The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges: setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis
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| Language: | English |
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Oxford
Archaeopress
2006
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| Series: | British archaeological reports / International series
1550 |
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XI, 171 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 184171979x |
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| 100 | 1 | |a MacDonald, Katharine |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges |b setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis |c Katharine MacDonald |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Archaeopress |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XI, 171 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a British archaeological reports / International series |v 1550 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Fossil hominids |x Geographical distribution | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human evolution | |
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| _version_ | 1813276044463964160 |
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| adam_text |
Table of Contents
List of illustrations v
List of tables viii
Acknowledgements ix
Preface xi
Chapter 1. Introduction
Early hominin geographic ranges 1
Theory in studies of early human evolution 2
The research project 3
Theoretical summary 3
Research methodology 4
Overview 5
Chapter 2. Species geographic ranges
Introduction 7
Patterns in species geographic range size 7
Frequency distribution 7
The latitudinal gradient 7
Species richness 9
Variation in geographic range size above the species level 9
The role of species' characteristics 9
Environmental variability and niche breadth 9
Abundance, body size and range size 11
Dispersal ability 12
Environmental limitations 13
Physical and biological boundaries 13
Historical processes 13
Introduction 13
Environmental history 14
Lineage evolution 14
Geography and evolution 14
Conclusion 15
Chapter 3. Models of hominin evolution and range expansion
Abstract 16
Hominin range expansion 16
Models of hominin range expansion 21
Discussion 21
Niche breadth, behavioural flexibility and environmental change 21
Social learning and transmission and range expansion 24
Trends in the fossil record 26
Life history and dietary breadth 29
Dietary niche 31
Conclusion 33
Chapter 4. Primate biogeography analysis
Abstract 34
i
Introduction 34
Predictions for primate distribution 34
Definition of variables 35
Method and analysis 38
Overview 38
Data sources 38
GIS database 40
Dataset composition 40
Analysis of comparative data in evolutionary biology 41
Statistical considerations 43
Results and discussion 44
Alternative measures of behavioural plasticity 44
Range size and behavioural plasticity 44
Opportunism and environmental variability 55
Life history and range size 66
Discussion 70
Conclusion 74
Chapter 5. Dietary adaptation and distribution in African mammals
Abstract 76
Introduction 76
Carnivore ecology 76
Hominin diet 77
Method 80
Discussion 80
Data sources 81
Calculating biomass 81
GIS 82
Analysis 82
African physical geography 82
Distribution and diversity 83
Range boundaries 87
Body mass 90
Biomass 93
Home range 100
Conclusion 102
Chapter 6. Hominin distribution in the Plio-Pleistocene
Introduction 103
Context 103
Fossil context 103
Environmental context 104
Analysis 105
Distribution and diversity 105
Body mass 112
Biomass 113
Home range size 117
Discussion 119
Conclusion 120
ii
Chapter 7. Discussion
Introduction 121
Models of hominin range expansion 121
Primate analysis 122
African mammal analysis 124
Hominin distribution 1.8-0.6 my ago in Africa 126
Conclusions 127
Appendices
Primate data and results of regression analysis 133
Digital data 150
Primate species geographic range databases 150
Climatic variability maps 152
African mammals maps 154
List of references 157
iii
List of Illustrations
Figure 2.1. Frequency distribution of primate geographic range size in km2 (data from Wolfheim 1983). 8
Figure 2.2. The general theoretical relationship between latitude, niche breadth and geographic range size. 10
Figure 2.3. The general theoretical relationship between species range size and abundance and body mass,
combined with the general positive correlation between range size and niche breadth, to identify
some expected species characteristics in relation to range size (after Eeley and Lawes, 1999). 12
Figure 3.1. Earliest fossil hominin sites. 16
Figure 3.2. Distribution of the australopithecines A.afarensis, A.anamensis and A.bahrelghazali (4.2-3.8 my ago). 17
Figure 3.3. Distribution of A.aethiopicus and A.africanus (2.7-2.3 my ago). 18
Figure 3.4. Distribution of Paranthropus species. 18
Figure 3.5. Distribution of early Homo, A.garhi and the earliest stone tools ( 2my). 19
Figure 3.6. Dates of fossils attributed to//, ergaster/erectus. 20
Figure 4.1. Branch of phylogenetic tree. From Harvey (1991). 41
Figure 4.2. Scatterplot of habitat niche breadth against corrected innovation frequency. Frequencies are
corrected for research effort by taking the residuals from a ln-ln plot through the origin of innovation
frequency against research effort. The raw data, with each point representing one species. 45
Figure 4.3. Scatterplot of habitat niche breadth against corrected innovation frequency. The independent
contrast data. Outliers circled. 45
Figure 4.4. Scatterplots of geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against corrected innovation
frequency. Frequencies are corrected for research effort by taking the residuals from a ln-ln plot
through the origin of innovation frequency against research effort. The raw data, with each point
representing one species. 46
Figure 4.5. Scatterplot of contrasts in geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against corrected
innovation frequency. Outliers circled. 46
Figure 4.6. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected tool use frequency. The raw
data, with each point representing one species. 47
Figure 4.7. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected tool use frequency. The
independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 48
Figure 4.8. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning frequency.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 48
Figure 4.9. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning frequency.
