Modern antennas:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dordrecht
Springer
2005
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XX, 689 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1402032161 0387262318 9781402032165 9780387262314 9781441952714 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern antennas |c by S. Drabowitch ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Dordrecht |b Springer |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 689 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Antennas (Electronics) | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Drabowitch, Serge |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135967712346112 |
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| adam_text | MODERN ANTENNAS 2ND EDITION BY S. DRABOWITCH ECOLE SUPERIEURE
D ELECTRICITE, FRANCE A. PAPIERNIK UNIVERSITY OF NICE-SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS,
FRANCE H.D. GRIFFITHS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON, U.K. J. ENCINAS 1
INSTITUT SUPERIEUR D ELECTRONIQUE DE PARIS, FRANCE AND B.L. SMITH
ALCATEL, PARIS, FRANCE 4Y SPRINGER CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XVI
FOREWORD XVII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XX ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ANTENNAS - A
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM 1.1
MAXWELL S EQUATIONS 1.1.1 MAXWELL S EQUATIONS IN AN ARBITRARY MEDIUM
1.1.2 LINEAR MEDIA 1.1.3 CONDUCTING MEDIA 1.1.4 RECIPROCITY THEOREM 1.2
POWER AND ENERGY 1.2.1 POWER VOLUME DENSITIES 1.2.2 ENERGY VOLUME
DENSITIES 1.2.3 POYNTING VECTOR AND POWER 1.3 PLANE WAVES IN LINEAR
MEDIA 1.3.1 PLANE WAVES IN AN ISOTROPIC LINEAR MEDIUM 1.3.2 SKIN EFFECT
FURTHER READING EXERCISES 2 RADIATION 2.1 PLANE WAVE SPECTRUM 2.1.1
SPECTRAL DOMAIN 2.1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN A SEMI-INFINITE SPACE
WITH NO SOURCES 2.1.3 THE FAR FIELD 2.2 KIRCHHOFF S FORMULATION 2.2.1
GREEN S IDENTITY AND GREEN S FUNCTIONS 2.2.2 KIRCHHOFF S INTEGRAL
FORMULATION 2.2.3 PLANE WAVE SPECTRUM AND KIRCHHOFF S FORMULATION
FURTHER READING EXERCISES 3 ANTENNAS IN TRANSMISSION 3.1 FAR FIELD
RADIATION 3.1.1 VECTOR CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RADIATION FROM THE ANTENNA
3.1.2 TRANSLATION THEOREM 7 7 7 10 12 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 24 26 27 31
32 32 34 39 44 44 46 48 49 50 53 54 54 55 VI CONTENTS 3.1.3 APPLICATION:
RADIATION PRODUCED BY AN ARBITRARY CURRENT 55 3.1.4 RADIATED POWER 5 8
3.2 FIELD RADIATED FROM AN ANTENNA 59 3.2.1 ELEMENTARY DIPOLES 59 3.2.2
PLANE-APERTURE RADIATION 62 3.3 DIRECTIVITY, GAIN, RADIATION PATTERN 66
3.3.1 RADIATED POWER 66 3.3.2 DIRECTIVITY 67 3.3.3 GAIN 68 3.3.4
RADIATION PATTERN 70 3.3.5 INPUT IMPEDANCE 72 FURTHER READING 73
EXERCISES 74 4 RECEIVING ANTENNAS 79 4.1 ANTENNA RECIPROCITY THEOREM 79
4.1.1 RECIPROCITY THEOREM APPLIED TO A SOURCE-FREE CLOSED SURFACE 79
4.1.2 RELATION BETWEEN THE FIELD ON TRANSMIT AND THE FIELD ON RECEIVE 83
4.2 ANTENNA EFFECTIVE RECEIVING AREA 84 4.2.1 DEFINITION 84 4.2.2
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAIN AND EFFECTIVE RECEIVING AREA 85 4.3 ENERGY
TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS 86 4.3.1 THE FRIIS TRANSMISSION
FORMULA 86 4.3.2 RADAR EQUATION 87 4.3.3 ANTENNA RADAR CROSS SECTION
(RCS) 89 4.4 ANTENNA BEHAVIOUR IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE 90 4.4.1 POWER
RADIATED BY A BODY AT ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE T 90 4.4.2 NOISE TEMPERATURE
OF THE ANTENNA 93 4.4.3 NOISE TEMPERATURE OF THE RECEIVING SYSTEM 94
FURTHER READING 95 EXERCISES 96 5 ANTENNAS OF SIMPLE GEOMETRY 99 5.1
APERTURE ANTENNAS 99 5.1.1 PARABOLIC ANTENNAS 99 5.1.2 RECTANGULAR HORNS
105 5.2 WIRE ANTENNAS 114 5.2.1 ELECTRIC DIPOLES 114 5.2.2 TRAVELLING
WAVE RECTILINEAR ANTENNAS 120 5.2.3 LOOPS AND HELICAL ANTENNAS 123
FURTHER READING 127 EXERCISES 128 CONTENTS VII 6 PRINTED ANTENNAS 131
6.1 INTRODUCTION 131 6.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRINTED RADIATING ELEMENTS
132 6.3 FIELD ANALYSIS METHODS 135 6.3.1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF PRINTED
ANTENNAS 136 6.3.2 THE CAVITY METHOD 136 6.3.3 APPLICATION TO A
RECTANGULAR PATCH 139 6.3.4 APPLICATION TO A CIRCULAR PATCH 142 6.4
INPUT IMPEDANCE, BANDWIDTH AND RADIATION PATTERN 144 6.4.1 INPUT
IMPEDANCE 144 6.4.2 BANDWIDTH 145 6.4.3 RADIATION PATTERN 148 6.4.4
POLARIZATION 149 6.5 LOW PROFILE, WIDEBAND OR MULTIBAND ANTENNAS FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AND SHORT-RANGE APPLICATIONS 152 6.5.1
MINIATURIZATION 153 6.5.2 ENLARGEMENT OF THE BANDWIDTH AND REALIZATION
OF MULTIBAND ANTENNAS 154 6.5.3 EXAMPLE: MULTIBAND ANTENNA FOR
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 156 FURTHER READING 160 EXERCISES 161 7 LARGE
ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 163 7.1 INTRODUCTION 163 7.2 STRUCTURES
AND APPLICATIONS 165 7.2.1 STRUCTURES 165 7.2.2 EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
