Low-temperature microscopy and analysis:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Plenum Pr.
1992
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIII, 539 S. |
| ISBN: | 0306439840 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135852305022976 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Low-Temperature Microscopy
and Analysis
Patrick Echlin
University of Cambridge
Cambridge England
Plenum Press New York and London
Contents
Chapter 1 The Properties and Structure of Water
1 1 Introduction 1
1 2 The Properties of Liquid Water 1
1 3 The Structure of Liquid Water 3
1 4 Structural Models of Liquid Water 6
1 5 Perturbations of the Liquid Water System 7
1 6 Different Binding States of Water 9
161 Surface-Modified Water 9
162 Perturbed Water 10
163 Unperturbed Water 11
1 7 Undercooled Water 12
1 8 Water in Cells and Tissues 14
1 9 Summary 16
Chapter 2 The Structure and Properties of Frozen Water and Aqueous
Solutions
2 1 Introduction 19
2 2 The Different Forms of Ice 19
221 Hexagonal Ice (/„) 21
222 J^ubic Ice (/c) 28
223 Amorphousjce (IA) 29
2 3 Conversion of Liquid Water to Ice 32
231 Removal of Heat from the System 33
232 Nucleation Phenomena 35
233 Ice-Crystal Growth 39
2 4 Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures 42
241 Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams 42
242 Consequences of Phase Transitions During Freezing 47
2 5 Cells and Tissues at Subzero Temperatures 47
251 Dehydration Effects 49
252 Biochemical Effects 49
253 Low-Temperature Effects 50
2 6 Vitrification 50
XV
xvi CONTENTS
2 7 Recrystallization and Melting 52
271 Spontaneous Recrystallization 52
272 Migratory Recrystallization 53
273 Irruptive Recrystallization 54
274 Melting 54
2 8 Strategies for Low-Temperature Specimen Preparation 54
2 9 Summary 56
Chapter 3 Sample Cooling Procedures
3 1 Introduction 59
3 2 Specimen Pretreatment 59
321 Chemical Fixation 60
322 Artificial Nucleation Promoting Agents 62
323 Natural Nucleation Promoting Agents 62
3 3 Cryoprotectants 63
331 Penetrating Cryoprotectants 64
332 Nonpenetrating Cryoprotectants 65
333 Vitrification Solutions 67
3 4 Embedding Agents 67
3 5 Nonchemical Treatment 68
3 6 Rapid Cooling Procedures 69
361 Liquid and Solid Cryogens 70
362 Immersion or Plunge Cooling 77
363 Jet Cooling 79
364 Spray and Droplet Cooling 81
365 Impact or Slam Cooling 83
366 High-Pressure Cooling 86
367 Cryoballistic Cooling 89
368 Directional Solidification 89
3 7 Comparison of Sample Cooling Techniques 90
3 8 The Significance of Cooling Rates 91
381 Thermocouples^ 92
382 Electrical and Fluorescence Methods 94
3 9 Evaluating the Results of Sample Cooling 94
3 10 Low-Temperature Storage and Sample Transfer 96
3 10 1 Sample Storage 96
3 10 2 Low-Temperature Sample Transfer 98
3 11 Summary 99
Chapter 4 Cryosectioning
4 1 Introduction 101
4 2 Cryosectioning 101
421 Different Types of Cryosections 102
422 The Cryosectioning Process 103
CONTENTS xvii
423 Equipment for Cryosectioning 110
424 Sample Preparation for Cryosectioning 118
425 Procedures for Cutting Cryosections 120
426 Section Transfer 125
427 Frozen Sections for Light Microscopy 125
4 3 Artifacts and Problems with Cryosectioning Procedures 126
431 Ice-Crystal Damage 126
432 Folds and Wrinkles 127
433 Crevasses and Furrows 127
434 Graininess 127
435 Chatter 129
436 Compression 130
437 Block and Section Noncomplementarity 132
438 Knife Marks 132
439 Ripples and Bands 133
4 3 10 Melting and Rehydration 134
4 3 11 Accidental Section Drying after Cutting 134
4 3 12 Contamination 137
4 4 Applications of Cryomicrotomy 137
4 5 Future Prospects for Cryosectioning 138
4 6 Summary 139
