Characterization of porous solids and powders: surface area, pore size and density
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht
Springer
2006
|
| Edition: | 1. reprint with some corr. |
| Series: | Particle technology series
16 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Frühere Ausg. u.d.T.: Lowell, Seymour: Powder surface area and porosity |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 347 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1402023022 9781402023026 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Characterization of porous solids and powders |b surface area, pore size and density |c by S. Lowell ... |
| 250 | |a 1. reprint with some corr. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Dordrecht |b Springer |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 347 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Particle technology series |v 16 | |
| 500 | |a Frühere Ausg. u.d.T.: Lowell, Seymour: Powder surface area and porosity | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Porosité | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Poudres | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Oberflächenmessung |0 (DE-588)4172249-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135784835448832 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
PART
1
THEORETICAL
1
Introduction
1.1
Real Surfaces
1
1.2
Factors Affecting Surface area
1
1.3
Surface Area from Particle Size Distributions
3
1.4
References
4
2
Gas Adsorption
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Physical and Chemical Adsorption
6
2.3
Physical Adsorption Forces
7
2.4
Physical Adsorption on a Planar Surface
8
2.5
References
10
3
Adsorption Isotherms
3.1
Pore Size and Adsorption Potential
11
3.2
Classification of Adsorption Isotherms
12
3.3
References
14
4
Adsorption Mechanism
4.1
Langmuir and BET Theories (Kinetic Isotherms)
15
4.1.1
The Langmuir Isotherm
15
4.1.2
The Brunauer,
Emme«,
and Teller (BET) Theory
18
4.2
The
Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH)
Theory of
Multilayer Adsorption
24
4.3
Adsorption in Microporous Materials
26
4.3.1
Introduction
26
4.3.2
Aspects of Classical, Thermodynamic Theories
for Adsorption in
Micropores:
Extension of Polanyi
s
Theory
29
4.3.3
Aspects of Modem, Microscopic Theories for
Adsorption in
Micropores:
Density Functional Theory
and Molecular Simulation
33
4.3.3.1
Density Functional Theory (DFT)
34
4.3.3.2
Computer Simulation Studies: Monte Carlo
Simulation and Molecular Dynamics
35
vii
viii Contents
4.3.3.3
NLDFT and Monte
Carlo Simulation for Pore
Size Analysis
36
4.4
Adsorption in Mesopores
37
4.4.1
Introduction
37
4.4.2
Multilayer Adsorption, Pore Condensation and
Hysteresis
37
4.4.3
Pore Condensation: Macroscopic, Thermodynamic
Approaches
40
4.4.3.1
Classical Kelvin Equation
40
4.4.3.2
Modified Kelvin Equation
42
4.4.4
Adsorption Hysteresis
43
4.4.4.1
Classification of Hysteresis Loops
43
4.4.4.2
Origin of Hysteresis
45
4.4.5
Effects of Temperature and Pore Size: Experiments
and Predictions of Modern, Microscopic Theories
49
4.5
References
55
5
Surface Area from the Langmuir and BET
Theories
5.1
Specific Surface Area from the Langmuir Equation
58
5.2
Specific Surface Area from the BET Equation
59
5.2.1.
BET-Plot and Calculation of the Specific Surface Area
59
5.2.2
The Meaning of Monolayer Coverage
60
5.2.3
The BET Constant and Site Occupancy
61
5.2.4
The Single Point BET Method
62
5.2.5
Comparison of the Single Point and Multipoint Methods
63
5.2.6
Applicability of the BET Theory
67
5.2.7
Importance of the Cross-Sectional Area
71
5.2.8
Nitrogen as the Standard Adsorptive for Surface Area
Measurements
78
5.2.9
Low Surface Area Analysis
79
5.3
References
80
6
Other Surface Area Methods
6.1
Introduction
82
6.2
Gas Adsorption: Harkins and Jura Relative Method
82
6.3
Immersion Calorimetry: Harkins and Jura
Absolute Method
85
6.4
Permeametry
86
6.5
References
92
Contents ix
7 Evaluation
of the Fractal Dimension by Gas
Adsorption
7.1
Introduction
94
7.2
Method of Molecular Tiling
94
7.3
The Frenkel-Halsey-Hill Method
95
7.4
The Thermodynamic Method
96
7.5
Comments About Fractal Dimensions Obtained from
Gas Adsorption
97
7.6
References
100
8
Mesopore Analysis
8.1
Introduction
101
8.2
Methods based on the Kelvin equation
101
8.3
Modelless
Pore Size Analysis
109
8.4
Total Pore Volume and Average Pore Size
111
8.5
Classical, Macroscopic Thermodynamic Methods
versus Modern, Microscopic Models for
Pore Size Analysis
112
8.6
Mesopore Analysis and Hysteresis
117
8.6.1
Use of Adsorption or Desorption Branch for Pore Size
Calculation?