REQUIRED IN APPLICATIONS 169 7.3 FUNDAMENTAL PROPAGATION LAWS 176 7.3.1
WAVEFRONTS 176 7.3.2 THE HUYGENS-FRESNEL PRINCIPLE OF WAVE PROPAGATION
177 7.3.3 STATIONARY PHASE PRINCIPLE 178 7.3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS RAY
THEORY 181 7.3.5 RAY THEORY IN QUASI-HOMOGENEOUS MEDIA 185 7.4 ANTENNAS
AS RADIATING APERTURES 196 7.4 1 ANTENNA RADIATION AND EQUIVALENT
APERTURE METHOD 196 7.4.2 EXAMPLES OF MICROWAVE ANTENNAS AND EQUIVALENT
APERTURES 197 7.4.3 FAR FIELD RADIATION FROM AN APERTURE 200 7.4.4
EXAMPLES OF RADIATING APERTURES 205 7.4.5 POLARIZATION OF THE RADIATED
FIELD: CASE WHERE THE FIELD IN THE APERTURE HAS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A
PLANE WAVE 213 7.4.6 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUYGENS COORDINATES
217 7.4.7 APERTURE RADIATION IN THE NEAR FIELD 220 7.4.8 GAIN FACTOR OF
A RADIATING APERTURE 223 VIII CONTENTS APPENDIX 7 A DEDUCTION OF THE
HUYGENS-FRESNEL PRINCIPLE FROM THE KIRCHHOFF INTEGRAL 227 FURTHER
READING 228 EXERCISES 229 8 PRIMARY FEEDS 235 8.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES 235
8.1.1 INTRODUCTION 235 8.1.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY FEEDS
236 8.1.3 RADIATION FROM RADIALLY-SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES 243 8.1.4 PRIMARY
APERTURE IN AN INCIDENT FIELD 250 8.2 HORNS 251 8.2.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES
251 8.2.2 SMALL FLARE ANGLE HORNS AND OPEN-ENDED GUIDES 252 8.2.3 FLARED
HORNS 253 8.2.4 MULTIMODE HORNS 254 8.3 HYBRID MODES AND CORRUGATED
HORNS 257 8.3.1 CIRCULAR APERTURE RADIATING A PURE POLARIZATION 257
8.3.2 SEARCH FOR HYBRID MODE WAVES 258 8.3.3 RADIATION PATTERN 263
FURTHER READING 268 EXERCISES 269 9 AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS 273 9.1
INTRODUCTION 273 9.2 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES - PROPAGATION OF POLARIZATION,
RADIATION PATTERNS 274 9.3 PRINCIPAL SURFACE 276 9.3.1 DEFINITION 276
9.3.2 PUPIL - APERTURE ANGLE - FOCAL LENGTH 277 9.3.3 EQUIVALENT
APERTURE OF THE SYSTEM 278 9.4 TRANSFER FUNCTION 279 9.5 SYSTEM GAIN 281
9.5.1 GENERAL EXPRESSION 281 9.5.2 EXPRESSION OBTAINED FROM THE PRIMARY
GAIN G AND THE TRANSFER FUNCTION 281 9.5.3 EFFECT OF VARIOUS FACTORS IN
THE GAIN FUNCTION 282 9.5.4 CONCEPT OF OPTIMAL PRIMARY DIRECTIVITY 284
9.6 RADIATION PATTERNS 286 9.6.1 EQUIVALENT APERTURE ILLUMINATION 286
9.6.2 AXISYMMETRIC PRIMARY PATTERN WITH PURE POLARIZATION 286 9.6.3
EFFECT OF BLOCKAGE 289 9.7 ABERRATIONS IN AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS 290
CONTENTS IX 9.7.1 INTRODUCTION 290 9.7.2 MAIN ABERRATIONS IN THE
DEFOCUSING PLANE 291 9.8 AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS CONSIDERED IN
RECEPTION: DIFFRACTION PATTERN 296 9.8.1 EFFECT OF TRANSFER FUNCTION 296
9.8.2 DIFFRACTION IN THE VICINITY OF THE FOCUS F OF AN ELEMENT DS OF A
SPHERICAL WAVE S 297 9.8.3 ANALYSIS OF A DIFFRACTION PATTERN -
CONTRIBUTION OF AN ELEMENTARY CROWN OF THE SPHERICAL WAVE - HYBRID WAVES
299 9.8.4 AXIAL FIELD 300 9.8.5 TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF THE
DIFFRACTED FIELD IN THE FOCAL PLANE 301 9.8.6 AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS
WITH A SMALL APERTURE 0 0 302 9.8.7 CONSTANT TRANSFER FUNCTION 303 9.8.8
NON-CONSTANT TRANSFER FUNCTION 306 9.8.9 GENERAL CASE: SYSTEM WITH A
VERY LARGE APERTURE 306 9.9 SYSTEM CONSIDERED IN RECEPTION: TRANSFER OF
THE ENERGY CONTAINED IN THE DIFFRACTION PATTERN TO THE PRIMARY APERTURE
308 9.9.1 DIFFRACTION PATTERN PRODUCED AROUND THE FOCUS BY AN INCIDENT
NON-AXIAL PLANE WAVE 308 9.9.2 RADIATION PATTERN OF THE SYSTEM
ASSOCIATED WITH A GIVEN PRIMARY APERTURE 309 9.9.3 EXAMPLES OF
APPLICATIONS 310 9.9.4 AXIAL GAIN OF AN AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEM -
EFFECT OF THE DIAMETER OF THE PRIMARY APERTURE 312 9.10 RADIATION IN THE
FRESNEL ZONE OF A GAUSSIAN ILLUMINATION - APPLICATION TO THE TRANSPORT
OF ENERGY BY RADIATION (GOUBEAU S WAVES) 314 FURTHER READING 317
EXERCISES 3 1 8 10 FOCUSED SYSTEMS 323 10.1 INTRODUCTION 323 10.2 THE
CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA 324 10.2.1 INTRODUCTION 324 10.2.2 GEOMETRY 325
10.2.3 EQUIVALENT PRIMARY FEED 327 10.2.4 PRINCIPAL SURFACE 328 10.2.5
CASSEGRAIN WITH SHAPED REFLECTORS 329 10.2.6 DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF THE
SUBREFLECTOR 332 10.2.7 BLOCKAGE BY THE SUBREFLECTOR 338 10.2.8
SCHWARTZSCHILD APLANETIC REFLECTOR 341 10.3 TRACKING SYSTEMS 341 10.3.1
INTRODUCTION 341 X CONTENTS 10.3.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADAR
ECHOES 344 10.3.3 CONICAL SCANNING 348 10.3.4 MONOPULSE ANTENNAS 357
10.3.5 BEACON TRACKING 373 10.4 NON AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS 374 10.4.1
OFFSET REFLECTOR 374 10.4.2 SHAPED REFLECTORS - PATTERN SYNTHESIS 378
FURTHER READING 385 EXERCISES 386 11 ARRAYS 393 11.1 INTRODUCTION 393
11.1.1 PHASED ARRAYS 394 11.1.2 BANDWIDTH - USE OF DELAY LINES -
SUBARRAYS 394 11.1.3 ACTIVE ARRAYS 396 11.2 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A
