Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch: polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Ukrainian |
| Published: |
Černivci
Ruta
2004
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | PST: The Republic of Bulgaria at the break of epochs. - In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 518 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9665686623 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
ЗМІСТ
Передмова
.5
Розділ перший. Політичні процеси та інститути посттоталітарних
європейських країн кінця 80-х- початку 90-х
pp. XX
ст.
.31
1.1.
Політичні чинники краху комуністичних режимів у країнах ЦСЄ
.
3
1
1.2.
Процеси демократизації та становлення нових політичних інститутів
.53
1.3.
Моделі посткомуністичної політики в країнах ЦСЄ
.81
Розділ другий. Болгарія у політичному просторі посткомуністичної
Центрально-Східної Європи
.11
3
2.1.
Внутрішні та зовнішні чинники суспільних змін
.113
2.2.
Суспільно-політичні реалії Болгарії у
80-
90-х роках
.134
2.3.
Трансформація політичної системи Болгарії
.161
2.3.1.
Прийняття нової Конституції та регулювання
конституційно-правового поля
.161
2.3.2.
Формування та діяльність інститутів державної влади
.176
Розділ третій. Політичний розвиток і партійна система Болгарії
трансформаційної доби
.213
3.1.
Багатопартійність у політичній системі Болгарії
.213
3.2.
Ліва частина болгарського політичного простору
.246
3.3.
Правий сектор партійної системи Болгарії
.277
Розділ четвертий.
Новодемократична
болгарська специфіка крізь
політологічну призму
.309
4.1.
Соціально-економічна матриця сучасних болгарських реалій
.309
4.2.
Етнополітичний процес: сучасні тенденції в історичному контексті
.341
4.3.
Розвиток політичної культури Болгарії у дзеркалі демократичних змін
.364
Розділ п'ятий. Болгарія кінця
XX
-
початку
XXI
ст.:
дві моделі соціально-
політичного буття і трансформаційно-модернізаційної перспективи
.395
5.1.
Болгарський шлях у Європу: реалії та перспективи пошуку
місця в сучасному світі
.395
5.2.
Сутність та взаємназалежність політичних феноменів:
трансформаций
модернізації
.423
Висновки
.455
Додатки
.464
Іменний покажчик
.500
Summary
.509
Список абревіатур і скорочень
.517
SUMMARY
The revolutions of
1989
changed all the spheres of life of the peoples
from the countries of Central-Eastern Europe
(CEE)
considerably. The
situation of severe crisis in these states appeared not simultaneously but
all over the region. The necessity of political changes was explained by
great dissatisfaction of people both by society state and authorities
incapability to solve this difficultproblem. The revolutions tookplace almost
simultaneously-at the second half of
1989.
This fact could be explained,
first, by realizing the idea of non-interferingpolitical behavior of the USSR
with respect to "brother" countries policy and of not supporting the
conservative forces to prevent the democratic processes from its
development; second, by increasing the social intensity in the states.
There were several ways of overcoming the crisis: through the
agreement ofreformers actions
fromme leadingparties
and the opposition
in Poland, Hungary and partially Albany; intheformof "velvetrevolution"
in Czechoslovakia, of original putsch among authorities in Bulgaria, of
symbolic demolition of Berlin Wall in GDR; of people revolt in Romania.
The democratic revolutions in the countries of
CEE
are the
remarkable events of the second half of the XXth century which started
not only the original political and socio-economical changes in the region,
but those of the principal character in the system of international
relationship as well. They manifested the influence of their internal
transformations upon geopolitical situation in Europe and all over the
world. The confrontation between East and West was close to its
completion, the long-term and exhausted coldwar stopped. The countries
of the region looked forward to West economic supporting. The process
increased after the USSR decay and the arise of a long-term economic
and social-political crisis in the post-Soviet region. The Soviet model
was inefficient in comparison with the Western models, it lagged behind
in technological and information aspects, but competitive in a war way
due to the great exploitation of natural resources and human factor. In
this respect the Soviet system didn't come to the limit of all the possibilities
and, obviously, it could have a long-term development.
510
Віра Бурдяк. Республіка Болгарія на зламі епох
After the revolutions the main aim of political forces that took the
power in the post-socialist countries of
CEE
consisted in the complete
demolition of the previous structures and in the introduction of the
elements of the new systems of social functioning. Certainly, the
specific features that were characteristic for every country took place
with the typical ones for the states as well.
By the half of the
1990s
Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and
Czech republic could have provided with the stable annual increase in
GNP and the increase of people life standards. But there was no great
success in Albany, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia. There exists the
hard combination of political democracy and economic anti-democracy,
the necessity of creating a real civilized competitive market economy.