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 49
Figure 4.10. Geographic range size in km2 and corrected innovation frequency for South American primates.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. Cebus apella circled. 50
Figure 4.11. Geographic range size (m2) and absolute brain weight (g) (both variables natural log transformed).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 51
Figure 4.12. Geographic range size (m2) and absolute brain weight (g) (both variables natural log trasnformed).
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 51
Figure 4.13. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against relative brain weight. Relative brain
weights are calculated by taking the residuals of a log-log plot of brain weight (g) and female body
mass (kg). The raw data, with each point representing one species. 52
Figure 4.14. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against relative brain weight. Relative
brain weights are calculated as the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute brain
weight (g) and female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The independent
contrast data. 52
Figure 4.15. Geographic range size (m2) and neocortex ratio, both variables natural log transformed. Neocortex
ratio is calculated as the ratio of neocortex volume to the volume of the rest of the brain. The raw
data, with each point representing one species. 53
Figure 4.16. Geographic range size (m2) and neocortex ratio, both variables natural log transformed. The
independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 53
Figure 4.17. Individual home range size in km2 (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 54
v
Figure 4.18. Individual home range size in km2 (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 55
Figure 4.19. Corrected innovation frequency and threat status. The raw data, with each point representing
one species. 56
Figure 4.20. Corrected innovation frequency and threat status. The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 56
Figure 4.21. Mean annual rainfall in Africa and South America (mm/day* 10). 57
Figure 4.22. Annual temperature range in Africa and South America (°C* 10). 57
Figure 4.23. Coefficient of interannual variation in rainfall in Africa and South America (%). 58
Figure 4.24. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected innovation frequency. The spatial variation within a
species' range is calculated as the coefficient of variation in mean daily rainfall in mm/day* 10
between 0.5° cells. The raw data, with each point representing one species. 59
Figure 4.25. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected innovation frequency. The independent contrast data.
Outliers circled. 59
Figure 4.26. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected social learning frequency. The raw data, with each point
representing one species. 60
Figure 4.27. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected social learning frequency. The independent contrast data.
Outlier circled. 60
Figure 4.28. Spatial variation in mean rainfall and relative brain weight. Relative brain weights are calculated
as the residuals of a log-log plot of absolute brain weight (g) against female body weight (kg).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 62
Figure 4.29. Spatial variation in mean rainfall and brain weight corrected for body weight. Relative brain
weights are calculated by taking the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute
brain weight (g) and female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The
independent contrast data. 62
Figure 4.30. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected innovation frequency.