Chapter 5 Low-Temperature Fracturing and Freeze-Fracture Replication
5 1 Introduction 141
5 2 Low-Temperature Fracturing 142
521 Simple Fracturing Devices 142
522 Simple Integrated Cryofracturing Systems 143
523 Comprehensive Integrated Cryofracturing Systems 149
5 3 Freeze-Fracture Replication 155
531 Introduction 155
532 Sample Preparation 157
533 The Fracturing Procedure 157
534 Surface Etching 163
535 Deep Etching * 166
536 Replication 169
537 Rotary Shadowing 174
538 Thin-Film Thickness Measurements 175
539 Cleaning the Replicas 177
5 3 10 Artifacts and Interpretation 177
5 4 Freeze-Fracture Replication as an Analytical Procedure 178
541 Freeze-Fracture Autoradiography 179
542 Freeze-Fracture Labeling and Cytochemistry 180
543 Quantitative Freeze-Fracture Replication 185
xviii CONTENTS
5 5 Freeze Fracturing and Chemical Fixation 186
551 Introduction 186
552 Freeze-Fracture Thaw Fixation 186
553 Freeze Cracking 188
554 Freeze Polishing 188
555 Freeze-Fracture Thaw Digestion 188
556 Freeze-Fracture Permeability 189
5 6 Applications of Low-Temperature Fracturing and
Freeze-Fracture Replication 189
5 7 Summary 190
Chapter 6 Freeze-Drying
6 1 Introduction 193
6 2 Freeze-Drying for Microscopy and Analysis 192
621 The Consequences of Freeze-Drying 192
622 The Theory of Freeze-Drying 196
623 The Practical Procedures of Freeze-Drying 199
6 3 Equipment for Freeze-Drying 201
631 Monitoring Freeze-Drying 201
632 High-Vacuum Freeze-Drying 202
633 Low-Vacuum Freeze-Drying 206
634 Molecular Distillation 207
635 Ultra-Low-Temperature Freeze-Drying 209
636 Cryostat Freeze-Drying of Frozen Hydrated Sections 211
6 4 Handling Specimens before and after Freeze-Drying 211
6 5 Freeze-Drying and Resin Embedding 213
6 6 Freeze-Drying for Microscopy and Analysis 214
661 Structural Investigations 214
662 Analytical Investigations 215
6 7 Freeze-Drying from Nonaqueous Solvents 216
6 8 Artifacts Associated with Freeze-Drying Procedures 219
681 Molecular Artifacts 219
682 Structural Artifacts 219
683 Analytical Artifacts 221
6 9 Summary 221
Chapter 7 Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature Embedding
7 1 Introduction 223
7 2 General Outline of the Procedures 227
7 3 Sample Preparation 227
7 4 Chemical Additives 229
741 Fixatives 229
742 Stains 232
743 Cryoprotectants 232
CONTENTS x/x
7 5 The Removal of Water from Samples 232
751 Low-Temperature Dehydration 232
752 Progressive Lowering of Temperature 233
7 6 Freeze Substitution 234
761 General Principles 234
762 Substitution Fluids 234
763 Temperature of Substitution 237
764 Rate of Substitution 237
7 7 Low-Temperature Embedding 240
771 General Procedures 240
772 Early Low-Temperature Embedding Studies 241
773 Low-Temperature Embedding with Lowicryl 242
774 Improvements and Modifications to Lowicryl Embedding 247
775 Other Low-Temperature Embedding Resins 248
7 8 Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature Embedding Equipment 251
781 Low-Temperature Refrigerators 251
782 Specimen Handling Devices 253
7 9 Low-Temperature Embedding of Freeze-Dried Material 255
7 10 Isothermal Freeze Fixation 257
7 11 Applictions of Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature
Embedding 258
7 11 1 The Effectiveness of Freeze Substitution and
Low-Temperature Embedding as a Means of Tissue
Presentation 258
7 11 2 Disadvantages of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding 259
7 11 3 The Application of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding to Structural Studies 259
7 11 4 The Application of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding to Analytical Studies 260