Besides, there were several negative features in post-socialist
societies. The tribal, primitive relations and spirits revived. The old
national and religion unities appeared at the forefront after the socialism
destruction. The latter was a unifying and modernizing force to a certain
extent. Unemployment, lost hope, the lack of means of subsistence
lead people to prophets' traps who implant haired to other people as
the feature of self-expression. In spite of the existing political and
ideological diversities of new governments and the difference in their
programs there are some general features of their activity:
transformation of monistic totalitarian political systems into pluralistic
ones with democracy, legislation, government institutions, public society,
respect to human rights; transformation of a centralized economy that
based on the state property into a market one with a mixed property
structure; the overcoming of block separation, change or reconstruction
of East-European block structures and their introduction into West-
European economic, political and cultural processes.
All the countries declared their wish to become the members of
the European Council and NATO. Such tasks were aimed at the
programs of political parties and movements (from right to left ones)
that represented the interests of the majority of population. Even the
ideologists of the unified Europe didn't expect the speed of new
political forces of
CEE
in the rapid and radical destruction of these
barriers separating the continent and the possibility for it to become
valuable objects of international life. The return to Europe for post-
totalitarian countries means the possibility to have their individuality
and not to submit to the dictatorship of the modal imposed externally.
One of the conditions of NATO membership is the availability of a
democratic political system that disciplines the political elite and makes
Summary
_511
the countries level the contradictions and conflicts in the political sphere,
develop and improve the democratic political process.
The democratization process started in Bulgaria at the end of the
1980s
-beginning of the
1990s
as well as in the countries of
ССЕ.
It
developed at a slow rate. There were specific features of lagging the
democratization process in Bulgaria together with crisis events. The
latter consisted in the imperfection of the political and economic system
conditioned with totalitarian power and sell-will. Those specific features
were the following ones: curtailment of production at several enterprises
because of raw material termination delivered from the USSR and of
curtailment of collaboration with GDR; rapid increase of external debt
andbudget
deficit economic inflation; massive immigration of ethnical
Turks from, the country in
1989
and, as a consequence, the decrease
of me amount of workers and employees; great loss in tobacco industry,
animal husbandry and the considerable export reduction of these
products caused by the decrease of labor resources; the country
incapability to provide itself with the necessary raw materials, materials
and consumer goods; the appearance of unemployment for the first
time during the socialism period. There were structure disproportions
between economy sectors at the end of
1
980s within general misbalance
of economic development led to serious balance violation between
demand and request of goods, service and housing accommodation.
The stagnation of totalitarian system acquired a deep stage in the
political sphere. BCP concentrated the power in hands of a narrow
layer of nomenclature employees, who controlled production, distribution,
and defined their task not in overcoming the crisis but keeping their
status. There was responsibility decrease, impunity development and
voluntarism. The diverged system of privileges influencing on social,
professional and hierarchic basis being a means of stabilization of
authoritarian regime and open enrichment of "selected" persons damaged
the society morally and politically. It caused the loss of authority and
party influence on the people. Thus, one could observe the decay
processes in all the spheres of public life at the second half of
1980s.
In
1988
the Bulgarian intelligence subjected to the impact of
perestroïka
and
glasnost
in the USSR expressed its dissatisfaction for
the existing policy, but it did that very carefully. The Bulgarian dissidents
united in different public organizations in spite of power oppression
and prosecution. Two main directions were made up in that movement
-
non-party society members evolved to anti-communism and protested
against the existing system, anti-zhivkovists spoke in support of
512_ Bißa
Бурдяк. Республіка Болгарія на зламі епох
socialism democratization. They were united taking care of the
environment and realizing its influence on a man.
The events
ofNovember,10iril989-power
elimination from Zhivkov
and creation of new power structures
-
started the political evolution in
Bulgaria. Free election held on the multi-party base in
1990
and
1991
stimulated the strengthening of a new political system. The adoption of
the new Constitution was considered to be the conformation of the
transformation effectiveness in Bulgaria. This constitution legitimatized
changes in the political system of the society. Bulgaria became a country
with the parliamentary form of ruling. There was made a real distribution
of three branches of power. In the sphere of ideology the society made
a final refusal from Marxism-Leninism and the leading role of BCP and
turned to liberal-democratic and traditional values.
During transformation period the greatest changes took place in the
political system of the Republic of Bulgaria where reformed and new political
institutions function efficiently. This merit belongs to political elite and
counterelite-political opposition being an indispensable part of the political
and party system. The real nonpartisanship has appeared in the country.
The main political forces
-
Bulgarian Socialist Party and Union of Demo¬
cratic Forces
(UDF)
—
came to power as an election result several times
changing each other and ruled the country. The third political force in the
state
-
Movement for Rights and Freedom (MRF
-
the ethnical Turkish
party of RB)
-
is always included into the coalition with the party that wins
the election and seeks partners for making the parliamentary majority. MRF
always had a position at the center in National Assembly both under BCP
and
UDF
governments, persuaded its interests; at the case of the crisis of
the ruling party MRF left the coalition. At the present parliament MRF got
21
places and made a coalition witii a governmental National movement
Simeon the Second. At the election to National Assembly in June
2001
NMSS got
120
(a shaip half) deputy mandates and made the parliamentary
majority having united with MRF
(21
places) into the coalition. Thus, bipolar
political configuration
(UDF
-
BCP) that was created at the beginning of
1
990s was cancelled. The former monarch Simeon the Second headed the
government. It was the first case in Europe when the former tsar returned
to the power in a democratic way (in the republic!
