Environmental law of armed conflict:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Irvington, NY
Transnational Publ.
2004
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| ISBN: | 157105314X |
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MARC
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| adam_text | A 382475 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT NADA AL-DUAIJ I
TRANSNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, INC. ARDSLEY, NEW YORK CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV INTRODUCTION XVII PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
ARMED CONFLICT CHAPTER 1: THE NATURE AND THE DEFINITION OF ARMED
CONFLICT 3 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PREPARING FOR ARMED
CONFLICT. ... 7 A. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 7 B. MILITARY
TRAINING AREAS 9 C. NUCLEAR WEAPONS 12 D. STORAGE, TESTING, AND DISPOSAL
OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS 17 CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
DURING ARMED CONFLICT 25 A. BIODIVERSITY 26 1. ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE 26
2. AGRICULTURAL CROPS, FORESTS, AND OTHER ECOLOGICAL AREAS 29 B.
LITHOSPHERE 33 C. HYDROSPHERE 36 D. ATMOSPHERE 39 CHAPTER 4:
ENVIRONMENTAL HARM FOLLOWING ARMED CONFLICT 45 A. UNEXPLODED AMMUNITION
AND ABANDONED MATERIALS 45 B. DESTRUCTION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES AND
THEIR HABITATS 50 C. DEFORESTATION AND EROSION 51 PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION IN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW CHAPTER 5: DEFINITION OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION 59 CHAPTER 6: THE SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW 65 CHAPTER 7: THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROVISIONS
IN IHL 75 A. GENERAL PROVISIONS 75 1. THE CHOICE OF METHODS OR MEANS OF
WARFARE OR INJURING THE ENEMY IS NOT UNLIMITED 75 VI * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
OF ARMED CONFLICT 2. PRINCIPLE OF DISCRIMINATION 77 3. PRINCIPLE OF
PROPORTIONALITY 79 4. PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY 81 5. PRINCIPLE OF NECESSITY
84 6. PRINCIPLE OF NEUTRALITY 85 7. PRINCIPLE OF INTERGENERATIONAL
EQUITY 86 B. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS 89 1. THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS RESPECTING
THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAR ON LAND OF 1899 AND 1907 89 2. THE MARTEN S
CLAUSE 92 A. THE ORIGIN AND THE APPLICATION OF THE MARTEN S CLAUSE 92 B.
THE DICTATES OF PUBLIC CONSCIENCE 96 I. THE ORIGINS OF GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 96 II. IS THE MARTEN S CLAUSE A GENERAL
PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW? 99 I. THE MARTEN S CLAUSE AND THE
PROTECTION OF THE STATE COMMUNITY INTERESTS 99 II. THE MARTEN S CLAUSE
AND ITS FOUNDATION IN MORALITY 100 III. THE MARTEN S CLAUSE AS AN
ABSOLUTE 101 IV THE VAST MAJORITY OF STATES HAVE ACCEPTED THE MARTEN S
CLAUSE 101 III. SOFT INTERNATIONAL LAW 102 3. THE GENEVA CONVENTION
RELEVANT TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR (FOURTH
CONVENTION OF AUGUST 12, 1949) 104 4. ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I RELEVANT TO
THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 105 5.
ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II RELEVANT TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 108 6. IUCN AMMAN CLAUSE 109 A. THE
NATURE OF THE IUCN AMMAN CLAUSE ILL B. THE ADOPTION OF THE IUCN AMMAN
CLAUSE ... 113 CHAPTER 8: THE SHORTCOMINGS OF IHL IN PROTECTING THE
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 117 A. THE ENFORCEMENT OF IHL 119 B. THE DIFFICULTY
OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO INFORMATION 121 CONTENTS * VII C. THE DIFFICULTY OF
APPLYING IHL TO REVOLUTIONS AND DISORDERS 123 D. THE INADEQUACY OF IHL
IN CONTROLLING TERRORISM ... 123 PART III: THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES
CHAPTER 9: DEFINITION , 137 CHAPTER 10: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES RELATIVE
TO ARMED CONFLICTS T 143 A. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES 143 1.
HARD INTERNATIONAL LAW 147 A. INTERNATIONAL WORLD-WIDE HARD LAW
INSTRUMENTS 147 I. THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER 148 II. DRAFT ARTICLES ON
STATE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION.... 150 III.
ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 151 IV. ANTARCTIC
TREATY 152 V. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 154
VI. THE VIENNA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER 155 VII.
THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 157 VIII. THE
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 158 IX. CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION
OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE..-.- .-. 160 X. THE UNITED
NATIONS BASEL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES AND THEIR DISPOSAL 163 XI. CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION
OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING FROM SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT 165 XII.
PRINCIPLE 21 OF THE STOCKHOLM DECLARATION AND PRINCIPLE 2 OF THE RIO
DECLARATION .... 166 XIII. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS RESOLUTIONS 168
B. INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL HARD LAW INSTRUMENTS 169 I. THE CONVENTION ON
LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION 169 VIII * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF
ARMED CONFLICT II. THE CONVENTION ON ACCESS TO INFORMATION, PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MATTERS 171 III. THE CONVENTION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
IN A TRANSBOUNDARY CONTEXT 173 IV. KUWAIT REGIONAL CONVENTION FOR
COOPERATION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM POLLUTION
173 V. THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS AGREEMENT ON THE
CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 176 VI. REGIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN ENVIRONMENT 176
VII. THE BAMAKO CONVENTION ON THE BAN OF IMPORT INTO AFRICA AND THE
CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
WITHIN AFRICA 178 VIII. GENERAL POLICIES AND PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION IN THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL 180 2. SOFT INTERNATIONAL LAW
182 A. THE STOCKHOLM DECLARATION 183 B. THE ACTION PLAN OF THE STOCKHOLM
CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT (1972) 184 C. THE WORLD CHARTER FOR
NATURE . 186 D. THE RIO DECLARATION ^ 187 E. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS RESOLUTIONS 189 B. COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 192 1.
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RULES RELEVANT TO MILITARY ACTIVITIES 195 2.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN GENERAL 197 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 199
4. FAUNA AND FLORA PROTECTION 201 5. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 203 6. WATER
RESOURCES CONSERVATION 204 7. SOIL POLLUTION 207 8. HAZARDOUS WASTES 208
9. CITIZEN SUITS 208 C. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES 210 1. THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES 210 CONTENTS * IX A. THE
APPLICATION OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES AT HOME 211 I. NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT 211 II. THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
ACT 212 III. THE COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND
LIABILITY ACT 213 IV. THE CLEAN WATER ACT 214 V. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
214 VI. WAR CRIMES ACT 215 B. THE EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES 215 I. NEPA S LANGUAGE AND LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY 216 II. RCRA S EXPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE, AND CITIZEN SUIT
PROVISIONS 218 III. CERCLA S FOREIGN CLAIMANTS PROVISION 219 2. THE
UNITED STATES FEDERAL REGULATIONS 220 A. FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND
POLICIES THAT APPLY TO THE U.S. MILITARY AT HOME 220 I. THE
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (ECAMP) 220
II. THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 220 III.
AIR FORCE POLICY DIRECTIVE 32-70 221 B. FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES
THAT APPLY TO U.S. MILITARY ABROAD 221 I. PRESIDENT CARTER S EXECUTIVE
ORDER NO. 12,114 OF 1979 .^ : 222 II. OVERSEAS ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
GUIDANCE DOCUMENT (OEBGD) 222 III. TITLE 32 OF THE CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS, PART 855 223 IV. AIR FORCE POLICY DIRECTIVE 32-70 223 V.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 224 3. THE UNITED STATES
CASE LAW 225 A. THE UNITED STATES CASE LAW RELEVANT TO THE APPLICATION
OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES AT HOME 225 X * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED
CONFLICT B. THE UNITED STATES CASE LAW RELEVANT TO THE EXTRATERRITORIAL
APPLICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES 227 4. KUWAIT ENVIRONMENTAL
LAWS AND REGULATIONS. ... 231 A. THE ISLAMIC REFLECTION ON THE KUWAITI
LEGAL SYSTEM 232 B. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELEVANT TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION 235 I. THE PROHIBITION OF OFFENSIVE WARS 235 II. PUBLIC
HEALTH 235 III. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND PROPER EXPLOITATION
236 IV. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES 237 V. CONSERVING THE HERITAGE OF THE
STATE 237 C. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND DECREES 238 I. LAW DECREE REGULATING
THE USAGE OF IONIZING RADIATION AND PREVENTING ITS HAZARDS 238 II. LAW
RELATIVE TO THE CONSERVATION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES 239 III. LAW DECREE
RELEVANT TO THE INTERDICTION OF CERTAIN ACTS HURTFUL TO PUBLIC
CLEANLINESS AND AGRICULTURE 240 IV. KUWAIT MONUMENTS LAW 240 V. LAW
DECREE CONCERNING THE FUTURE GENERATIONS FUND 241 VI. LAW OF THE
PROHIBITION OF THE NAVIGABLE WATER POLLUTION BY OIL 242 VII. THE LAW OF
KUWAIT MUNICIPALITY AND THE INTERNAL REGULATIONS OF THE MUNICIPAL
COUNCIL I. 242 VIII. LAW DECREE RELEVANT TO THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH 242