117
8.6.2
Lower Limit of the Hysteresis Loop- Tensile Strength
Hypothesis
121
8.7
Adsorptives other than Nitrogen for Mesopore Analysis
123
8.8
References
126
9 Micropore
Analysis
9.1
Introduction
129
9.2 Micropore
Analysis by Isotherm Comparison
129
9.2.1
Concept of V-t curves
129
9.2.2
The t-Method
130
9.2.3
The Os method
139
9.3
The
Micropore
Analysis (MP) Method)
140
9.4
Total
Micropore
Volume and Surface Area
143
9.5
The Dubinin-Radushkevich
(DR)
Method
143
9.6
The
Horvath-Kawazoe (HK)
Approach and
Related Methods
145
9.7
Application of NLDFT: Combined Micro/Mesopore
Analysis With a Single Method
148
9.8
Adsorptives other than Nitrogen for Super- and
Ultramicroporosimetry
152
9.9
References
154
Contents
10
Mercury Porosimetry: Non-Wetting Liquid
Penetration
10.1
Introduction
157
10.2
Young-Laplace Equation
158
10.3
Contact Angles and Wetting
160
10.4
Capillarity
162
10.5
The Washburn Equation
164
10.6
Intrusion
-
Extrusion Curves
166
10.7
Common Features of Porosimetry Curves
170
10.8
Hysteresis, Entrapment and Contact Angle
171
10.9
Contact Angle Changes
173
10.10
Porosimetric Work
175
10.12
Theory of Porosimetry Hysteresis
177
10.13
Pore Potential
179
10.14
Other Hysteresis Theories (Throat-Pore Ratio
Network Model)
182
10.15
Equivalency of Mercury Porosimetry and
Gas Sorption
184
10.16
References
187
11
Pore Size and Surface Characteristics of
Porous Solids by Mercury Porosimetry
11.1
Application of The Washburn Equation
189
11.2
Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution from
Mercury Porosimetry
190
11.2.1
Linear Pore Volume Distribution
190
11.2.2
Logarithmic Pore Volume Distribution
192
11.2.3
Pore Number Distributions
194
11.2.4
Pore Length Distribution
194
11.2.5
Pore Population (Number Distribution)
195
11.2.6
Surface Area and Surface Area Distribution
from Intrusion Curves
196
11.2.7
Pore Area Distributions
197
11.3
Pore Shape from Hysteresis
197
11.4
Fractal Dimension
197
11.5
Permeability
200
11.6
Tortuosity
202
11.7
Particle Size Distribution
204
11.7.1
Mayer
&
Stowe Approach
204
11.7.2
Smith
&
Stermer Approach
206
11.8
Comparison of Porosimetry and
Gas Sorption 208
11.9
Solid Compressibility
210
11.10
References
212
Contents xi
12 Chemisorption: Site
Specific
Gas Adsorption
12.1 Chemical Adsorption 213
12.2 Quantitative
Measurements
218
12.3 Stoichiometry 218
12.4 Monolayer
Coverage
220
12.4.1 Extrapolation 220
12.4.2 Irreversible Isotherm
and Bracketing
220
12.4.3
Langmuir Theory
221
12.4.4
Temperature Dependent
Models 223
12.4.5 Temkin
Method
223
12.4.6 Freundlich
Method
226
12.4.7 Isotherm
Subtraction - Accessing Spillover
227
12.4.8
Surface
Titration 227
12.5
Active Metal Area
228
12.6
Dispersion
229
12.7
Crystallite (Nanoparticle) Size
229
12.8
Heats of Adsorption and Activation Energy
230
12.8.1
Differential Heats of Adsorption
230
12.8.2
Integral Heat of Adsorption
231
12.8.3
Activation Energy
231
12.9
References
232
PART
2
EXPERIMENTAL
13
Physical Adsorption Measurements
-
Preliminaries
13.1
Experimental Techniques for Physical Adsorption
Measurements
234
13.2
Reference Standards
235
13.3
Representative Samples
236
13.4
Sample Conditioning: Outgassing of the Adsorbent
238
13.5
Elutriation and Its Prevention
240
13.6