).
However, new political
forces couldn't overcome the negative processes in the social-economic
development of the country. Thus, the people expectations for life
improvement weren'tjustified.Itwas demonstrated by their political behavior
at the President election in November
2001 -
G. Pirvanov, the leader of the
socialist party, won the election.
Summary
_
5ľ3
The political elite plays an important role in RB transformations.
Since Aristotle and Plato there has been the sophisticated thought that
politics, i.e. state affairs, are defined not for casual people, and it isn't
sufficient to have only will to be the leader being dignified to have a
place in history. In the centuries-old Christian civilization the main emphasis
was made at the role and quantities of the person, and only after that
-
at his understanding and acknowledgement of corporative politics basis.
The events of the latest years in Bulgaria created such realities that the
representatives of the power and business became the people having
the greatest influence either at the national or regional levels.
The former regime elite
—
nomenclature rationalists and reformers
-
converted
иге
political power into economic, and dogmatic nomenclature
lost both political and economic power gradually. The relicts of political
technologies of the former socialist nomenclature functioned during some
period of time at the post-communist political forces that was cardinally
directed to the opposite side. The symptoms can be observed and analyzed
by not removing at time. It happened because the ruling elite, especially
during the first
6-7
transformation years, wasn't updated. It concerned
both leading political forces of the country
-
BCP and
UDF,
each party
came to the power twice during the last decade of the XXth century.
The political elite has the best positions in the power system and
dominates over the rest people on the basis of this factor. The ruling elite
RB is actually represented by three groups of the elite, in each there
domain economic (status), political (influence) or cultural (special knowledge
or skills) capitals. For understanding the evolution changes in Bulgaria
they are considered in the relationship of political process, strength and
power of the elite and
counterelite
that played a very important role in
gaining the consensus in the country taking into account the events in
Balkans in
1
990s, political success and socially positive activity direction.
The republic of Bulgaria as the other countries as well has the
political system democratism. It doesn't consist in massive people
interference into state ruling but it does in that fact that all the ruling
persons are elected and changed by people systematically and directed
at their support being able to keep it. The elite availability is a normal
phenomenon for traditional and modem society. Everything depends on
the development of the political process, interaction mode between the
elite and people but not on the social content of the supreme authorities.
During the change of the authoritative regime into democratic the
proportions of the elite updating and preservation won't be balanced. In
Bulgaria the scale of changes among the political elite grew gradually. It
514 _ _ _
Віра Бурдяи. Республіка Болгарія на зламі епох
was connected with BCP/BSP leaving and losing of their ruling positions,
origin and establishment of multi-party system and strengthening of the
political opposition- The change depth depended on the degree of the
political hierarchy: on the top, center of the political system, closer to the
top or at the medium level. It also differed in central, regional and local
authorities. The part of the elite changed its ideas and due to this it kept
its positions or occupied equivalent ones. The party meeting leaders
didn't have the similar power skills, as the nomenclature did, thus, they
failed at first. However, at all the cases, the national elite influences on
the course of socio-political transformation in Bulgaria.
The analysis of the new democratic Bulgarian specification from the
political and scientific point of view within
1989-2003
demonstrates that
this per
iod
was too important and difficult for the country and the society
as to their survival and further existence. First, there was unemployment
having appeared and developed at a rapid pace. It sometimes gained
10-
17%ofthe efficient part of population (in comparison
1.5 -2.0%
in
1989).
Second, there were not justified the hopes for reducing the break
between Eastern and Western Europe in the social-economic and
technological aspects. If one compares the dynamics and level of GNP
per head in RB and countries of EC in
1990s,
one will notice the increase
of the break. During transformation period
ŔB
removed from the desired
standards of the first world and approached to the third world.
There happened the negative effects in the structure of economics
that is still at the stage of overcoming the tendencies of making the
production primitive and deintellectualizing the labor which have
appeared since the transformation beginning.
The private sector of the economy is still at the stage of the upgrading.
The transformation recession concerning specific growth of criminality
and corruption hasn't been gained rapidly. The economic crisis lagged
reform development and market relation formation.
Ifall
the post-socialist
governments of Bulgaria kept the same reform policy, one could describe
different orientation and rates of economic development, success and
failures of system transformation as the consequences of the unpleasant
initial conditions and national specification. But the quality of defining
and understanding transformation tasks, means of their realization and
the political will of those forces made reforms were different and
influenced on the results in a different way.
RB government kept the idea of organic weakness of the country
during
transformation
period. Hence, state functions that are
completely legitimate in stable market economy should be minimum at
Summary
_515
transformation period. Thus, when reformers in
CEE
countries
democratized and weakened state structures, it didn't happen to RB.
