Analysis and performance of fiber composites:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2006
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 562 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780471268918 0471268917 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Agarwal, Bhagwan D. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Analysis and performance of fiber composites |c Bhagwan D. Agarwal ; Lawrence J. Broutman ; K. Chandrashekhara |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 562 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Fibrous composites | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Reinforced plastics | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Broutman, Lawrence J. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chandrashekhara, K. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135712671399936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition / 1
1.2 Characteristics / 2
1.3 Classification / 3
1.4 Particulate Composites / 5
1.5 Fiber-Reinforced Composites / 7
1.6 Applications of Fiber Composites / 10
Exercise Problems / 14
References / 15
2 Fibers, Matrices, and Fabrication of Composites 16
2.1 Advanced Fibers / 16
2.1.1 Glass Fibers / 16
2.1.1.1 Production of Glass Fibers / 17
2.1.1.2 Glass Composition and
Properties / 18
2.1.1.3 Surface Treatment of Fibers: Sizes
and Coupling Agents / 18
2.1.1.4 Forms of Glass Fiber / 21
2.1.2 Carbon and Graphite Fibers / 23
2.1.3 Aramid Fibers / 26
2.1.4 Boron Fibers / 27
2.1.5 Other Fibers / 28
2.2 Matrix Materials / 30
2.2.1 Polymers / 30
iii
iv CONTENTS
2.2.1.1 Thermosetting and Thermoplastic
Polymers / 31
2.2.1.2 Polymer Properties of Importance to the
Composite / 31
2.2.1.3 Common Polymeric Matrix Materials / 34
2.2.1.4 Fillers / 39
2.2.2 Metals / 39
2.3 Fabrication of Composites / 41
2.3.1 Fabrication of Thermosetting Resin Matrix
Composites / 42
2.3.1.1 Hand Lay-up Technique / 43
2.3.1.2 Bag Molding Processes / 46
2.3.1.3 Resin Transfer Molding / 49
2.3.1.4 Filament Winding / 49
2.3.1.5 Pultrusion / 51
2.3.1.6 Preformed Molding Compounds / 53
2.3.2 Fabrication of Thermoplastic-Resin Matrix
Composites (Short-Fiber Composites) / 55
2.3.3 Fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites / 58
2.3.4 Fabrication of Ceramic Matrix Composites / 59
Suggested Reading / 60
3 Behavior of Unidirectional Composites 62
3.1 Introduction / 62
3.1.1 Nomenclature / 62
3.1.2 Volume and Weight Fractions / 64
3.2 Longitudinal Behavior of Unidirectional Composites / 67
3.2.1 Initial Stiffness / 68
3.2.2 Load Sharing / 71
3.2.3 Behavior beyond Initial Deformation / 73
3.2.4 Failure Mechanism and Strength / 74
3.2.5 Factors Influencing Longitudinal Strength and
Stiffness / 76
3.3 Transverse Stiffness and Strength / 80
3.3.1 Constant-Stress Model / 80
3.3.2 Elasticity Methods of Stiffness Prediction / 83
3.3.3 Halpin-Tsai Equations for Transverse Modulus / 85
CONTENTS V
3.3.4 Transverse Strength / 87
3.3.4.1 Micromechanics of Transverse Failure / 88
3.3.4.2 Prediction of Transverse Strength / 90
3.4 Prediction of Shear Modulus / 91
3.5 Prediction of Poisson s Ratio / 95
3.6 Failure Modes / 96
3.6.1 Failure under Longitudinal Tensile Loads / 100
3.6.2 Failure under Longitudinal Compressive Loads / 102
3.6.3 Failure under Transverse Tensile Loads / 106
3.6.4 Failure under Transverse Compressive Loads / 107
