Mortality amongst illicit drug users: epidemiology, causes, and intervention
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Cambridge Univ. Press
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | IRMA Addictions
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XI, 191 S. |
| ISBN: | 0521855063 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mortality amongst illicit drug users |b epidemiology, causes, and intervention |c Shane Darke , Louisa Degenhardt ; Richard Mattick |
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| adam_text | Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of tables xi
Chapter 1. Why illicit drug related deaths matter 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Why illicit drug related deaths matter 2
1.2.1 Ethical responsibility to prevent avoidable death 2
1.2.2 Costs to society 4
1.2.3 Natural history of drug use 6
1.2.4 Families of drug users 7
1.3 What do we need to know about illicit drug related
mortality? 7
1.4 Summary 8
Chapter 2. The global epidemiology of illicit drug use 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Drug use or drug use problems ? 10
2.3 How common is illicit drug use? 12
2.3.1 Cannabis 13
2.3.2 Amphetamine type stimulants 13
2.3.3 Cocaine 14
2.3.4 Heroin and other opioids 14
2.4 Risk factors for illicit drug use 15
2.5 Summary 18
Chapter 3. Mortality amongst illicit drug users 20
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Problems in estimating mortality 20
3.3 Mortality amongst illicit drug users 22
3.4 Factors associated with illicit drug related mortality 24
v
vi Contents
3.4.1 Drug class 24
3.4.2 Gender 29
3.4.3 Age 32
3.4.4 Length of drug use career 33
3.4.5 Drug dependence treatment 34
3.4.6 Disease 36
3.4.7 Psychosocial functioning 37
3.5 Major causes of death amongst illicit drug users 39
3.5.1 Drug overdose 39
3.5.2 Disease 39
3.5.3 Suicide 39
3.5.4 Trauma 40
3.6 Summary of illicit drug mortality 40
Chapter 4. Mortality and drug overdose 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Rates of overdose 42
4.3 Demography of overdose 49
4.3.1 Opioids 49
4.3.2 Cocaine 50
4.3.3 Amphetamines 50
4.3.4 MDMA 51
4.4 Mechanisms of overdose 51
4.4.1 Opioids 51
4.4.2 Cocaine 51
4.4.3 Amphetamines 52
4.4.4 MDMA 53
4.5 Toxicology of overdose 54
4.5.1 Opioids 54
4.5.2 Cocaine 56
4.5.3 Amphetamines 56
4.5.4 MDMA 57
4.6 Risk factors for overdose 57
4.6.1 Demographics 57
4.6.1.1 Age 57
4.6.1.2 Gender 59
4.6.1.3 Treatment 60
4.6.2 Tolerance 60
4.6.3 Purity 61
Contents vii
4.6.4 Polydrug use 62
4.6.5 Route of administration 64
4.7 Summary of mortality and overdose 65
Chapter 5. Illicit drug use and disease 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 HIV/AIDS 67
5.2.1 Prevalence and rates of AIDS mortality 71
5.2.2 Risk factors for HIV transmission and mortality 72
5.3 HCV 74
5.3.1 Prevalence and rates of mortality associated
with HCV 74
5.3.2 Risk factors for HCV transmission and mortality 75
5.4 Acute infections due to injecting drug use 75
5.5 Cardiovascular pathology 76
5.5.1 Psychostimulant users 76
5.5.2 Cannabis users 77
5.6 Cancer and cannabis use 78
5.7 Summary 78
Chapter 6. Mortality and suicide 80
6.1 Introduction 80
6.2 Suicide amongst the general population 80
6.3 Suicide amongst illicit drug users 81
6.4 Methods of suicide 87
6.5 Risk factors 89
6.5.1 Demographics 91
6.5.2 Psychopathology 91
6.5.3 Family dysfunction 92
6.5.4 Social isolation 93
6.5.5 Drug use 94
6.6 Summary of mortality and suicide 95
Chapter 7. Mortality and trauma 96
7.1 Introduction 96
7.2 Prevalence and rates of trauma 97
7.3 Demography of traumatic death 101
7.4 Types of traumatic death 102
7.4.1 Motor vehicle accidents 102
viii Contents
7.4.2 Other accidents 106
7.4.3 Homicide 107
7.5 Summary of trauma and illicit drug use 109
Chapter 8. Reducing drug related mortality 111
