Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2007
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0849339421 9780849339424 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques |c ed. by Jeanette M. van Emon |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 512 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Bioanalyse |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biocapteurs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chimie de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunodosage | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunoassay | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biosensors | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunoassay |x methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biosensing Techniques |x methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemistry, Analytical |x methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Monitoring |x methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Toxicity Tests |x methods | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umweltüberwachung |0 (DE-588)4278451-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Biosensor |0 (DE-588)4193016-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Van Emon, Jeanette M. |4 edt | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135707294302208 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Integrating Bioanalytical Capability in an Environmental
Analytical Laboratory 1
Jeanette M. Van Emon, Jane C. Chuang, Raquel M. Trejo,
and Joyce Durnford
Chapter 2 Directed Evolution of Ligand Binding Proteins 45
K. Kramer, H. Geue, and B. Hock
Chapter 3 In Vitro Monoclonal Antibody Production: Academic Scale 75
Frances Weis Garcia
Chapter 4 Antibodies to Heavy Metals: Isolation, Characterization, and
Incorporation into Microplate Based Assays
and Immunosensors 93
Diane A. Blake, Robert C. Blake II, Elizabeth R. Abboud, Xia Li,
Haini Yu, Alison M. Kriegel, Mehraban Khosraviani,
and Ibrahim A. Darwish
Chapter 5 Molecular Imprinting for Small Molecules 113
Zoe Cobb and Lars I. Andersson
Chapter 6 Aptamer Based Bioanalytical Methods 147
Sara Tombelli, Maria Minunni, and Marco Mascini
Chapter 7 Surface Imprinting: Integration of Recognition
and Transduction 167
Yanxiu Zhou, Bin Yu, and Kalle Levon
Chapter 8 Phages as Biospecific Probes 187
Valery A. Petrenko and Jennifer R. Brigati
Chapter 9 Upconverting Phosphors for Detection and Identification
Using Antibodies 217
David E. Cooper, Annalisa D Andrea, Gregory W. Faris,
Brent MacQueen, and William H. Wright
Chapter 10 Mathematical Aspects of Immunoassays 249
James F. Brady
Chapter 11 Immunochemical Techniques in Biological Monitoring 265
Raymond E. Biagini, Cynthia A. F. Striley, and John E. Snawder
Chapter 12 Targeted and Non Targeted Approaches for Detecting
Genetically Modified Organisms 287
Farid E. Ahmed
Chapter 13 Bioanalytical Diagnostic Test for Measuring Prions 309
Loredana Ingrosso, Maurizio Pocchiari, and Franco Cardone
Chapter 14 Environmental Applications of Immunoaffinity
Chromatography 337
Annette Moser, Mary Anne Nelson, and David S. Hage
Chapter 15 Sol Gel Immunoassays and Immunoaffinity
Chromatography 357
Miriam Altstein and Alisa Bronshtein
Chapter 16 Electrochemical Immunoassays and Immunosensors 385
Niina J. Ronkainen Matsuno, H. Brian Halsall, and William R. Heineman
Chapter 17 Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
and Homeland Security 403
Kanchan A. Joshi, Wilfred Chen, Joseph Wahg, Michael J. Schoning,
and Ashok Mulchandani
Chapter 18 Bioarrays: Current Applications and Concerns
for Developing, Selecting, and Using Array Technology 419
Joany Jackman
Chapter 19 Microelectrode Protein Microarrays 445
Kilian Dill, Andrey L. Ghindilis, Kevin R. Schwarzkopf, H. Sho Fuji,
and Robin Liu
Chapter 20 Bioconjugated Quantum Dots for Sensitive and
Multiplexed Immunoassays 465
Xiaohu Goo, Maksym Yezhelyev, Yun Xing, Ruth M. O Regan,
and Shuming Nie
Chapter 21 Nanotechnology and the Future of Bioanalytical
Methods 477
Lon A. Porter Jr.
