Physicochemical principles of pharmacy:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Pharmaceutical Press
2006
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| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 492 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 085369608X |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Physicochemical principles of pharmacy |c Alexander T. Florence ; David Attwood |
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| adam_text | PHYSICOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACY FOURTH EDITION ALEXANDER T
FLORENCE CBE, DSC, FRSC, FRSE, FRPHARMS SCHOOL OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY
OF LONDON, UK DAVID ATTWOOD PHD, DSC, CCHEM FRSC SCHOOL OF PHARMACY AND
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, UK PHARMACEUTICAL
PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XVII ABOUT THE AUTHORS XIX
INTRODUCTION 1 SOLIDS 1.1 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 8 1.2 CRYSTAL FORM 10 1.2.1
CRYSTALLISATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING CRYSTAL FORM 1 1 1.3 POLYMORPHISM
13 1.3.1 PHARMACEUTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF POLYMORPHISM 16 1.4 CRYSTAL
HYDRATES 19 1.4.1 PHARMACEUTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SOLVATE FORMATION 20
1.5 DISSOLUTION OF SOLID DRUGS 22 1.6 BIOPHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF
PARTICLE SIZE 23 1.7 WETTING OF POWDERS 26 1.7.1 CONTACT ANGLE AND
WETTABILITY OF SOLID SURFACES 27 1.7.2 WETTABILITY OF POWDERS 27 1.8
SOLID DISPERSIONS 28 1.8.1 EUTECTICS AND DRUG IDENTIFICATION 30 SUMMARY
31 REFERENCES 32 2 GASES AND VOLATILE AGENTS 35 2.1 PRESSURE UNITS 36
2.2 IDEAL AND NONIDEAL GASES 36 VI CONTENTS 2.3 VAPOUR PRESSURE 37 2.3.1
VAPOUR PRESSURE AND SOLUTION COMPOSITION: RAOULT S LAW 37 2.3.2
VARIATION OF VAPOUR PRESSURE WITH TEMPERATURE: CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON
EQUATION 40 2.3.3 VAPOUR PRESSURE LOWERING 43 2.4 SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN
LIQUIDS 46 2.4.1 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY 46 2.4.2 EFFECT OF
PRESSURE ON SOLUBILITY 46 2.4.3 THE SOLUBILITY OF VOLATILE ANAESTHETICS
IN OIL 48 2.5 THE SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN BLOOD AND TISSUES 49 2.5.1 THE
SOLUBILITY OF OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD 49 2.5.2 THE SOLUBILITY OF ANAESTHETIC
GASES IN BLOOD AND TISSUES 50 SUMMARY 53 REFERENCES 54 3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF DRUGS IN SOLUTION 55 3.1 CONCENTRATION UNITS 56 3.1.1
WEIGHT CONCENTRATION 56 3.1.2 MOLARITY AND MOLALITY 56 3.1.3
MILLIEQUIVALENTS 56 3.1.4 MOLE FRACTION 57 3.2 THERMODYNAMICS - A BRIEF
INTRODUCTION 57 3.2.1 ENERGY 57 3.2.2 ENTHALPY 58 3.2.3 ENTROPY 58 3.2.4
FREE ENERGY 60 3.3 ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 62 3.3.1 ACTIVITY AND
STANDARD STATES 62 3.3.2 ACTIVITY OF IONISED DRUGS 63 3.3.3 SOLVENT
ACTIVITY 65 3.3.4 CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 66 3.4 OSMOTIC PROPERTIES OF DRUG
SOLUTIONS 69 3.4.1 OSMOTIC PRESSURE 69 3.4.2 OSMOLALITY AND OSMOLARITY
69 3.4.3 CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF OSMOTIC EFFECTS 70 3.4.4 PREPARATION OF
ISOTONIC SOLUTION 73 3.5 LONISATION OF DRUGS IN SOLUTION 75 3.5.1
DISSOCIATION OF WEAKLY ACIDIC AND BASIC DRUGS AND THEIR SALTS 75
CONTENTS VII 3.5.2 THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE IONISATION OF WEAKLY ACIDIC
OR BASIC DRUGS AND THEIR SALTS 77 3.5.3 IONISATION OF AMPHOTERIC DRUGS
82 3.5.4 IONISATION OF POLYPROTIC DRUGS 83 3.5.5 MICRODISSOCIATION
CONSTANTS 84 3.5.6 P/C A VALUES OF PROTEINS 85 3.5.7 CALCULATION OF THE
PH OF DRUG SOLUTIONS 85 3.5.8 PREPARATION OF BUFFER SOLUTIONS 87 3.6
DIFFUSION OF DRUGS IN SOLUTION 89 SUMMARY 90 REFERENCES 91 4 DRUG
STABILITY 93 4.1 THE CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF DRUGS 94 4.1.1 HYDROLYSIS
94 4.1.2 OXIDATION 95 4.1.3 ISOMERISATION 98 4.1.4 PHOTOCHEMICAL
DECOMPOSITION 99 4.1.5 POLYMERISATION 102 4.2 KINETICS OF CHEMICAL
DECOMPOSITION IN SOLUTION 102 4.2.1 CLASSIFYING REACTIONS: THE ORDER OF
REACTION 103 4.2.2 ZERO-ORDER REACTIONS 104 4.2.3 FIRST-ORDER REACTIONS
104 4.2.4 SECOND-ORDER REACTIONS 106 4.2.5 THIRD-ORDER REACTIONS 106
4.2.6 DETERMINATION OF THE ORDER OF REACTION 106 4.2.7 COMPLEX REACTIONS