3.6.5 Failure under In-Plane Shear Loads / 107
3.7 Expansion Coefficients and Transport Properties / 108
3.7.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients / 108
3.7.2 Moisture Expansion Coefficients / 114
3.7.3 Transport Properties / 114
3.7.4 Mass Diffusion / 117
3.8 Typical Unidirectional Fiber Composite Properties / 123
Exercise Problems / 124
References / 129
4 Short-Fiber Composites 132
4.1 Introduction / 132
4.2 Theories of Stress Transfer / 133
4.2.1 Approximate Analysis of Stress Transfer / 133
4.2.2 Stress Distributions from Finite-Element
Analysis / 137
4.2.3 Average Fiber Stress / 139
4.3 Modulus and Strength of Short-Fiber Composites / 140
4.3.1 Prediction of Modulus / 141
4.3.2 Prediction of Strength / 145
4.3.3 Effect of Matrix Ductility / 150
4.4 Ribbon-Reinforced Composites / 152
Exercise Problems / 155
References / 156
Vi CONTENTS
5 Analysis of an Orthotropic Lamina 158
5.1 Introduction / 158
5.1.1 Orthotropic Materials / 158
5.2 Stress-Strain Relations and Engineering Constants / 160
5.2.1 Stress-Strain Relations for Specially Orthotropic
Lamina / I6l
5.2.2 Stress-Strain Relations for Generally Orthotropic
Lamina / 164
5.2.3 Transformation of Engineering Constants / 166
5.3 Hooke s Law and Stiffness and Compliance Matrices / 174
5.3.1 General Anisotropic Material / 174
5.3.2 Specially Orthotropic Material / 177
5.3.3 Transversely Isotropic Material / 180
5.3.4 Isotropic Material / 181
5.3.5 Specially Orthotropic Material under Plane Stress / 182
5.3.6 Compliance Tensor and Compliance Matrix / 184
5.3.7 Relations between Engineering Constants and Elements
of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices / 185
5.3.8 Restrictions on Elastic Constants / 187
5.3.9 Transformation of Stiffness and Compliance
Matrices / 189
5.3.10 Invariant Forms of Stiffness and Compliance
Matrices / 194
5.4 Strengths of an Orthotropic Lamina / 196
5.4.1 Maximum-Stress Theory / 197
5.4.2 Maximum-Strain Theory / 200
5.4.3 Maximum-Work Theory / 203
5.4.4 Importance of Sign of Shear Stress on Strength of
Composites / 205
Exercise Problems / 209
References / 212
6 Analysis of Laminated Composites 213
6.1 Introduction / 213
6.2 Laminate Strains / 213
6.3 Variation of Stresses in a Laminate / 216
CONTENTS Vii
6.4 Resultant Forces and Moments: Synthesis of Stiffness
Matrix / 218
6.5 Laminate Description System / 225
6.6 Construction and Properties of Special Laminates / 226
6.6.1 Symmetric Laminates / 227
6.6.2 Unidirectional, Cross-Ply, and Angle-Ply
Laminates / 228
6.6.3 Quasi-isotropic Laminates / 229
6.7 Determination of Laminae Stresses and Strains / 238
6.8 Analysis of Laminates after Initial Failure / 247
6.9 Hygrothermal Stresses in Laminates / 263
6.9.1 Concepts of Thermal Stresses / 263
6.9.2 Hygrothermal Stress Calculations / 264
6.10 Laminate Analysis Through Computers / 272
Exercise Problems / 277
References / 281
7 Analysis of Laminated Plates and Beams 282
7.1 Introduction / 282
7.2 Governing Equations for Plates / 283
7.2.1 Equilibrium Equations / 283
7.2.2 Equilibrium Equations in Terms of
Displacements / 286
7.3 Application of Plate Theory / 288
7.3.1 Bending / 288
7.3.1.1 Bending of General Laminates / 294
7.3.2 Buckling / 295
7.3.3 Free Vibrations / 301
7.4 Deformations Due to Transverse Shear / 306
7.4.1 First-Order Shear Deformation Theory / 306
7.4.1.1 Transverse Shear Deformation Effects in