Only in
1997
with the help of international economic institutions Bulgaria
directed the way of economy liberal policy, state property privatization
and macroeconomic stability achievement.
There are certain conflict problems connected with ethnical policy
in Bulgaria. The core of the problem consists in the hard inheritance
of centuries-old
Osmanli
yoke and continuous struggle between great
states in this European region. There are some claims of each people
to others. These and another factors caused the mixing of population
and religion of the region in the past, and even now there are some
conflicts of the peoples the ethnical origin of which is close.
The most positive factor of the difficult and complicated situation in
RB is the fact that people demonstrate the lack of ultimate conservatism,
they study to perceive new realities and show the ability of adapting to
them in social-economic and political transforaiation. It's due to mentality
and political culture of Bulgarians. First, the political culture is under
development where patriarchal and dependent features are being
overcome; democratic traditions and values are being rehabilitated; new
public orientations are being formed. Second, the political culture is dual,
with internal contradictions manifesting in coexistence of the interest in
politics and unwillingness to take a part in it, political self-descriptiveness
and lack of political science knowledge; rational self-estimation and
emotional behavior; party polarization and realization of the national
consensus necessity; moderate patriarchal conservatism and openness
to social innovations; individual-personal self-identification and politically
closed essence of the community. One can consider that the Bulgarian
political culture is at the stage of searching the balance between the
active and passive attitude, orientation and direction of the political system,
i.e. in the process of motion toward the so-called public culture.
The Republic of Bulgaria having stepped at the transition way
toward democratic system and market economy has to solve the
problems of society transformation and modernization simultaneously.
The success is lagged by slow reform performance, finance shortage,
existing crisis phenomena. The attempts of Bulgaria to regulate
modernization crisis are combined with solving problems having a
specific-national character. The latter is conditioned with the resistance
of political forces, interested in nationalistic, monarchist and other
analogous models of the Bulgarian society development. These
countermodern
ist
tendencies are directly connected with the activity
516_
_
Віра Бурдяк. Республіка Болгарія
на
зламјепох
of certain parties, movements and elite groups in state power having
different influence in the political sphere.
The Bulgarian society tried to solve many contradictions of post¬
modern as well. Chiefly, they haven't gained the essential spread having
considered the mechanisms and relations based on the application of
modern information tech-nologies. However, having manifested in
important fields of the political sphere, these conflicts have a sufficient
impact on state decision-making, state role in regulating the international
conflicts, and on the relationship with important foreign partners.
The high level of conflictness of social and political processes in
Bulgaria under conditions of modernization determines the necessity of
gradual reform performance, the influence decrease on democratization
processes of traditional political culture stereotypes, and as a main thing
-the role increase of ruling and opposition elites, their capability to have
a discussion and to make decisions. The overcoming of this type of
internal elite relations forms the main ways of democracy and
modernization strengthening in the development of the modem Bulgaria.
At searching the individual place in the modern global system, i.e.
in the sphere of foreign policy Bulgaria actually made the
reorientation
toward western structures (NATO, EC, etc.). In spite of the fact that
reforms are negatively affected by the complicated international situation,
intensified by the Persian Gulf crisis, Yugoslav embargo, wars in the
neighboring Yugoslavia, misbalance of international financial markets
and another unfavorable factors the Republic of Bulgaria has already
managed to succeed. The international commonwealth acknowledged
this success, and Bulgaria was proposed
tojóin
NATO. The real entry
of RB into this organization can take place in
2004.
Bulgaria has active
efficient relationship with EC. Bulgaria can join this organization in
2007
after having performed all the programs proposed by EC.
The republic of Bulgaria defines the necessity of interest balance
with neighboring regional countries, and even with the states located far
to East. The History determined the Bulgarian way to Europe through
the Balkans, through active and fruitful participation in solving
subregional
problems, elimination of internal contradictions and liberation from some
Balkan features
-
excessive massive emotionality, not always sufficient
tolerance with the preservation of the best qualities and traditions. The
Republic of Bulgaria came into the XXIth century as a state keeping
general human values, human rights superiority, conservation of national
and state unity of the country, with the decisive spirits of the political
elite to build the democratic, legal and social state. |
| adam_txt |
ЗМІСТ
Передмова
.5
Розділ перший. Політичні процеси та інститути посттоталітарних
європейських країн кінця 80-х- початку 90-х
pp. XX
ст.
.31
1.1.
Політичні чинники краху комуністичних режимів у країнах ЦСЄ
.
3
1
1.2.
Процеси демократизації та становлення нових політичних інститутів
.53
1.3.
Моделі посткомуністичної політики в країнах ЦСЄ
.81
Розділ другий. Болгарія у політичному просторі посткомуністичної
Центрально-Східної Європи
.11
3
2.1.
Внутрішні та зовнішні чинники суспільних змін
.113
2.2.