107 4.3 SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: KINETICS OF CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION 1 10 4.4
FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG STABILITY 113 4.4.1 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS 1 1 3
4.4.2 SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS 123 4.4.3 SOLID DOSAGE FORMS 1 23 4.5
STABILITY TESTING AND PREDICTION OF SHELF-LIFE 1 27 4.5.1 EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON STABILITY 128 4.5.2 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING
STABILITY 133 4.5.3 PROTOCOL FOR STABILITY TESTING 1 34 SUMMARY 136
REFERENCES 137 VIII CONTENTS 5 THE SOLUBILITY OF DRUGS 139 5.1
DEFINITIONS 140 5.1.1 EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY 140 5.2 FACTORS
INFLUENCING SOLUBILITY 141 5.2.1 STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND AQUEOUS
SOLUBILITY 142 5.2.2 HYDRATION AND SOLVATION 146 5.2.3 THE EFFECT OF
SIMPLE ADDITIVES ON SOLUBILITY 149 5.2.4 THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE
SOLUBILITY OF IONISABLE DRUGS 150 5.3 MEASUREMENT OF SOLUBILITY 155 5.4
THE SOLUBILITY PARAMETER 156 5.4.1 SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS AND BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES 157 5.5 SOLUBILITY IN MIXED SOLVENTS 157 5.6 CYCLODEXTRINS AS
SOLUBILISING AGENTS 158 5.7 SOLUBILITY PROBLEMS IN FORMULATION 160 5.7.1
MIXTURES OF ACIDIC AND BASIC COMPOUNDS 160 5.7.2 CHOICE OF DRUG SALT TO
OPTIMISE SOLUBILITY 161 5.7.3 DRUG SOLUBILITY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
162 5.8 PARTITIONING 164 5.8.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 164 5.8.2 FREE
ENERGIES OF TRANSFER 166 5.8.3 OCTANOL AS A NONAQUEOUS PHASE 166 5.9
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND PARTITION COEFFICIENTS: THERMODYNAMIC ACTIVITY
AND FERGUSON S PRINCIPLE 166 5.10 USING LOG P 168 5.1 0.1 THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIPOPHILICITY AND BEHAVIOUR OF TETRACYCLINES 168
5.10.2 SORPTION 171 5.10.3 A CHROMATOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE BIOPHASE 174
5.10.4 CALCULATING LOG PFROM MOLECULAR STRUCTURES 174 5.10.5 DRUG
DISTRIBUTION INTO HUMAN MILK 174 SUMMARY 175 REFERENCES 176 6
SURFACTANTS 1 77 6.1 AMPHIPATHIC COMPOUNDS 178 6.2 SURFACE AND
INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS 179 6.2.1 EFFECTS OF AMPHIPHILES
ON SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION 179 6.2.2 CHANGE OF SURFACE TENSION
WITH SURFACTANT CONCENTRATION - THE CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION 1 80
CONTENTS IX 6.2.3 GIBBS ADSORPTION EQUATION 180 6.2.4 THE INFLUENCE OF
THE SURFACTANT STRUCTURE ON SURFACE ACTIVITY 182 6.2.5 SURFACE ACTIVITY
OF DRUGS 183 6.2.6 INSOLUBLE MONOLAYERS 185 6.2.7 PHARMACEUTICAL
APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE FILM STUDIES 190 6.2.8 ADSORPTION AT THE
SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE 194 6.3 MICELLISATION 201 6.3.1 WATER STRUCTURE
AND HYDROPHOBIC BONDING 202 6.3.2 THEORIES OF MICELLE FORMATION 203
6.3.3 MICELLAR STRUCTURE 204 6.3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CRITICAL
MICELLE CONCENTRATION AND MICELLAR SIZE 207 6.4 LIQUID CRYSTALS AND
SURFACTANT VESICLES 210 6.4.1 LIQUID CRYSTALS 210 6.4.2 LIPOSOMES,
NIOSOMES AND SURFACTANT VESICLES 215 6.5 PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMONLY
USED SURFACTANTS 216 6.5.1 ANIONIC SURFACTANTS 216 6.5.2 CATIONIC
SURFACTANTS 216 6.5.3 NONIONIC SURFACTANTS 217 6.6 SOLUBILISATION 220
6.6.1 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION 220 6.6.2 LOCATION
OF THE SOLUBILISATE 221 6.6.3 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILISATION 222 6.6.4
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLUBILISATION 225 SUMMARY 227 REFERENCES
228 EMULSIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 229 7.1
CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS 230 7.2 COLLOID STABILITY 231 7.2.1 FORCES OF
INTERACTION BETWEEN COLLOIDAL PARTICLES 231 7.2.2 REPULSION BETWEEN
HYDRATED SURFACES 235 7.3 EMULSIONS 237 7.3.1 STABILITY OF O/W AND W/O
EMULSIONS 237 7.3.2 HLB SYSTEM 239 7.3.3 MULTIPLE EMULSIONS 242 7.3.4
MICROEMULSIONS 245 7.3.5 STRUCTURED (SEMISOLID) EMULSIONS 247 7.3.6
BIOPHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS OF EMULSIONS 249 CONTENTS 7.3.7 PRESERVATIVE
AVAILABILITY IN EMULSIFIED SYSTEMS 249 7.3.8 MASS TRANSPORT IN
OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS 250 7.3.9 INTRAVENOUS FAT EMULSIONS 251 7.3.10
THE RHEOLOGY OF EMULSIONS 253 7.4 SUSPENSIONS 254 7.4.1 STABILITY OF
SUSPENSIONS 255 7.4.2 ASPECTS OF SUSPENSION STABILITY 255 7.4.3
EXTEMPORANEOUS SUSPENSIONS 259 7.4.4 SUSPENSION RHEOLOGY 260 7.4.5
NONAQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS 261 7.4.6 ADHESION OF SUSPENSION PARTICLES TO
CONTAINERS: IMMERSIONAL, SPREADING AND ADHESIONAL WETTING 262 7.5
APPLICATIONS OF COLLOID STABILITY THEORY TO OTHER SYSTEMS 265 7.5.1
CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS 265 7.5.2 ADSORPTION OF MICROBIAL CELLS TO
SURFACES 266 7.5.3 BLOOD AS A COLLOIDAL SYSTEM 267 7.6 FOAMS AND
DEFOAMERS 269 7.6.1 CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 271 SUMMARY 271 REFERENCES
272 8 POLYMERS AND MACROMOLECULES 273 8.1 PHARMACEUTICAL POLYMERS 274
8.1.1 DEFINITIONS 274 8.1.2 POLYDISPERSITY 276 8.1.3 POLYMER MIXTURES OR
BLENDS 278 8.1.4 SOLUBILITY 281 8.2 WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS 281 8.3
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS 282 8.3.1 VISCOSITY OF POLYMER
SOLUTIONS 282 8.3.2 GELLING WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS 284 8.3.3 SYNERESIS
286 8.3.4 POLYMER COMPLEXES 286 8.3.5 BINDING OF IONS TO MACROMOLECULES
288 8.3.6 INTERACTION OF POLYMERS WITH SOLVENTS INCLUDING WATER 288
8.3.7 ADSORPTION OF MACROMOLECULES 291 8.4 SOME WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS
USED IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE 293 8.4.1 CARBOXYPOLYMETHYLENE (CARBOMER,
CARBOPOL) 293 8.4.2 CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES 295 CONTENTS XI 8.4.3 NATURAL
GUMS AND MUCILAGES 296 8.4.4 CHITOSAN 298 8.4.5 DEXTRAN 298 8.4.6
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE 300 8.4.7 POLYOXYETHYLENE GLYCOLS (MACROGOLS) 300
8.4.8 BIOADHESIVITY OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS 302 8.4.9 POLYMERS AS
WOUND DRESSINGS 302 8.4.10 POLYMER CRYSTALLINITY 303 8.5 WATER-INSOLUBLE
POLYMERS AND POLYMER MEMBRANES 303 8.5.1 PERMEABILITY OF POLYMERS 303
8.5.2 ION-EXCHANGE RESINS 307 8.5.3 SILICONE OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS 310
8.6 SOME APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERIC SYSTEMS IN DRUG DELIVERY 311 8.6.1
FILM COATING 311 8.6.2 MATRICES 311 8.6.3 MICROCAPSULES AND MICROSPHERES
314 8.6.4 RATE-LIMITING MEMBRANES AND DEVICES 320 8.6.5 ERODING SYSTEMS
322 8.6.6 OSMOTIC PUMP 322 SUMMARY 326 REFERENCES 327 9 DRUG ABSORPTION
AND ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION 329 9.1 BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES AND DRUG
TRANSPORT 331 9.1.1 LIPOPHILICITY AND ABSORPTION 334 9.1.2 PERMEABILITY
AND THE PH-PARTITION HYPOTHESIS 335 9.1.3 PROBLEMS IN THE QUANTITATIVE
APPLICATION OF THE PH-PARTITION HYPOTHESIS 337 9.2 THE ORAL ROUTE AND
ORAL ABSORPTION 341 9.2.1 DRUG ABSORPTION FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT 341 9.2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 343 9.2.3 BILE
SALTS AND FAT ABSORPTION PATHWAYS 344 9.2.4 GASTRIC EMPTYING, MOTILITY
AND VOLUME OF CONTENTS 345 9.3 BUCCAL AND SUBLINGUAL ABSORPTION 346
9.3.1 MECHANISMS OF ABSORPTION 346 9.4 INTRAMUSCULAR AND SUBCUTANEOUS
INJECTION 349 9.4.1 VEHICLES 351 9.4.2 BLOOD FLOW 351 9.4.3 FORMULATION
EFFECTS 352 9.4.4 INSULIN 352 XII CONTENTS 9.5 TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY 335
9.5.1 ROUTES OF SKIN PENETRATION 356 9.5.2 INFLUENCE OF DRUG 357 9.5.3
INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE 359 9.5.4 DILUTION OF TOPICAL STEROID PREPARATIONS
362 9.5.5 TRANSDERMAL MEDICATION: PATCHES AND DEVICES 363 9.5.6
ULTRASOUND AND TRANSDERMAL PENETRATION 365 9.5.7 JET INJECTORS 365 9.6
MEDICATION OF THE EYE AND THE EYE AS A ROUTE FOR SYSTEMIC DELIVERY 366
9.6.1 THE EYE 366 9.6.2 ABSORPTION OF DRUGS APPLIED TO THE EYE 367 9.6.3
INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION 369 9.6.4 SYSTEMIC EFFECTS FROM EYE-DROPS 374
9.7 THE EAR 374 9.8 ABSORPTION FROM THE VAGINA 375 9.8.1 DELIVERY
SYSTEMS 376 9.9 INHALATION THERAPY 376 9.9.1 PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING
DEPOSITION OF AEROSOLS 377 9.9.2 EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 379 9.10 THE
NASAL ROUTE 383 9.11 RECTAL ABSORPTION OF DRUGS 385 9.12 INTRATHECAL