Bending of a Simply Supported Rectangular
Specially Orthotropic Plate / 309
7.4.2 Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory / 311
7.5 Analysis of Laminated Beams / 314
Viii CONTENTS
7.5.1 Governing Equations for Laminated Beams / 314
7.5.2 Application of Beam Theory / 315
7.5.2.1 Bending / 315
7.5.2.2 Buckling / 318
7.5.2.3 Free Vibrations / 319
Exercise Problems / 320
References / 322
8 Advanced Topics in Fiber Composites 324
8.1 Interlaminar Stresses and Free-Edge Effects / 324
8.1.1 Concepts of Interlaminar Stresses / 324
8.1.2 Determination of Interlaminar Stresses / 326
8.1.3 Effect of Stacking Sequence on Interlaminar
Stresses / 328
8.1.4 Approximate Solutions for Interlaminar
Stresses / 330
8.1.5 Summary / 334
8.2 Fracture Mechanics of Fiber Composites / 335
8.2.1 Introduction / 335
8.2.1.1 Microscopic Failure Initiation / 335
8.2.1.2 Fracture Process in Composites / 336
8.2.2 Fracture Mechanics Concepts and Measures of
Fracture Toughness / 338
8.2.2.1 Strain-Energy Release Rate (G) / 339
8.2.2.2 Stress-Intensity Factor (K) / 341
8.2.2.3 J-Integral / 345
8.2.3 Fracture Toughness of Composite Laminates / 346
8.2.4 Whitney-Nuismer Failure Criteria for Notched
Composites / 349
8.3 Joints for Composite Structures / 355
8.3.1 Adhesively Bonded Joints / 355
8.3.1.1 Bonding Mechanisms / 355
8.3.1.2 Joint Configurations / 356
8.3.1.3 Joint Failure Modes / 357
8.3.1.4 Stresses in Joints / 358
8.3.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Adhesively Bonded Joints / 359
CONTENTS ix
8.3.2 Mechanically Fastened Joints / 360
8.3.2.1 Failure Modes of Mechanically Fastened
Joints / 360
8.3.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Mechanically Fastened Joints / 361
8.3.3 Bonded-Fastened Joints / 361
Exercise Problems / 362
References / 363
9 Performance of Fiber Composites: Fatigue, Impact, and
Environmental Effects 368
9.1 Fatigue / 368
9.1.1 Introduction / 368
9.1.2 Fatigue Damage / 370
9.1.2.1 Damage/Crack Initiation / 370
9.1.2.2 Crack Arrest and Crack Branching / 370
9.1.2.3 Final Fracture / 373
9.1.2.4 Schematic Representation / 373
9.1.2.5 Damage Characterization / 374
9.1.2.6 Influence of Damage on Properties / 375
9.1.3 Factors Influencing Fatigue Behavior of
Composites / 378
9.1.4 Empirical Relations for Fatigue Damage and Fatigue
Life / 385
9.1.5 Fatigue of High-Modulus Fiber-Reinforced
Composites / 386
9.1.6 Fatigue of Short-Fiber Composites / 390
9.2 Impact / 395
9.2.1 Introduction and Fracture Process / 395
9.2.2 Energy-Absorbing Mechanisms and Failure
Models / 396
9.2.2.1 Fiber Breakage / 396
9.2.2.2 Matrix Deformation and Cracking / 398
9.2.2.3 Fiber Dehonding / 399
9.2.2.4 Fiber Pullout / 399
9.2.2.5 Delaminatkm Cracks / 401
9.2.3 Effect of Materials and Testing Variables on Impact
Properties / 401
X CONTENTS
9.2.4 Hybrid Composites and Their Impact Strength / 407
9.2.5 Damage Due to Low-Velocity Impact / 411
9.3 Environmental-Interaction Effects / 416
9.3.1 Fiber Strength / 416
9.3.1.1 Features of Stress Corrosion / 416
9.3.1.2 Static Fatigue and Stress-Rupture of
Fibers / 417
9.3.1.3 Stress Corrosion of Glass Fibers and
GRP / 419
9.3.2 Matrix Effects / 422
9.3.2.1 Effect of Temperature and Moisture / 422
9.3.2.2 Degradation at Elevated Temperatures / 426
9.3.2.3 Stress—Rupture Characteristics at Modest
Temperatures / 429
Exercise Problems / 431
References / 431
10 Experimental Characterization of Composites 439