References
240
14
Vacuum Volumetric Measurements
(Manometry)
14.1
Basics of Volumetric Adsorption Measurement
242
14.2
Deviations from Ideality
245
14.3
Void Volume Determination
246
14.4
Coolant Level and Temperature Control
247
xii
Contents
14.5
Saturation Vapor Pressure, Po and Temperature of
the Sample Cell
248
14.6
Sample Cells
250
14.7
Low Surface Area
250
14.8
Micro-and Mesopore Analysis
251
14.8.1
Experimental Requirements
251
14.8.2
Micropore
Analysis and Void Volume Determination
252
14.8.3
Thermal Transpiration Correction
253
14.8.4
Adsorptives other than Nitrogen for Micro-
and Mesopore Analysis
-
Experimental Aspects
254
14.9
Automated Instrumentation
256
14.9.1
Multistation
Sorption
Analyzer
256
14.9.2
The NOVA Concept
257
14.10
References
258
15
Dynamic Flow Method
15.1
Nelson and Eggertsen Continuous Flow Method
260
15.2
Carrier Gas (Helium) and Detector Sensitivity
262
15.3.
Design Parameters for Continuous Flow Apparatus
266
15.4
Signals and Signal Calibration
270
15.5
Adsorption and Desorption Isotherms by Continuous Flow
273
15.6
Low Surface Areas Measurement
276
15.7
Data Reduction
-
Continuous Flow Method
279
15.8
Single Point Method
280
15.9
References
282
16
Volumetric Chemisorption: Catalyst
Characterization by Static Methods
16.1
Applications
283
16.2
Sample Requirements
283
16.3
General Description of Equipment
284
16.4
Measuring System
285
16.4.1
Pressure Measurement
286
16.4.2
Valves
286
16.4.3
Vacuum
287
16.4.4
Sample Cell
287
16.4.5
Heating System
287
16.4.6
Gases and Chemical Compatibilities
288
16.5
Pretreatment
289
16.5.1
Heating
289
16.5.2
Atmosphere
290
16.6
Isotherms
292
Contents xiii
16.6.1
Reactive
Gas 292
16.6.2
The Combined
Isotherm 293
16.6.3
The Weak Isotherm
295
16.6.4
The Strong Isotherm
295
16.6.5
Multiple Isotherms
295
16.7
References
295
17
Dynamic Chemisorption: Catalyst
Characterization By Flow Techniques
17.1
Applications
297
17.2
Sample Requirements
297
17.3
General Description of Equipment
297
17.3.1
Flow Path
298
17.3.2
Sample Cell
299
17.3.3
Gases
299
17.3.4
Heating
300
17.3.5
Pulse Injection
300
17.3.6
Detector
300
17.4
Pretreatment
301
17.5
Pulse
Titration 301
17.6
Additional Requirements for Temperature Programmed
Methods
303
17.6.1
Programmed Heating
303
17.6.2
Sample Temperature
304
17.7
Temperature Programmed Reduction
304
17.8
Temperature Programmed Oxidation
305
17.9
Temperature Programmed Desorption
306
17.9.1
Some Specific Applications
306
17.8.1.1
Acid/Base
306
17.8.1.2
Oxidizers
307
17.8.1.3
Reducers
308
17.10
Mass Spectrometry
308
17.11
Metal Parameters
309
17.11
References
309
18
Mercury Porosimetry:
Intra
and Inter-
Particle Characterization
18.1
Applications
311
18.2
Working with Mercury
311
18.3
Experimental Requirements
312
18.4
Sample Cell
312
18.5
Volume Measurement
313
Contents
313
314
316
318
318
319
319
319
320
321
322
322
323
324
324
325
326
326
330
330
331
331
332
333
333
337
338
Index 339
18.
6
Contact
Angle
18
.6.1 Dynamic
Contact
Angle
18
.6.2
Static Contact
Angle
18.
7
A
Modern Porosimeter
18.
8
Low Pressure Measurements
18
.8.1 Sample
Cell Evacuation
18
.8.2
Filling with Mercury
18
.8.3
Low Pressure Intrusion-Extrusion
18.9
High Pressure Measurements
18.
10
Scanning Method
18.