DRUG ADMINISTRATION 389 9.13 INTRACAVERNOSAL INJECTION 390 SUMMARY 390
REFERENCES 390 10 PHYSICOCHEMICAL DRUG INTERACTIONS AND
INCOMPATIBILITIES 393 10.1 PH EFFECTS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO 395 10.1.1 IN
VITRO PH EFFECTS 395 10.1.2 IN VIVO PH EFFECTS 395 10.2 DILUTION OF
MIXED SOLVENT SYSTEMS 401 10.3 CATION-ANION INTERACTIONS 402 10.4
POLYIONS AND DRUG SOLUTIONS 405 10.5 CHELATION AND OTHER FORMS OF
COMPLEXATION 405 10.6 OTHER COMPLEXES 410 10.6.1 INTERACTION OF DRUGS
WITH CYCLODEXTRINS 41 2 10.6.2 ION-EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS 413 10.7
ADSORPTION OF DRUGS 414 10.7.1 PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE ADSORPTION 416 10.8
DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH PLASTICS 417 CONTENTS XIII 10.9 PROTEIN BINDING
419 10.9.1 THERMODYNAMICS OF PROTEIN BINDING 421 10.9.2 LIPOPHILICITY
AND PROTEIN BINDING 422 10.9.3 PENETRATION OF SPECIALISED SITES 424
SUMMARY 425 APPENDIX: DRUGS INTERACTIONS BASED ON PHYSICAL MECHANISMS
425 A: INTERACTIONS BASED ON ABSORPTION OF DRUGS 425 B: INTERACTIONS
INVOLVING PROTEIN BINDING 427 REFERENCES 429 11 PEPTIDES, PROTEINS AND
OTHER BIOPHARMACEUTICALS 431 11.1 STRUCTURE AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 433 11.1.1 STRUCTURE OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 433
11.1.2 HYDROPHOBICITY OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 433 11.1.3 SOLUBILITY OF
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 437 1 1.2 THE STABILITY OF PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES
440 11.2.1 PHYSICAL INSTABILITY 441 11.2.2 FORMULATION AND PROTEIN
STABILISATION 443 11.2.3 CHEMICAL INSTABILITY 445 1 1.2.4 ACCELERATED
STABILITY TESTING OF PROTEIN FORMULATIONS 450 1 1.3 PROTEIN FORMULATION
AND DELIVERY 451 1 1.3.1 PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE TRANSPORT 451 11.3.2
LYOPHILISED PROTEINS 452 11.3.3 WATER ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS 452 11.3.4
ROUTES OF DELIVERY 455 1 1.4 A THERAPEUTIC PROTEIN AND A PEPTIDE 455
11.4.1 INSULIN 455 1 1.4.2 CALCITONIN 458 1 1.5 DNA AND OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
458 11.5.1 DNA 458 1 1.5.2 OLIGONUCLEOTIDES 459 1 1.6 THERAPEUTIC
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 460 SUMMARY 460 REFERENCES 460 12 IN VITRO
ASSESSMENT OF DOSAGE FORMS 463 12.1 DISSOLUTION TESTING OF SOLID DOSAGE
FORMS 464 12.1.1 PHARMACOPOEIAL AND COMPENDIAL DISSOLUTION TESTS 466
12.1.2 FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS 466 XIV CONTENTS 12.2 IN VITRO-IN VIVO
CORRELATIONS 467 1 2.3 IN VITRO EVALUATION OF NONORAL SYSTEMS 467 12.3.1
SUPPOSITORY FORMULATIONS 467 12.3.2 IN VITRO RELEASE FROM TOPICAL
PRODUCTS AND TRANSDERMAL SYSTEMS 467 12.4 RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRODUCTS 471 12.5 ADHESIVITY OF DOSAGE FORMS 472 12.6 ANALYSIS OF
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN AEROSOLS 475 SUMMARY 478 REFERENCES 478
INDEX 479
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| adam_txt |
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACY FOURTH EDITION ALEXANDER T
FLORENCE CBE, DSC, FRSC, FRSE, FRPHARMS SCHOOL OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY
OF LONDON, UK DAVID ATTWOOD PHD, DSC, CCHEM FRSC SCHOOL OF PHARMACY AND
PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, UK PHARMACEUTICAL
PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XVII ABOUT THE AUTHORS XIX
INTRODUCTION 1 SOLIDS 1.1 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 8 1.2 CRYSTAL FORM 10 1.2.1
CRYSTALLISATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING CRYSTAL FORM 1 1 1.3 POLYMORPHISM
13 1.3.1 PHARMACEUTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF POLYMORPHISM 16 1.4 CRYSTAL
HYDRATES 19 1.4.1 PHARMACEUTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SOLVATE FORMATION 20
1.5 DISSOLUTION OF SOLID DRUGS 22 1.6 BIOPHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF
PARTICLE SIZE 23 1.7 WETTING OF POWDERS 26 1.7.1 CONTACT ANGLE AND
WETTABILITY OF SOLID SURFACES 27 1.7.2 WETTABILITY OF POWDERS 27 1.8
SOLID DISPERSIONS 28 1.8.1 EUTECTICS AND DRUG IDENTIFICATION 30 SUMMARY
31 REFERENCES 32 2 GASES AND VOLATILE AGENTS 35 2.1 PRESSURE UNITS 36
2.2 IDEAL AND NONIDEAL GASES 36 VI CONTENTS 2.3 VAPOUR PRESSURE 37 2.3.1
VAPOUR PRESSURE AND SOLUTION COMPOSITION: RAOULT'S LAW 37 2.3.2