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 Drug treatment 111
8.2.1 Early evidence of methadone treatment
preventing death 112
8.2.2 Studies supporting the effect of methadone
on reducing mortality 114
8.2.3 Role of pharmacotherapies in preventing HIV
seroconversion and death 115
8.2.4 Buprenorphine maintenance 117
8.2.5 Naltrexone treatment 118
8.2.6 Treatment of other drug use problems 118
8.3 Treatment of blood borne viral infections 118
8.4 Harm reduction 120
8.4.1 Overdose 120
8.4.2 Disease 124
8.4.3 Suicide 125
8.4.4 Trauma 126
8.5 Primary prevention 128
8.6 Supply reduction 129
8.6.1 Legislative controls 129
8.6.2 Law enforcement 130
8.6.2.1 Local level policing 130
8.6.2.2 High level law enforcement 131
8.7 Summary 133
Chapter 9. Summary and conclusions 135
9.1 Introduction 135
9.2 Why should society care about drug related death? 135
9.3 How large is the problem? 136
9.4 What are the major causes of death? 137
9.5 What can we do to reduce death rates? 138
9.6 What does the future hold? 141
9.7 Concluding remarks 143
References 145
Index 187
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
List of tables xi
Chapter 1. Why illicit drug related deaths matter 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Why illicit drug related deaths matter 2
1.2.1 Ethical responsibility to prevent avoidable death 2
1.2.2 Costs to society 4
1.2.3 Natural history of drug use 6
1.2.4 Families of drug users 7
1.3 What do we need to know about illicit drug related
mortality? 7
1.4 Summary 8
Chapter 2. The global epidemiology of illicit drug use 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Drug use or drug use problems'? 10
2.3 How common is illicit drug use? 12
2.3.1 Cannabis 13
2.3.2 Amphetamine type stimulants 13
2.3.3 Cocaine 14
2.3.4 Heroin and other opioids 14
2.4 Risk factors for illicit drug use 15
2.5 Summary 18
Chapter 3. Mortality amongst illicit drug users 20
3.1 Introduction 20
3.2 Problems in estimating mortality 20
3.3 Mortality amongst illicit drug users 22
3.4 Factors associated with illicit drug related mortality 24
v
vi Contents
3.4.1 Drug class 24
3.4.2 Gender 29
3.4.3 Age 32
3.4.4 Length of drug use career 33
3.4.5 Drug dependence treatment 34
3.4.6 Disease 36
3.4.7 Psychosocial functioning 37
3.5 Major causes of death amongst illicit drug users 39
3.5.1 Drug overdose 39
3.5.2 Disease 39
3.5.3 Suicide 39
3.5.4 Trauma 40
3.6 Summary of illicit drug mortality 40
Chapter 4. Mortality and drug overdose 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Rates of overdose 42
4.3 Demography of overdose 49
4.3.1 Opioids 49
4.3.2 Cocaine 50
4.3.3 Amphetamines 50
4.3.4 MDMA 51
4.4 Mechanisms of overdose 51
4.4.1 Opioids 51
4.4.2 Cocaine 51
4.4.3 Amphetamines 52
4.4.4 MDMA 53
4.5 Toxicology of overdose 54
4.5.1 Opioids 54
4.5.2 Cocaine 56
4.5.3 Amphetamines 56
4.5.4 MDMA 57
4.6 Risk factors for overdose 57
4.6.1 Demographics 57
4.6.1.1 Age 57
4.6.1.2 Gender 59
4.6.1.3 Treatment 60
4.6.2 Tolerance 60
4.6.3 Purity 61
Contents vii
4.6.4 Polydrug use 62
4.6.5 Route of administration 64
4.7 Summary of mortality and overdose 65
Chapter 5. Illicit drug use and disease 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 HIV/AIDS 67
5.2.1 Prevalence and rates of AIDS mortality 71
5.2.2 Risk factors for HIV transmission and mortality 72
5.3 HCV 74
5.3.1 Prevalence and rates of mortality associated
with HCV 74
5.3.2 Risk factors for HCV transmission and mortality 75
5.4 Acute infections due to injecting drug use 75
5.5 Cardiovascular pathology 76
5.5.1 Psychostimulant users 76
5.5.2 Cannabis users 77
5.6 Cancer and cannabis use 78
5.7 Summary 78
Chapter 6. Mortality and suicide 80
6.1 Introduction 80
6.2 Suicide amongst the general population 80
6.3 Suicide amongst illicit drug users 81
6.4 Methods of suicide 87
6.5 Risk factors 89
6.5.1 Demographics 91
6.5.2 Psychopathology 91
6.5.3 Family dysfunction 92
