Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Romanian |
| Published: |
Iaşi
Ed. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza"
2005
|
| Series: | Bibliotheca archaeologica Iassiensis
16 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The fortresses of XIVth to XVIIth centuries Moldavia |
| Physical Description: | 357 graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9737030907 9789737030900 |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CUPRINS
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE de Victor
INTRODUCERE
I.
A. IZVOARE
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
doilea război mondial
2.2.
B. ISTORIOGRAFIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
II.
FORTIFICAŢIILE
Cetate
Fortificaţie/Fortăreaţă
Castel/Coştei
Curte/Curtean
Şanţ
Val
Zid
Turn
Contrafort
Fundaţie/Temelie
Prisacă
Parcan/Părcan
Palanca
Palisadă/Gard
Posadă
Baştă/Bastion
Meterez
5
Pârcălab
Staroste
Concluzii
III. ARHITECTURA MILITARĂ
A. Evoluţia arhitectonică în context internaţional
1)
2)
din spaţiul românesc extracarpatic (secolele XII-XIV)
3)
secolului al XlV-lea). Reflexia goticului în Moldova
4)
O „Renaştere a fortificaţiilor
5)
Sporirea decalajului faţă de Europa
B. Analiza tipologică a fortificaţiilor
I.Criterii
II.
IV.
DIN SECOLELE XIV-XVI!
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Concluzii
V.
A. Instituţiile
I.
1 )
Pârcălabi şi castelani
2)
a) Atribuţii militare
b) Atribuţii juridice şi fiscale
c) Atribuţii diplomatice
3)
4)
II.
III. Garnizoana
6
IV.
B. Accesorii şi dependinţe
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
VI.
A. CETĂŢI DE PIATRĂ
B. FORTIFICAŢII DE PĂMÂNT
CONCLUZII
Sursele ilustraţiilor
Lista abrevierilor
Bibliografie
Harta fortificaţiilor (sec. XIV-XVII)
Harta mănăstirilor fortificate (sec. XIV-XVII)
Summary
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
THE FORTRESSES
OF
SUMMARY
The study of Romanian fortresses from the eastern Carpatians
meant a real foray into the Middle Age of this area. Implicitly, various
other areas have been touched: from the archaic Romanian language, to
medieval architecture, to the political history of the time, to a social
problem. In other words, for the present work a multi-disciplinary
approach has been used. This implied an outlook on Moldavian
fortresses from several different angles: the political events, the linguistic
terminology, the architectural and social angle. This option is materialized
in the present work in separate chapters.
Thus, it is remarkable that the first stone fortresses made in this
area were made (or were first mentioned) just a few decades later than
the creation of the Moldavian state itself, precisely in the last two
decades of the XIVth century. Generally speaking, in the documents
issues by the internal chancery or in the oldest chronicles of the country
they appear written as
Cyrillic alphabet). Yet, there is enough evidence that in the spoken
language the term
Latin term of civitas-tatem. During the mentioned period, only the central
forts have been erected, only the cores of the most important stone
fortresses of Moldavia:
disabled rather early, at the beginning of the XVth century). There is a
great probability that of some of the fortresses (central forts), like Hotin,
Chilia
up of the Moldavian state. Also, at the beginning of the XVth century, are
starting to appear in documents the chieftains of the fortresses
pârcălabi
correction) to the castle owners (constable) from the West. It is important
to mention the fact that, unlike the Western Europe, here they have
passed directly to the phase of castle, without the phase of the so called
motte
us indirectly to the hypothesis of the existence of some foreign
351
craftsmen, who had already assimilated those preliminary phases in the
history of strongholds making. Also, very important are the strongholds
made of wood and earth, the most representative for this period being
the one in Roman.
The second important phase was the reign of Stephen the Great
(1457-1504),
expanded in order to withstand pieces of artillery. For this purpose the
old forts have been surrounded by a new network of extremely thick
walls, reinforced by half-round or horse-shoe shaped bulwarks
(bastions), those shapes being used for better flanking, but especially to
make the artillery projectiles ricochet. Also notable is the fact that in the
above mentioned period, there is no technological gap whatsoever
between Moldavia and the rest of Europe, especially the Western part,
from where these architectural novelties come, more precisely linked to
the work of Francesco I
(bastionar/
Europe (France, England, Germany), and somehow slowly in to the East.