VARIATION OF VAPOUR PRESSURE WITH TEMPERATURE: CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON
EQUATION 40 2.3.3 VAPOUR PRESSURE LOWERING 43 2.4 SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN
LIQUIDS 46 2.4.1 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY 46 2.4.2 EFFECT OF
PRESSURE ON SOLUBILITY 46 2.4.3 THE SOLUBILITY OF VOLATILE ANAESTHETICS
IN OIL 48 2.5 THE SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN BLOOD AND TISSUES 49 2.5.1 THE
SOLUBILITY OF OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD 49 2.5.2 THE SOLUBILITY OF ANAESTHETIC
GASES IN BLOOD AND TISSUES 50 SUMMARY 53 REFERENCES 54 3 PHYSICOCHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF DRUGS IN SOLUTION 55 3.1 CONCENTRATION UNITS 56 3.1.1
WEIGHT CONCENTRATION 56 3.1.2 MOLARITY AND MOLALITY 56 3.1.3
MILLIEQUIVALENTS 56 3.1.4 MOLE FRACTION 57 3.2 THERMODYNAMICS - A BRIEF
INTRODUCTION 57 3.2.1 ENERGY 57 3.2.2 ENTHALPY 58 3.2.3 ENTROPY 58 3.2.4
FREE ENERGY 60 3.3 ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 62 3.3.1 ACTIVITY AND
STANDARD STATES 62 3.3.2 ACTIVITY OF IONISED DRUGS 63 3.3.3 SOLVENT
ACTIVITY 65 3.3.4 CHEMICAL POTENTIAL 66 3.4 OSMOTIC PROPERTIES OF DRUG
SOLUTIONS 69 3.4.1 OSMOTIC PRESSURE 69 3.4.2 OSMOLALITY AND OSMOLARITY
69 3.4.3 CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF OSMOTIC EFFECTS 70 3.4.4 PREPARATION OF
ISOTONIC SOLUTION 73 3.5 LONISATION OF DRUGS IN SOLUTION 75 3.5.1
DISSOCIATION OF WEAKLY ACIDIC AND BASIC DRUGS AND THEIR SALTS 75
CONTENTS VII 3.5.2 THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE IONISATION OF WEAKLY ACIDIC
OR BASIC DRUGS AND THEIR SALTS 77 3.5.3 IONISATION OF AMPHOTERIC DRUGS
82 3.5.4 IONISATION OF POLYPROTIC DRUGS 83 3.5.5 MICRODISSOCIATION
CONSTANTS 84 3.5.6 P/C A VALUES OF PROTEINS 85 3.5.7 CALCULATION OF THE
PH OF DRUG SOLUTIONS 85 3.5.8 PREPARATION OF BUFFER SOLUTIONS 87 3.6
DIFFUSION OF DRUGS IN SOLUTION 89 SUMMARY 90 REFERENCES 91 4 DRUG
STABILITY 93 4.1 THE CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF DRUGS 94 4.1.1 HYDROLYSIS
94 4.1.2 OXIDATION 95 4.1.3 ISOMERISATION 98 4.1.4 PHOTOCHEMICAL
DECOMPOSITION 99 4.1.5 POLYMERISATION 102 4.2 KINETICS OF CHEMICAL
DECOMPOSITION IN SOLUTION 102 4.2.1 CLASSIFYING REACTIONS: THE ORDER OF
REACTION 103 4.2.2 ZERO-ORDER REACTIONS 104 4.2.3 FIRST-ORDER REACTIONS
104 4.2.4 SECOND-ORDER REACTIONS 106 4.2.5 THIRD-ORDER REACTIONS 106
4.2.6 DETERMINATION OF THE ORDER OF REACTION 106 4.2.7 COMPLEX REACTIONS
107 4.3 SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: KINETICS OF CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION 1 10 4.4
FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG STABILITY 113 4.4.1 LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS 1 1 3
4.4.2 SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS 123 4.4.3 SOLID DOSAGE FORMS 1 23 4.5
STABILITY TESTING AND PREDICTION OF SHELF-LIFE 1 27 4.5.1 EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON STABILITY 128 4.5.2 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING
STABILITY 133 4.5.3 PROTOCOL FOR STABILITY TESTING 1 34 SUMMARY 136
REFERENCES 137 VIII CONTENTS 5 THE SOLUBILITY OF DRUGS 139 5.1
DEFINITIONS 140 5.1.1 EXPRESSIONS OF SOLUBILITY 140 5.2 FACTORS
INFLUENCING SOLUBILITY 141 5.2.1 STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND AQUEOUS
SOLUBILITY 142 5.2.2 HYDRATION AND SOLVATION 146 5.2.3 THE EFFECT OF
SIMPLE ADDITIVES ON SOLUBILITY 149 5.2.4 THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE
SOLUBILITY OF IONISABLE DRUGS 150 5.3 MEASUREMENT OF SOLUBILITY 155 5.4
THE SOLUBILITY PARAMETER 156 5.4.1 SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS AND BIOLOGICAL
PROCESSES 157 5.5 SOLUBILITY IN MIXED SOLVENTS 157 5.6 CYCLODEXTRINS AS
SOLUBILISING AGENTS 158 5.7 SOLUBILITY PROBLEMS IN FORMULATION 160 5.7.1
MIXTURES OF ACIDIC AND BASIC COMPOUNDS 160 5.7.2 CHOICE OF DRUG SALT TO
OPTIMISE SOLUBILITY 161 5.7.3 DRUG SOLUBILITY AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
162 5.8 PARTITIONING 164 5.8.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 164 5.8.2 FREE
ENERGIES OF TRANSFER 166 5.8.3 OCTANOL AS A NONAQUEOUS PHASE 166 5.9
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND PARTITION COEFFICIENTS: THERMODYNAMIC ACTIVITY
AND FERGUSON'S PRINCIPLE 166 5.10 USING LOG P 168 5.1 0.1 THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIPOPHILICITY AND BEHAVIOUR OF TETRACYCLINES 168