7 11 5 The Applications of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding to Immunocytochemical and
Enzymatic Studies 261
7 12 Summary 263
Chapter 8 Low-Temperature Light Microscopy
8 1 Introduction 265
8 2 Simple Cold Stages for Quantitative Light Microscopy 266
8 3 Comprehensive Cold Stages for Quantitative Light Microscopy 270
831 Optimal Features of a Cryomicroscope 271
832 Convective Heat Transfer Cryomicroscopey Stages 272
833 Conductive Heat Transfer Cryomicroscopey Stages 274
834 Comparison of Conductive and Convective
Heat Transfer Cryomicroscope Stages 278
835 Thermoelectric Cold Stages 278
xxii CONTENTS
10 7 7 Transmitted Electron Image 385
10 7 8 Other Modes of Imaging by Low-Temperature SEM 387
10 7 9 Morphological Appearance of Frozen Images at
Low Temperatures 389
10 8 Beam Damage During LTSEM 392
10 8 1 Introduction 392
10 8 2 Beam Heating 394
10 8 3 Ionizing Radiation Damage 396
10 9 Artifacts in LTSEM 397
10 9 1 Frozen-Hydrated and Freeze-Dried Samples 397
10 9 2 Extracellular Ice Crystals 398
10 9 3 Ice Crystal Deposits 399
10 9 4 Specimen Shrinkage 399
10 10 Applications 399
10 10 1 LTSEM as a Convenient Imaging System 400
10 10 2 LTSEM as an Innovative Imaging System 400
10 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of LTSEM 407
10 11 1 The Advantages 408
10 11 2 The Disadvantages 410
10 12 Summary 410
Chapter 11 Low-Temperature Microanalysis
11 1 Introduction 413
11 2 Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis 414
11 2 1 Introduction 414
11 2 2 The Physical Principles of X-Ray Microanalysis 414
11 2 3 Instrumentation for X-Ray Microanalysis 419
11 2 4 Cold Stages for X-Ray Microanalysis 421
11 2 5 The Process of X-Ray Microanalysis 423
11 3 Types of Specimens 424
11 3 1 Introduction 77 424
11 3 2 Bulk Specimens 425
11 3 3 Microdroplets 426
11 3 4 Whole Cells and Particles 426
11 3 5 Sectioned Material 427
11 3 6 Frozen-Hydrated versus Freeze-Dried Samples 428
11 3 7 Partially Dried Samples 430
11 4 Interactions with the Electron Beam 430
11 4 1 Introduction 430
11 4 2 Dimensions of the X-Ray Analytical Microvolume
and Spatial Resolution in Sections 431
11 4 3 Dimensions of the X-Ray Analytical Microvolume
and Spatial Resolution in Bulk Samples 434
CONTENTS xxiii
11 5 Imaging Procedures used in Conjunction with
Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 442
11 5 1 Introduction 442
11 5 2 Transmitted Electron Images 442
11 5 3 Secondary Electron Images 443
11 5 4 Backscattered Electron Images 443
11 5 5 Scanning Transmitted Electron Images (STEM) 444
11 5 6 Electron-Energy-Loss Imaging (EELS) 446
11 6 Sample Preparation for Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 447
11 6 1 Introduction 447
11 6 2 Charging 447
11 6 3 Coating Techniques for Low-Temperature X-Ray
Microanalysis 448
11 7 Quantitative Procedures for Low-Temperature
X-Ray Microanalysis 451
11 7 1 Introduction 451
11 7 2 Quantitative Analysis of Frozen Sections 451
11 7 3 Quantitative Analysis of Frozen Bulk Specimens 457
11 7 4 Standards 462
11 7 5 Detection Limits 463
11 8 The Water Content of Frozen-Hydrated Samples 465
11 8 1 The Water Content of Frozen-Hydrated Sections 465
11 8 2 The Water Content of Frozen-Hydrated Bulk Samples 469
11 8 3 Criteria to be Used to Confirm the Fully
Frozen-Hydrated State 471
11 9 Low-Temperature Digital Elemental Mapping 474
11 9 1 Introduction 474
11 9 2 Digital Elemental Analysis of Frozen Sections 475
11 9 3 Digital Elemental Analysis of Frozen Bulk Samples 478
11 10 Beam Damage During Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 479
11 10 1 Introduction 479
11 10 2: Mass Loss of Organic Material 480