The above mentioned prince (Stephen the Great) is the one who s
praiseworthy for knowing how to bring the country s citadel to a high
level, because the decisions he made proved to be beneficial due to the
several Ottoman and Polish invasions. He manifested his care of the
citadels by doubling the number of constable
that time, the development of artillery involved a restoration of the
fortresses of earth and wood, the first ones being the ones used for
passage, from
At the beginning of the XVIth century, the first signs of decline are
starting to show-up. About the middle of it, during the reign of
Rares,
can only notice restoration works at the old strongholds, and even those
are extremely rare (leremia
The building of temporary strongholds made of earth and wood is more
and more necessary, because they are more resistant to artillery,
projectiles, than those made of stone
the turn of the XVIIth century, the phenomenon of fortified monasteries
makes its appearance. Yet, from it we have to understand the monk s
need to retire from the lay community, the
rather the need for defense. On the other hand, the presence of
fortification elements
spaces (like
at that time, even the worship places were considered to be elements of
a possible defense (the presence of shooting holes). Returning to the
352
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
strongholds themselves, while the constable
(known and as
pârcălab
army), the institution of
during the XVIIth century; they become ordinary dignitaries of the second
or third rank. In fact, this situation reflects the castles situation itself. At
this time we notice a stagnation, a break-up from the architectural
realities linked with the Western European fortified strongholds,
determined by the fulminating evolution of fire-weapons.. This kind of
stagnation has to be linked with the increasing decline of the political
state and the country itself, materialized in
new castles. This bleak reality could be noticed even in language, where
we observe the poverty of the lexicon linked with the fortified strongholds.
About the end of the XVIIth century and the beginning of the
XVIIIth, far from representing reliable strategically points in the defense
against potential invasions, the strongholds become attack bases of the
invaders, determining a first attempt (that seems to be failed) to destroy
them, at
second attempt to blow them up took place in
command. It seems to have been successful, as they are practically
erased from history, ceasing to be used by the locals, as well as the
invaders.
Even within the present exposition, a few key-words had to be
used even repeatedly. These are:
(fortification, fortress),
pârcălab
bulwark, bulwarked stronghold),
(shooting holes) etc.
The present approach has been structured into six major parts.
Following a short Introduction, the first chapter, Sources and
Historiography, intends to evaluate the problem of the main sources that
have been used, as well as the stage that science has reached, as far as
the present topic is concerned. As far as the sources are concerned,
we re used the whole range of the written ones (referential/diplomatic,
chronicle/narrative, linguistic), to which we ve added the reports of the
most important archaeological excavations. The last ones also required a
brief review of the excavations linked with the strongholds, from their
start, during the XIXth century to present days. The mid XVIIth century was
the time for the narrative sources, especially the chronicles, to merge into
the first historiography; in other words it was the moment when the
authors begun compiling different sources. One of those authors was
353
Grigore
news, and also interesting hypothesis concerning the first strongholds in
the country. Yet, there s no doubt that the modern historiography has it
roots within the works of Dimitrie Cantemir; in the works of the scholar
prince there is, among many other issues, a certain amount of
information on Moldavian strongholds. After that, almost two centuries
will had have to pass until we could have found ourselves reading one
work with such comprehensive subject: Nicolae lorga s early work,
concerning the study of the biggest two southern strongholds
Cetatea Albă
the fortified strongholds are concerned, is linked with the name of
Dimitrie Onciul, A. D. Xenopol and also with the exemplary
historical/archaeological monography of
Romstorfer
lorga (with the first draft of synthesis and international context, written in
1929),
harbor-citadels:
the contributions on the social impact of fire-weapons),
(indirectly, within his synthesis of the history of Romanians) or
Rosetti (with a comprehensive study on the military aspects of Stephen
the Great s reign; thus all those historians have had their contributions
more or less punctual or indirect. The post-war historiography benefited
from the increasing development of archaeology. A crucial role was
played by the opening of the great teaching-archaeological site in
Suceava,
events has been materialised through a series of several contributions,
printed in the new specialized magazines (SCIV,
arheologice).