5.10.2 SORPTION 171 5.10.3 A CHROMATOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE BIOPHASE 174
5.10.4 CALCULATING LOG PFROM MOLECULAR STRUCTURES 174 5.10.5 DRUG
DISTRIBUTION INTO HUMAN MILK 174 SUMMARY 175 REFERENCES 176 6
SURFACTANTS 1 77 6.1 AMPHIPATHIC COMPOUNDS 178 6.2 SURFACE AND
INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS 179 6.2.1 EFFECTS OF AMPHIPHILES
ON SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION 179 6.2.2 CHANGE OF SURFACE TENSION
WITH SURFACTANT CONCENTRATION - THE CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION 1 80
CONTENTS IX 6.2.3 GIBBS ADSORPTION EQUATION 180 6.2.4 THE INFLUENCE OF
THE SURFACTANT STRUCTURE ON SURFACE ACTIVITY 182 6.2.5 SURFACE ACTIVITY
OF DRUGS 183 6.2.6 INSOLUBLE MONOLAYERS 185 6.2.7 PHARMACEUTICAL
APPLICATIONS OF SURFACE FILM STUDIES 190 6.2.8 ADSORPTION AT THE
SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE 194 6.3 MICELLISATION 201 6.3.1 WATER STRUCTURE
AND HYDROPHOBIC BONDING 202 6.3.2 THEORIES OF MICELLE FORMATION 203
6.3.3 MICELLAR STRUCTURE 204 6.3.4 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CRITICAL
MICELLE CONCENTRATION AND MICELLAR SIZE 207 6.4 LIQUID CRYSTALS AND
SURFACTANT VESICLES 210 6.4.1 LIQUID CRYSTALS 210 6.4.2 LIPOSOMES,
NIOSOMES AND SURFACTANT VESICLES 215 6.5 PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMONLY
USED SURFACTANTS 216 6.5.1 ANIONIC SURFACTANTS 216 6.5.2 CATIONIC
SURFACTANTS 216 6.5.3 NONIONIC SURFACTANTS 217 6.6 SOLUBILISATION 220
6.6.1 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION 220 6.6.2 LOCATION
OF THE SOLUBILISATE 221 6.6.3 FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILISATION 222 6.6.4
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLUBILISATION 225 SUMMARY 227 REFERENCES
228 EMULSIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 229 7.1
CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS 230 7.2 COLLOID STABILITY 231 7.2.1 FORCES OF
INTERACTION BETWEEN COLLOIDAL PARTICLES 231 7.2.2 REPULSION BETWEEN
HYDRATED SURFACES 235 7.3 EMULSIONS 237 7.3.1 STABILITY OF O/W AND W/O
EMULSIONS 237 7.3.2 HLB SYSTEM 239 7.3.3 MULTIPLE EMULSIONS 242 7.3.4
MICROEMULSIONS 245 7.3.5 STRUCTURED (SEMISOLID) EMULSIONS 247 7.3.6
BIOPHARMACEUTICAL ASPECTS OF EMULSIONS 249 CONTENTS 7.3.7 PRESERVATIVE
AVAILABILITY IN EMULSIFIED SYSTEMS 249 7.3.8 MASS TRANSPORT IN
OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS 250 7.3.9 INTRAVENOUS FAT EMULSIONS 251 7.3.10
THE RHEOLOGY OF EMULSIONS 253 7.4 SUSPENSIONS 254 7.4.1 STABILITY OF
SUSPENSIONS 255 7.4.2 ASPECTS OF SUSPENSION STABILITY 255 7.4.3
EXTEMPORANEOUS SUSPENSIONS 259 7.4.4 SUSPENSION RHEOLOGY 260 7.4.5
NONAQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS 261 7.4.6 ADHESION OF SUSPENSION PARTICLES TO
CONTAINERS: IMMERSIONAL, SPREADING AND ADHESIONAL WETTING 262 7.5
APPLICATIONS OF COLLOID STABILITY THEORY TO OTHER SYSTEMS 265 7.5.1
CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS 265 7.5.2 ADSORPTION OF MICROBIAL CELLS TO
SURFACES 266 7.5.3 BLOOD AS A COLLOIDAL SYSTEM 267 7.6 FOAMS AND
DEFOAMERS 269 7.6.1 CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS 271 SUMMARY 271 REFERENCES
272 8 POLYMERS AND MACROMOLECULES 273 8.1 PHARMACEUTICAL POLYMERS 274
8.1.1 DEFINITIONS 274 8.1.2 POLYDISPERSITY 276 8.1.3 POLYMER MIXTURES OR
BLENDS 278 8.1.4 SOLUBILITY 281 8.2 WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS 281 8.3
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS 282 8.3.1 VISCOSITY OF POLYMER
SOLUTIONS 282 8.3.2 GELLING WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS 284 8.3.3 SYNERESIS
286 8.3.4 POLYMER COMPLEXES 286 8.3.5 BINDING OF IONS TO MACROMOLECULES
288 8.3.6 INTERACTION OF POLYMERS WITH SOLVENTS INCLUDING WATER 288
8.3.7 ADSORPTION OF MACROMOLECULES 291 8.4 SOME WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS
USED IN PHARMACY AND MEDICINE 293 8.4.1 CARBOXYPOLYMETHYLENE (CARBOMER,
CARBOPOL) 293 8.4.2 CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES 295 CONTENTS XI 8.4.3 NATURAL
GUMS AND MUCILAGES 296 8.4.4 CHITOSAN 298 8.4.5 DEXTRAN 298 8.4.6
POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE 300 8.4.7 POLYOXYETHYLENE GLYCOLS (MACROGOLS) 300
8.4.8 BIOADHESIVITY OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERS 302 8.4.9 POLYMERS AS