Суспільно-політичні реалії Болгарії у
80-
90-х роках
.134
2.3.
Трансформація політичної системи Болгарії
.161
2.3.1.
Прийняття нової Конституції та регулювання
конституційно-правового поля
.161
2.3.2.
Формування та діяльність інститутів державної влади
.176
Розділ третій. Політичний розвиток і партійна система Болгарії
трансформаційної доби
.213
3.1.
Багатопартійність у політичній системі Болгарії
.213
3.2.
Ліва частина болгарського політичного простору
.246
3.3.
Правий сектор партійної системи Болгарії
.277
Розділ четвертий.
Новодемократична
болгарська специфіка крізь
політологічну призму
.309
4.1.
Соціально-економічна матриця сучасних болгарських реалій
.309
4.2.
Етнополітичний процес: сучасні тенденції в історичному контексті
.341
4.3.
Розвиток політичної культури Болгарії у дзеркалі демократичних змін
.364
Розділ п'ятий. Болгарія кінця
XX
-
початку
XXI
ст.:
дві моделі соціально-
політичного буття і трансформаційно-модернізаційної перспективи
.395
5.1.
Болгарський шлях у Європу: реалії та перспективи пошуку
місця в сучасному світі
.395
5.2.
Сутність та взаємназалежність політичних феноменів:
трансформаций
модернізації
.423
Висновки
.455
Додатки
.464
Іменний покажчик
.500
Summary
.509
Список абревіатур і скорочень
.517
SUMMARY
The revolutions of
1989
changed all the spheres of life of the peoples
from the countries of Central-Eastern Europe
(CEE)
considerably. The
situation of severe crisis in these states appeared not simultaneously but
all over the region. The necessity of political changes was explained by
great dissatisfaction of people both by society state and authorities
incapability to solve this difficultproblem. The revolutions tookplace almost
simultaneously-at the second half of
1989.
This fact could be explained,
first, by realizing the idea of non-interferingpolitical behavior of the USSR
with respect to "brother" countries policy and of not supporting the
conservative forces to prevent the democratic processes from its
development; second, by increasing the social intensity in the states.
There were several ways of overcoming the crisis: through the
agreement ofreformers actions
fromme leadingparties
and the opposition
in Poland, Hungary and partially Albany; intheformof "velvetrevolution"
in Czechoslovakia, of original putsch among authorities in Bulgaria, of
symbolic demolition of Berlin Wall in GDR; of people revolt in Romania.
The democratic revolutions in the countries of
CEE
are the
remarkable events of the second half of the XXth century which started
not only the original political and socio-economical changes in the region,
but those of the principal character in the system of international
relationship as well. They manifested the influence of their internal
transformations upon geopolitical situation in Europe and all over the
world. The confrontation between East and West was close to its
completion, the long-term and exhausted coldwar stopped. The countries
of the region looked forward to West economic supporting. The process
increased after the USSR decay and the arise of a long-term economic
and social-political crisis in the post-Soviet region. The Soviet model
was inefficient in comparison with the Western models, it lagged behind
in technological and information aspects, but competitive in a war way
due to the great exploitation of natural resources and human factor. In
this respect the Soviet system didn't come to the limit of all the possibilities
and, obviously, it could have a long-term development.
510
Віра Бурдяк. Республіка Болгарія на зламі епох
After the revolutions the main aim of political forces that took the
power in the post-socialist countries of
CEE
consisted in the complete
demolition of the previous structures and in the introduction of the
elements of the new systems of social functioning. Certainly, the
specific features that were characteristic for every country took place
with the typical ones for the states as well.
By the half of the
1990s
Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and
Czech republic could have provided with the stable annual increase in
GNP and the increase of people life standards. But there was no great
success in Albany, Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia. There exists the
hard combination of political democracy and economic anti-democracy,
the necessity of creating a real civilized competitive market economy.
Besides, there were several negative features in post-socialist
societies. The tribal, primitive relations and spirits revived. The old
national and religion unities appeared at the forefront after the socialism
destruction. The latter was a unifying and modernizing force to a certain
extent. Unemployment, lost hope, the lack of means of subsistence
lead people to prophets' traps who implant haired to other people as
the feature of self-expression. In spite of the existing political and
ideological diversities of new governments and the difference in their
programs there are some general features of their activity:
transformation of monistic totalitarian political systems into pluralistic
ones with democracy, legislation, government institutions, public society,
respect to human rights; transformation of a centralized economy that
based on the state property into a market one with a mixed property
structure; the overcoming of block separation, change or reconstruction
of East-European block structures and their introduction into West-
European economic, political and cultural processes.
All the countries declared their wish to become the members of
the European Council and NATO. Such tasks were aimed at the
programs of political parties and movements (from right to left ones)
that represented the interests of the majority of population. Even the
ideologists of the unified Europe didn't expect the speed of new
political forces of
CEE
in the rapid and radical destruction of these
barriers separating the continent and the possibility for it to become
valuable objects of international life. The return to Europe for post-
totalitarian countries means the possibility to have their individuality
and not to submit to the dictatorship of the modal imposed externally.