citadels are
also the first attempts at syntheses
The second chapter aimed to be at The Medieval Romanian
Vocabulary Concerning Fortified Strongholds. This section implied a turn
to, and the (re)evaluation of the whole range of sources (written,
referential, narrative, linguistic) in my attempt to remake a glossary of
medieval terms linked with fortified strongholds. Thus, I was able to
reconstitute a number of
lexical stock of the Romanian medieval people. Five of the
come from Paleoslavonic, four from Latin, four from German, three from
Polish, three from Magyar, only one from Turkish. The above-mentioned
statistical data makes the hypothesis of a possible basic linguistic layer
very unlikely; yet judging strictly by the fact that only two of the five terms
354
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
of the Slavic, and of the four terms of the German etymology actually
come exactly from there, we could promote the hypothesis of a Latin
basic layer. Naturally, I presumed that these linguistic facts are
reflections of historical phenomena. The miraculous survival of the Latin
terms after a millennium of domination from several migrating peoples
almost all of them suffering from severe „allergies to fortified
strongholds, aside the language reflects, even within this restricted
domain historical facts like the co-inhabitation between the Slavs and the
Romanians during the second half of the first Millennium, the help of the
Central European craftsmen, once the Romanian state has been
established, the arrival of Western technical innovations, coming via
Poland or Hungary. An interesting fact is that many rather complex
physical realities present within the architectural fund of the XIVth to XVIIth
century do not have any linguistic equivalent in the archaic Romanian
language
to the castle),
curtina
lanterna, gurile de tragere, maşiculi
mortarul, parapetul, rampartul,
neologism that came up into the language during the XIXth and XXth
century. The names that Medieval people could have given them shall
probably remain a mystery.
The third chapter aimed at the Military Architecture, and it was the
most intensely linked with archaeology and its results. First of all I ve
taken into consideration the results of research up to summarizing the
most important contributions in the above mentioned field. In order to
avoid transformation of observed the international context. This kind of
observation implied the evaluation of the most important results of the
archaeology of fortified strongholds in several countries, more or less
closed geographically to the Moldavian area (Hungary, Russia, Poland,
Bulgaria and even Germany, France or England). A certain superposition
of the most important artistic ages in architecture could be remarked, with
all their steps in the development of fortified strongholds. As the
metaphor „gothic castle is so widely used I thought I wouldn t
exaggerate if I also write about a Renaissance of the strongholds. But,
however, we can not write about Roman strongholds. Unfortunately, as I
was wrote, above between XVIth and XVIIth century, the breaking off the
rest of Europe has made the continuation of this kind of analogy virtually
impossible. Also written this chapter the strongholds have been analyzed
typologically, on several different criteria, emphasizing the several
355
different components, as well as the problem of craftsmen, constructors
and employers.
The fourth chapter followed The Historical Evolution of Fortified
Strongholds During The XIVth to
influence that political events had on country s strongholds, and also the
way they have determined the course of political history. The main
temporal lanmarks have somehow been traced since the beginning of the
present summary. They were materialised in separate sub-chapters
within the above-mentioned section: The Records (reffering to the first
fortresses errected east of the Carpathians, about the end of the first
Millenium and the start of the next one, possible prototypes for the future
stone ones); The Incastleation (depicting the great constructive effort at
the end of the XlV-th century, when the first stone-fortresses were
erected, probably linked with the reign of the reign of
Stephen the Greafs Reign (with the
artillery, and also with the first major sieges in Moldavian history, the
ones in
of political weakness reflect in in the life of fortresses, and when
Suceava
XVll-th Century, (when the gradual decline of Moldavian fortresses,
evidently linked with the deterioration of country s political state).