10.1 Introduction / 439
10.2 Measurement of Physical Properties / 440
10.2.1 Density / 440
10.2.2 Constituent Weight and Volume Fractions / 441
10.2.3 Void Volume Fraction / 442
10.2.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficients / 442
10.2.5 Moisture Absorption and Diffusivity / 443
10.2.6 Moisture Expansion Coefficients / 444
10.3 Measurement of Mechanical Properties / 445
10.3.1 Properties in Tension / 445
10.3.2 Properties in Compression / 449
10.3.3 In-Place Shear Properties / 452
10.3.3.1 Torsion Tube Test / 452
10.3.3.2 Iosipescu Shear Test / 453
10.3.3.3 [±45], Coupon Test / 455
10.3.3.4 Off-Axis Coupon Test / 456
10.3.3.5 Other Tests / 458
10.3.4 Flexural Properties / 459
CONTENTS Xi
10.3.5 Measures of In-Plane Fracture Toughness / 463
103.5.1 Critical Strain-Energy Release
Rate (G(.) / 463
10.3.5.2 Critical Stress-Intensity Factor or Crack
Growth Resistance (KK) / 464
10.3.5.3 Critical J-lntergral (./,.) / 470
10.3.6 Interlaminar Shear Strength and Fracture
Toughness / 471
10.3.7 Impact Properties / 475
10.4 Damage Identification Using Nondestructive Evaluation
Techniques / 481
10.4.1 Ultrasonics / 481
10.4.2 Acoustic Emission / 483
10.4.3 x-Radiography / 485
10.4.4 Thermography / 486
10.4.5 Laser Shearography / 488
10.5 General Remarks on Characterization / 488
Exercise Problems / 490
References / 491
11 Emerging Composite Materials 496
11.1 Nanocomposites / 496
11.2 Carbon-Carbon Composites / 498
11.3 Biocomposites / 498
11.3.1 Biofibers / 498
11.3.2 Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) / 501
11.3.3 Biopolymers / 502
11.4 Composites in Smart Structures / 503
Suggested Reading / 504
Appendix 1 Matrices and Tensors 507
Appendix 2 Equations of Theory of Elasticity 530
Appendix 3 Laminate Orientation Code 542
xii CONTENTS
Appendix 4 Properties of Fiber Composites 548
Appendix 5 Computer Programs for Laminate Analysis 553
Index 555
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definition / 1
1.2 Characteristics / 2
1.3 Classification / 3
1.4 Particulate Composites / 5
1.5 Fiber-Reinforced Composites / 7
1.6 Applications of Fiber Composites / 10
Exercise Problems / 14
References / 15
2 Fibers, Matrices, and Fabrication of Composites 16
2.1 Advanced Fibers / 16
2.1.1 Glass Fibers / 16
2.1.1.1 Production of Glass Fibers / 17
2.1.1.2 Glass Composition and
Properties / 18
2.1.1.3 Surface Treatment of Fibers: Sizes
and Coupling Agents / 18
2.1.1.4 Forms of Glass Fiber / 21
2.1.2 Carbon and Graphite Fibers / 23
2.1.3 Aramid Fibers / 26
2.1.4 Boron Fibers / 27
2.1.5 Other Fibers / 28
2.2 Matrix Materials / 30
2.2.1 Polymers / 30
iii
iv CONTENTS
2.2.1.1 Thermosetting and Thermoplastic
Polymers / 31
2.2.1.2 Polymer Properties of Importance to the
Composite / 31
2.2.1.3 Common Polymeric Matrix Materials / 34
2.2.1.4 Fillers / 39
2.2.2 Metals / 39
2.3 Fabrication of Composites / 41
2.3.1 Fabrication of Thermosetting Resin Matrix
Composites / 42
2.3.1.1 Hand Lay-up Technique / 43
2.3.1.2 Bag Molding Processes / 46
2.3.1.3 Resin Transfer Molding / 49
2.3.1.4 Filament Winding / 49
2.3.1.5 Pultrusion / 51
2.3.1.6 Preformed Molding Compounds / 53
2.3.2 Fabrication of Thermoplastic-Resin Matrix
Composites (Short-Fiber Composites) / 55
2.3.3 Fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites / 58
2.3.4 Fabrication of Ceramic Matrix Composites / 59
Suggested Reading / 60