11 10 3 Loss of Specific Elements from the Sample 486
11 10 4 Contamination 487
11 10 5 Cryoprotection Factors 487
11 10 6 General and Future Approach to Low-Temperature
X-Ray Microanalysis 487
11 11 Applications of Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 488
11 12 Summary 490
Chapter 12 Current Status of Low-Temperature Microscopy and Analysis 491
References 499
Index 529
|
| adam_txt |
Low-Temperature Microscopy
and Analysis
Patrick Echlin
University of Cambridge
Cambridge England
Plenum Press New York and London
Contents
Chapter 1 The Properties and Structure of Water
1 1 Introduction 1
1 2 The Properties of Liquid Water 1
1 3 The Structure of Liquid Water 3
1 4 Structural Models of Liquid Water 6
1 5 Perturbations of the Liquid Water System 7
1 6 Different Binding States of Water 9
161 Surface-Modified Water 9
162 Perturbed Water 10
163 Unperturbed Water 11
1 7 Undercooled Water 12
1 8 Water in Cells and Tissues 14
1 9 Summary 16
Chapter 2 The Structure and Properties of Frozen Water and Aqueous
Solutions
2 1 Introduction 19
2 2 The Different Forms of Ice 19
221 Hexagonal Ice (/„) 21
222 J^ubic Ice (/c) 28
223 Amorphousjce (IA) 29
2 3 Conversion of Liquid Water to Ice 32
231 Removal of Heat from the System 33
232 Nucleation Phenomena \ 35
233 Ice-Crystal Growth 39
2 4 Aqueous Solutions at Subzero Temperatures 42
241 Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams 42
242 Consequences of Phase Transitions During Freezing 47
2 5 Cells and Tissues at Subzero Temperatures 47
251 Dehydration Effects 49
252 Biochemical Effects 49
253 Low-Temperature Effects 50
2 6 Vitrification 50
XV
xvi CONTENTS
2 7 Recrystallization and Melting 52
271 Spontaneous Recrystallization 52
272 Migratory Recrystallization 53
273 Irruptive Recrystallization 54
274 Melting 54
2 8 Strategies for Low-Temperature Specimen Preparation 54
2 9 Summary 56
Chapter 3 Sample Cooling Procedures
3 1 Introduction 59
3 2 Specimen Pretreatment 59
321 Chemical Fixation 60
322 Artificial Nucleation Promoting Agents 62
323 Natural Nucleation Promoting Agents 62
3 3 Cryoprotectants 63
331 Penetrating Cryoprotectants 64
332 Nonpenetrating Cryoprotectants 65
333 Vitrification Solutions 67
3 4 Embedding Agents 67
3 5 Nonchemical Treatment 68
3 6 Rapid Cooling Procedures 69
361 Liquid and Solid Cryogens 70
362 Immersion or Plunge Cooling 77
363 Jet Cooling 79
364 Spray and Droplet Cooling 81
365 Impact or Slam Cooling 83
366 High-Pressure Cooling 86
367 Cryoballistic Cooling 89
368 Directional Solidification 89
3 7 Comparison of Sample Cooling Techniques 90
3 8 The Significance of Cooling Rates 91
381 Thermocouples^ 92
382 Electrical and Fluorescence Methods 94
3 9 Evaluating the Results of Sample Cooling 94
3 10 Low-Temperature Storage and Sample Transfer 96
3 10 1 Sample Storage 96
3 10 2 Low-Temperature Sample Transfer 98
3 11 Summary 99
Chapter 4 Cryosectioning
4 1 Introduction 101
4 2 Cryosectioning 101
421 Different Types of Cryosections 102
422 The Cryosectioning Process 103
CONTENTS xvii
423 Equipment for Cryosectioning 110
424 Sample Preparation for Cryosectioning 118
425 Procedures for Cutting Cryosections 120
426 Section Transfer 125
427 Frozen Sections for Light Microscopy 125
4 3 Artifacts and Problems with Cryosectioning Procedures 126
431 Ice-Crystal Damage 126
432 Folds and Wrinkles 127
433 Crevasses and Furrows 127
434 Graininess 127
435 Chatter 129
436 Compression 130
437 Block and Section Noncomplementarity 132
438 Knife Marks 132
439 Ripples and Bands 133
4 3 10 Melting and Rehydration 134
4 3 11 Accidental Section Drying after Cutting 134
4 3 12 Contamination 137
4 4 Applications of Cryomicrotomy 137