One of the conditions of NATO membership is the availability of a
democratic political system that disciplines the political elite and makes
Summary
_511
the countries level the contradictions and conflicts in the political sphere,
develop and improve the democratic political process.
The democratization process started in Bulgaria at the end of the
1980s
-beginning of the
1990s
as well as in the countries of
ССЕ.
It
developed at a slow rate. There were specific features of lagging the
democratization process in Bulgaria together with crisis events. The
latter consisted in the imperfection of the political and economic system
conditioned with totalitarian power and sell-will. Those specific features
were the following ones: curtailment of production at several enterprises
because of raw material termination delivered from the USSR and of
curtailment of collaboration with GDR; rapid increase of external debt
andbudget
deficit economic inflation; massive immigration of ethnical
Turks from, the country in
1989
and, as a consequence, the decrease
of me amount of workers and employees; great loss in tobacco industry,
animal husbandry and the considerable export reduction of these
products caused by the decrease of labor resources; the country
incapability to provide itself with the necessary raw materials, materials
and consumer goods; the appearance of unemployment for the first
time during the socialism period. There were structure disproportions
between economy sectors at the end of
1
980s within general misbalance
of economic development led to serious balance violation between
demand and request of goods, service and housing accommodation.
The stagnation of totalitarian system acquired a deep stage in the
political sphere. BCP concentrated the power in hands of a narrow
layer of nomenclature employees, who controlled production, distribution,
and defined their task not in overcoming the crisis but keeping their
status. There was responsibility decrease, impunity development and
voluntarism. The diverged system of privileges influencing on social,
professional and hierarchic basis being a means of stabilization of
authoritarian regime and open enrichment of "selected" persons damaged
the society morally and politically. It caused the loss of authority and
party influence on the people. Thus, one could observe the decay
processes in all the spheres of public life at the second half of
1980s.
In
1988
the Bulgarian intelligence subjected to the impact of
perestroïka
and
glasnost
in the USSR expressed its dissatisfaction for
the existing policy, but it did that very carefully. The Bulgarian dissidents
united in different public organizations in spite of power oppression
and prosecution. Two main directions were made up in that movement
-
non-party society members evolved to anti-communism and protested
against the existing system, anti-zhivkovists spoke in support of
512_ Bißa
Бурдяк. Республіка Болгарія на зламі епох
socialism democratization. They were united taking care of the
environment and realizing its influence on a man.
The events
ofNovember,10iril989-power
elimination from Zhivkov
and creation of new power structures
-
started the political evolution in
Bulgaria. Free election held on the multi-party base in
1990
and
1991
stimulated the strengthening of a new political system. The adoption of
the new Constitution was considered to be the conformation of the
transformation effectiveness in Bulgaria. This constitution legitimatized
changes in the political system of the society. Bulgaria became a country
with the parliamentary form of ruling. There was made a real distribution
of three branches of power. In the sphere of ideology the society made
a final refusal from Marxism-Leninism and the leading role of BCP and
turned to liberal-democratic and traditional values.
During transformation period the greatest changes took place in the
political system of the Republic of Bulgaria where reformed and new political
institutions function efficiently. This merit belongs to political elite and
counterelite-political opposition being an indispensable part of the political
and party system. The real nonpartisanship has appeared in the country.
The main political forces
-
Bulgarian Socialist Party and Union of Demo¬
cratic Forces
(UDF)
—
came to power as an election result several times
changing each other and ruled the country. The third political force in the
state
-
Movement for Rights and Freedom (MRF
-
the ethnical Turkish
party of RB)
-
is always included into the coalition with the party that wins
the election and seeks partners for making the parliamentary majority. MRF
always had a position at the center in National Assembly both under BCP
and
UDF
governments, persuaded its interests; at the case of the crisis of
the ruling party MRF left the coalition. At the present parliament MRF got
21
places and made a coalition witii a governmental National movement
Simeon the Second. At the election to National Assembly in June
2001
NMSS got
120
(a shaip half) deputy mandates and made the parliamentary
majority having united with MRF
(21
places) into the coalition. Thus, bipolar
political configuration
(UDF
-
BCP) that was created at the beginning of
1
990s was cancelled. The former monarch Simeon the Second headed the
government. It was the first case in Europe when the former tsar returned
to the power in a democratic way (in the republic!
).
However, new political
forces couldn't overcome the negative processes in the social-economic
development of the country. Thus, the people expectations for life
improvement weren'tjustified.Itwas demonstrated by their political behavior
at the President election in November
2001 -
G. Pirvanov, the leader of the
socialist party, won the election.
Summary
_
5ľ3
The political elite plays an important role in RB transformations.
