieval
centuries, royal
(Gunjaca
stings found there. On the basis of both these finds of semi-finished jewellery and the
statistical, typological and topographical analysis of the territory over which they are
dispersed, taken together with the uniformity of the models and variants, the techno¬
logy of gold working employed can be described in outline. In Littoral Croatia the cast
types of jewellery pass out of use between
technique was filigree, granulation and beaten metal sheet, all joined by soldering.
Precious metals were used (silver, and less frequently gold), as well as silver and gil-
ted bronze, or frequently only bronze. A combination of different types and materials
was possible within one grave like the one from Spas Hill in
Strance
Brdo)
with crescents or small cones, wire pendants with glass globes and a certain number
of "antique-like" filigree types of temple pendants. The same production technology
was applied in the making of a large quantity of the rings found. In some cases the
ornamentation of the rings was produced by engraving or chasing, while the glass of
metal "stone" was soldered into place on the bezel with filigree wire, or simply set into
the prepared setting recessed into it
314
"Classical"
middle of the 9th century; it is to be found among the most westerly finds in
in the hinterland of Trieste), in central and southern Littoral Croatia
the
also been made in the valleys of major northern rivers
dmilačje
and
as
the same necropolises, which also penetrates from north to south and, in places, as far
as the Adriatic
(Bribir, Đevrske, Mratovo, Kistanje, Knin).
aded types, types with joints, represented by absolutely identical workshop examples or
variants, are in essence regularly distributed throughout the whole of this vast region.
This is the largest group and is also accompanied by other types of jewellery and clothing
adornments, which are not discussed here
It has been noted that none of the analysed earring types survived for longer than about
one hundred years, that is, three generations.
This work presents a basic description of each individual earring type, of which there are
thirty in all, along with territorial dispersion for each. It should be noted that distributi¬
on often depended on the quality of trading routes, as well as political relations between
medieval Croatia and neighbouring political entities.
Old Croatian earrings may be divided according to basic chronological forms, and ac¬
cording to temporal and spatial distribution of types. On the basis of this, they may be
divided as follows:
-
plain links with
plain links with thinner hoop and spiral cone-ending (NO.
grape-like filigree earrings (NO.
earrings with stylised spike (NO.
plains links with thinner hoop, and loop and clasp (NO.
-
-
antique-like earrings of floral il-type (NO.
-
-
-
-
tetra-beaded filigree earrings-temple pendants (NO.
Summary
single-beaded filigree earrings-temple pendants with smooth beads and with a fili¬
gree connecting garland of calottes and endings (NO.
single-beaded earrings-temple pendants with fine filigree beads (NO.
single-beaded earrings-temple pendants with smooth beads (NO.
twin-beaded filigree single-beaded earrings-temple pendants (NO.
plain large links with straight open ends (NO.
single-beaded earrings with round beads and no accentuated link with loop (NO.
"20")
triple-beaded earrings with round beads and no accentuated link (NO.
single-beaded temple pendants with bi-conical beads between the loop (NO.
triple-beaded temple pendants with bi-conical beads between three loops, Y-shaped
(NO.
earrings made of thin plaited metal (NO.
S-shapedlinks(NO."25")
earrings (temple pendants) with three joints (NO.
filigree earrings with three (one) joint (NO.
filigree earrings of the beaded type (NO.
triple-beaded filigree earrings with equal-sized round beads (NO.
triple-beaded filigree earrings with a larger vertical central bead (NO. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Sokol, Vladimir |
| author_facet | Sokol, Vladimir |
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| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)76835318 (DE-599)BVBBV022275229 |
| era | Geschichte 400-1500 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 400-1500 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Croatia Antiquities Croatia Material culture Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Croatia Antiquities Croatia Material culture Kroatien |
| id | DE-604.BV022275229 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:47:31Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:23:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9532121986 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015485628 |
| oclc_num | 76835318 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sokol, Vladimir Verfasser aut Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save Vladimir Sokol Zagreb Golden Marketing - Tehnička Knjiga 2006 334 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The medieval archaeological heritage of Croatia Geschichte 400-1500 gnd rswk-swf Funde Earrings Croatia Jewelry, Medieval Croatia Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Croatia Antiquities Croatia Material culture Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 400-1500 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015485628&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015485628&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sokol, Vladimir Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save Funde Earrings Croatia Jewelry, Medieval Croatia Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4073841-3 |
| title | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save |
| title_auth | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save |
| title_exact_search | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save |
| title_full | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save Vladimir Sokol |
| title_fullStr | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save Vladimir Sokol |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save Vladimir Sokol |
| title_short | Hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheološka baština od Jadrana do Save |
| title_sort | hrvatska srednjovjekovna arheoloska bastina od jadrana do save |
| topic | Funde Earrings Croatia Jewelry, Medieval Croatia Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Earrings Croatia Jewelry, Medieval Croatia Croatia Antiquities Croatia Material culture Kroatien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015485628&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015485628&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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