4 5 Future Prospects for Cryosectioning 138
4 6 Summary 139
Chapter 5 Low-Temperature Fracturing and Freeze-Fracture Replication
5 1 Introduction 141
5 2 Low-Temperature Fracturing 142
521 Simple Fracturing Devices 142
522 Simple Integrated Cryofracturing Systems 143
523 Comprehensive Integrated Cryofracturing Systems 149
5 3 Freeze-Fracture Replication 155
531 Introduction 155
532 Sample Preparation 157
533 The Fracturing Procedure 157
534 Surface Etching 163
535 Deep Etching * 166
536 Replication 169
537 Rotary Shadowing 174
538 Thin-Film Thickness Measurements 175
539 Cleaning the Replicas 177
5 3 10 Artifacts and Interpretation 177
5 4 Freeze-Fracture Replication as an Analytical Procedure 178
541 Freeze-Fracture Autoradiography 179
542 Freeze-Fracture Labeling and Cytochemistry 180
543 Quantitative Freeze-Fracture Replication 185
xviii CONTENTS
5 5 Freeze Fracturing and Chemical Fixation 186
551 Introduction 186
552 Freeze-Fracture Thaw Fixation 186
553 Freeze Cracking 188
554 Freeze Polishing 188
555 Freeze-Fracture Thaw Digestion 188
556 Freeze-Fracture Permeability 189
5 6 Applications of Low-Temperature Fracturing and
Freeze-Fracture Replication 189
5 7 Summary 190
Chapter 6 Freeze-Drying
6 1 Introduction 193
6 2 Freeze-Drying for Microscopy and Analysis 192
621 The Consequences of Freeze-Drying 192
622 The Theory of Freeze-Drying 196
623 The Practical Procedures of Freeze-Drying 199
6 3 Equipment for Freeze-Drying 201
631 Monitoring Freeze-Drying 201
632 High-Vacuum Freeze-Drying 202
633 Low-Vacuum Freeze-Drying 206
634 Molecular Distillation 207
635 Ultra-Low-Temperature Freeze-Drying 209
636 Cryostat Freeze-Drying of Frozen Hydrated Sections 211
6 4 Handling Specimens before and after Freeze-Drying 211
6 5 Freeze-Drying and Resin Embedding 213
6 6 Freeze-Drying for Microscopy and Analysis 214
661 Structural Investigations 214
662 Analytical Investigations 215
6 7 Freeze-Drying from Nonaqueous Solvents 216
6 8 Artifacts Associated with Freeze-Drying Procedures 219
681 Molecular Artifacts 219
682 Structural Artifacts 219
683 Analytical Artifacts 221
6 9 Summary 221
Chapter 7 Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature Embedding
7 1 Introduction 223
7 2 General Outline of the Procedures 227
7 3 Sample Preparation 227
7 4 Chemical Additives 229
741 Fixatives 229
742 Stains 232
743 Cryoprotectants 232
CONTENTS x/x
7 5 The Removal of Water from Samples 232
751 Low-Temperature Dehydration 232
752 Progressive Lowering of Temperature 233
7 6 Freeze Substitution 234
761 General Principles 234
762 Substitution Fluids 234
763 Temperature of Substitution 237
764 Rate of Substitution 237
7 7 Low-Temperature Embedding 240
771 General Procedures 240
772 Early Low-Temperature Embedding Studies 241
773 Low-Temperature Embedding with Lowicryl 242
774 Improvements and Modifications to Lowicryl Embedding 247
775 Other Low-Temperature Embedding Resins 248
7 8 Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature Embedding Equipment 251
781 Low-Temperature Refrigerators 251
782 Specimen Handling Devices 253
7 9 Low-Temperature Embedding of Freeze-Dried Material 255
7 10 Isothermal Freeze Fixation 257
7 11 Applictions of Freeze Substitution and Low-Temperature
Embedding 258
7 11 1 The Effectiveness of Freeze Substitution and
Low-Temperature Embedding as a Means of Tissue
Presentation 258
7 11 2 Disadvantages of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding 259
7 11 3 The Application of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding to Structural Studies 259
7 11 4 The Application of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding to Analytical Studies 260