PHASED ARRAY (EXAMPLES) 398 11.2.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE 398 11.2.2 EXAMPLES
OF ARRAY STRUCTURES 403 11.3 LINEAR ARRAY THEORY 408 11.3.1 BASIC
EQUATION - ARRAY FACTOR 408 11.3.2 UNIFORM ILLUMINATION AND CONSTANT
PHASE GRADIENT 409 11.3.3 HALF-POWER BEAMWIDTH 412 11.3.4 SPECTRAL
BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE ON A PHASED ARRAY 413 11.3.5 CONDITION TO PREVENT
GRATING LOBES FROM OCCURRING IN THE SCANNING REGION 413 11.3.6 EFFECT OF
WEIGHTING OF THE ARRAY ILLUMINATION FUNCTION 414 11.3.7 EFFECT OF
ELEMENT DIRECTIVITY 415 11.4 VARIATION OF GAIN AS A FUNCTION OF POINTING
DIRECTION 416 11.4.1 ARRAY OPERATING ON TRANSMISSION 416 11.4.2 ARRAY ON
RECEIVE 418 11.4.3 ARRAY ACTIVE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT - MUTUAL COUPLING
418 11.4.4 BLIND ANGLE PHENOMENON 420 11.4.5 CASE WHERE THE ELEMENT
SPACING IS RELATIVELY LARGE 423 11.4.6 STUDY OF AN ARRAY OF OPEN-ENDED
GUIDES CONSIDERED AS A PERIODIC STRUCTURE 423 11.5 EFFECTS OF PHASE
QUANTIZATION 424 11.5.1 CASE WHERE ALL PHASE SHIFTERS ARE FED IN PHASE
424 11.5.2 EFFECTS OF QUANTIZATION WHEN THE PHASE ORIGIN VARIES FROM ONE
PHASE SHIFTER TO ANOTHER 426 11.6 FREQUENCY-SCANNED ARRAYS 430 11.7
ANALOGUE BEAMFORMING MATRICES 432 11.7.1 INTRODUCTION 432 11.7.2 GENERAL
PROPERTIES OF MULTI-PORT NETWORKS 433 CONTENTS XI U.7.3 BEAMFORMING
APPLICATIONS 435 11.7.4 EXAMPLES OF MATRICES 438 11.7.5 NON-ORTHOGONAL
DIRECTIONAL BEAMS 444 11.8 FURTHER TOPICS 448 11.8.1 ACTIVE MODULES 448
11.8.2 DIGITAL BEAMFORMING 452 11.8.3 MEMS TECHNOLOGY IN PHASED ARRAYS
455 11.8.4 CIRCULAR, CYLINDRICAL, SPHERICAL AND CONFORMAL ARRAYS 458
11.8.5 SPARSE AND RANDOM ARRAYS 475 11.8.6 RETRODIRECTIVE AND
SELF-PHASING ARRAYS 481 APPENDIX 11A COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND CIRCULAR
ARRAYS 487 11 A. 1 GAIN OF AN ARBITRARY ARRAY 487 11A.2 GAIN OF A BEAM
COPHASAL CIRCULAR ARRAY 489 11A.3 RADIATION PATTERN OF A BEAM COPHASAL
CIRCULAR ARRAY 490 11A.4 EXAMPLE: COS OR ELEMENT PATTERNS 491 11 A.5
COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND CIRCULAR ARRAYS 492 FURTHER READING 494
EXERCISES 495 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF POLARIMETRY 499 12.1 INTRODUCTION 499
12.1.1 APPLICATION OF POLARIMETRY IN RADAR AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 499
12.1.2 SOME HISTORICAL REFERENCES 501 12.1.3 BASICS 501 12.2 FULLY
POLARIZED WAVES 503 12.2.1 DEFINITION 503 12.2.2 ALGEBRAIC
REPRESENTATION OF ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION 503 12.2.3 NORMALIZED
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM 505 12.2.4 BASE OF CIRCULAR POLARIZATIONS
506 12.2.5 POLARIZATION RATIO 508 12.2.6 POLARIZATION DIAGRAM 509 12.2.7
POLARIZATION COUPLING TO THE RECEIVING ANTENNA 512 12.3 PARTIALLY
POLARIZED WAVES 515 12.3.1 DEFINITION AND PHYSICAL ORIGIN 515 12.3.2
COHERENCE MATRIX 517 12.3.3 COMPLETELY UNPOLARIZED WAVE 519 12.3.4
COMPLETELY POLARIZED WAVE 520 12.3.5 STOKES PARAMETERS 521 12.3.6
DECOMPOSITION OF A PARTIALLY POLARIZED WAVE 521 12.3.7 GEOMETRICAL
INTERPRETATION OF THE PRECEDING RESULTS: STOKES PARAMETERS AND POINCARE
SPHERE 522 12.3.8 POLARIZATION COUPLING AND STOKES VECTORS 525 XII
CONTENTS 12.4 POLARIMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF RADAR TARGETS 527 12.4.1
INTRODUCTION 527 12.4.2 SINCLAIR DIFFRACTION MATRIX 527 12.5 PARTIALLY
POLARIZED WAVES: THE MUELLER MATRIX 538 12.5.1 THE MUELLER MATRIX 538
12.5.2 APPLICATION EXAMPLE 538 12.5.3 EXAMPLES OF RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT
INCIDENT POLARIZATIONS 540 12.6 POLARIZERS AND POLARIZATION SEPARATORS
FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS AND POLARIMETRIC RADARS 542 12.6.1
INTRODUCTION 542 12.6.2 NON-SYMMETRICAL POLARIZATION SEPARATOR 542
12.6.3 SEMI-SYMMETRICAL POLARIZATION SEPARATOR 543 12.6.4 SYMMETRICAL
POLARIZATION SEPARATOR (TURNSTILE) 544 12.6.5 DIELECTRIC VANE POLARIZER
545 FURTHER READING 547 EXERCISES 547 13 ANTENNAS AND SIGNAL THEORY 549
13.1 INTRODUCTION 549 13.2 EQUIVALENCE OF AN APERTURE AND A SPATIAL
FREQUENCY FILTER 550 13.2.1 CONCEPT OF SPATIAL FREQUENCY 550 13.2.2
CONSEQUENCES OF THE LIMITATION OF THE APERTURE DIMENSIONS ON THE
PROPERTIES OF THE RADIATION CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION 551 13.2.3
CONSEQUENCES OF THE LIMITATION OF THE APERTURE DIMENSIONS ON THE GAIN
FUNCTION OF THE ANTENNA 555 13.3 SYNTHESIS OF AN APERTURE TO RADIATE A
GIVEN RADIATION PATTERN 556 13.3.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 556 13.3.2
GENERALIZATION OF THE APPROXIMATION METHOD 558 13.3.3 USE OF SAMPLING
METHODS 559 13.3.4 ROLE OF PHASE - STATIONARY PHASE METHOD 562 13.3.5
PATTERN SYNTHESIS FOR A FOCUSING SYSTEM 565 13.4 SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS
566 13.4.1 INTRODUCTION 566 13.4.2 ROLE OF THE INVISIBLE DOMAIN OF
RADIATION 566 13.5 THE ANTENNA AS A FILTER OF ANGULAR SIGNALS 569 13.5.1
INTRODUCTION 569 13.5.2 OPTICAL OR MICROWAVE IMAGING AND LINEAR FILTERS