The fifth chapter
Divided, in its turn, into two major sections: The Institutions and
Accessories and Outbuildings
part, several subdivisions: the institutions of
been especially researched, trying to clear up their origins, (the possible
external models, drawing a parallel between them and the Western
castle-owners), their atributions, their number and their prerogatives,
finally proposing a kind of case-study, the special case of
pârcălab
Then, a series of other institutional phoenomena have been
studied, and also those of the garrison, of working inside the fortress and
that of the fortresses fold
The second section described the various components more or
less present in every fortress, fact that implied a new appeal to bookish
sources, but especially to the archaeological results. There have been
analysed, among other issues, the locations and morphology of the
chapels, the central palace, the treasure houses, prisons, watchtowers,
households, supply rooms, etc.
The final section has been represented by the
Fortifications*Catalogue, devided, in its turn, into three sub-divisions:
356
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
Stone Fortresses, Earthworks, and Fortified Monasteries. In each of the
presented fortresses a few general issues have been pointed out: the
archaeological campains, the whereabouts, the morphological type, the
ownership, the construction tehnique, the plan (where reconstruction was
possible, because a few of the old fortresses are nothing but bookish
realities), the surface, the type of access, the archaeological material, the
presence of internal or adjacent buildings, and a short history. Then, the
analogies from the Romanian area and those outside it, finally presenting
a short selective bibliography.
At the end of the paper, The Conclusions represented the
exposition of the most important final considerations. Again, the most
important one has been the tight link between fortresses and country s
status, its political evolution. The simetry to the social field brought-up
and motivated by the fluctuation within the
cursus
personalities in the XV-th to XVI-th century, frequently even head of the
voivodi
The present study on fortresses meant a real section through the
country s history, fact that constituted a proper approach, considering the
multi-disciplinary aspect of the matter.
357
|
| adam_txt |
CUPRINS
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE de Victor
INTRODUCERE
I.
A. IZVOARE
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
doilea război mondial
2.2.
B. ISTORIOGRAFIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
II.
FORTIFICAŢIILE
Cetate
Fortificaţie/Fortăreaţă
Castel/Coştei
Curte/Curtean
Şanţ
Val
Zid
Turn
Contrafort
Fundaţie/Temelie
Prisacă
Parcan/Părcan
Palanca
Palisadă/Gard
Posadă
Baştă/Bastion
Meterez
5
Pârcălab
Staroste
Concluzii
III. ARHITECTURA MILITARĂ
A. Evoluţia arhitectonică în context internaţional
1)
2)
din spaţiul românesc extracarpatic (secolele XII-XIV)
3)
secolului al XlV-lea). Reflexia goticului în Moldova
4)
O „Renaştere" a fortificaţiilor
5)
Sporirea decalajului faţă de Europa
B. Analiza tipologică a fortificaţiilor
I.Criterii
II.
IV.
DIN SECOLELE XIV-XVI!
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Concluzii
V.
A. Instituţiile
I.
1 )
Pârcălabi şi castelani
2)
a) Atribuţii militare
b) Atribuţii juridice şi fiscale
c) Atribuţii diplomatice
3)
4)
II.
III. Garnizoana
6
IV.
B. Accesorii şi dependinţe
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
VI.
A. CETĂŢI DE PIATRĂ
B. FORTIFICAŢII DE PĂMÂNT
CONCLUZII
Sursele ilustraţiilor
Lista abrevierilor
Bibliografie
Harta fortificaţiilor (sec. XIV-XVII)
Harta mănăstirilor fortificate (sec. XIV-XVII)
Summary
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
THE FORTRESSES
OF
SUMMARY
The study of Romanian fortresses from the eastern Carpatians
meant a real foray into the Middle Age of this area. Implicitly, various
other areas have been touched: from the archaic Romanian language, to
medieval architecture, to the political history of the time, to a social
problem. In other words, for the present work a multi-disciplinary
approach has been used. This implied an outlook on Moldavian
fortresses from several different angles: the political events, the linguistic
terminology, the architectural and social angle. This option is materialized
in the present work in separate chapters.