Temperature range for each species is calculated as the mean across the range. The raw data,
with each point representing one species. 63
Figure 4.31. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected innovation frequency. The
independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 63
Figure 4.32. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected social learning frequency. The
raw data, with each point representing one species. 64
Figure 4.33. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected social learning frequency. The
independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 64
Figure 4.34. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative brain weights
are calculated by taking the residuals of a log-log plot of brain weight (g) and female body mass (kg).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 65
Figure 4.35. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative brain weights
are calculated as the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute brain weight (g) and
female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The independent contrast data. 65
Figure 4.36. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
Interannual variation is calculated as the coefficient of variation in annual rainfall. The value for
each species is the mean for the geographic range. The raw data, with each point representing one
species. 67
Figure 4.37. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 67
Figure 4.38. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning
frequency. The raw data, with each point representing one species. 68
Figure 4.39. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning
frequency. The independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 68
Figure 4.40. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative
brain weights are calculated by taking the residuals of a log-log plot of brain weight (g) and female
body mass (kg). The raw data, with each point representing one species. 69
Figure 4.41. Interannual variation in rainfall (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative brain
weights are calculated as the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute brain
vi
weight (g) and female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The independent
contrast data. 69
Figure 4.42. Geographic range size in m2 and gestation length in days, both variables natural log transformed.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 71
Figure 4.43. Geographic range size in m2 and gestation length in days, both variables natural log transformed.
The independent contrast data. 71
Figure 4.44. Geographic range size in m2 and maximum lifespan in years (both variables natural log transformed).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 72
Figure 4.45. Geographic range size in m2 and maximum lifespan in years (both variables natural log transformed).
The independent contrast data. 72
Figure 4.46. Geographic range size in m2 and body mass in kg (both variables natural log transformed). The raw
data, with each point representing one species. 73
Figure 4.47. Geographic range size in m2 and body mass in kg (both variables natural log transformed). The
independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 73
Figure5.1. Mean annual rainfall in Africa in mm/year (from New et al. 1999). 82
Figure 5.2. Net primary productivity (Foley, 1996, Kucharik, 2000). 83
Figure 5.3. Mean daily temperature (°C). From New et al. (1999). 84
Figure 5.4. African topography (from GTOPO30, provided by the USGS-NASA Distributed Active
Archive Centre). 84
Figure 5.5. Histogram of primate species geographic ranges (km2), based on AMD assessment of suitable
habitats. 85
Figure 5.6. Histogram of carnivore species geographic ranges (km2), based on AMD assessment of suitable
habitats. 85
Figure 5.7. Histogram of ungulate species geographic ranges (km2), based on AMD assessment of suitable
habitats. 86
Figure 5.8. Carnivore (left) and ungulate (right) species richness. 86
Figure 5.9. Primate species richness. 87
Figure 5.10. Distribution of primate species range boundaries. 88
Figure 5.11. Distribution of carnivore species range boundaries. 89
Figure 5.12. Distribution of ungulate species range boundaries. 89
Figure 5.13. Chart of frequency distribution of primate mean adult body mass (kg). 90
Figure 5.14. Chart of frequency distribution of carnivore mean adult body mass (kg). 91
Figure 5.15. Distribution of maximum (left) and range (right) of body mass in primates (kg). 91
Figure 5.16. Distribution of maximum (left) and range (right) of body mass in carnivores (kg). 92
Figure 5.17. Primate biomass in kg/ha. 92
Figure 5.18. Carnivore biomass in kg/ha. 94
Figure 5.19. Ungulate biomass in kg/ha (from Thackeray 1995). 94
Figure 5.20. Frequency distribution of mean annual rainfall (mm) in each contour of primate biomass. 96
Figure 5.21. Frequency distribution of average daily temperature (°C) in each contour of primate biomass. 96
Figure 5.22. Frequency distribution of of mean annual rainfall (mm) in each contour of carnivore biomass. 97
Figure 5.23. Frequency distribution of average daily temperature (°C) in each contour of carnivore biomass. 97
Figure 5.24. Ungulate biomass in relation to mean annual rainfall (mm) and temperature (°C), from
(Thackeray 1995). 98
Figure 5.25. Carnivore biomass in relation to mean annual rainfall (mm) and temperature (°C). 98
Figure 5.26. Ungulate biomass in kg/ha. 99
Figure 5.27. Frequency distribution of ungulate biomass (kg/ha) in each contour of carnivore biomass. 99
Figure 5.28. Mean primate individual home range (HR,) in Ha (n = 31). 100
Figure 5.29. Distribution of primate species for which home range data was absent. 101
Figure 5.30. Mean carnivore HRj in km2 (n = 22). 101
Figure 5.31. Distribution of carnivore species for which home range data was absent. 101
Figure 6.1. Sites in Africa where fossils of H. erectus have been found. 107
Figure 6.2. Acheulean sites in Africa older than 0.6 my. 107
Figure 6.3. Sites in Africa where fossils of Paranthropus have been found. 109
vii
List of Tables
Table 6.1. Hominin body mass estimates, from McHenry, 1994. 112
Table 6.2. Comparison of H.erectus and robust australopithecine distribution in Africa and number of cranial
fossils. 114
Table 6.3. Comparison of numbers of fossils attributed to robust and non-robust lineages at Omo Shungura
Formation, based on fossil data from Suwa et al. (1996) and dates from Conroy (1997, p. 154). 115
Table 6.4. Average greatest distance (AGD) for the transfer of lithic raw material at different periods.