IX. ARMY LAW 243 X. LAW DECREE RELATIVE TO CIVIL DEFENSE. . . . 244 D.
ENVIRONMENTAL RULES AND REGULATIONS 244 I. RULES ANNEXED TO THE LAW
RELATIVE TO THE CONSERVATION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES 244 II. KUWAIT
MUNICIPALITY ANNOUNCEMENTS REGARDING CAMPING AREAS 245 III. DECISION
CONCERNING THE RULES OF PUBLIC STORES THAT ARE ANNOYING AND HARMFUL TO
PUBLIC HEALTH 245 CONTENTS * XI IV. MINISTERIAL DECISION REGULATING THE
PROCEDURES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR STRUCTURAL AND
INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS 246 E. THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES 247 I.
THE PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES PATRIMONY AFFAIRS 247
II. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC AUTHORITY 248 III. KUWAIT MUNICIPALITY 250
PART IV: ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES CHAPTER 11: ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES
CRITERIA 255 A. RULES FORMULATED BY COMPETENT STATE ORGANS, OFTEN UNDER
THE SUPERVISION OF MILITARY AUTHORITIES 255 B. RULES APPLICABLE IN TIMES
OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 257 C. RULES AIMED AT REDUCING DAMAGES
OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES OF WAR 258 D. GENERALLY ONLY STATE
PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONS RELEVANT TO EHR CAN INVESTIGATE COMPLIANCE
WITH THESE RULES 259 E. UNLIKE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN RULES,
ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES DO NOT VEST THE ICRC WITH ANY MAJOR ROLE 260
F. STATE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION RELEVANT TO THE ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN
RULES HAVE THE RIGHT TO WITHDRAW AT ANY TIME 261 CHAPTER 12: WHEN
ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES CAN BE APPLIED 265 CHAPTER 13: ARMS AND
DISARMAMENT CONVENTIONS ARE THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES
269 A. UNIVERSAL INSTRUMENTS OF ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES 269 1. TREATY
BANNING NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, IN OUTER SPACE AND
UNDER WATER . . . 270 2. TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR
WEAPONS 271 3. THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT,
PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING, AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR
DESTRUCTION 278 4. THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT,
PRODUCTION, AND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS 283 XII
* ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT 5. GENEVA PROTOCOL ON MONITORING
COMPLIANCE WITH CHEMICAL AND GERM WARFARE 286 6. THE CONVENTION ON THE
PROHIBITION OF THE USE, STOCKPILING, PRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF ANTI-
PERSONNEL MINES AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION 287 7. TREATY ON THE
PROHIBITION OF THE EMPLACEMENT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND OTHER WEAPONS OF
MASS DESTRUCTION ON THE SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR AND IN THE SUBSOIL
THEREOF 289 8. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITIONS OR
RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS, WHICH MAY BE
DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS 291
9. THE GENEVA PROTOCOL FOR THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE IN WAR OF
ASPHYXIATING, POISONOUS OR OTHER GASES AND BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS OF
WARFARE 295 10. CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTHER
HOSTILE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES 300 A. BILATERAL
CONSULTATIONS AND COOPERATION 302 B. INQUIRY COMMISSION 302 C. COMPLAINT
TO THE U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL 303 D. OTHER MEMBER STATES ASSISTANCE 305
11. THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM OF DISARMAMENT.... 308 A. SECURITY COUNCIL
DISARMAMENT MECHANISMS 308 B. GENERAL ASSEMBLY DISARMAMENT MECHANISMS
313 B. REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES 316 1.
GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS- FREE ZONES 316 2. NUCLEAR
WEAPONS-FREE ZONE IN LATIN AMERICA ... 318 3. NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE
IN SOUTH PACIFIC. ... 319 4. NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE IN AFRICA 321 5.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. . . 324 6. THE URGENT NEED
FOR MIDDLE EAST NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE 325 C. BILATERAL CONVENTIONS
OF THE ENVIRO- HUMANITARIAN RULES 326 1. THE ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE
TREATY 326 2. THE STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TREATIES 331 CONTENTS * XIII
PARTV: RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY WARFARE CHAPTER
14: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY 339 A. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF
INTERNATIONAL PERSONS 340 1. AN ACT IMPUTABLE TO AN INTERNATIONAL PERSON
.... 342 A. FAULT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HARM IN TIMES OF
ARMED CONFLICTS 342 B. RESPONSIBILITY WITHOUT FAULT 349 2. CAUSATION 351
3. DAMAGE 353 4. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY S CONSEQUENCES .... 356 A.
STOPPING THE VIOLATION 356 B. SATISFACTION 357 C. RESTITUTION 359 D.
COMPENSATION 364 B. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 375 1. A
HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 376 2. THE
AD HOC CRIMINAL COURTS 380 3. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 382 4.
DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY 385 CHAPTER 15: NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY 395 A. PAST
ACTIONS WHICH WERE ALREADY CRIMES OR ACTS ENTAILING CIVIL LIABILITY 398
B. PAST ACTIONS NOT YET CRIMES UNDER THE NATIONAL LAW, BUT UNLAWFUL
UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 406 C. PAST ACTIONS WHICH WERE NOT CRIMES OR
CIVIL WRONGS WHEN COMMITTED, BUT ARE SO UNDER REVISIONS OF NATIONAL LAW
408 PART VI: THE RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 16: RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSED
TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 415 A. IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR ARMED CONFLICT 415 B. CREATION OF A
UN. TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM FOR STATES THAT CAUSE UNNECESSARY SEVERE
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE 418 C. CREATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL FUND TO
REHABILITATE WARFARE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES 421 D. THE NEED FOR
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE TO BE INDEPENDENT FROM POLITICAL
DISPUTES 423 XIV * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT E. STRENGTHEN AND
INCREASE INDIVIDUAL PUNISHMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 423 F. EXTEND
IUCN S MISSION TO COVER ARMED CONFLICT. . . 424 G. IMPROVE EXISTING
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 427 H. CONCLUDE NEW TREATIES 430 I. CHARGE UN.
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATIONS 433 CHAPTER
17: RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSED TO NATIONAL SOCIETIES 435 A. REVISE MODEL
MILITARY MANUALS, BASED UPON THE EXPERIENCES OF GERMANY, U.S., AND OTHER
COUNTRIES 435 B. MODERNIZE MILITARY TECHNOLOGY TO AVOID ENVIRONMENTAL
DESTRUCTION 437 C. PROVIDE THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 438 D. MODIFY THE STATUS OF THE CIVIL MINISTRIES
OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND CREATE A NEW SERVICE WITHIN THESE MINISTRIES TO
DEAL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSES AND CLEANUP 439 E. INCREASE
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE 440 F. INCREASE POSSIBILITY OF
EXTRADITION OF CRIMINALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CASES 442 CHAPTER 18:
RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSED TO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 443 A.
INTRODUCE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS A GOAL OF THE ICRC 443 B. NGOS
SHOULD MAINTAIN SOLID RELATIONS WITH INTERNAL AUTHORITIES IN EACH NATION
444 CONCLUSION 445 BIBLIOGRAPHY 449 CASE TABLE 501 INDEX 503
|
| adam_txt |
A 382475 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT NADA AL-DUAIJ I
TRANSNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, INC. ARDSLEY, NEW YORK CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV INTRODUCTION XVII PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
ARMED CONFLICT CHAPTER 1: THE NATURE AND THE DEFINITION OF ARMED
CONFLICT 3 CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PREPARING FOR ARMED
CONFLICT. . 7 A. STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 7 B. MILITARY
TRAINING AREAS 9 C. NUCLEAR WEAPONS 12 D. STORAGE, TESTING, AND DISPOSAL
OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS 17 CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
DURING ARMED CONFLICT 25 A. BIODIVERSITY 26 1. ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE 26