Since Aristotle and Plato there has been the sophisticated thought that
politics, i.e. state affairs, are defined not for casual people, and it isn't
sufficient to have only will to be the leader being dignified to have a
place in history. In the centuries-old Christian civilization the main emphasis
was made at the role and quantities of the person, and only after that
-
at his understanding and acknowledgement of corporative politics basis.
The events of the latest years in Bulgaria created such realities that the
representatives of the power and business became the people having
the greatest influence either at the national or regional levels.
The former regime elite
—
nomenclature rationalists and reformers
-
converted
иге
political power into economic, and dogmatic nomenclature
lost both political and economic power gradually. The relicts of political
technologies of the former socialist nomenclature functioned during some
period of time at the post-communist political forces that was cardinally
directed to the opposite side. The symptoms can be observed and analyzed
by not removing at time. It happened because the ruling elite, especially
during the first
6-7
transformation years, wasn't updated. It concerned
both leading political forces of the country
-
BCP and
UDF,
each party
came to the power twice during the last decade of the XXth century.
The political elite has the best positions in the power system and
dominates over the rest people on the basis of this factor. The ruling elite
RB is actually represented by three groups of the elite, in each there
domain economic (status), political (influence) or cultural (special knowledge
or skills) capitals. For understanding the evolution changes in Bulgaria
they are considered in the relationship of political process, strength and
power of the elite and
counterelite
that played a very important role in
gaining the consensus in the country taking into account the events in
Balkans in
1
990s, political success and socially positive activity direction.
The republic of Bulgaria as the other countries as well has the
political system democratism. It doesn't consist in massive people
interference into state ruling but it does in that fact that all the ruling
persons are elected and changed by people systematically and directed
at their support being able to keep it. The elite availability is a normal
phenomenon for traditional and modem society. Everything depends on
the development of the political process, interaction mode between the
elite and people but not on the social content of the supreme authorities.
During the change of the authoritative regime into democratic the
proportions of the elite updating and preservation won't be balanced. In
Bulgaria the scale of changes among the political elite grew gradually. It
514 _ _ _
Віра Бурдяи. Республіка Болгарія на зламі епох
was connected with BCP/BSP leaving and losing of their ruling positions,
origin and establishment of multi-party system and strengthening of the
political opposition- The change depth depended on the degree of the
political hierarchy: on the top, center of the political system, closer to the
top or at the medium level. It also differed in central, regional and local
authorities. The part of the elite changed its ideas and due to this it kept
its positions or occupied equivalent ones. The party meeting leaders
didn't have the similar power skills, as the nomenclature did, thus, they
failed at first. However, at all the cases, the national elite influences on
the course of socio-political transformation in Bulgaria.
The analysis of the new democratic Bulgarian specification from the
political and scientific point of view within
1989-2003
demonstrates that
this per
iod
was too important and difficult for the country and the society
as to their survival and further existence. First, there was unemployment
having appeared and developed at a rapid pace. It sometimes gained
10-
17%ofthe efficient part of population (in comparison
1.5 -2.0%
in
1989).
Second, there were not justified the hopes for reducing the break
between Eastern and Western Europe in the social-economic and
technological aspects. If one compares the dynamics and level of GNP
per head in RB and countries of EC in
1990s,
one will notice the increase
of the break. During transformation period
ŔB
removed from the desired
standards of the first world and approached to the third world.
There happened the negative effects in the structure of economics
that is still at the stage of overcoming the tendencies of making the
production primitive and deintellectualizing the labor which have
appeared since the transformation beginning.
The private sector of the economy is still at the stage of the upgrading.
The transformation recession concerning specific growth of criminality
and corruption hasn't been gained rapidly. The economic crisis lagged
reform development and market relation formation.
Ifall
the post-socialist
governments of Bulgaria kept the same reform policy, one could describe
different orientation and rates of economic development, success and
failures of system transformation as the consequences of the unpleasant
initial conditions and national specification. But the quality of defining
and understanding transformation tasks, means of their realization and
the political will of those forces made reforms were different and
influenced on the results in a different way.
RB government kept the idea of organic weakness of the country
during
transformation
period. Hence, state functions that are
completely legitimate in stable market economy should be minimum at
Summary
_515
transformation period. Thus, when reformers in
CEE
countries
democratized and weakened state structures, it didn't happen to RB.
Only in
1997
with the help of international economic institutions Bulgaria
directed the way of economy liberal policy, state property privatization
and macroeconomic stability achievement.
There are certain conflict problems connected with ethnical policy
in Bulgaria. The core of the problem consists in the hard inheritance
of centuries-old
Osmanli
yoke and continuous struggle between great
states in this European region. There are some claims of each people
to others. These and another factors caused the mixing of population
and religion of the region in the past, and even now there are some
conflicts of the peoples the ethnical origin of which is close.