11
Stepwise Method
18.
12
Mercury Entrapment
18.
13
Working with Powders
18.14
Inter/Intra
Particle Porosity
18.15
Isostatic Crush Strength
18.
16
References
19
Density Measurement
19.
1
Introduction
19.
2
True Density
19.
3
Apparent Density
19.
4
Open-Closed Porosity
19.
5
Bulk Density
19.6
Tap Density
19.7
Envelope or Geometric Density
19.
8
Effective Density
19.
9
Density by Mercury Porosimetry
19.
10
Standard Methods
19.
11
References
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
PART
1
THEORETICAL
1
Introduction
1.1
Real Surfaces
1
1.2
Factors Affecting Surface area
1
1.3
Surface Area from Particle Size Distributions
3
1.4
References
4
2
Gas Adsorption
2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Physical and Chemical Adsorption
6
2.3
Physical Adsorption Forces
7
2.4
Physical Adsorption on a Planar Surface
8
2.5
References
10
3
Adsorption Isotherms
3.1
Pore Size and Adsorption Potential
11
3.2
Classification of Adsorption Isotherms
12
3.3
References
14
4
Adsorption Mechanism
4.1
Langmuir and BET Theories (Kinetic Isotherms)
15
4.1.1
The Langmuir Isotherm
15
4.1.2
The Brunauer,
Emme«,
and Teller (BET) Theory
18
4.2
The
Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH)
Theory of
Multilayer Adsorption
24
4.3
Adsorption in Microporous Materials
26
4.3.1
Introduction
26
4.3.2
Aspects of Classical, Thermodynamic Theories
for Adsorption in
Micropores:
Extension of Polanyi'
s
Theory
29
4.3.3
Aspects of Modem, Microscopic Theories for
Adsorption in
Micropores:
Density Functional Theory
and Molecular Simulation
33
4.3.3.1
Density Functional Theory (DFT)
34
4.3.3.2
Computer Simulation Studies: Monte Carlo
Simulation and Molecular Dynamics
35
vii
viii Contents
4.3.3.3
NLDFT and Monte
Carlo Simulation for Pore
Size Analysis
36
4.4
Adsorption in Mesopores
37
4.4.1
Introduction
37
4.4.2
Multilayer Adsorption, Pore Condensation and
Hysteresis
37
4.4.3
Pore Condensation: Macroscopic, Thermodynamic
Approaches
40
4.4.3.1
Classical Kelvin Equation
40
4.4.3.2
Modified Kelvin Equation
42
4.4.4
Adsorption Hysteresis
43
4.4.4.1
Classification of Hysteresis Loops
43
4.4.4.2
Origin of Hysteresis
45
4.4.5
Effects of Temperature and Pore Size: Experiments
and Predictions of Modern, Microscopic Theories
49
4.5
References
55
5
Surface Area from the Langmuir and BET
Theories
5.1
Specific Surface Area from the Langmuir Equation
58
5.2
Specific Surface Area from the BET Equation
59
5.2.1.
BET-Plot and Calculation of the Specific Surface Area
59
5.2.2
The Meaning of Monolayer Coverage
60
5.2.3
The BET Constant and Site Occupancy
61
5.2.4
The Single Point BET Method
62
5.2.5
Comparison of the Single Point and Multipoint Methods
63
5.2.6
Applicability of the BET Theory
67
5.2.7
Importance of the Cross-Sectional Area
71
5.2.8
Nitrogen as the Standard Adsorptive for Surface Area
Measurements
78
5.2.9
Low Surface Area Analysis
79
5.3
References
80
6
Other Surface Area Methods
6.1
Introduction
82
6.2
Gas Adsorption: Harkins and Jura Relative Method
82
6.3
Immersion Calorimetry: Harkins and Jura
Absolute Method
85
6.4
Permeametry
86
6.5
References
92
Contents ix
7 Evaluation
of the Fractal Dimension by Gas
Adsorption
7.1
Introduction
94
7.2
Method of Molecular Tiling
94
7.3
The Frenkel-Halsey-Hill Method
95
7.4
The Thermodynamic Method
96
7.5
Comments About Fractal Dimensions Obtained from
Gas Adsorption
97
7.6
References
100
8
Mesopore Analysis
8.1
Introduction
101
8.2
Methods based on the Kelvin equation
101
8.3
Modelless
Pore Size Analysis
109
8.4
Total Pore Volume and Average Pore Size
111
8.5
Classical, Macroscopic Thermodynamic Methods
versus Modern, Microscopic Models for
Pore Size Analysis
112
8.6
Mesopore Analysis and Hysteresis
117
8.6.1
Use of Adsorption or Desorption Branch for Pore Size
Calculation?