570 13.5.3 FALSE ECHOES AND RESOLVING POWER 571 13.5.4 CASE WHERE THE
ANTENNA IS TREATED AS AN APERTURE 571 13.5.5 SPECTRUM OF FIXED ECHOES OF
A ROTATING RADAR 572 FURTHER READING 573 EXERCISES 574 CONTENTS XIII 14
SIGNAL PROCESSING ANTENNAS 577 14.1 INTRODUCTION 577 14.2 SYNTHETIC
ANTENNAS IN RADAR AND SONAR 578 14.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF SYNTHETIC ANTENNAS
578 14.2.2 SYNTHETIC RECEIVE ARRAY WITH NON-DIRECTIONAL BEAM 579 14.2.3
SYNTHETIC RECEIVE ARRAY WITH MULTIPLE BEAMS 580 14.2.4 EXAMPLES OF
SPATIO-TEMPORAL CODING 581 14.3 IMAGING OF COHERENT SOURCES 586 14.3.1
INTRODUCTION 586 14.3.2 TWO-SOURCE DISTRIBUTION 587 14.3.3 ESTIMATION OF
THE ELEVATION ANGLE OF A LOW-ALTITUDE TARGET ABOVE A REFLECTING PLANE
587 14.3.4 EFFECT OF NOISE: A POSTERIORI PROBABILITIES AND DECISION
THEORY 590 14.4 IMAGING OF INCOHERENT SOURCES 592 14.4.1 INTRODUCTION
592 14.4.2 CONDITIONS FOR INCOHERENCE 593 14.4.3 MULTIPLICATIVE ARRAYS
594 14.4.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF INCOHERENT
SOURCES AND THE OBSERVED FIELD: THE VAN CITTERT-ZERNICKE THEOREM 596
14.4.5 SAMPLING OF THE COHERENCE FUNCTION 599 14.4.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE
COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OR COVARIANCE - C(N-RI) 600 14.4.7 THE
COVARIANCE MATRIX 601 14.5 HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERY AND THE MAXIMUM
ENTROPY METHOD 602 14.5.1 INTRODUCTION 602 14.5.2 CLASSICAL METHOD OF
CORRELOGRAM 603 14.5.3 METHOD OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY 604 14.5.4 ESTIMATION
OF TUNDER CONDITIONS OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY 604 14.5.5 FACTORIZATION OF T(F)
- PROPERTIES 605 14.5.6 DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENTS A N IN
EQUATION (14.71) 606 14.5.7 GENERALIZATION: ARMA MODEL 608 14.5.8
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 609 14.5.9 MINIMUM REDUNDANCE ARRAYS 609 14.6 OTHER
METHODS OF SPECTRAL ESTIMATION 611 14.6.1 INTRODUCTION 611 14.6.2 THE
MUSIC ALGORITHM 612 14.6.3 ILLUSTRATION OF THE MUSIC ALGORITHM 616
14.6.4 OTHER SUPERRESOLUTION ALGORITHMS 617 14.6.5 SUPERRESOLUTION WITH
CIRCULAR ARRAYS 618 14.7 SPATIAL FILTERING 619 14.7.1 INTRODUCTION 619
14.7.2 WHAT IS AN ADAPTIVE ARRAY ? 619 XIV CONTENTS 14.7.3 SIMPLE
EXAMPLE: TWO-ELEMENT ARRAY 620 14.7.4 HOWELLS-APPLEBAUM CORRELATION LOOP
623 14.7.5 MINIMUM NOISE CRITERION 626 14.7.6 EFFECT OF INTERNAL
RECEIVER NOISE 626 14.7.7 MULTIPLE CORRELATION LOOPS: THE COHERENT
SIDELOBE CANCELLER (CSLC) 628 14.7.8 THE OPTIMUM ARRAY 630 14.7.9
INTERPRETATION 633 14.7.10 DIGITAL IMPLEMENTATION 633 14.7.11 SMART
ANTENNAS 634 APPENDIX 14A ENTROPY AND PROBABILITY 640 14A.1 UNCERTAINTY
OF AN EVENTS OF PROBABILITY/?^) 640 14A.2 INFORMATION GAINED BY THE
KNOWLEDGE OF AN EVENT 640 14A.3 UNCERTAINTY RELATIVE TO AN ALTERNATIVE
640 14A.4 FIRST GENERALIZATION: ENTROPY OF A SET OF EVENTS 641 14A.5
SECOND GENERALIZATION: RANDOM VARIABLE 642 14A.6 DECISION THEORY:
MAXIMUM ENTROPY 643 14A.7 ENTROPY AND SPECTRAL DENSITY 643 14A.8
JUSTIFICATION OF THIS RELATIONSHIP 644 FURTHER READING 647 EXERCISES 649
15 ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 651 15.1 INTRODUCTION 651 15.2 GAIN MEASUREMENTS
652 15.2.1 COMPARISON WITH A STANDARD-GAIN HORN 652 15.2.2 TWO-ANTENNA
MEASUREMENT 652 15.2.3 THREE-ANTENNA MEASUREMENT 653 15.2.4
EXTRAPOLATION 653 15.3 RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENTS 654 15.3.1
ANECHOIC CHAMBERS AND FAR-FIELD RANGES 655 15.3.2 COMPACT RANGES 659
15.3.3 WAVEFRONT QUALITY 661 15.3.4 NEAR-FIELD TECHNIQUES 662 15.3.5
OTHER TECHNIQUES 665 15.3.6 POLARIZATION 668 15.4 TIME-DOMAIN GATING 669
15.4.1 PRINCIPLES 669 15.4.2 LIMITATIONS 671 15.5 ANTENNA NOISE
TEMPERATURE AND GIT 672 15.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE
672 15.5.2 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF GIT USING SOLAR NOISE 672 15.6
IMPEDANCE AND BANDWIDTH 674 CONTENTS XV 15.7 MEASUREMENT OF CELLULAR
RADIO HANDSET ANTENNAS 676 15.7.1 SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE 677 15.7.2
REVERBERATION CHAMBERS 678 FURTHER READING 680 EXERCISES 681 INDEX 683
|
| adam_txt |
MODERN ANTENNAS 2ND EDITION BY S. DRABOWITCH ECOLE SUPERIEURE
D'ELECTRICITE, FRANCE A. PAPIERNIK UNIVERSITY OF NICE-SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS,
FRANCE H.D. GRIFFITHS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON, U.K. J. ENCINAS 1 "
INSTITUT SUPERIEUR D'ELECTRONIQUE DE PARIS, FRANCE AND B.L. SMITH
ALCATEL, PARIS, FRANCE 4Y SPRINGER CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XVI
FOREWORD XVII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XX ELECTROMAGNETISM AND ANTENNAS - A
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 1 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM 1.1
MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS 1.1.1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN AN ARBITRARY MEDIUM
1.1.2 LINEAR MEDIA 1.1.3 CONDUCTING MEDIA 1.1.4 RECIPROCITY THEOREM 1.2