The most positive factor of the difficult and complicated situation in
RB is the fact that people demonstrate the lack of ultimate conservatism,
they study to perceive new realities and show the ability of adapting to
them in social-economic and political transforaiation. It's due to mentality
and political culture of Bulgarians. First, the political culture is under
development where patriarchal and dependent features are being
overcome; democratic traditions and values are being rehabilitated; new
public orientations are being formed. Second, the political culture is dual,
with internal contradictions manifesting in coexistence of the interest in
politics and unwillingness to take a part in it, political self-descriptiveness
and lack of political science knowledge; rational self-estimation and
emotional behavior; party polarization and realization of the national
consensus necessity; moderate patriarchal conservatism and openness
to social innovations; individual-personal self-identification and politically
closed essence of the community. One can consider that the Bulgarian
political culture is at the stage of searching the balance between the
active and passive attitude, orientation and direction of the political system,
i.e. in the process of motion toward the so-called public culture.
The Republic of Bulgaria having stepped at the transition way
toward democratic system and market economy has to solve the
problems of society transformation and modernization simultaneously.
The success is lagged by slow reform performance, finance shortage,
existing crisis phenomena. The attempts of Bulgaria to regulate
modernization crisis are combined with solving problems having a
specific-national character. The latter is conditioned with the resistance
of political forces, interested in nationalistic, monarchist and other
analogous models of the Bulgarian society development. These
countermodern
ist
tendencies are directly connected with the activity
516_
_
Віра Бурдяк. Республіка Болгарія
на
зламјепох
of certain parties, movements and elite groups in state power having
different influence in the political sphere.
The Bulgarian society tried to solve many contradictions of post¬
modern as well. Chiefly, they haven't gained the essential spread having
considered the mechanisms and relations based on the application of
modern information tech-nologies. However, having manifested in
important fields of the political sphere, these conflicts have a sufficient
impact on state decision-making, state role in regulating the international
conflicts, and on the relationship with important foreign partners.
The high level of conflictness of social and political processes in
Bulgaria under conditions of modernization determines the necessity of
gradual reform performance, the influence decrease on democratization
processes of traditional political culture stereotypes, and as a main thing
-the role increase of ruling and opposition elites, their capability to have
a discussion and to make decisions. The overcoming of this type of
internal elite relations forms the main ways of democracy and
modernization strengthening in the development of the modem Bulgaria.
At searching the individual place in the modern global system, i.e.
in the sphere of foreign policy Bulgaria actually made the
reorientation
toward western structures (NATO, EC, etc.). In spite of the fact that
reforms are negatively affected by the complicated international situation,
intensified by the Persian Gulf crisis, Yugoslav embargo, wars in the
neighboring Yugoslavia, misbalance of international financial markets
and another unfavorable factors the Republic of Bulgaria has already
managed to succeed. The international commonwealth acknowledged
this success, and Bulgaria was proposed
tojóin
NATO. The real entry
of RB into this organization can take place in
2004.
Bulgaria has active
efficient relationship with EC. Bulgaria can join this organization in
2007
after having performed all the programs proposed by EC.
The republic of Bulgaria defines the necessity of interest balance
with neighboring regional countries, and even with the states located far
to East. The History determined the Bulgarian way to Europe through
the Balkans, through active and fruitful participation in solving
subregional
problems, elimination of internal contradictions and liberation from some
Balkan features
-
excessive massive emotionality, not always sufficient
tolerance with the preservation of the best qualities and traditions. The
Republic of Bulgaria came into the XXIth century as a state keeping
general human values, human rights superiority, conservation of national
and state unity of the country, with the decisive spirits of the political
elite to build the democratic, legal and social state. |
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| author | Burdjak, Vira Ivanivna 1947- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1032722681 |
| author_facet | Burdjak, Vira Ivanivna 1947- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Burdjak, Vira Ivanivna 1947- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021795221 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)162385200 (DE-599)BVBBV021795221 |
| era | Geschichte 1989-2004 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1989-2004 |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV021795221 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:45:54Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:05:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9665686623 |
| language | Ukrainian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015007804 |
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| physical | 518 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
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| publisher | Ruta |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Burdjak, Vira Ivanivna 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)1032722681 aut Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva Vira Burdjak Černivci Ruta 2004 518 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: The Republic of Bulgaria at the break of epochs. - In kyrill. Schr., ukrain. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1989-2004 gnd rswk-swf Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 s Geschichte 1989-2004 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015007804&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015007804&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Burdjak, Vira Ivanivna 1947- Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124941-0 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva |
| title_auth | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva |
| title_exact_search | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva |
| title_full | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva Vira Burdjak |
| title_fullStr | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva Vira Burdjak |
| title_full_unstemmed | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva Vira Burdjak |
| title_short | Respublika Bolharija na zlami epoch |
| title_sort | respublika bolharija na zlami epoch politycna transformacija suspilʹstva |
| title_sub | polityčna transformacija suspilʹstva |
| topic | Demokratisierung (DE-588)4124941-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Demokratisierung Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015007804&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015007804&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT burdjakviraivanivna respublikabolharijanazlamiepochpolitycnatransformacijasuspilʹstva |