117
8.6.2
Lower Limit of the Hysteresis Loop- Tensile Strength
Hypothesis
121
8.7
Adsorptives other than Nitrogen for Mesopore Analysis
123
8.8
References
126
9 Micropore
Analysis
9.1
Introduction
129
9.2 Micropore
Analysis by Isotherm Comparison
129
9.2.1
Concept of V-t curves
129
9.2.2
The t-Method
130
9.2.3
The Os method
139
9.3
The
Micropore
Analysis (MP) Method)
140
9.4
Total
Micropore
Volume and Surface Area
143
9.5
The Dubinin-Radushkevich
(DR)
Method
143
9.6
The
Horvath-Kawazoe (HK)
Approach and
Related Methods
145
9.7
Application of NLDFT: Combined Micro/Mesopore
Analysis With a Single Method
148
9.8
Adsorptives other than Nitrogen for Super- and
Ultramicroporosimetry
152
9.9
References
154
Contents
10
Mercury Porosimetry: Non-Wetting Liquid
Penetration
10.1
Introduction
157
10.2
Young-Laplace Equation
158
10.3
Contact Angles and Wetting
160
10.4
Capillarity
162
10.5
The Washburn Equation
164
10.6
Intrusion
-
Extrusion Curves
166
10.7
Common Features of Porosimetry Curves
170
10.8
Hysteresis, Entrapment and Contact Angle
171
10.9
Contact Angle Changes
173
10.10
Porosimetric Work
175
10.12
Theory of Porosimetry Hysteresis
177
10.13
Pore Potential
179
10.14
Other Hysteresis Theories (Throat-Pore Ratio
Network Model)
182
10.15
Equivalency of Mercury Porosimetry and
Gas Sorption
184
10.16
References
187
11
Pore Size and Surface Characteristics of
Porous Solids by Mercury Porosimetry
11.1
Application of The Washburn Equation
189
11.2
Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution from
Mercury Porosimetry
190
11.2.1
Linear Pore Volume Distribution
190
11.2.2
Logarithmic Pore Volume Distribution
192
11.2.3
Pore Number Distributions
194
11.2.4
Pore Length Distribution
194
11.2.5
Pore Population (Number Distribution)
195
11.2.6
Surface Area and Surface Area Distribution
from Intrusion Curves
196
11.2.7
Pore Area Distributions
197
11.3
Pore Shape from Hysteresis
197
11.4
Fractal Dimension
197
11.5
Permeability
200
11.6
Tortuosity
202
11.7
Particle Size Distribution
204
11.7.1
Mayer
&
Stowe Approach
204
11.7.2
Smith
&
Stermer Approach
206
11.8
Comparison of Porosimetry and
Gas Sorption 208
11.9
Solid Compressibility
210
11.10
References
212
Contents xi
12 Chemisorption: Site
Specific
Gas Adsorption
12.1 Chemical Adsorption 213
12.2 Quantitative
Measurements
218
12.3 Stoichiometry 218
12.4 Monolayer
Coverage
220
12.4.1 Extrapolation 220
12.4.2 Irreversible Isotherm
and Bracketing
220
12.4.3
Langmuir Theory
221
12.4.4
Temperature Dependent
Models 223
12.4.5 Temkin
Method
223
12.4.6 Freundlich
Method
226
12.4.7 Isotherm
Subtraction - Accessing Spillover
227
12.4.8
Surface
Titration 227
12.5
Active Metal Area
228
12.6
Dispersion
229
12.7
Crystallite (Nanoparticle) Size
229
12.8
Heats of Adsorption and Activation Energy
230
12.8.1
Differential Heats of Adsorption
230
12.8.2
Integral Heat of Adsorption
231
12.8.3
Activation Energy
231
12.9
References
232
PART
2
EXPERIMENTAL
13
Physical Adsorption Measurements
-
Preliminaries
13.1
Experimental Techniques for Physical Adsorption
Measurements
234
13.2
Reference Standards
235
13.3
Representative Samples
236
13.4
Sample Conditioning: Outgassing of the Adsorbent
238
13.5
Elutriation and Its Prevention
240
13.6
References
240
14
Vacuum Volumetric Measurements
(Manometry)
14.1
Basics of Volumetric Adsorption Measurement
242
14.2
Deviations from Ideality
245
14.3
Void Volume Determination
246
14.4
Coolant Level and Temperature Control
247
xii
Contents
14.5
Saturation Vapor Pressure, Po and Temperature of
the Sample Cell
248
14.6
Sample Cells
250
14.7
Low Surface Area
250
14.8
Micro-and Mesopore Analysis
251
14.8.1
Experimental Requirements
251
14.8.2
Micropore
Analysis and Void Volume Determination
252
14.8.3
Thermal Transpiration Correction
253
14.8.4
Adsorptives other than Nitrogen for Micro-
and Mesopore Analysis
-
Experimental Aspects
254
14.9
Automated Instrumentation
256
14.9.1
Multistation
Sorption
Analyzer
256
14.9.2
The NOVA Concept
257
14.10
References
258
15
Dynamic Flow Method
15.1
Nelson and Eggertsen Continuous Flow Method
260
15.2
Carrier Gas (Helium) and Detector Sensitivity
262
15.3.