Thus, it is remarkable that the first stone fortresses made in this
area were made (or were first mentioned) just a few decades later than
the creation of the Moldavian state itself, precisely in the last two
decades of the XIVth century. Generally speaking, in the documents
issues by the internal chancery or in the oldest chronicles of the country
they appear written as
Cyrillic alphabet). Yet, there is enough evidence that in the spoken
language the term
Latin term of civitas-tatem. During the mentioned period, only the central
forts have been erected, only the cores of the most important stone
fortresses of Moldavia:
disabled rather early, at the beginning of the XVth century). There is a
great probability that of some of the fortresses (central forts), like Hotin,
Chilia
up of the Moldavian state. Also, at the beginning of the XVth century, are
starting to appear in documents the chieftains of the fortresses
pârcălabi
correction) to the castle owners (constable) from the West. It is important
to mention the fact that, unlike the Western Europe, here they have
passed directly to the phase of castle, without the phase of the so called
motte
us indirectly to the hypothesis of the existence of some foreign
351
craftsmen, who had already assimilated those preliminary phases in the
history of strongholds making. Also, very important are the strongholds
made of wood and earth, the most representative for this period being
the one in Roman.
The second important phase was the reign of Stephen the Great
(1457-1504),
expanded in order to withstand pieces of artillery. For this purpose the
old forts have been surrounded by a new network of extremely thick
walls, reinforced by half-round or horse-shoe shaped bulwarks
(bastions), those shapes being used for better flanking, but especially to
make the artillery projectiles ricochet. Also notable is the fact that in the
above mentioned period, there is no technological gap whatsoever
between Moldavia and the rest of Europe, especially the Western part,
from where these architectural novelties come, more precisely linked to
the work of Francesco I
(bastionar/
Europe (France, England, Germany), and somehow slowly in to the East.
The above mentioned prince (Stephen the Great) is the one who's
praiseworthy for knowing how to bring the country's citadel to a high
level, because the decisions he made proved to be beneficial due to the
several Ottoman and Polish invasions. He manifested his care of the
citadels by doubling the number of constable
that time, the development of artillery involved a restoration of the
fortresses of earth and wood, the first ones being the ones used for
passage, from
At the beginning of the XVIth century, the first signs of decline are
starting to show-up. About the middle of it, during the reign of
Rares,
can only notice restoration works at the old strongholds, and even those
are extremely rare (leremia
The building of temporary strongholds made of earth and wood is more
and more necessary, because they are more resistant to artillery,
projectiles, than those made of stone
the turn of the XVIIth century, the phenomenon of fortified monasteries
makes its appearance. Yet, from it we have to understand the monk's
need to retire from the lay community, the
rather the need for defense. On the other hand, the presence of
fortification elements
spaces (like
at that time, even the worship places were considered to be elements of
a possible defense (the presence of shooting holes). Returning to the
352
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
strongholds themselves, while the constable
(known and as
pârcălab
army), the institution of
during the XVIIth century; they become ordinary dignitaries of the second
or third rank. In fact, this situation reflects the castles situation itself. At
this time we notice a stagnation, a break-up from the architectural
realities linked with the Western European fortified strongholds,
determined by the fulminating evolution of fire-weapons. This kind of
stagnation has to be linked with the increasing decline of the political
state and the country itself, materialized in
new castles. This bleak reality could be noticed even in language, where
we observe the poverty of the lexicon linked with the fortified strongholds.
About the end of the XVIIth century and the beginning of the
XVIIIth, far from representing reliable strategically points in the defense
against potential invasions, the strongholds become attack bases of the
invaders, determining a first attempt (that seems to be failed) to destroy
them, at
second attempt to blow them up took place in
command. It seems to have been successful, as they are practically
erased from history, ceasing to be used by the locals, as well as the
invaders.
Even within the present exposition, a few key-words had to be
used even repeatedly. These are:
(fortification, fortress),
pârcălab
bulwark, bulwarked stronghold),
(shooting holes) etc.
The present approach has been structured into six major parts.