6.5.4 Social isolation 93
6.5.5 Drug use 94
6.6 Summary of mortality and suicide 95
Chapter 7. Mortality and trauma 96
7.1 Introduction 96
7.2 Prevalence and rates of trauma 97
7.3 Demography of traumatic death 101
7.4 Types of traumatic death 102
7.4.1 Motor vehicle accidents 102
viii Contents
7.4.2 Other accidents 106
7.4.3 Homicide 107
7.5 Summary of trauma and illicit drug use 109
Chapter 8. Reducing drug related mortality 111
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 Drug treatment 111
8.2.1 Early evidence of methadone treatment
preventing death 112
8.2.2 Studies supporting the effect of methadone
on reducing mortality 114
8.2.3 Role of pharmacotherapies in preventing HIV
seroconversion and death 115
8.2.4 Buprenorphine maintenance 117
8.2.5 Naltrexone treatment 118
8.2.6 Treatment of other drug use problems 118
8.3 Treatment of blood borne viral infections 118
8.4 Harm reduction 120
8.4.1 Overdose 120
8.4.2 Disease 124
8.4.3 Suicide 125
8.4.4 Trauma 126
8.5 Primary prevention 128
8.6 Supply reduction 129
8.6.1 Legislative controls 129
8.6.2 Law enforcement 130
8.6.2.1 Local level policing 130
8.6.2.2 High level law enforcement 131
8.7 Summary 133
Chapter 9. Summary and conclusions 135
9.1 Introduction 135
9.2 Why should society care about drug related death? 135
9.3 How large is the problem? 136
9.4 What are the major causes of death? 137
9.5 What can we do to reduce death rates? 138
9.6 What does the future hold? 141
9.7 Concluding remarks 143
References 145
Index 187 |
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| spelling | Darke, Shane Verfasser aut Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention Shane Darke , Louisa Degenhardt ; Richard Mattick 1. publ. New York Cambridge Univ. Press 2007 XI, 191 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier IRMA Addictions Drug addicts Mortality Drug addicts Services for Substance abuse Treatment Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology Substance-Related Disorders mortality Substance-Related Disorders therapy Degenhardt, Louisa Verfasser aut Mattick, Richard P. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015408020&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Darke, Shane Degenhardt, Louisa Mattick, Richard P. Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention Drug addicts Mortality Drug addicts Services for Substance abuse Treatment Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology Substance-Related Disorders mortality Substance-Related Disorders therapy |
| title | Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention |
| title_auth | Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention |
| title_exact_search | Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention |
| title_full | Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention Shane Darke , Louisa Degenhardt ; Richard Mattick |
| title_fullStr | Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention Shane Darke , Louisa Degenhardt ; Richard Mattick |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology, causes, and intervention Shane Darke , Louisa Degenhardt ; Richard Mattick |
| title_short | Mortality amongst illicit drug users |
| title_sort | mortality amongst illicit drug users epidemiology causes and intervention |
| title_sub | epidemiology, causes, and intervention |
| topic | Drug addicts Mortality Drug addicts Services for Substance abuse Treatment Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology Substance-Related Disorders mortality Substance-Related Disorders therapy |
| topic_facet | Drug addicts Mortality Drug addicts Services for Substance abuse Treatment Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology Substance-Related Disorders mortality Substance-Related Disorders therapy |
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