2. AGRICULTURAL CROPS, FORESTS, AND OTHER ECOLOGICAL AREAS 29 B.
LITHOSPHERE 33 C. HYDROSPHERE 36 D. ATMOSPHERE 39 CHAPTER 4:
ENVIRONMENTAL HARM FOLLOWING ARMED CONFLICT 45 A. UNEXPLODED AMMUNITION
AND ABANDONED MATERIALS 45 B. DESTRUCTION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES AND
THEIR HABITATS 50 C. DEFORESTATION AND EROSION 51 PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION IN INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW CHAPTER 5: DEFINITION OF
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION 59 CHAPTER 6: THE SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL
HUMANITARIAN LAW 65 CHAPTER 7: THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PROVISIONS
IN IHL 75 A. GENERAL PROVISIONS 75 1. THE CHOICE OF METHODS OR MEANS OF
WARFARE OR INJURING THE ENEMY IS NOT UNLIMITED 75 VI * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
OF ARMED CONFLICT 2. PRINCIPLE OF DISCRIMINATION 77 3. PRINCIPLE OF
PROPORTIONALITY 79 4. PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY 81 5. PRINCIPLE OF NECESSITY
84 6. PRINCIPLE OF NEUTRALITY 85 7. PRINCIPLE OF INTERGENERATIONAL
EQUITY 86 B. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS 89 1. THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS RESPECTING
THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAR ON LAND OF 1899 AND 1907 89 2. THE MARTEN'S
CLAUSE 92 A. THE ORIGIN AND THE APPLICATION OF THE MARTEN'S CLAUSE 92 B.
THE DICTATES OF PUBLIC CONSCIENCE 96 I. THE ORIGINS OF GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 96 II. IS THE MARTEN'S CLAUSE A GENERAL
PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW? 99 I. THE MARTEN'S CLAUSE AND THE
PROTECTION OF THE STATE COMMUNITY INTERESTS 99 II. THE MARTEN'S CLAUSE
AND ITS FOUNDATION IN MORALITY 100 III. THE MARTEN'S CLAUSE AS AN
ABSOLUTE 101 IV THE VAST MAJORITY OF STATES HAVE ACCEPTED THE MARTEN'S
CLAUSE 101 III. SOFT INTERNATIONAL LAW 102 3. THE GENEVA CONVENTION
RELEVANT TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR (FOURTH
CONVENTION OF AUGUST 12, 1949) 104 4. ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL I RELEVANT TO
THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 105 5.
ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II RELEVANT TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF
NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 108 6. IUCN AMMAN CLAUSE 109 A. THE
NATURE OF THE IUCN AMMAN CLAUSE ILL B. THE ADOPTION OF THE IUCN AMMAN
CLAUSE . 113 CHAPTER 8: THE SHORTCOMINGS OF IHL IN PROTECTING THE
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 117 A. THE ENFORCEMENT OF IHL 119 B. THE DIFFICULTY
OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO INFORMATION 121 CONTENTS * VII C. THE DIFFICULTY OF
APPLYING IHL TO REVOLUTIONS AND DISORDERS 123 D. THE INADEQUACY OF IHL
IN CONTROLLING TERRORISM . 123 PART III: THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES
CHAPTER 9: DEFINITION , 137 CHAPTER 10: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES RELATIVE
TO ARMED CONFLICTS T 143 A. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES 143 1.
HARD INTERNATIONAL LAW 147 A. INTERNATIONAL WORLD-WIDE HARD LAW
INSTRUMENTS 147 I. THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER 148 II. DRAFT ARTICLES ON
STATE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION. 150 III.
ROME STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 151 IV. ANTARCTIC
TREATY 152 V. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA 154
VI. THE VIENNA CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER 155 VII.
THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 157 VIII. THE
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 158 IX. CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION
OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE.-.- .-. 160 X. THE UNITED
NATIONS BASEL CONVENTION ON THE CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENTS OF
HAZARDOUS WASTES AND THEIR DISPOSAL 163 XI. CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION
OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING FROM SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT 165 XII.
PRINCIPLE 21 OF THE STOCKHOLM DECLARATION AND PRINCIPLE 2 OF THE RIO
DECLARATION . 166 XIII. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS' RESOLUTIONS 168
B. INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL HARD LAW INSTRUMENTS 169 I. THE CONVENTION ON
LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION 169 VIII * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF
ARMED CONFLICT II. THE CONVENTION ON ACCESS TO INFORMATION, PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL
MATTERS 171 III. THE CONVENTION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
IN A TRANSBOUNDARY CONTEXT 173 IV. KUWAIT REGIONAL CONVENTION FOR
COOPERATION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM POLLUTION
173 V. THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS AGREEMENT ON THE
CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES 176 VI. REGIONAL CONVENTION
FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN ENVIRONMENT 176
VII. THE BAMAKO CONVENTION ON THE BAN OF IMPORT INTO AFRICA AND THE
CONTROL OF TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
WITHIN AFRICA 178 VIII. GENERAL POLICIES AND PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION IN THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL 180 2. SOFT INTERNATIONAL LAW
182 A. THE STOCKHOLM DECLARATION 183 B. THE ACTION PLAN OF THE STOCKHOLM
CONFERENCE ON THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT (1972) 184 C. THE WORLD CHARTER FOR
NATURE \. 186 D. THE RIO DECLARATION ^ 187 E. INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS' RESOLUTIONS 189 B. COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 192 1.