Index 503
1 Integrating Bioanalytical
Capability in an Environmental
Analytical Laboratory
Jeanette M. Van Emon, Jane C. Chuang, Raquel M. Trejo,
and Joyce Durnford
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Antibody Reagents 4
1.1.2 Immunoassay Primer 6
1.1.3 Immunoaffinity Chromatography 9
1.1.4 Immunosensors 9
1.1.5 Microarrays 9
1.1.6 Advantages and Limitations of Bioanalytical Methods 10
1.2 Establishing Bioanalytical Method Capability 11
1.2.1 Equipment and Instrumentation 11
1.2.1.1 General Equipment and Instrumentation 11
1.2.1.2 Special Immunoassay Equipment and Instrumentation 12
1.2.2 Supplies and Reagents 12
1.2.2.1 General Supplies 12
1.2.2.2 Special Supplies for Immunoassays and Immunoaffinity
Chromatography 12
1.2.3 Reagents and Buffers for Immunochemical Methods 13
1.3 Establishing and Maintaining Immunoassay Capability 14
1.3.1 Assay Validation 14
1.3.2 Sample Preparation 15
1.3.3 Matrix Effects 15
1.3.4 Data Processing 16
1.3.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 16
1.3.5.1 Quality Control Protocols 18
1.3.5.2 Quality Assurance Protocols 19
1.3.6 Troubleshooting 19
1.3.7 Safety Considerations and Waste Disposal 21
1.4 Examples of ELISA Methods for Determining Environmental Pollutants and
Metabolites 21
1.4.1 ELISA Methods for Measuring 3,5,6 TCP in Dust and Soil 21
1.4.1.1 Summary of Results 21
1.4.1.2 Summary of Methods 21
1.4.2 ELISA Methods for Measuring 3,5,6 TCP in Food 23
1
2 Immunoassay and Other Bioanalytical Techniques
1.4.2.1 Summary of Results 23
1.4.2.2 Summary of Methods 23
1.4.3 ELISA Methods for Measuring 3,5,6 TCP in Urine 25
1.4.3.1 Summary of Results 25
1.4.3.2 Summary of Methods 25
1.4.4 A High Throughput ELISA Method for Measuring 2,4 D in Urine 26
1.4.4.1 Summary of Results 26
1.4.4.2 Summary of Methods 27
1.4.5 A Qualitative Screening ELISA Method for Dioxins in Sediments 28
1.4.5.1 Summary of Results 28
1.4.5.2 Summary of Methods 28
1.5 Immunoaffinity (IA) Chromatography 29
1.5.1 General Approach to IA Column Cleanup 29
1.5.2 Purification of Atrazine in Soil and Sediment 31
1.5.2.1 Summary of Methods 31
1.5.2.2 Analytical Method for IA Purification of Atrazine in Soil and
Sediment Samples 31
1.5.2.3 IA Column Performance 31
1.6 Future Outlook 32
Appendix LA
Procedures for preparing buffers for ELISA 33
Appendix l.B
Guidelines for Preparing a Quality Assurance Project Plan and Standard
Operating Procedures 34
Guidelines for Preparing a QAPP 34
Section 1.0 Project Description and Organization 34
Section 2.0 Sampling 35
Section 3.0 Testing and Measurement Protocols 35
Section 4.0 QA/QC Checks 35
Section 5.0 Data Reduction and Reporting 35
Section 6.0 Reporting Requirements 35
Section 7.0 References 35
Appendix l.C
General Outline for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures for Analytical Methods 35
Title Page 35
Section 1.0 Scope and Applicability 36
Section 2.0 Summary of Methods 36
Section 3.0 Definitions 36
Section 4.0 Cautions 36
Section 5.0 Responsibilities 36
Section 6.0 Interferences 36
Section 7.0 Reagents, Materials, and Apparatus 36
Section 8.0 Procedures 36
Section 9.0 Records 36
Section 10.0 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 36
Section 11.0 Extract Storage 36
Section 12.0 References 36
Appendix l.D
Standard Operation Procedure for the Operation, Calibration, and Maintenance of Fixed and
Adjustable Volume Pipettes 37