WOUND DRESSINGS 302 8.4.10 POLYMER CRYSTALLINITY 303 8.5 WATER-INSOLUBLE
POLYMERS AND POLYMER MEMBRANES 303 8.5.1 PERMEABILITY OF POLYMERS 303
8.5.2 ION-EXCHANGE RESINS 307 8.5.3 SILICONE OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS 310
8.6 SOME APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERIC SYSTEMS IN DRUG DELIVERY 311 8.6.1
FILM COATING 311 8.6.2 MATRICES 311 8.6.3 MICROCAPSULES AND MICROSPHERES
314 8.6.4 RATE-LIMITING MEMBRANES AND DEVICES 320 8.6.5 ERODING SYSTEMS
322 8.6.6 OSMOTIC PUMP 322 SUMMARY 326 REFERENCES 327 9 DRUG ABSORPTION
AND ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION 329 9.1 BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES AND DRUG
TRANSPORT 331 9.1.1 LIPOPHILICITY AND ABSORPTION 334 9.1.2 PERMEABILITY
AND THE PH-PARTITION HYPOTHESIS 335 9.1.3 PROBLEMS IN THE QUANTITATIVE
APPLICATION OF THE PH-PARTITION HYPOTHESIS 337 9.2 THE ORAL ROUTE AND
ORAL ABSORPTION 341 9.2.1 DRUG ABSORPTION FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT 341 9.2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 343 9.2.3 BILE
SALTS AND FAT ABSORPTION PATHWAYS 344 9.2.4 GASTRIC EMPTYING, MOTILITY
AND VOLUME OF CONTENTS 345 9.3 BUCCAL AND SUBLINGUAL ABSORPTION 346
9.3.1 MECHANISMS OF ABSORPTION 346 9.4 INTRAMUSCULAR AND SUBCUTANEOUS
INJECTION 349 9.4.1 VEHICLES 351 9.4.2 BLOOD FLOW 351 9.4.3 FORMULATION
EFFECTS 352 9.4.4 INSULIN 352 XII CONTENTS 9.5 TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY 335
9.5.1 ROUTES OF SKIN PENETRATION 356 9.5.2 INFLUENCE OF DRUG 357 9.5.3
INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE 359 9.5.4 DILUTION OF TOPICAL STEROID PREPARATIONS
362 9.5.5 TRANSDERMAL MEDICATION: PATCHES AND DEVICES 363 9.5.6
ULTRASOUND AND TRANSDERMAL PENETRATION 365 9.5.7 JET INJECTORS 365 9.6
MEDICATION OF THE EYE AND THE EYE AS A ROUTE FOR SYSTEMIC DELIVERY 366
9.6.1 THE EYE 366 9.6.2 ABSORPTION OF DRUGS APPLIED TO THE EYE 367 9.6.3
INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION 369 9.6.4 SYSTEMIC EFFECTS FROM EYE-DROPS 374
9.7 THE EAR 374 9.8 ABSORPTION FROM THE VAGINA 375 9.8.1 DELIVERY
SYSTEMS 376 9.9 INHALATION THERAPY 376 9.9.1 PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING
DEPOSITION OF AEROSOLS 377 9.9.2 EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 379 9.10 THE
NASAL ROUTE 383 9.11 RECTAL ABSORPTION OF DRUGS 385 9.12 INTRATHECAL
DRUG ADMINISTRATION 389 9.13 INTRACAVERNOSAL INJECTION 390 SUMMARY 390
REFERENCES 390 10 PHYSICOCHEMICAL DRUG INTERACTIONS AND
INCOMPATIBILITIES 393 10.1 PH EFFECTS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO 395 10.1.1 IN
VITRO PH EFFECTS 395 10.1.2 IN VIVO PH EFFECTS 395 10.2 DILUTION OF
MIXED SOLVENT SYSTEMS 401 10.3 CATION-ANION INTERACTIONS 402 10.4
POLYIONS AND DRUG SOLUTIONS 405 10.5 CHELATION AND OTHER FORMS OF
COMPLEXATION 405 10.6 OTHER COMPLEXES 410 10.6.1 INTERACTION OF DRUGS
WITH CYCLODEXTRINS 41 2 10.6.2 ION-EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS 413 10.7
ADSORPTION OF DRUGS 414 10.7.1 PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE ADSORPTION 416 10.8
DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH PLASTICS 417 CONTENTS XIII 10.9 PROTEIN BINDING
419 10.9.1 THERMODYNAMICS OF PROTEIN BINDING 421 10.9.2 LIPOPHILICITY
AND PROTEIN BINDING 422 10.9.3 PENETRATION OF SPECIALISED SITES 424
SUMMARY 425 APPENDIX: DRUGS INTERACTIONS BASED ON PHYSICAL MECHANISMS
425 A: INTERACTIONS BASED ON ABSORPTION OF DRUGS 425 B: INTERACTIONS
INVOLVING PROTEIN BINDING 427 REFERENCES 429 11 PEPTIDES, PROTEINS AND
OTHER BIOPHARMACEUTICALS 431 11.1 STRUCTURE AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 433 11.1.1 STRUCTURE OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 433
11.1.2 HYDROPHOBICITY OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 433 11.1.3 SOLUBILITY OF
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 437 1 1.2 THE STABILITY OF PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES
440 11.2.1 PHYSICAL INSTABILITY 441 11.2.2 FORMULATION AND PROTEIN
STABILISATION 443 11.2.3 CHEMICAL INSTABILITY 445 1 1.2.4 ACCELERATED
STABILITY TESTING OF PROTEIN FORMULATIONS 450 1 1.3 PROTEIN FORMULATION
AND DELIVERY 451 1 1.3.1 PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE TRANSPORT 451 11.3.2
LYOPHILISED PROTEINS 452 11.3.3 WATER ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS 452 11.3.4
ROUTES OF DELIVERY 455 1 1.4 A THERAPEUTIC PROTEIN AND A PEPTIDE 455