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RULES RELEVANT TO MILITARY ACTIVITIES 195 2.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN GENERAL 197 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 199
4. FAUNA AND FLORA PROTECTION 201 5. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 203 6. WATER
RESOURCES CONSERVATION 204 7. SOIL POLLUTION 207 8. HAZARDOUS WASTES 208
9. CITIZEN SUITS 208 C. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RULES 210 1. THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES 210 CONTENTS * IX A. THE
APPLICATION OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES AT HOME 211 I. NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT 211 II. THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
ACT 212 III. THE COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND
LIABILITY ACT 213 IV. THE CLEAN WATER ACT 214 V. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
214 VI. WAR CRIMES ACT 215 B. THE EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF THE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES 215 I. NEPA'S LANGUAGE AND LEGISLATIVE
HISTORY 216 II. RCRA'S EXPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE, AND CITIZEN SUIT
PROVISIONS 218 III. CERCLA'S FOREIGN CLAIMANTS PROVISION 219 2. THE
UNITED STATES FEDERAL REGULATIONS 220 A. FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND
POLICIES THAT APPLY TO THE U.S. MILITARY AT HOME 220 I. THE
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (ECAMP) 220
II. THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 220 III.
AIR FORCE POLICY DIRECTIVE 32-70 221 B. FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND POLICIES
THAT APPLY TO U.S. MILITARY ABROAD 221 I. PRESIDENT CARTER'S EXECUTIVE
ORDER NO. 12,114 OF 1979 .^ : 222 II. OVERSEAS ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
GUIDANCE DOCUMENT (OEBGD) 222 III. TITLE 32 OF THE CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS, PART 855 223 IV. AIR FORCE POLICY DIRECTIVE 32-70 223 V.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 224 3. THE UNITED STATES
CASE LAW 225 A. THE UNITED STATES CASE LAW RELEVANT TO THE APPLICATION
OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES AT HOME 225 X * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED
CONFLICT B. THE UNITED STATES CASE LAW RELEVANT TO THE EXTRATERRITORIAL
APPLICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUTES 227 4. KUWAIT ENVIRONMENTAL
LAWS AND REGULATIONS. . 231 A. THE ISLAMIC REFLECTION ON THE KUWAITI
LEGAL SYSTEM 232 B. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELEVANT TO ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION 235 I. THE PROHIBITION OF OFFENSIVE WARS 235 II. PUBLIC
HEALTH 235 III. NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND PROPER EXPLOITATION
236 IV. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES 237 V. CONSERVING THE HERITAGE OF THE
STATE 237 C. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND DECREES 238 I. LAW DECREE REGULATING
THE USAGE OF IONIZING RADIATION AND PREVENTING ITS HAZARDS 238 II. LAW
RELATIVE TO THE CONSERVATION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES 239 III. LAW DECREE
RELEVANT TO THE INTERDICTION OF CERTAIN ACTS HURTFUL TO PUBLIC
CLEANLINESS AND AGRICULTURE 240 IV. KUWAIT MONUMENTS LAW 240 V. LAW
DECREE CONCERNING THE FUTURE GENERATIONS FUND 241 VI. LAW OF THE
PROHIBITION OF THE NAVIGABLE WATER POLLUTION BY OIL 242 VII. THE LAW OF
KUWAIT MUNICIPALITY AND THE INTERNAL REGULATIONS OF THE MUNICIPAL
COUNCIL I. 242 VIII. LAW DECREE RELEVANT TO THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH 242
IX. ARMY LAW 243 X. LAW DECREE RELATIVE TO CIVIL DEFENSE. . . . 244 D.
ENVIRONMENTAL RULES AND REGULATIONS 244 I. RULES ANNEXED TO THE LAW
RELATIVE TO THE CONSERVATION OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES 244 II. KUWAIT
MUNICIPALITY ANNOUNCEMENTS REGARDING CAMPING AREAS 245 III. DECISION
CONCERNING THE RULES OF PUBLIC STORES THAT ARE ANNOYING AND HARMFUL TO
PUBLIC HEALTH 245 CONTENTS * XI IV. MINISTERIAL DECISION REGULATING THE
PROCEDURES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR STRUCTURAL AND
INDUSTRIAL PROJECTS 246 E. THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES 247 I.