3 Behavior of Unidirectional Composites 62
3.1 Introduction / 62
3.1.1 Nomenclature / 62
3.1.2 Volume and Weight Fractions / 64
3.2 Longitudinal Behavior of Unidirectional Composites / 67
3.2.1 Initial Stiffness / 68
3.2.2 Load Sharing / 71
3.2.3 Behavior beyond Initial Deformation / 73
3.2.4 Failure Mechanism and Strength / 74
3.2.5 Factors Influencing Longitudinal Strength and
Stiffness / 76
3.3 Transverse Stiffness and Strength / 80
3.3.1 Constant-Stress Model / 80
3.3.2 Elasticity Methods of Stiffness Prediction / 83
3.3.3 Halpin-Tsai Equations for Transverse Modulus / 85
CONTENTS V
3.3.4 Transverse Strength / 87
3.3.4.1 Micromechanics of Transverse Failure / 88
3.3.4.2 Prediction of Transverse Strength / 90
3.4 Prediction of Shear Modulus / 91
3.5 Prediction of Poisson's Ratio / 95
3.6 Failure Modes / 96
3.6.1 Failure under Longitudinal Tensile Loads / 100
3.6.2 Failure under Longitudinal Compressive Loads / 102
3.6.3 Failure under Transverse Tensile Loads / 106
3.6.4 Failure under Transverse Compressive Loads / 107
3.6.5 Failure under In-Plane Shear Loads / 107
3.7 Expansion Coefficients and Transport Properties / 108
3.7.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients / 108
3.7.2 Moisture Expansion Coefficients / 114
3.7.3 Transport Properties / 114
3.7.4 Mass Diffusion / 117
3.8 Typical Unidirectional Fiber Composite Properties / 123
Exercise Problems / 124
References / 129
4 Short-Fiber Composites 132
4.1 Introduction / 132
4.2 Theories of Stress Transfer / 133
4.2.1 Approximate Analysis of Stress Transfer / 133
4.2.2 Stress Distributions from Finite-Element
Analysis / 137
4.2.3 Average Fiber Stress / 139
4.3 Modulus and Strength of Short-Fiber Composites / 140
4.3.1 Prediction of Modulus / 141
4.3.2 Prediction of Strength / 145
4.3.3 Effect of Matrix Ductility / 150
4.4 Ribbon-Reinforced Composites / 152
Exercise Problems / 155
References / 156
Vi CONTENTS
5 Analysis of an Orthotropic Lamina 158
5.1 Introduction / 158
5.1.1 Orthotropic Materials / 158
5.2 Stress-Strain Relations and Engineering Constants / 160
5.2.1 Stress-Strain Relations for Specially Orthotropic
Lamina / I6l
5.2.2 Stress-Strain Relations for Generally Orthotropic
Lamina / 164
5.2.3 Transformation of Engineering Constants / 166
5.3 Hooke's Law and Stiffness and Compliance Matrices / 174
5.3.1 General Anisotropic Material / 174
5.3.2 Specially Orthotropic Material / 177
5.3.3 Transversely Isotropic Material / 180
5.3.4 Isotropic Material / 181
5.3.5 Specially Orthotropic Material under Plane Stress / 182
5.3.6 Compliance Tensor and Compliance Matrix / 184
5.3.7 Relations between Engineering Constants and Elements
of Stiffness and Compliance Matrices / 185
5.3.8 Restrictions on Elastic Constants / 187
5.3.9 Transformation of Stiffness and Compliance
Matrices / 189
5.3.10 Invariant Forms of Stiffness and Compliance
Matrices / 194
5.4 Strengths of an Orthotropic Lamina / 196
5.4.1 Maximum-Stress Theory / 197
5.4.2 Maximum-Strain Theory / 200
5.4.3 Maximum-Work Theory / 203
5.4.4 Importance of Sign of Shear Stress on Strength of
Composites / 205
Exercise Problems / 209
References / 212
6 Analysis of Laminated Composites 213
6.1 Introduction / 213
6.2 Laminate Strains / 213
6.3 Variation of Stresses in a Laminate / 216
CONTENTS Vii
6.4 Resultant Forces and Moments: Synthesis of Stiffness
Matrix / 218
6.5 Laminate Description System / 225