N = number of sites/members in the sample. Data from (Feblot-Augustins, 1997b). Minimum
home range area is estimated as the area of a circle for which AGD is the diameter; maximum area
is estimated as the area of a circle for which AGD is the radius. *Estimates from (Gamble and
Steele, 1999). 118
viii |
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
List of illustrations v
List of tables viii
Acknowledgements ix
Preface xi
Chapter 1. Introduction
Early hominin geographic ranges 1
Theory in studies of early human evolution 2
The research project 3
Theoretical summary 3
Research methodology 4
Overview 5
Chapter 2. Species geographic ranges
Introduction 7
Patterns in species geographic range size 7
Frequency distribution 7
The latitudinal gradient 7
Species richness 9
Variation in geographic range size above the species level 9
The role of species' characteristics 9
Environmental variability and niche breadth 9
Abundance, body size and range size 11
Dispersal ability 12
Environmental limitations 13
Physical and biological boundaries 13
Historical processes 13
Introduction 13
Environmental history 14
Lineage evolution 14
Geography and evolution 14
Conclusion 15
Chapter 3. Models of hominin evolution and range expansion
Abstract 16
Hominin range expansion 16
Models of hominin range expansion 21
Discussion 21
Niche breadth, behavioural flexibility and environmental change 21
Social learning and transmission and range expansion 24
Trends in the fossil record 26
Life history and dietary breadth 29
Dietary niche 31
Conclusion 33
Chapter 4. Primate biogeography analysis
Abstract 34
i
Introduction 34
Predictions for primate distribution 34
Definition of variables 35
Method and analysis 38
Overview 38
Data sources 38
GIS database 40
Dataset composition 40
Analysis of comparative data in evolutionary biology 41
Statistical considerations 43
Results and discussion 44
Alternative measures of behavioural plasticity 44
Range size and behavioural plasticity 44
Opportunism and environmental variability 55
Life history and range size 66
Discussion 70
Conclusion 74
Chapter 5. Dietary adaptation and distribution in African mammals
Abstract 76
Introduction 76
Carnivore ecology 76
Hominin diet 77
Method 80
Discussion 80
Data sources 81
Calculating biomass 81
GIS 82
Analysis 82
African physical geography 82
Distribution and diversity 83
Range boundaries 87
Body mass 90
Biomass 93
Home range 100
Conclusion 102
Chapter 6. Hominin distribution in the Plio-Pleistocene
Introduction 103
Context 103
Fossil context 103
Environmental context 104
Analysis 105
Distribution and diversity 105
Body mass 112
Biomass 113
Home range size 117
Discussion 119
Conclusion 120
ii
Chapter 7. Discussion
Introduction 121
Models of hominin range expansion 121
Primate analysis 122
African mammal analysis 124
Hominin distribution 1.8-0.6 my ago in Africa 126
Conclusions 127
Appendices
Primate data and results of regression analysis 133
Digital data 150
Primate species geographic range databases 150
Climatic variability maps 152
African mammals maps 154
List of references 157
iii
List of Illustrations
Figure 2.1. Frequency distribution of primate geographic range size in km2 (data from Wolfheim 1983). 8
Figure 2.2. The general theoretical relationship between latitude, niche breadth and geographic range size. 10
Figure 2.3. The general theoretical relationship between species range size and abundance and body mass,
combined with the general positive correlation between range size and niche breadth, to identify
some expected species characteristics in relation to range size (after Eeley and Lawes, 1999). 12
Figure 3.1. Earliest fossil hominin sites. 16
Figure 3.2. Distribution of the australopithecines A.afarensis, A.anamensis and A.bahrelghazali (4.2-3.8 my ago). 17
Figure 3.3. Distribution of A.aethiopicus and A.africanus (2.7-2.3 my ago). 18
Figure 3.4. Distribution of Paranthropus species. 18
Figure 3.5. Distribution of early Homo, A.garhi and the earliest stone tools ( 2my). 19
Figure 3.6. Dates of fossils attributed to//, ergaster/erectus. 20
Figure 4.1. Branch of phylogenetic tree. From Harvey (1991). 41
Figure 4.2. Scatterplot of habitat niche breadth against corrected innovation frequency. Frequencies are
corrected for research effort by taking the residuals from a ln-ln plot through the origin of innovation
frequency against research effort. The raw data, with each point representing one species. 45
Figure 4.3. Scatterplot of habitat niche breadth against corrected innovation frequency. The independent
contrast data. Outliers circled. 45
Figure 4.4. Scatterplots of geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against corrected innovation