Following a short Introduction, the first chapter, Sources and
Historiography, intends to evaluate the problem of the main sources that
have been used, as well as the stage that science has reached, as far as
the present topic is concerned. As far as the sources are concerned,
we're used the whole range of the written ones (referential/diplomatic,
chronicle/narrative, linguistic), to which we've added the reports of the
most important archaeological excavations. The last ones also required a
brief review of the excavations linked with the strongholds, from their
start, during the XIXth century to present days. The mid XVIIth century was
the time for the narrative sources, especially the chronicles, to merge into
the first historiography; in other words it was the moment when the
authors begun compiling different sources. One of those authors was
353
Grigore
news, and also interesting hypothesis concerning the first strongholds in
the country. Yet, there's no doubt that the modern historiography has it
roots within the works of Dimitrie Cantemir; in the works of the scholar
prince there is, among many other issues, a certain amount of
information on Moldavian strongholds. After that, almost two centuries
will had have to pass until we could have found ourselves reading one
work with such comprehensive subject: Nicolae lorga's early work,
concerning the study of the biggest two southern strongholds
Cetatea Albă
the fortified strongholds are concerned, is linked with the name of
Dimitrie Onciul, A. D. Xenopol and also with the exemplary
historical/archaeological monography of
Romstorfer
lorga (with the first draft of synthesis and international context, written in
1929),
harbor-citadels:
the contributions on the social impact of fire-weapons),
(indirectly, within his synthesis of the history of Romanians) or
Rosetti (with a comprehensive study on the military aspects of Stephen
the Great's reign; thus all those historians have had their contributions
more or less punctual or indirect. The post-war historiography benefited
from the increasing development of archaeology. A crucial role was
played by the opening of the great teaching-archaeological site in
Suceava,
events has been materialised through a series of several contributions,
printed in the new specialized magazines (SCIV,
arheologice).
citadels are
also the first attempts at syntheses
The second chapter aimed to be at The Medieval Romanian
Vocabulary Concerning Fortified Strongholds. This section implied a turn
to, and the (re)evaluation of the whole range of sources (written,
referential, narrative, linguistic) in my attempt to remake a glossary of
medieval terms linked with fortified strongholds. Thus, I was able to
reconstitute a number of
lexical stock of the Romanian medieval people. Five of the
come from Paleoslavonic, four from Latin, four from German, three from
Polish, three from Magyar, only one from Turkish. The above-mentioned
statistical data makes the hypothesis of a possible basic linguistic layer
very unlikely; yet judging strictly by the fact that only two of the five terms
354
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
of the Slavic, and of the four terms of the German etymology actually
come exactly from there, we could promote the hypothesis of a Latin
basic layer. Naturally, I presumed that these linguistic facts are
reflections of historical phenomena. The miraculous survival of the Latin
terms after a millennium of domination from several migrating peoples
almost all of them suffering from severe „allergies" to fortified
strongholds, aside the language reflects, even within this restricted
domain historical facts like the co-inhabitation between the Slavs and the
Romanians during the second half of the first Millennium, the help of the
Central European craftsmen, once the Romanian state has been
established, the arrival of Western technical innovations, coming via
Poland or Hungary. An interesting fact is that many rather complex
physical realities present within the architectural fund of the XIVth to XVIIth
century do not have any linguistic equivalent in the archaic Romanian
language
to the castle),
curtina
lanterna, gurile de tragere, maşiculi
mortarul, parapetul, rampartul,
neologism that came up into the language during the XIXth and XXth
century. The names that Medieval people could have given them shall
probably remain a mystery.
The third chapter aimed at the Military Architecture, and it was the
most intensely linked with archaeology and its results. First of all I've
taken into consideration the results of research up to summarizing the
most important contributions in the above mentioned field. In order to
avoid transformation of observed the international context. This kind of
observation implied the evaluation of the most important results of the
archaeology of fortified strongholds in several countries, more or less
closed geographically to the Moldavian area (Hungary, Russia, Poland,
Bulgaria and even Germany, France or England). A certain superposition
of the most important artistic ages in architecture could be remarked, with
all their steps in the development of fortified strongholds. As the
metaphor „gothic castle" is so widely used I thought I wouldn't
exaggerate if I also write about a Renaissance of the strongholds. But,
however, we can not write about Roman strongholds. Unfortunately, as I
was wrote, above between XVIth and XVIIth century, the breaking off the
rest of Europe has made the continuation of this kind of analogy virtually
impossible. Also written this chapter the strongholds have been analyzed
typologically, on several different criteria, emphasizing the several
355
different components, as well as the problem of craftsmen, constructors
and employers.