THE PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES PATRIMONY AFFAIRS 247
II. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC AUTHORITY 248 III. KUWAIT MUNICIPALITY 250
PART IV: ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES CHAPTER 11: ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES
CRITERIA 255 A. RULES FORMULATED BY COMPETENT STATE ORGANS, OFTEN UNDER
THE SUPERVISION OF MILITARY AUTHORITIES 255 B. RULES APPLICABLE IN TIMES
OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS 257 C. RULES AIMED AT REDUCING DAMAGES
OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES OF WAR 258 D. GENERALLY ONLY STATE
PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONS RELEVANT TO EHR CAN INVESTIGATE COMPLIANCE
WITH THESE RULES 259 E. UNLIKE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN RULES,
ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES DO NOT VEST THE ICRC WITH ANY MAJOR ROLE 260
F. STATE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION RELEVANT TO THE ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN
RULES HAVE THE RIGHT TO WITHDRAW AT ANY TIME 261 CHAPTER 12: WHEN
ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES CAN BE APPLIED 265 CHAPTER 13: ARMS AND
DISARMAMENT'CONVENTIONS ARE THE MAIN SOURCE OF ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES
269 A. UNIVERSAL INSTRUMENTS OF ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES 269 1. TREATY
BANNING NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, IN OUTER SPACE AND
UNDER WATER . . . 270 2. TREATY ON THE NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR
WEAPONS 271 3. THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT,
PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING, AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR
DESTRUCTION 278 4. THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT,
PRODUCTION, AND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS 283 XII
* ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT 5. GENEVA PROTOCOL ON MONITORING
COMPLIANCE WITH CHEMICAL AND GERM WARFARE 286 6. THE CONVENTION ON THE
PROHIBITION OF THE USE, STOCKPILING, PRODUCTION AND TRANSFER OF ANTI-
PERSONNEL MINES AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION 287 7. TREATY ON THE
PROHIBITION OF THE EMPLACEMENT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND OTHER WEAPONS OF
MASS DESTRUCTION ON THE SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR AND IN THE SUBSOIL
THEREOF 289 8. THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITIONS OR
RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS, WHICH MAY BE
DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS 291
9. THE GENEVA PROTOCOL FOR THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE IN WAR OF
ASPHYXIATING, POISONOUS OR OTHER GASES AND BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS OF
WARFARE 295 10. CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF MILITARY OR ANY OTHER
HOSTILE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES 300 A. BILATERAL
CONSULTATIONS AND COOPERATION 302 B. INQUIRY COMMISSION 302 C. COMPLAINT
TO THE U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL 303 D. OTHER MEMBER STATES' ASSISTANCE 305
11. THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM OF DISARMAMENT. 308 A. SECURITY COUNCIL
DISARMAMENT MECHANISMS 308 B. GENERAL ASSEMBLY DISARMAMENT MECHANISMS
313 B. REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE ENVIRO-HUMANITARIAN RULES 316 1.
GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS- FREE ZONES 316 2. NUCLEAR
WEAPONS-FREE ZONE IN LATIN AMERICA . 318 3. NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE
IN SOUTH PACIFIC. . 319 4. NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE IN AFRICA 321 5.
NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. . . 324 6. THE URGENT NEED
FOR MIDDLE EAST NUCLEAR WEAPONS-FREE ZONE 325 C. BILATERAL CONVENTIONS
OF THE ENVIRO- HUMANITARIAN RULES 326 1. THE ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE
TREATY 326 2. THE STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TREATIES 331 CONTENTS * XIII
PARTV: RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY WARFARE CHAPTER
14: INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY 339 A. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF
INTERNATIONAL PERSONS 340 1. AN ACT IMPUTABLE TO AN INTERNATIONAL PERSON
. 342 A. FAULT RESPONSIBILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HARM IN TIMES OF
ARMED CONFLICTS 342 B. RESPONSIBILITY WITHOUT FAULT 349 2. CAUSATION 351
3. DAMAGE 353 4. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY'S CONSEQUENCES . 356 A.
STOPPING THE VIOLATION 356 B. SATISFACTION 357 C. RESTITUTION 359 D.