POWER AND ENERGY 1.2.1 POWER VOLUME DENSITIES 1.2.2 ENERGY VOLUME
DENSITIES 1.2.3 POYNTING VECTOR AND POWER 1.3 PLANE WAVES IN LINEAR
MEDIA 1.3.1 PLANE WAVES IN AN ISOTROPIC LINEAR MEDIUM 1.3.2 SKIN EFFECT
FURTHER READING EXERCISES 2 RADIATION 2.1 PLANE WAVE SPECTRUM 2.1.1
SPECTRAL DOMAIN 2.1.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN A SEMI-INFINITE SPACE
WITH NO SOURCES 2.1.3 THE FAR FIELD 2.2 KIRCHHOFF S FORMULATION 2.2.1
GREEN'S IDENTITY AND GREEN'S FUNCTIONS 2.2.2 KIRCHHOFF S INTEGRAL
FORMULATION 2.2.3 PLANE WAVE SPECTRUM AND KIRCHHOFF S FORMULATION
FURTHER READING EXERCISES 3 ANTENNAS IN TRANSMISSION 3.1 FAR FIELD
RADIATION 3.1.1 VECTOR CHARACTERISTIC OF THE RADIATION FROM THE ANTENNA
3.1.2 TRANSLATION THEOREM 7 7 7 10 12 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 24 26 27 31
32 32 34 39 44 44 46 48 49 50 53 54 54 55 VI CONTENTS 3.1.3 APPLICATION:
RADIATION PRODUCED BY AN ARBITRARY CURRENT 55 3.1.4 RADIATED POWER 5 8
3.2 FIELD RADIATED FROM AN ANTENNA 59 3.2.1 ELEMENTARY DIPOLES 59 3.2.2
PLANE-APERTURE RADIATION 62 3.3 DIRECTIVITY, GAIN, RADIATION PATTERN 66
3.3.1 RADIATED POWER 66 3.3.2 DIRECTIVITY 67 3.3.3 GAIN 68 3.3.4
RADIATION PATTERN 70 3.3.5 INPUT IMPEDANCE 72 FURTHER READING 73
EXERCISES 74 4 RECEIVING ANTENNAS 79 4.1 ANTENNA RECIPROCITY THEOREM 79
4.1.1 RECIPROCITY THEOREM APPLIED TO A SOURCE-FREE CLOSED SURFACE 79
4.1.2 RELATION BETWEEN THE FIELD ON TRANSMIT AND THE FIELD ON RECEIVE 83
4.2 ANTENNA EFFECTIVE RECEIVING AREA 84 4.2.1 DEFINITION 84 4.2.2
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GAIN AND EFFECTIVE RECEIVING AREA 85 4.3 ENERGY
TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO ANTENNAS 86 4.3.1 THE FRIIS TRANSMISSION
FORMULA 86 4.3.2 RADAR EQUATION 87 4.3.3 ANTENNA RADAR CROSS SECTION
(RCS) 89 4.4 ANTENNA BEHAVIOUR IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE 90 4.4.1 POWER
RADIATED BY A BODY AT ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE T 90 4.4.2 NOISE TEMPERATURE
OF THE ANTENNA 93 4.4.3 NOISE TEMPERATURE OF THE RECEIVING SYSTEM 94
FURTHER READING 95 EXERCISES 96 5 ANTENNAS OF SIMPLE GEOMETRY 99 5.1
APERTURE ANTENNAS 99 5.1.1 PARABOLIC ANTENNAS 99 5.1.2 RECTANGULAR HORNS
105 5.2 WIRE ANTENNAS 114 5.2.1 ELECTRIC DIPOLES 114 5.2.2 TRAVELLING
WAVE RECTILINEAR ANTENNAS 120 5.2.3 LOOPS AND HELICAL ANTENNAS 123
FURTHER READING 127 EXERCISES 128 CONTENTS VII 6 PRINTED ANTENNAS 131
6.1 INTRODUCTION 131 6.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRINTED RADIATING ELEMENTS
132 6.3 FIELD ANALYSIS METHODS 135 6.3.1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF PRINTED
ANTENNAS 136 6.3.2 THE CAVITY METHOD 136 6.3.3 APPLICATION TO A
RECTANGULAR PATCH 139 6.3.4 APPLICATION TO A CIRCULAR PATCH 142 6.4
INPUT IMPEDANCE, BANDWIDTH AND RADIATION PATTERN 144 6.4.1 INPUT
IMPEDANCE 144 6.4.2 BANDWIDTH 145 6.4.3 RADIATION PATTERN 148 6.4.4
POLARIZATION 149 6.5 LOW PROFILE, WIDEBAND OR MULTIBAND ANTENNAS FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AND SHORT-RANGE APPLICATIONS 152 6.5.1
MINIATURIZATION 153 6.5.2 ENLARGEMENT OF THE BANDWIDTH AND REALIZATION
OF MULTIBAND ANTENNAS 154 6.5.3 EXAMPLE: MULTIBAND ANTENNA FOR
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 156 FURTHER READING 160 EXERCISES 161 7 LARGE
ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS 163 7.1 INTRODUCTION 163 7.2 STRUCTURES
AND APPLICATIONS 165 7.2.1 STRUCTURES 165 7.2.2 EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS
REQUIRED IN APPLICATIONS 169 7.3 FUNDAMENTAL PROPAGATION LAWS 176 7.3.1
WAVEFRONTS 176 7.3.2 THE HUYGENS-FRESNEL PRINCIPLE OF WAVE PROPAGATION
177 7.3.3 STATIONARY PHASE PRINCIPLE 178 7.3.4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS RAY
THEORY 181 7.3.5 RAY THEORY IN QUASI-HOMOGENEOUS MEDIA 185 7.4 ANTENNAS
AS RADIATING APERTURES 196 7.4 1 ANTENNA RADIATION AND EQUIVALENT
APERTURE METHOD 196 7.4.2 EXAMPLES OF MICROWAVE ANTENNAS AND EQUIVALENT
APERTURES 197 7.4.3 FAR FIELD RADIATION FROM AN APERTURE 200 7.4.4
EXAMPLES OF RADIATING APERTURES 205 7.4.5 POLARIZATION OF THE RADIATED
FIELD: CASE WHERE THE FIELD IN THE APERTURE HAS THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A
PLANE WAVE 213 7.4.6 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUYGENS COORDINATES
217 7.4.7 APERTURE RADIATION IN THE NEAR FIELD 220 7.4.8 GAIN FACTOR OF
A RADIATING APERTURE 223 VIII CONTENTS APPENDIX 7 A DEDUCTION OF THE
HUYGENS-FRESNEL PRINCIPLE FROM THE KIRCHHOFF INTEGRAL 227 FURTHER
READING 228 EXERCISES 229 8 PRIMARY FEEDS 235 8.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES 235
8.1.1 INTRODUCTION 235 8.1.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY FEEDS
236 8.1.3 RADIATION FROM RADIALLY-SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES 243 8.1.4 PRIMARY
APERTURE IN AN INCIDENT FIELD 250 8.2 HORNS 251 8.2.1 GENERAL PROPERTIES
251 8.2.2 SMALL FLARE ANGLE HORNS AND OPEN-ENDED GUIDES 252 8.2.3 FLARED
HORNS 253 8.2.4 MULTIMODE HORNS 254 8.3 HYBRID MODES AND CORRUGATED
HORNS 257 8.3.1 CIRCULAR APERTURE RADIATING A PURE POLARIZATION 257