7 11 5 The Applications of Freeze Substitution and Low-
Temperature Embedding to Immunocytochemical and
Enzymatic Studies 261
7 12 Summary 263
Chapter 8 Low-Temperature Light Microscopy
8 1 Introduction 265
8 2 Simple Cold Stages for Quantitative Light Microscopy 266
8 3 Comprehensive Cold Stages for Quantitative Light Microscopy 270
831 Optimal Features of a Cryomicroscope 271
832 Convective Heat Transfer Cryomicroscopey Stages 272
833 Conductive Heat Transfer Cryomicroscopey Stages 274
834 Comparison of Conductive and Convective
Heat Transfer Cryomicroscope Stages 278
835 Thermoelectric Cold Stages 278
xxii CONTENTS
10 7 7 Transmitted Electron Image 385
10 7 8 Other Modes of Imaging by Low-Temperature SEM 387
10 7 9 Morphological Appearance of Frozen Images at
Low Temperatures 389
10 8 Beam Damage During LTSEM 392
10 8 1 Introduction 392
10 8 2 Beam Heating 394
10 8 3 Ionizing Radiation Damage 396
10 9 Artifacts in LTSEM 397
10 9 1 Frozen-Hydrated and Freeze-Dried Samples 397
10 9 2 Extracellular Ice Crystals 398
10 9 3 Ice Crystal Deposits 399
10 9 4 Specimen Shrinkage 399
10 10 Applications 399
10 10 1 LTSEM as a Convenient Imaging System 400
10 10 2 LTSEM as an Innovative Imaging System 400
10 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of LTSEM 407
10 11 1 The Advantages 408
10 11 2 The Disadvantages 410
10 12 Summary 410
Chapter 11 Low-Temperature Microanalysis
11 1 Introduction 413
11 2 Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis 414
11 2 1 Introduction 414
11 2 2 The Physical Principles of X-Ray Microanalysis 414
11 2 3 Instrumentation for X-Ray Microanalysis 419
11 2 4 Cold Stages for X-Ray Microanalysis 421
11 2 5 The Process of X-Ray Microanalysis 423
11 3 Types of Specimens 424
11 3 1 Introduction 77 424
11 3 2 Bulk Specimens 425
11 3 3 Microdroplets 426
11 3 4 Whole Cells and Particles 426
11 3 5 Sectioned Material 427
11 3 6 Frozen-Hydrated versus Freeze-Dried Samples 428
11 3 7 Partially Dried Samples 430
11 4 Interactions with the Electron Beam 430
11 4 1 Introduction 430
11 4 2 Dimensions of the X-Ray Analytical Microvolume
and Spatial Resolution in Sections 431
11 4 3 Dimensions of the X-Ray Analytical Microvolume
and Spatial Resolution in Bulk Samples 434
CONTENTS xxiii
11 5 Imaging Procedures used in Conjunction with
Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 442
11 5 1 Introduction 442
11 5 2 Transmitted Electron Images 442
11 5 3 Secondary Electron Images 443
11 5 4 Backscattered Electron Images 443
11 5 5 Scanning Transmitted Electron Images (STEM) 444
11 5 6 Electron-Energy-Loss Imaging (EELS) 446
11 6 Sample Preparation for Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 447
11 6 1 Introduction 447
11 6 2 Charging 447
11 6 3 Coating Techniques for Low-Temperature X-Ray
Microanalysis 448
11 7 Quantitative Procedures for Low-Temperature
X-Ray Microanalysis 451
11 7 1 Introduction 451
11 7 2 Quantitative Analysis of Frozen Sections 451
11 7 3 Quantitative Analysis of Frozen Bulk Specimens 457
11 7 4 Standards 462
11 7 5 Detection Limits 463
11 8 The Water Content of Frozen-Hydrated Samples 465
11 8 1 The Water Content of Frozen-Hydrated Sections 465
11 8 2 The Water Content of Frozen-Hydrated Bulk Samples 469
11 8 3 Criteria to be Used to Confirm the Fully
Frozen-Hydrated State 471
11 9 Low-Temperature Digital Elemental Mapping 474
11 9 1 Introduction 474
11 9 2 Digital Elemental Analysis of Frozen Sections 475
11 9 3 Digital Elemental Analysis of Frozen Bulk Samples 478
11 10 Beam Damage During Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 479
11 10 1 Introduction 479
11 10 2: Mass Loss of Organic Material 480