6.6 Construction and Properties of Special Laminates / 226
6.6.1 Symmetric Laminates / 227
6.6.2 Unidirectional, Cross-Ply, and Angle-Ply
Laminates / 228
6.6.3 Quasi-isotropic Laminates / 229
6.7 Determination of Laminae Stresses and Strains / 238
6.8 Analysis of Laminates after Initial Failure / 247
6.9 Hygrothermal Stresses in Laminates / 263
6.9.1 Concepts of Thermal Stresses / 263
6.9.2 Hygrothermal Stress Calculations / 264
6.10 Laminate Analysis Through Computers / 272
Exercise Problems / 277
References / 281
7 Analysis of Laminated Plates and Beams 282
7.1 Introduction / 282
7.2 Governing Equations for Plates / 283
7.2.1 Equilibrium Equations / 283
7.2.2 Equilibrium Equations in Terms of
Displacements / 286
7.3 Application of Plate Theory / 288
7.3.1 Bending / 288
7.3.1.1 Bending of General Laminates / 294
7.3.2 Buckling / 295
7.3.3 Free Vibrations / 301
7.4 Deformations Due to Transverse Shear / 306
7.4.1 First-Order Shear Deformation Theory / 306
7.4.1.1 Transverse Shear Deformation Effects in
Bending of a Simply Supported Rectangular
Specially Orthotropic Plate / 309
7.4.2 Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theory / 311
7.5 Analysis of Laminated Beams / 314
Viii CONTENTS
7.5.1 Governing Equations for Laminated Beams / 314
7.5.2 Application of Beam Theory / 315
7.5.2.1 Bending / 315
7.5.2.2 Buckling / 318
7.5.2.3 Free Vibrations / 319
Exercise Problems / 320
References / 322
8 Advanced Topics in Fiber Composites 324
8.1 Interlaminar Stresses and Free-Edge Effects / 324
8.1.1 Concepts of Interlaminar Stresses / 324
8.1.2 Determination of Interlaminar Stresses / 326
8.1.3 Effect of Stacking Sequence on Interlaminar
Stresses / 328
8.1.4 Approximate Solutions for Interlaminar
Stresses / 330
8.1.5 Summary / 334
8.2 Fracture Mechanics of Fiber Composites / 335
8.2.1 Introduction / 335
8.2.1.1 Microscopic Failure Initiation / 335
8.2.1.2 Fracture Process in Composites / 336
8.2.2 Fracture Mechanics Concepts and Measures of
Fracture Toughness / 338
8.2.2.1 Strain-Energy Release Rate (G) / 339
8.2.2.2 Stress-Intensity Factor (K) / 341
8.2.2.3 J-Integral / 345
8.2.3 Fracture Toughness of Composite Laminates / 346
8.2.4 Whitney-Nuismer Failure Criteria for Notched
Composites / 349
8.3 Joints for Composite Structures / 355
8.3.1 Adhesively Bonded Joints / 355
8.3.1.1 Bonding Mechanisms / 355
8.3.1.2 Joint Configurations / 356
8.3.1.3 Joint Failure Modes / 357
8.3.1.4 Stresses in Joints / 358
8.3.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Adhesively Bonded Joints / 359
CONTENTS ix
8.3.2 Mechanically Fastened Joints / 360
8.3.2.1 Failure Modes of Mechanically Fastened
Joints / 360
8.3.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Mechanically Fastened Joints / 361
8.3.3 Bonded-Fastened Joints / 361
Exercise Problems / 362
References / 363
9 Performance of Fiber Composites: Fatigue, Impact, and
Environmental Effects 368
9.1 Fatigue / 368
9.1.1 Introduction / 368
9.1.2 Fatigue Damage / 370
9.1.2.1 Damage/Crack Initiation / 370
9.1.2.2 Crack Arrest and Crack Branching / 370
9.1.2.3 Final Fracture / 373
9.1.2.4 Schematic Representation / 373
9.1.2.5 Damage Characterization / 374
9.1.2.6 Influence of Damage on Properties / 375
9.1.3 Factors Influencing Fatigue Behavior of
Composites / 378
9.1.4 Empirical Relations for Fatigue Damage and Fatigue
Life / 385
9.1.5 Fatigue of High-Modulus Fiber-Reinforced
Composites / 386