COMPENSATION 364 B. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 375 1. A
HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 376 2. THE
AD HOC CRIMINAL COURTS 380 3. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 382 4.
DIFFICULTIES WITH THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY 385 CHAPTER 15: NATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY 395 A. PAST
ACTIONS WHICH WERE ALREADY CRIMES OR ACTS ENTAILING CIVIL LIABILITY 398
B. PAST ACTIONS NOT YET CRIMES UNDER THE NATIONAL LAW, BUT UNLAWFUL
UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 406 C. PAST ACTIONS WHICH WERE NOT CRIMES OR
CIVIL WRONGS WHEN COMMITTED, BUT ARE SO UNDER REVISIONS OF NATIONAL LAW
408 PART VI: THE RECOMMENDATIONS CHAPTER 16: RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSED
TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 415 A. IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR ARMED CONFLICT 415 B. CREATION OF A
UN. TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM FOR STATES THAT CAUSE UNNECESSARY SEVERE
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE 418 C. CREATION OF AN INTERNATIONAL FUND TO
REHABILITATE WARFARE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES 421 D. THE NEED FOR
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE TO BE INDEPENDENT FROM POLITICAL
DISPUTES 423 XIV * ENVIRONMENTAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT E. STRENGTHEN AND
INCREASE INDIVIDUAL PUNISHMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 423 F. EXTEND
IUCN'S MISSION TO COVER ARMED CONFLICT. . . 424 G. IMPROVE EXISTING
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 427 H. CONCLUDE NEW TREATIES 430 I. CHARGE UN.
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS TO MONITOR ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATIONS 433 CHAPTER
17: RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSED TO NATIONAL SOCIETIES 435 A. REVISE MODEL
MILITARY MANUALS, BASED UPON THE EXPERIENCES OF GERMANY, U.S., AND OTHER
COUNTRIES 435 B. MODERNIZE MILITARY TECHNOLOGY TO AVOID ENVIRONMENTAL
DESTRUCTION 437 C. PROVIDE THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 438 D. MODIFY THE STATUS OF THE CIVIL MINISTRIES
OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND CREATE A NEW SERVICE WITHIN THESE MINISTRIES TO
DEAL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY RESPONSES AND CLEANUP 439 E. INCREASE
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE 440 F. INCREASE POSSIBILITY OF
EXTRADITION OF CRIMINALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CASES 442 CHAPTER 18:
RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSED TO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 443 A.
INTRODUCE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS A GOAL OF THE ICRC 443 B. NGOS
SHOULD MAINTAIN SOLID RELATIONS WITH INTERNAL AUTHORITIES IN EACH NATION
444 CONCLUSION 445 BIBLIOGRAPHY 449 CASE TABLE 501 INDEX 503 |
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| spelling | Al-Duaji, Nada Verfasser aut Environmental law of armed conflict Irvington, NY Transnational Publ. 2004 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Majumdar, Taradas D. rswk-swf Johannes de Warnant ca. um 1346 (DE-588)104360070 gnd rswk-swf Umwelt Environmental law, International War (International law) War Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd rswk-swf Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 s Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 s DE-604 Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 s Majumdar, Taradas D. p Johannes de Warnant ca. um 1346 (DE-588)104360070 p 1\p DE-604 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015212644&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Al-Duaji, Nada Environmental law of armed conflict Majumdar, Taradas D. Johannes de Warnant ca. um 1346 (DE-588)104360070 gnd Umwelt Environmental law, International War (International law) War Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)104360070 (DE-588)4027453-6 (DE-588)4117286-3 (DE-588)4063693-8 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4137568-3 |
| title | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_auth | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_exact_search | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_full | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_fullStr | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_short | Environmental law of armed conflict |
| title_sort | environmental law of armed conflict |
| topic | Majumdar, Taradas D. Johannes de Warnant ca. um 1346 (DE-588)104360070 gnd Umwelt Environmental law, International War (International law) War Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltschaden (DE-588)4117286-3 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Majumdar, Taradas D. Johannes de Warnant ca. um 1346 Umwelt Environmental law, International War (International law) War Environmental aspects Internationales Umweltrecht Umweltschaden Völkerrecht Umweltschutz Bewaffneter Konflikt |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015212644&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alduajinada environmentallawofarmedconflict |