8.3.2 SEARCH FOR HYBRID MODE WAVES 258 8.3.3 RADIATION PATTERN 263
FURTHER READING 268 EXERCISES 269 9 AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS 273 9.1
INTRODUCTION 273 9.2 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES - PROPAGATION OF POLARIZATION,
RADIATION PATTERNS 274 9.3 PRINCIPAL SURFACE 276 9.3.1 DEFINITION 276
9.3.2 PUPIL - APERTURE ANGLE - FOCAL LENGTH 277 9.3.3 EQUIVALENT
APERTURE OF THE SYSTEM 278 9.4 TRANSFER FUNCTION 279 9.5 SYSTEM GAIN 281
9.5.1 GENERAL EXPRESSION 281 9.5.2 EXPRESSION OBTAINED FROM THE PRIMARY
GAIN G' AND THE TRANSFER FUNCTION 281 9.5.3 EFFECT OF VARIOUS FACTORS IN
THE GAIN FUNCTION 282 9.5.4 CONCEPT OF OPTIMAL PRIMARY DIRECTIVITY 284
9.6 RADIATION PATTERNS 286 9.6.1 EQUIVALENT APERTURE ILLUMINATION 286
9.6.2 AXISYMMETRIC PRIMARY PATTERN WITH PURE POLARIZATION 286 9.6.3
EFFECT OF BLOCKAGE 289 9.7 ABERRATIONS IN AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS 290
CONTENTS IX 9.7.1 INTRODUCTION 290 9.7.2 MAIN ABERRATIONS IN THE
DEFOCUSING PLANE 291 9.8 AXIALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS CONSIDERED IN
RECEPTION: DIFFRACTION PATTERN 296 9.8.1 EFFECT OF TRANSFER FUNCTION 296
9.8.2 DIFFRACTION IN THE VICINITY OF THE FOCUS F OF AN ELEMENT DS' OF A
SPHERICAL WAVE S' 297 9.8.3 ANALYSIS OF A DIFFRACTION PATTERN -
CONTRIBUTION OF AN ELEMENTARY CROWN OF THE SPHERICAL WAVE - HYBRID WAVES
299 9.8.4 AXIAL FIELD 300 9.8.5 TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF THE
DIFFRACTED FIELD IN THE FOCAL PLANE 301 9.8.6 AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS
WITH A SMALL APERTURE 0 0 302 9.8.7 CONSTANT TRANSFER FUNCTION 303 9.8.8
NON-CONSTANT TRANSFER FUNCTION 306 9.8.9 GENERAL CASE: SYSTEM WITH A
VERY LARGE APERTURE 306 9.9 SYSTEM CONSIDERED IN RECEPTION: TRANSFER OF
THE ENERGY CONTAINED IN THE DIFFRACTION PATTERN TO THE PRIMARY APERTURE
308 9.9.1 DIFFRACTION PATTERN PRODUCED AROUND THE FOCUS BY AN INCIDENT
NON-AXIAL PLANE WAVE 308 9.9.2 RADIATION PATTERN OF THE SYSTEM
ASSOCIATED WITH A GIVEN PRIMARY APERTURE 309 9.9.3 EXAMPLES OF
APPLICATIONS 310 9.9.4 AXIAL GAIN OF AN AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEM -
EFFECT OF THE DIAMETER OF THE PRIMARY APERTURE 312 9.10 RADIATION IN THE
FRESNEL ZONE OF A GAUSSIAN ILLUMINATION - APPLICATION TO THE TRANSPORT
OF ENERGY BY RADIATION (GOUBEAU'S WAVES) 314 FURTHER READING 317
EXERCISES 3 1 8 10 FOCUSED SYSTEMS 323 10.1 INTRODUCTION 323 10.2 THE
CASSEGRAIN ANTENNA 324 10.2.1 INTRODUCTION 324 10.2.2 GEOMETRY 325
10.2.3 EQUIVALENT PRIMARY FEED 327 10.2.4 PRINCIPAL SURFACE 328 10.2.5
CASSEGRAIN WITH SHAPED REFLECTORS 329 10.2.6 DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF THE
SUBREFLECTOR 332 10.2.7 BLOCKAGE BY THE SUBREFLECTOR 338 10.2.8
SCHWARTZSCHILD APLANETIC REFLECTOR 341 10.3 TRACKING SYSTEMS 341 10.3.1
INTRODUCTION 341 X CONTENTS 10.3.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADAR
ECHOES 344 10.3.3 CONICAL SCANNING ' 348 10.3.4 'MONOPULSE' ANTENNAS 357
10.3.5 BEACON TRACKING 373 10.4 NON AXIALLY-SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS 374 10.4.1
OFFSET REFLECTOR 374 10.4.2 SHAPED REFLECTORS - PATTERN SYNTHESIS 378
FURTHER READING 385 EXERCISES 386 11 ARRAYS 393 11.1 INTRODUCTION 393
11.1.1 PHASED ARRAYS 394 11.1.2 BANDWIDTH - USE OF DELAY LINES -
SUBARRAYS 394 11.1.3 ACTIVE ARRAYS 396 11.2 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A
PHASED ARRAY (EXAMPLES) 398 11.2.1 GENERAL STRUCTURE 398 11.2.2 EXAMPLES
OF ARRAY STRUCTURES 403 11.3 LINEAR ARRAY THEORY 408 11.3.1 BASIC
EQUATION - ARRAY FACTOR 408 11.3.2 UNIFORM ILLUMINATION AND CONSTANT
PHASE GRADIENT 409 11.3.3 HALF-POWER BEAMWIDTH 412 11.3.4 SPECTRAL
BANDWIDTH AVAILABLE ON A PHASED ARRAY 413 11.3.5 CONDITION TO PREVENT
GRATING LOBES FROM OCCURRING IN THE SCANNING REGION 413 11.3.6 EFFECT OF
WEIGHTING OF THE ARRAY ILLUMINATION FUNCTION 414 11.3.7 EFFECT OF
ELEMENT DIRECTIVITY 415 11.4 VARIATION OF GAIN AS A FUNCTION OF POINTING
DIRECTION 416 11.4.1 ARRAY OPERATING ON TRANSMISSION 416 11.4.2 ARRAY ON
RECEIVE 418 11.4.3 ARRAY ACTIVE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT - MUTUAL COUPLING
418 11.4.4 BLIND ANGLE PHENOMENON 420 11.4.5 CASE WHERE THE ELEMENT
SPACING IS RELATIVELY LARGE 423 11.4.6 STUDY OF AN ARRAY OF OPEN-ENDED
GUIDES CONSIDERED AS A PERIODIC STRUCTURE 423 11.5 EFFECTS OF PHASE
QUANTIZATION 424 11.5.1 CASE WHERE ALL PHASE SHIFTERS ARE FED IN PHASE
424 11.5.2 EFFECTS OF QUANTIZATION WHEN THE PHASE ORIGIN VARIES FROM ONE
PHASE SHIFTER TO ANOTHER 426 11.6 FREQUENCY-SCANNED ARRAYS 430 11.7
ANALOGUE BEAMFORMING MATRICES 432 11.7.1 INTRODUCTION 432 11.7.2 GENERAL
PROPERTIES OF MULTI-PORT NETWORKS 433 CONTENTS XI U.7.3 BEAMFORMING
APPLICATIONS 435 11.7.4 EXAMPLES OF MATRICES 438 11.7.5 NON-ORTHOGONAL
DIRECTIONAL BEAMS 444 11.8 FURTHER TOPICS 448 11.8.1 ACTIVE MODULES 448
11.8.2 DIGITAL BEAMFORMING 452 11.8.3 MEMS TECHNOLOGY IN PHASED ARRAYS
455 11.8.4 CIRCULAR, CYLINDRICAL, SPHERICAL AND CONFORMAL ARRAYS 458