Design Parameters for Continuous Flow Apparatus
266
15.4
Signals and Signal Calibration
270
15.5
Adsorption and Desorption Isotherms by Continuous Flow
273
15.6
Low Surface Areas Measurement
276
15.7
Data Reduction
-
Continuous Flow Method
279
15.8
Single Point Method
280
15.9
References
282
16
Volumetric Chemisorption: Catalyst
Characterization by Static Methods
16.1
Applications
283
16.2
Sample Requirements
283
16.3
General Description of Equipment
284
16.4
Measuring System
285
16.4.1
Pressure Measurement
286
16.4.2
Valves
286
16.4.3
Vacuum
287
16.4.4
Sample Cell
287
16.4.5
Heating System
287
16.4.6
Gases and Chemical Compatibilities
288
16.5
Pretreatment
289
16.5.1
Heating
289
16.5.2
Atmosphere
290
16.6
Isotherms
292
Contents xiii
16.6.1
Reactive
Gas 292
16.6.2
The Combined
Isotherm 293
16.6.3
The Weak Isotherm
295
16.6.4
The Strong Isotherm
295
16.6.5
Multiple Isotherms
295
16.7
References
295
17
Dynamic Chemisorption: Catalyst
Characterization By Flow Techniques
17.1
Applications
297
17.2
Sample Requirements
297
17.3
General Description of Equipment
297
17.3.1
Flow Path
298
17.3.2
Sample Cell
299
17.3.3
Gases
299
17.3.4
Heating
300
17.3.5
Pulse Injection
300
17.3.6
Detector
300
17.4
Pretreatment
301
17.5
Pulse
Titration 301
17.6
Additional Requirements for Temperature Programmed
Methods
303
17.6.1
Programmed Heating
303
17.6.2
Sample Temperature
304
17.7
Temperature Programmed Reduction
304
17.8
Temperature Programmed Oxidation
305
17.9
Temperature Programmed Desorption
306
17.9.1
Some Specific Applications
306
17.8.1.1
Acid/Base
306
17.8.1.2
Oxidizers
307
17.8.1.3
Reducers
308
17.10
Mass Spectrometry
308
17.11
Metal Parameters
309
17.11
References
309
18
Mercury Porosimetry:
Intra
and Inter-
Particle Characterization
18.1
Applications
311
18.2
Working with Mercury
311
18.3
Experimental Requirements
312
18.4
Sample Cell
312
18.5
Volume Measurement
313
Contents
313
314
316
318
318
319
319
319
320
321
322
322
323
324
324
325
326
326
330
330
331
331
332
333
333
337
338
Index 339
18.
6
Contact
Angle
18
.6.1 Dynamic
Contact
Angle
18
.6.2
Static Contact
Angle
18.
7
A
Modern Porosimeter
18.
8
Low Pressure Measurements
18
.8.1 Sample
Cell Evacuation
18
.8.2
Filling with Mercury
18
.8.3
Low Pressure Intrusion-Extrusion
18.9
High Pressure Measurements
18.
10
Scanning Method
18.
11
Stepwise Method
18.
12
Mercury Entrapment
18.
13
Working with Powders
18.14
Inter/Intra
Particle Porosity
18.15
Isostatic Crush Strength
18.