Sign Off Page (Approval of Appropriate Person) 37
Integrating Bioanalytical Capability in an Environmental Analytical Laboratory 3
Section 1.0 Scope and Applicability 37
Section 2.0 Summary of Methods 37
Section 3.0 Definitions 37
Section 4.0 Cautions 37
Section 5.0 Responsibilities 37
Section 6.0 Apparatus and Materials 37
Section 7.0 Procedures 37
Section 8.0 Records 39
References 39
^ Directed Evolution of
Ligand Binding Proteins
K. Kramer, H. Geue, and B. Hock
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Choice of Protein Scaffold 48
2.3 Creating Molecular Diversity 50
2.3.1 Cloning Natural Diversity 51
2.3.2 Creating Synthetic Repertoires 51
2.3.2.1 Random Techniques 51
2.3.2.2 Oligonucleotide Directed Techniques 52
2.3.2.3 Recombination Techniques 53
2.4 Selection Strategies 55
2.4.1 Phage Display 55
2.4.2 Cell Surface Display 55
2.4.3 Ribosome Display 56
2.4.4 RNA Display 57
2.4.5 Genetic Selection 57
2.5 Impact of Randomization Technique on Directed Evolution 57
2.6 Genetic Engineering of Antibodies in Environmental Analysis 60
2.6.1 Antibody Libraries in Environmental Analysis 61
2.6.2 Antibody Fragments Selected from Natural B Cell Repertoires 61
2.6.3 Antibody Fragments Selected from Fully Synthetic Library 62
2.6.4 Optimizing Antibodies by Directed Evolution 62
2.6.5 Genetic Engineering Beyond Affinity and Selectivity 65
2.6.6 Antibody Formats and Fusion Proteins in Environmental Analysis 67
2.6.7 Host Organisms 68
2.7 Outlook 68
Acknowledgments 69
References 69
o In Vitro Monoclonal Antibody
Production: Academic Scale
Frances Weis Garcia
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 In Vitro MAb Production Systems 76
3.2.1 Standard Tissue Culture Vessels 77
3.2.2 Gas Permeable Bags 77
3.2.3 Dialysis Based Basic Bioreactors 78
3.2.4 Dialysis Based Hollow Fiber Bioreactors 80
3.2.5 Additional Practicality of MAb Enriched Bioreactor Supernatants 81
3.3 miniPERM® Versus CELLine™ 82
3.3.1 MAb Production Protocol for the CELLine™ and miniPERM® Bioreactors 83
3.3.1.1 Production Media 83
3.3.1.2 Media Adaptation for MAb Production 83
3.3.1.3 Bioreactor Inoculation 84
3.3.1.4 Bioreactor Harvest 84
3.3.1.5 Nutrient Compartment Media Exchange 85
3.3.2 Tips for Larger Scale MAb Productions 85
3.3.3 MAb Production Comparison 86
3.4 Concluding Remarks 90
References 90
a Antibodies to Heavy Metals:
Isolation, Characterization, and
Incorporation into Microplate
Based Assays and
Immunosensors
Diane A. Blake, Robert C. Blake II, Elizabeth R. Abboud,
Xia Li, Haini Yu, Alison M. Kriegel, Mehraban Khosraviani,
and Ibrahim A. Darwish
CONTENTS
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Preparation of the Immunogen 94
4.2.1 Choosing the Correct Chelator 94
4.2.2 Synthesis of Protein Conjugates 96
4.3 Animal Immunization, Cell Fusion, and Hybridoma Screening 97
4.4 Characterization of the Binding Properties of Antibodies to Metal Chelate
Complexes 99
4.5 Formulation of Environmental Assays 100
4.6 Analysis of Environmental and Serum Samples 105
4.6.1 Future Research Directions 107
4.7 Conclusions 108
Acknowledgments 108
References 109
r Molecular Imprinting for Small
Molecules
Zoe Cobb and Lars I. Andersson
CONTENTS
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Preparation of Imprinted Polymers 114
5.2.1 Formation of Molecular Imprints 114
5.2.2 Template 115
5.2.3 Functional Monomers 115