9.1.6 Fatigue of Short-Fiber Composites / 390
9.2 Impact / 395
9.2.1 Introduction and Fracture Process / 395
9.2.2 Energy-Absorbing Mechanisms and Failure
Models / 396
9.2.2.1 Fiber Breakage / 396
9.2.2.2 Matrix Deformation and Cracking / 398
9.2.2.3 Fiber Dehonding / 399
9.2.2.4 Fiber Pullout / 399
9.2.2.5 Delaminatkm Cracks / 401
9.2.3 Effect of Materials and Testing Variables on Impact
Properties / 401
X CONTENTS
9.2.4 Hybrid Composites and Their Impact Strength / 407
9.2.5 Damage Due to Low-Velocity Impact / 411
9.3 Environmental-Interaction Effects / 416
9.3.1 Fiber Strength / 416
9.3.1.1 Features of Stress Corrosion / 416
9.3.1.2 Static Fatigue and Stress-Rupture of
Fibers / 417
9.3.1.3 Stress Corrosion of Glass Fibers and
GRP / 419
9.3.2 Matrix Effects / 422
9.3.2.1 Effect of Temperature and Moisture / 422
9.3.2.2 Degradation at Elevated Temperatures / 426
9.3.2.3 Stress—Rupture Characteristics at Modest
Temperatures / 429
Exercise Problems / 431
References / 431
10 Experimental Characterization of Composites 439
10.1 Introduction / 439
10.2 Measurement of Physical Properties / 440
10.2.1 Density / 440
10.2.2 Constituent Weight and Volume Fractions / 441
10.2.3 Void Volume Fraction / 442
10.2.4 Thermal Expansion Coefficients / 442
10.2.5 Moisture Absorption and Diffusivity / 443
10.2.6 Moisture Expansion Coefficients / 444
10.3 Measurement of Mechanical Properties / 445
10.3.1 Properties in Tension / 445
10.3.2 Properties in Compression / 449
10.3.3 In-Place Shear Properties / 452
10.3.3.1 Torsion Tube Test / 452
10.3.3.2 Iosipescu Shear Test / 453
10.3.3.3 [±45], Coupon Test / 455
10.3.3.4 Off-Axis Coupon Test / 456
10.3.3.5 Other Tests / 458
10.3.4 Flexural Properties / 459
CONTENTS Xi
10.3.5 Measures of In-Plane Fracture Toughness / 463
103.5.1 Critical Strain-Energy Release
Rate (G(.) / 463
10.3.5.2 Critical Stress-Intensity Factor or Crack
Growth Resistance (KK) / 464
10.3.5.3 Critical J-lntergral (./,.) / 470
10.3.6 Interlaminar Shear Strength and Fracture
Toughness / 471
10.3.7 Impact Properties / 475
10.4 Damage Identification Using Nondestructive Evaluation
Techniques / 481
10.4.1 Ultrasonics / 481
10.4.2 Acoustic Emission / 483
10.4.3 x-Radiography / 485
10.4.4 Thermography / 486
10.4.5 Laser Shearography / 488
10.5 General Remarks on Characterization / 488
Exercise Problems / 490
References / 491
11 Emerging Composite Materials 496
11.1 Nanocomposites / 496
11.2 Carbon-Carbon Composites / 498
11.3 Biocomposites / 498
11.3.1 Biofibers / 498
11.3.2 Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) / 501
11.3.3 Biopolymers / 502
11.4 Composites in "Smart" Structures / 503
Suggested Reading / 504
Appendix 1 Matrices and Tensors 507
Appendix 2 Equations of Theory of Elasticity 530
Appendix 3 Laminate Orientation Code 542
xii CONTENTS
Appendix 4 Properties of Fiber Composites 548
Appendix 5 Computer Programs for Laminate Analysis 553
Index 555 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Agarwal, Bhagwan D. Broutman, Lawrence J. Chandrashekhara, K. |
| author_facet | Agarwal, Bhagwan D. Broutman, Lawrence J. Chandrashekhara, K. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Agarwal, Bhagwan D. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021798379 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA418 |
| callnumber-raw | TA418.9.C6 |