The fourth chapter followed The Historical Evolution of Fortified
Strongholds During The XIVth to
influence that political events had on country's strongholds, and also the
way they have determined the course of political history. The main
temporal lanmarks have somehow been traced since the beginning of the
present summary. They were materialised in separate sub-chapters
within the above-mentioned section: The Records (reffering to the first
fortresses errected east of the Carpathians, about the end of the first
Millenium and the start of the next one, possible prototypes for the future
stone ones); The Incastleation (depicting the great constructive effort at
the end of the XlV-th century, when the first stone-fortresses were
erected, probably linked with the reign of the reign of
Stephen the Greafs Reign (with the
artillery, and also with the first major sieges in Moldavian history, the
ones in
of political weakness reflect in in the life of fortresses, and when
Suceava'
XVll-th Century, (when the gradual decline of Moldavian fortresses,
evidently linked with the deterioration of country's political state).
The fifth chapter
Divided, in its turn, into two major sections: The Institutions and
"Accessories and Outbuildings"
part, several subdivisions: the institutions of
been especially researched, trying to clear up their origins, (the possible
external models, drawing a parallel between them and the Western
castle-owners), their atributions, their number and their prerogatives,
finally proposing a kind of case-study, the special case of
pârcălab
Then, a series of other institutional phoenomena have been
studied, and also those of the garrison, of working inside the fortress and
that of the fortresses' fold
The second section described the various components more or
less present in every fortress, fact that implied a new appeal to bookish
sources, but especially to the archaeological results. There have been
analysed, among other issues, the locations and morphology of the
chapels, the central palace, the treasure houses, prisons, watchtowers,
households, supply rooms, etc.
The final section has been represented by the
Fortifications*Catalogue, devided, in its turn, into three sub-divisions:
356
Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV-XVII
Stone Fortresses, Earthworks, and Fortified Monasteries. In each of the
presented fortresses a few general issues have been pointed out: the
archaeological campains, the whereabouts, the morphological type, the
ownership, the construction tehnique, the plan (where reconstruction was
possible, because a few of the old fortresses are nothing but bookish
realities), the surface, the type of access, the archaeological material, the
presence of internal or adjacent buildings, and a short history. Then, the
analogies from the Romanian area and those outside it, finally presenting
a short selective bibliography.
At the end of the paper, The Conclusions represented the
exposition of the most important final considerations. Again, the most
important one has been the tight link between fortresses and country's
status, its political evolution. The simetry to the social field brought-up
and motivated by the fluctuation within the
cursus
personalities in the XV-th to XVI-th century, frequently even head of the
voivodi
The present study on fortresses meant a real section through the
country's history, fact that constituted a proper approach, considering the
multi-disciplinary aspect of the matter.
357 |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV022234396 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:33:34Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:52:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9737030907 9789737030900 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015445433 |
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| physical | 357 graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
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| publisher | Ed. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza" |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Bibliotheca archaeologica Iassiensis |
| series2 | Bibliotheca archaeologica Iassiensis |
| spelling | Floareş, Dan Verfasser aut Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII Dan Floareş Iaşi Ed. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza" 2005 357 graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca archaeologica Iassiensis 16 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The fortresses of XIVth to XVIIth centuries Moldavia Geschichte 1300-1700 gnd rswk-swf Fortification Moldavia Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 s Geschichte 1300-1700 z DE-604 Bibliotheca archaeologica Iassiensis 16 (DE-604)BV000700971 16 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015445433&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015445433&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Floareş, Dan Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII Bibliotheca archaeologica Iassiensis Fortification Moldavia Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016934-0 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII |
| title_auth | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII |
| title_exact_search | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII |
| title_full | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII Dan Floareş |
| title_fullStr | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII Dan Floareş |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII Dan Floareş |
| title_short | Fortificaţiile Ţării Moldovei din secolele XIV - XVII |
| title_sort | fortificatiile tarii moldovei din secolele xiv xvii |
| topic | Fortification Moldavia Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fortification Moldavia Festung Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015445433&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015445433&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000700971 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT floaresdan fortificatiiletariimoldoveidinsecolelexivxvii |