16
References
19
Density Measurement
19.
1
Introduction
19.
2
True Density
19.
3
Apparent Density
19.
4
Open-Closed Porosity
19.
5
Bulk Density
19.6
Tap Density
19.7
Envelope or Geometric Density
19.
8
Effective Density
19.
9
Density by Mercury Porosimetry
19.
10
Standard Methods
19.
11
References |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022188096 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA418 |
| callnumber-raw | TA418.78 |
| callnumber-search | TA418.78 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3418.78 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | VE 9300 VE 9350 |
| classification_tum | CIT 290 WER 460 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)237913955 (DE-599)BVBBV022188096 |
| dewey-full | 620/.43 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620/.43 |
| dewey-search | 620/.43 |
| dewey-sort | 3620 243 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie-Ingenieurwesen |
| edition | 1. reprint with some corr. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022188096 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:02:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:46:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1402023022 9781402023026 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015059359 |
| oclc_num | 237913955 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XIV, 347 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Particle technology series |
| series2 | Particle technology series |
| spelling | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density by S. Lowell ... 1. reprint with some corr. Dordrecht Springer 2006 XIV, 347 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Particle technology series 16 Frühere Ausg. u.d.T.: Lowell, Seymour: Powder surface area and porosity Porosité Poudres Surfaces (Mathématiques) - Aires et volumes Porosität (DE-588)4175378-1 gnd rswk-swf Pulver (DE-588)4219041-1 gnd rswk-swf Oberfläche (DE-588)4042907-6 gnd rswk-swf Oberflächeneigenschaft (DE-588)4219221-3 gnd rswk-swf Oberflächenmessung (DE-588)4172249-8 gnd rswk-swf Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd rswk-swf Poröser Stoff (DE-588)4046811-2 gnd rswk-swf Porenmessung (DE-588)4175371-9 gnd rswk-swf Pulver (DE-588)4219041-1 s Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 s DE-604 Poröser Stoff (DE-588)4046811-2 s Oberfläche (DE-588)4042907-6 s 1\p DE-604 Porosität (DE-588)4175378-1 s 2\p DE-604 Oberflächeneigenschaft (DE-588)4219221-3 s 3\p DE-604 Oberflächenmessung (DE-588)4172249-8 s 4\p DE-604 Porenmessung (DE-588)4175371-9 s 5\p DE-604 Lowell, Seymour Sonstige oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4020-2303-3 Particle technology series 16 (DE-604)BV013647981 16 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015059359&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density Particle technology series Porosité Poudres Surfaces (Mathématiques) - Aires et volumes Porosität (DE-588)4175378-1 gnd Pulver (DE-588)4219041-1 gnd Oberfläche (DE-588)4042907-6 gnd Oberflächeneigenschaft (DE-588)4219221-3 gnd Oberflächenmessung (DE-588)4172249-8 gnd Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd Poröser Stoff (DE-588)4046811-2 gnd Porenmessung (DE-588)4175371-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4175378-1 (DE-588)4219041-1 (DE-588)4042907-6 (DE-588)4219221-3 (DE-588)4172249-8 (DE-588)4192147-1 (DE-588)4046811-2 (DE-588)4175371-9 |
| title | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density |
| title_auth | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density |
| title_exact_search | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density |
| title_full | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density by S. Lowell ... |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density by S. Lowell ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of porous solids and powders surface area, pore size and density by S. Lowell ... |
| title_short | Characterization of porous solids and powders |
| title_sort | characterization of porous solids and powders surface area pore size and density |
| title_sub | surface area, pore size and density |
| topic | Porosité Poudres Surfaces (Mathématiques) - Aires et volumes Porosität (DE-588)4175378-1 gnd Pulver (DE-588)4219041-1 gnd Oberfläche (DE-588)4042907-6 gnd Oberflächeneigenschaft (DE-588)4219221-3 gnd Oberflächenmessung (DE-588)4172249-8 gnd Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd Poröser Stoff (DE-588)4046811-2 gnd Porenmessung (DE-588)4175371-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Porosité Poudres Surfaces (Mathématiques) - Aires et volumes Porosität Pulver Oberfläche Oberflächeneigenschaft Oberflächenmessung Stoffeigenschaft Poröser Stoff Porenmessung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015059359&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013647981 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lowellseymour characterizationofporoussolidsandpowderssurfaceareaporesizeanddensity |