11.4.1 INSULIN 455 1 1.4.2 CALCITONIN 458 1 1.5 DNA AND OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
458 11.5.1 DNA 458 1 1.5.2 OLIGONUCLEOTIDES 459 1 1.6 THERAPEUTIC
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES 460 SUMMARY 460 REFERENCES 460 12 IN VITRO
ASSESSMENT OF DOSAGE FORMS 463 12.1 DISSOLUTION TESTING OF SOLID DOSAGE
FORMS 464 12.1.1 PHARMACOPOEIAL AND COMPENDIAL DISSOLUTION TESTS 466
12.1.2 FLOW-THROUGH SYSTEMS 466 XIV CONTENTS 12.2 IN VITRO-IN VIVO
CORRELATIONS 467 1 2.3 IN VITRO EVALUATION OF NONORAL SYSTEMS 467 12.3.1
SUPPOSITORY FORMULATIONS 467 12.3.2 IN VITRO RELEASE FROM TOPICAL
PRODUCTS AND TRANSDERMAL SYSTEMS 467 12.4 RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRODUCTS 471 12.5 ADHESIVITY OF DOSAGE FORMS 472 12.6 ANALYSIS OF
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN AEROSOLS 475 SUMMARY 478 REFERENCES 478
INDEX 479 |
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| author | Florence, Alexander T. Attwood, David 1940- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132643278 |
| author_facet | Florence, Alexander T. Attwood, David 1940- |
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| author_variant | a t f at atf d a da |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021811359 |
| classification_rvk | VX 5200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)63108270 (DE-599)BVBBV021811359 |
| dewey-full | 615.19 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 615 - Pharmacology and therapeutics |
| dewey-raw | 615.19 |
| dewey-search | 615.19 |
| dewey-sort | 3615.19 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Medizin |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021811359 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:51:06Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:45:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 085369608X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015023650 |
| oclc_num | 63108270 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| physical | XIV, 492 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Pharmaceutical Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Florence, Alexander T. Verfasser aut Physicochemical principles of pharmacy Alexander T. Florence ; David Attwood 4. ed. London [u.a.] Pharmaceutical Press 2006 XIV, 492 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Drugs Pharmaceutical chemistry Pharmazeutische Technologie (DE-588)4045699-7 gnd rswk-swf Arzneiform (DE-588)4068874-4 gnd rswk-swf Physikalische Chemie (DE-588)4045959-7 gnd rswk-swf Pharmazeutische Technologie (DE-588)4045699-7 s Physikalische Chemie (DE-588)4045959-7 s DE-604 Arzneiform (DE-588)4068874-4 s Attwood, David 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)132643278 aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015023650&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Florence, Alexander T. Attwood, David 1940- Physicochemical principles of pharmacy Drugs Pharmaceutical chemistry Pharmazeutische Technologie (DE-588)4045699-7 gnd Arzneiform (DE-588)4068874-4 gnd Physikalische Chemie (DE-588)4045959-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045699-7 (DE-588)4068874-4 (DE-588)4045959-7 |
| title | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy |
| title_auth | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy |
| title_exact_search | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy |
| title_full | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy Alexander T. Florence ; David Attwood |
| title_fullStr | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy Alexander T. Florence ; David Attwood |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy Alexander T. Florence ; David Attwood |
| title_short | Physicochemical principles of pharmacy |
| title_sort | physicochemical principles of pharmacy |
| topic | Drugs Pharmaceutical chemistry Pharmazeutische Technologie (DE-588)4045699-7 gnd Arzneiform (DE-588)4068874-4 gnd Physikalische Chemie (DE-588)4045959-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Drugs Pharmaceutical chemistry Pharmazeutische Technologie Arzneiform Physikalische Chemie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015023650&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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