| callnumber-search | TA418.9.C6 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3418.9 C6 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ZM 7020 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)61748462 (DE-599)BVBBV021798379 |
| dewey-full | 620.1/18 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620.1/18 |
| dewey-search | 620.1/18 |
| dewey-sort | 3620.1 218 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021798379 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:47:01Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:44:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780471268918 0471268917 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2005044699 |
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| spelling | Agarwal, Bhagwan D. Verfasser aut Analysis and performance of fiber composites Bhagwan D. Agarwal ; Lawrence J. Broutman ; K. Chandrashekhara 3. ed. Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2006 XIV, 562 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fibrous composites Reinforced plastics Faserverbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4134341-4 gnd rswk-swf Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd rswk-swf Faserverstärkter Kunststoff (DE-588)4128805-1 gnd rswk-swf Faserverbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4134341-4 s Faserverstärkter Kunststoff (DE-588)4128805-1 s 1\p DE-604 Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 s 2\p DE-604 Broutman, Lawrence J. Verfasser aut Chandrashekhara, K. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015010927&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Agarwal, Bhagwan D. Broutman, Lawrence J. Chandrashekhara, K. Analysis and performance of fiber composites Fibrous composites Reinforced plastics Faserverbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4134341-4 gnd Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd Faserverstärkter Kunststoff (DE-588)4128805-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4134341-4 (DE-588)4062670-2 (DE-588)4128805-1 |
| title | Analysis and performance of fiber composites |
| title_auth | Analysis and performance of fiber composites |
| title_exact_search | Analysis and performance of fiber composites |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Analysis and performance of fiber composites |
| title_full | Analysis and performance of fiber composites Bhagwan D. Agarwal ; Lawrence J. Broutman ; K. Chandrashekhara |
| title_fullStr | Analysis and performance of fiber composites Bhagwan D. Agarwal ; Lawrence J. Broutman ; K. Chandrashekhara |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis and performance of fiber composites Bhagwan D. Agarwal ; Lawrence J. Broutman ; K. Chandrashekhara |
| title_short | Analysis and performance of fiber composites |
| title_sort | analysis and performance of fiber composites |
| topic | Fibrous composites Reinforced plastics Faserverbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4134341-4 gnd Verbundwerkstoff (DE-588)4062670-2 gnd Faserverstärkter Kunststoff (DE-588)4128805-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fibrous composites Reinforced plastics Faserverbundwerkstoff Verbundwerkstoff Faserverstärkter Kunststoff |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015010927&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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