11 10 3 Loss of Specific Elements from the Sample 486
11 10 4 Contamination 487
11 10 5 Cryoprotection Factors 487
11 10 6 General and Future Approach to Low-Temperature
X-Ray Microanalysis 487
11 11 Applications of Low-Temperature X-Ray Microanalysis 488
11 12 Summary 490
Chapter 12 Current Status of Low-Temperature Microscopy and Analysis 491
References 499
Index 529 |
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| discipline_str_mv | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021904778 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:04:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:47:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0306439840 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015119955 |
| oclc_num | 25050324 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-706 |
| owner_facet | DE-706 |
| physical | XXIII, 539 S. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
| publishDateSearch | 1992 |
| publishDateSort | 1992 |
| publisher | Plenum Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Echlin, Patrick Verfasser aut Low-temperature microscopy and analysis Patrick Echlin New York Plenum Pr. 1992 XXIII, 539 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Microscopia larpcal Cryomicroscopy Cryopreservation of organs, tissues, etc Mikroanalyse (DE-588)4169804-6 gnd rswk-swf Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 gnd rswk-swf Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd rswk-swf Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 gnd rswk-swf Kryofixierung (DE-588)4132824-3 gnd rswk-swf Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 s DE-604 Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 s Kryofixierung (DE-588)4132824-3 s Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 s 1\p DE-604 Mikroanalyse (DE-588)4169804-6 s 2\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015119955&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Echlin, Patrick Low-temperature microscopy and analysis Microscopia larpcal Cryomicroscopy Cryopreservation of organs, tissues, etc Mikroanalyse (DE-588)4169804-6 gnd Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 gnd Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 gnd Kryofixierung (DE-588)4132824-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169804-6 (DE-588)4039238-7 (DE-588)4185450-0 (DE-588)4078299-2 (DE-588)4132824-3 |
| title | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis |
| title_auth | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis |
| title_exact_search | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis |
| title_full | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis Patrick Echlin |
| title_fullStr | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis Patrick Echlin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis Patrick Echlin |
| title_short | Low-temperature microscopy and analysis |
| title_sort | low temperature microscopy and analysis |
| topic | Microscopia larpcal Cryomicroscopy Cryopreservation of organs, tissues, etc Mikroanalyse (DE-588)4169804-6 gnd Mikroskopie (DE-588)4039238-7 gnd Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd Tieftemperaturtechnik (DE-588)4078299-2 gnd Kryofixierung (DE-588)4132824-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Microscopia Cryomicroscopy Cryopreservation of organs, tissues, etc Mikroanalyse Mikroskopie Tieftemperaturphysik Tieftemperaturtechnik Kryofixierung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015119955&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT echlinpatrick lowtemperaturemicroscopyandanalysis |