11.8.5 SPARSE AND RANDOM ARRAYS 475 11.8.6 RETRODIRECTIVE AND
SELF-PHASING ARRAYS 481 APPENDIX 11A COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND CIRCULAR
ARRAYS 487 11 A. 1 GAIN OF AN ARBITRARY ARRAY 487 11A.2 GAIN OF A BEAM
COPHASAL CIRCULAR ARRAY 489 11A.3 RADIATION PATTERN OF A BEAM COPHASAL
CIRCULAR ARRAY 490 11A.4 EXAMPLE: COS OR ELEMENT PATTERNS 491 11 A.5
COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND CIRCULAR ARRAYS 492 FURTHER READING 494
EXERCISES 495 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF POLARIMETRY 499 12.1 INTRODUCTION 499
12.1.1 APPLICATION OF POLARIMETRY IN RADAR AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 499
12.1.2 SOME HISTORICAL REFERENCES 501 12.1.3 BASICS 501 12.2 FULLY
POLARIZED WAVES 503 12.2.1 DEFINITION 503 12.2.2 ALGEBRAIC
REPRESENTATION OF ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION 503 12.2.3 NORMALIZED
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM 505 12.2.4 BASE OF CIRCULAR POLARIZATIONS
506 12.2.5 POLARIZATION RATIO 508 12.2.6 POLARIZATION DIAGRAM 509 12.2.7
POLARIZATION COUPLING TO THE RECEIVING ANTENNA 512 12.3 PARTIALLY
POLARIZED WAVES 515 12.3.1 DEFINITION AND PHYSICAL ORIGIN 515 12.3.2
COHERENCE MATRIX 517 12.3.3 COMPLETELY UNPOLARIZED WAVE 519 12.3.4
COMPLETELY POLARIZED WAVE 520 12.3.5 STOKES PARAMETERS 521 12.3.6
DECOMPOSITION OF A PARTIALLY POLARIZED WAVE 521 12.3.7 GEOMETRICAL
INTERPRETATION OF THE PRECEDING RESULTS: STOKES PARAMETERS AND POINCARE
SPHERE 522 12.3.8 POLARIZATION COUPLING AND STOKES VECTORS 525 XII
CONTENTS 12.4 POLARIMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF RADAR TARGETS 527 12.4.1
INTRODUCTION 527 12.4.2 SINCLAIR DIFFRACTION MATRIX 527 12.5 PARTIALLY
POLARIZED WAVES: THE MUELLER MATRIX 538 12.5.1 THE MUELLER MATRIX 538
12.5.2 APPLICATION EXAMPLE 538 12.5.3 EXAMPLES OF RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT
INCIDENT POLARIZATIONS 540 12.6 POLARIZERS AND POLARIZATION SEPARATORS
FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS AND POLARIMETRIC RADARS 542 12.6.1
INTRODUCTION 542 12.6.2 NON-SYMMETRICAL POLARIZATION SEPARATOR 542
12.6.3 SEMI-SYMMETRICAL POLARIZATION SEPARATOR 543 12.6.4 SYMMETRICAL
POLARIZATION SEPARATOR (TURNSTILE) 544 12.6.5 DIELECTRIC VANE POLARIZER
545 FURTHER READING 547 EXERCISES 547 13 ANTENNAS AND SIGNAL THEORY 549
13.1 INTRODUCTION 549 13.2 EQUIVALENCE OF AN APERTURE AND A SPATIAL
FREQUENCY FILTER 550 13.2.1 CONCEPT OF SPATIAL FREQUENCY 550 13.2.2
CONSEQUENCES OF THE LIMITATION OF THE APERTURE DIMENSIONS ON THE
PROPERTIES OF THE RADIATION CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION 551 13.2.3
CONSEQUENCES OF THE LIMITATION OF THE APERTURE DIMENSIONS ON THE 'GAIN'
FUNCTION OF THE ANTENNA 555 13.3 SYNTHESIS OF AN APERTURE TO RADIATE A
GIVEN RADIATION PATTERN 556 13.3.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 556 13.3.2
GENERALIZATION OF THE APPROXIMATION METHOD 558 13.3.3 USE OF SAMPLING
METHODS 559 13.3.4 ROLE OF PHASE - STATIONARY PHASE METHOD 562 13.3.5
PATTERN SYNTHESIS FOR A FOCUSING SYSTEM 565 13.4 SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS
566 13.4.1 INTRODUCTION 566 13.4.2 ROLE OF THE 'INVISIBLE' DOMAIN OF
RADIATION 566 13.5 THE ANTENNA AS A FILTER OF ANGULAR SIGNALS 569 13.5.1
INTRODUCTION 569 13.5.2 OPTICAL OR MICROWAVE IMAGING AND LINEAR FILTERS
570 13.5.3 FALSE ECHOES AND RESOLVING POWER 571 13.5.4 CASE WHERE THE
ANTENNA IS TREATED AS AN APERTURE 571 13.5.5 SPECTRUM OF FIXED ECHOES OF
A ROTATING RADAR 572 FURTHER READING 573 EXERCISES 574 CONTENTS XIII 14
SIGNAL PROCESSING ANTENNAS 577 14.1 INTRODUCTION 577 14.2 SYNTHETIC
ANTENNAS IN RADAR AND SONAR 578 14.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF SYNTHETIC ANTENNAS
578 14.2.2 SYNTHETIC RECEIVE ARRAY WITH NON-DIRECTIONAL BEAM 579 14.2.3
SYNTHETIC RECEIVE ARRAY WITH MULTIPLE BEAMS 580 14.2.4 EXAMPLES OF
SPATIO-TEMPORAL CODING 581 14.3 IMAGING OF COHERENT SOURCES 586 14.3.1
INTRODUCTION 586 14.3.2 TWO-SOURCE DISTRIBUTION 587 14.3.3 ESTIMATION OF
THE ELEVATION ANGLE OF A LOW-ALTITUDE TARGET ABOVE A REFLECTING PLANE
587 14.3.4 EFFECT OF NOISE: A POSTERIORI PROBABILITIES AND DECISION
THEORY 590 14.4 IMAGING OF INCOHERENT SOURCES 592 14.4.1 INTRODUCTION
592 14.4.2 CONDITIONS FOR INCOHERENCE 593 14.4.3 MULTIPLICATIVE ARRAYS
594 14.4.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF INCOHERENT
SOURCES AND THE OBSERVED FIELD: THE VAN CITTERT-ZERNICKE THEOREM 596
14.4.5 SAMPLING OF THE COHERENCE FUNCTION 599 14.4.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE
COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION OR COVARIANCE - C(N-RI) 600 14.4.7 THE
COVARIANCE MATRIX 601 14.5 HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERY AND THE MAXIMUM
ENTROPY METHOD 602 14.5.1 INTRODUCTION 602 14.5.2 CLASSICAL METHOD OF
'CORRELOGRAM' 603 14.5.3 METHOD OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY 604 14.5.4 ESTIMATION
OF TUNDER CONDITIONS OF MAXIMUM ENTROPY 604 14.5.5 FACTORIZATION OF T(F)
- PROPERTIES 605 14.5.6 DETERMINATION OF THE COEFFICIENTS A N IN