frequency. Frequencies are corrected for research effort by taking the residuals from a ln-ln plot
through the origin of innovation frequency against research effort. The raw data, with each point
representing one species. 46
Figure 4.5. Scatterplot of contrasts in geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against corrected
innovation frequency. Outliers circled. 46
Figure 4.6. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected tool use frequency. The raw
data, with each point representing one species. 47
Figure 4.7. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected tool use frequency. The
independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 48
Figure 4.8. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning frequency.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 48
Figure 4.9. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning frequency.
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 49
Figure 4.10. Geographic range size in km2 and corrected innovation frequency for South American primates.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. Cebus apella circled. 50
Figure 4.11. Geographic range size (m2) and absolute brain weight (g) (both variables natural log transformed).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 51
Figure 4.12. Geographic range size (m2) and absolute brain weight (g) (both variables natural log trasnformed).
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 51
Figure 4.13. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against relative brain weight. Relative brain
weights are calculated by taking the residuals of a log-log plot of brain weight (g) and female body
mass (kg). The raw data, with each point representing one species. 52
Figure 4.14. Geographic range size in m2 (natural log transformed) against relative brain weight. Relative
brain weights are calculated as the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute brain
weight (g) and female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The independent
contrast data. 52
Figure 4.15. Geographic range size (m2) and neocortex ratio, both variables natural log transformed. Neocortex
ratio is calculated as the ratio of neocortex volume to the volume of the rest of the brain. The raw
data, with each point representing one species. 53
Figure 4.16. Geographic range size (m2) and neocortex ratio, both variables natural log transformed. The
independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 53
Figure 4.17. Individual home range size in km2 (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 54
v
Figure 4.18. Individual home range size in km2 (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 55
Figure 4.19. Corrected innovation frequency and threat status. The raw data, with each point representing
one species. 56
Figure 4.20. Corrected innovation frequency and threat status. The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 56
Figure 4.21. Mean annual rainfall in Africa and South America (mm/day* 10). 57
Figure 4.22. Annual temperature range in Africa and South America (°C* 10). 57
Figure 4.23. Coefficient of interannual variation in rainfall in Africa and South America (%). 58
Figure 4.24. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected innovation frequency. The spatial variation within a
species' range is calculated as the coefficient of variation in mean daily rainfall in mm/day* 10
between 0.5° cells. The raw data, with each point representing one species. 59
Figure 4.25. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected innovation frequency. The independent contrast data.
Outliers circled. 59
Figure 4.26. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected social learning frequency. The raw data, with each point
representing one species. 60
Figure 4.27. Spatial variation in rainfall and corrected social learning frequency. The independent contrast data.
Outlier circled. 60
Figure 4.28. Spatial variation in mean rainfall and relative brain weight. Relative brain weights are calculated
as the residuals of a log-log plot of absolute brain weight (g) against female body weight (kg).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 62
Figure 4.29. Spatial variation in mean rainfall and brain weight corrected for body weight. Relative brain
weights are calculated by taking the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute
brain weight (g) and female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The
independent contrast data. 62
Figure 4.30. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected innovation frequency.