EQUATION (14.71) 606 14.5.7 GENERALIZATION: ARMA MODEL 608 14.5.8
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 609 14.5.9 MINIMUM REDUNDANCE ARRAYS 609 14.6 OTHER
METHODS OF SPECTRAL ESTIMATION 611 14.6.1 INTRODUCTION 611 14.6.2 THE
MUSIC ALGORITHM 612 14.6.3 ILLUSTRATION OF THE MUSIC ALGORITHM 616
14.6.4 OTHER SUPERRESOLUTION ALGORITHMS 617 14.6.5 SUPERRESOLUTION WITH
CIRCULAR ARRAYS 618 14.7 SPATIAL FILTERING 619 14.7.1 INTRODUCTION 619
14.7.2 WHAT IS AN ADAPTIVE ARRAY ? 619 XIV CONTENTS 14.7.3 SIMPLE
EXAMPLE: TWO-ELEMENT ARRAY 620 14.7.4 HOWELLS-APPLEBAUM CORRELATION LOOP
623 14.7.5 MINIMUM NOISE CRITERION 626 14.7.6 EFFECT OF INTERNAL
RECEIVER NOISE 626 14.7.7 MULTIPLE CORRELATION LOOPS: THE COHERENT
SIDELOBE CANCELLER (CSLC) 628 14.7.8 THE OPTIMUM ARRAY 630 14.7.9
INTERPRETATION 633 14.7.10 DIGITAL IMPLEMENTATION 633 14.7.11 SMART
ANTENNAS 634 APPENDIX 14A ENTROPY AND PROBABILITY 640 14A.1 UNCERTAINTY
OF AN EVENTS OF PROBABILITY/?^) 640 14A.2 INFORMATION GAINED BY THE
KNOWLEDGE OF AN EVENT 640 14A.3 UNCERTAINTY RELATIVE TO AN ALTERNATIVE
640 14A.4 FIRST GENERALIZATION: ENTROPY OF A SET OF EVENTS 641 14A.5
SECOND GENERALIZATION: RANDOM VARIABLE 642 14A.6 DECISION THEORY:
MAXIMUM ENTROPY 643 14A.7 ENTROPY AND SPECTRAL DENSITY 643 14A.8
JUSTIFICATION OF THIS RELATIONSHIP 644 FURTHER READING 647 EXERCISES 649
15 ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 651 15.1 INTRODUCTION 651 15.2 GAIN MEASUREMENTS
652 15.2.1 COMPARISON WITH A STANDARD-GAIN HORN 652 15.2.2 TWO-ANTENNA
MEASUREMENT 652 15.2.3 THREE-ANTENNA MEASUREMENT 653 15.2.4
EXTRAPOLATION 653 15.3 RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENTS 654 15.3.1
ANECHOIC CHAMBERS AND FAR-FIELD RANGES 655 15.3.2 COMPACT RANGES 659
15.3.3 WAVEFRONT QUALITY 661 15.3.4 NEAR-FIELD TECHNIQUES 662 15.3.5
OTHER TECHNIQUES 665 15.3.6 POLARIZATION 668 15.4 TIME-DOMAIN GATING 669
15.4.1 PRINCIPLES 669 15.4.2 LIMITATIONS 671 15.5 ANTENNA NOISE
TEMPERATURE AND GIT 672 15.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF ANTENNA NOISE TEMPERATURE
672 15.5.2 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF GIT USING SOLAR NOISE 672 15.6
IMPEDANCE AND BANDWIDTH 674 CONTENTS XV 15.7 MEASUREMENT OF CELLULAR
RADIO HANDSET ANTENNAS 676 15.7.1 SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE 677 15.7.2
REVERBERATION CHAMBERS 678 FURTHER READING 680 EXERCISES 681 INDEX 683 |
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| callnumber-label | TK7871 |
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| callnumber-search | TK7871.6 |
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| callnumber-subject | TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ZN 6440 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)65175215 (DE-599)BVBBV021992365 |
| dewey-full | 621.382/4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
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| discipline | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021992365 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:10:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:48:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1402032161 0387262318 9781402032165 9780387262314 9781441952714 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015207122 |
| oclc_num | 65175215 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-706 DE-M347 DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-706 DE-M347 DE-29T |
| physical | XX, 689 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Modern antennas by S. Drabowitch ... 2. ed. Dordrecht Springer 2005 XX, 689 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Antennas (Electronics) Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd rswk-swf Antennengruppe (DE-588)4142611-3 gnd rswk-swf Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 s DE-604 Antennengruppe (DE-588)4142611-3 s Drabowitch, Serge Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015207122&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Modern antennas Antennas (Electronics) Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd Antennengruppe (DE-588)4142611-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002210-9 (DE-588)4142611-3 |
| title | Modern antennas |
| title_auth | Modern antennas |
| title_exact_search | Modern antennas |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Modern antennas |
| title_full | Modern antennas by S. Drabowitch ... |
| title_fullStr | Modern antennas by S. Drabowitch ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern antennas by S. Drabowitch ... |
| title_short | Modern antennas |
| title_sort | modern antennas |
| topic | Antennas (Electronics) Antenne (DE-588)4002210-9 gnd Antennengruppe (DE-588)4142611-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Antennas (Electronics) Antenne Antennengruppe |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015207122&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT drabowitchserge modernantennas |