Temperature range for each species is calculated as the mean across the range. The raw data,
with each point representing one species. 63
Figure 4.31. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected innovation frequency. The
independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 63
Figure 4.32. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected social learning frequency. The
raw data, with each point representing one species. 64
Figure 4.33. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) against corrected social learning frequency. The
independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 64
Figure 4.34. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative brain weights
are calculated by taking the residuals of a log-log plot of brain weight (g) and female body mass (kg).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 65
Figure 4.35. Temperature range in °C (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative brain weights
are calculated as the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute brain weight (g) and
female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The independent contrast data. 65
Figure 4.36. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
Interannual variation is calculated as the coefficient of variation in annual rainfall. The value for
each species is the mean for the geographic range. The raw data, with each point representing one
species. 67
Figure 4.37. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected innovation frequency.
The independent contrast data. Outliers circled. 67
Figure 4.38. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning
frequency. The raw data, with each point representing one species. 68
Figure 4.39. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and corrected social learning
frequency. The independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 68
Figure 4.40. Interannual variation in rainfall in % (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative
brain weights are calculated by taking the residuals of a log-log plot of brain weight (g) and female
body mass (kg). The raw data, with each point representing one species. 69
Figure 4.41. Interannual variation in rainfall (natural log transformed) and relative brain weight. Relative brain
weights are calculated as the residuals of a plot of the independent contrasts of absolute brain
vi
weight (g) and female body mass (kg), both variables natural log transformed. The independent
contrast data. 69
Figure 4.42. Geographic range size in m2 and gestation length in days, both variables natural log transformed.
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 71
Figure 4.43. Geographic range size in m2 and gestation length in days, both variables natural log transformed.
The independent contrast data. 71
Figure 4.44. Geographic range size in m2 and maximum lifespan in years (both variables natural log transformed).
The raw data, with each point representing one species. 72
Figure 4.45. Geographic range size in m2 and maximum lifespan in years (both variables natural log transformed).
The independent contrast data. 72
Figure 4.46. Geographic range size in m2 and body mass in kg (both variables natural log transformed). The raw
data, with each point representing one species. 73
Figure 4.47. Geographic range size in m2 and body mass in kg (both variables natural log transformed). The
independent contrast data. Outlier circled. 73
Figure5.1. Mean annual rainfall in Africa in mm/year (from New et al. 1999). 82
Figure 5.2. Net primary productivity (Foley, 1996, Kucharik, 2000). 83
Figure 5.3. Mean daily temperature (°C). From New et al. (1999). 84
Figure 5.4. African topography (from GTOPO30, provided by the USGS-NASA Distributed Active
Archive Centre). 84
Figure 5.5. Histogram of primate species geographic ranges (km2), based on AMD assessment of suitable
habitats. 85
Figure 5.6. Histogram of carnivore species geographic ranges (km2), based on AMD assessment of suitable
habitats. 85
Figure 5.7. Histogram of ungulate species geographic ranges (km2), based on AMD assessment of suitable
habitats. 86
Figure 5.8. Carnivore (left) and ungulate (right) species richness. 86
Figure 5.9. Primate species richness. 87
Figure 5.10. Distribution of primate species range boundaries. 88
Figure 5.11. Distribution of carnivore species range boundaries. 89
Figure 5.12. Distribution of ungulate species range boundaries. 89
Figure 5.13. Chart of frequency distribution of primate mean adult body mass (kg). 90
Figure 5.14. Chart of frequency distribution of carnivore mean adult body mass (kg). 91
Figure 5.15. Distribution of maximum (left) and range (right) of body mass in primates (kg). 91
Figure 5.16. Distribution of maximum (left) and range (right) of body mass in carnivores (kg). 92
Figure 5.17. Primate biomass in kg/ha. 92
Figure 5.18. Carnivore biomass in kg/ha. 94
Figure 5.19. Ungulate biomass in kg/ha (from Thackeray 1995). 94
Figure 5.20. Frequency distribution of mean annual rainfall (mm) in each contour of primate biomass. 96
Figure 5.21. Frequency distribution of average daily temperature (°C) in each contour of primate biomass. 96
Figure 5.22. Frequency distribution of of mean annual rainfall (mm) in each contour of carnivore biomass. 97
Figure 5.23. Frequency distribution of average daily temperature (°C) in each contour of carnivore biomass. 97
Figure 5.24. Ungulate biomass in relation to mean annual rainfall (mm) and temperature (°C), from
(Thackeray 1995). 98
Figure 5.25. Carnivore biomass in relation to mean annual rainfall (mm) and temperature (°C). 98
Figure 5.26. Ungulate biomass in kg/ha. 99
Figure 5.27. Frequency distribution of ungulate biomass (kg/ha) in each contour of carnivore biomass. 99
Figure 5.28. Mean primate individual home range (HR,) in Ha (n = 31). 100
Figure 5.29. Distribution of primate species for which home range data was absent. 101
Figure 5.30. Mean carnivore HRj in km2 (n = 22). 101
Figure 5.31. Distribution of carnivore species for which home range data was absent. 101
Figure 6.1. Sites in Africa where fossils of H. erectus have been found. 107
Figure 6.2. Acheulean sites in Africa older than 0.6 my. 107
Figure 6.3. Sites in Africa where fossils of Paranthropus have been found. 109
vii
List of Tables
Table 6.1. Hominin body mass estimates, from McHenry, 1994. 112
Table 6.2. Comparison of H.erectus and robust australopithecine distribution in Africa and number of cranial
fossils. 114
Table 6.3. Comparison of numbers of fossils attributed to robust and non-robust lineages at Omo Shungura
Formation, based on fossil data from Suwa et al. (1996) and dates from Conroy (1997, p. 154). 115
Table 6.4. Average greatest distance (AGD) for the transfer of lithic raw material at different periods.
N = number of sites/members in the sample. Data from (Feblot-Augustins, 1997b). Minimum
home range area is estimated as the area of a circle for which AGD is the diameter; maximum area
is estimated as the area of a circle for which AGD is the radius. *Estimates from (Gamble and
Steele, 1999). 118
viii |
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| author | MacDonald, Katharine |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021823445 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)237072012 (DE-599)BVBBV021823445 |
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| geographic | Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Afrika |
| id | DE-604.BV021823445 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:54:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-18T18:06:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 184171979x |
| language | English |
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| physical | XI, 171 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| publishDate | 2006 |
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| publisher | Archaeopress |
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| spelling | MacDonald, Katharine Verfasser aut The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis Katharine MacDonald Oxford Archaeopress 2006 XI, 171 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier British archaeological reports / International series 1550 Fossil hominids Geographical distribution Human evolution Hominidae (DE-588)4325467-6 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Verbreitung (DE-588)4187586-2 gnd rswk-swf Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 gnd rswk-swf Afrika (DE-588)4000695-5 g Hominidae (DE-588)4325467-6 s Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 s Verbreitung (DE-588)4187586-2 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s DE-604 International series British archaeological reports 1550 (DE-604)BV023549802 1550 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015035558&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | MacDonald, Katharine The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis Fossil hominids Geographical distribution Human evolution Hominidae (DE-588)4325467-6 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Verbreitung (DE-588)4187586-2 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4325467-6 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4187586-2 (DE-588)4071050-6 (DE-588)4000695-5 |
| title | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis |
| title_auth | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis |
| title_exact_search | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis |
| title_full | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis Katharine MacDonald |
| title_fullStr | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis Katharine MacDonald |
| title_full_unstemmed | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis Katharine MacDonald |
| title_short | The ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges |
| title_sort | the ecology and evolution of hominin geographic ranges setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis |
| title_sub | setting a context for archaeological interpretation using comparative analysis |
| topic | Fossil hominids Geographical distribution Human evolution Hominidae (DE-588)4325467-6 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Verbreitung (DE-588)4187586-2 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fossil hominids Geographical distribution Human evolution Hominidae Archäologie Verbreitung Evolution Afrika |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015035558&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023549802 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT macdonaldkatharine theecologyandevolutionofhominingeographicrangessettingacontextforarchaeologicalinterpretationusingcomparativeanalysis |