5.2.4 Cross Linking Monomers 117
5.2.5 Solvents 118
5.2.6 Polymerization and Work Up 118
5.2.7 Alternative Polymerization Techniques 119
5.3 Pseudoimmunoassays 120
5.3.1 Introduction to Pseudoimmunoassay 120
5.3.2 MIP Characterisation 120
5.3.3 Method Development 122
5.3.3.1 Application to Organic Solvent Based Samples 122
5.3.3.2 Application to Aqueous Samples 123
5.3.4 Enzyme Labeled, Fluorescent and Other Probes 124
5.3.5 Analytical Applications 125
5.4 Solid Phase Extraction 125
5.4.1 Introduction to SPE 125
5.4.2 Method Development 130
5.4.2.1 Solvent Systems and Solvent Switch 130
5.4.2.2 Non Specific Adsorption 131
5.4.2.3 Template Bleeding 132
5.4.2.4 Aqueous Compatible MIPs 132
5.4.2.5 On Line Extraction Techniques 136
5.5 Conclusions 138
References 138
i
r Aptamer Based Bioanalytical
Methods
Sara Tombelli, Maria Minunni, and Marco Mascini
CONTENTS
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Aptamer Selection 148
6.3 Aptamers and Antibodies : 150
6.4 Aptamer Immobilization Schemes 151
6.5 Aptamer Based Assay Protocols 155
6.5.1 Aptamer Based Detection of Proteins 155
6.5.1.1 ELONA—Enzyme Linked Oligonucleotide Assay 155
6.5.1.2 Aptasensors 157
6.5.1.3 Electrochemical Aptamer Based Protein Detection 157
6.5.2 Aptamer Based Detection of Small Molecules 158
6.6 Conclusions 160
References 161
7 Surface Imprinting: Integration
of Recognition and Transduction
Yanxiu Zhou, Bin Yu, and Kalle Levon
CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 History of SIPs 168
7.3 Surface Imprinted ODS Sensors 170
7.3.1 General Procedure for Sensor Construction 170
7.3.2 Chemical Sensor Based on SIPs 171
7.3.2.1 Chiral Electrochemical Sensor for the Enantiorecognition of
Amino Acids 171
7.3.2.2 Detection of Pesticides 171
7.3.2.3 Detection of Nerve Agents 172
7.3.3 Biosensor Based on SIPs 172
7.3.3.1 Bacillus Spores Detection 172
7.3.4 Properties of ODS Surface Imprinting 172
7.3.5 Solubility of Templates 172
7.3.6 Template Removal 173
7.3.7 Performance of Surface Imprinted ODS Sensor 173
7.3.7.1 Selectivity 173
7.3.7.2 Sensitivity 175
7.3.7.3 Stability and Response Time 177
7.3.7.4 Methodology and the Functionality of Transducer 177
7.3.7.5 Mechanism 178
7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 179
Acknowledgments 180
References 180
O Phages as Biospecific Probes
Valery A. Petrenko and Jennifer R. Brigati
CONTENTS
8.1 Introduction 188
8.2 Diagnostic and Detection Probes 188
8.3 Phage Display Technique 189
8.4 New Biorecognition Entities that have Emerged from Phage Display 191
8.4.1 Peptides 191
8.4.2 Antibodies 194
8.5 Landscape Phage as Substitute Antibodies in Immunoassays 196
8.6 Development of Landscape Phage Probes against Infectious Agents 197
8.6.1 Landscape Libraries 198
8.6.2 Selection of Target Specific Phage Probes 198
8.6.3 Selection Analysis 200
8.6.4 Characterization of Selected Phage Probes 200
8.6.5 Use of Phage Probes in ELISA 201
8.7 Protocols 203
8.7.1 Preparation of Starved Host Cells 203
8.7.1.1 Materials 203
8.7.1.2 Methods 203
8.7.2 Amplification of Individual Phage Clones 203
8.7.2.1 Materials 203
8.7.2.2 Methods 204
8.7.2.2.1 Medium Scale Propogation and Purification
of Phages 204
8.7.2.2.2 Large Scale Propogation and Purification of Phages 204
8.7.3 Titering of f8/8 Phage 205
8.7.3.1 Materials 205
8.7.3.2 Method 205
8.7.4 Selection of Bacteria or Spore Binding Phage Clones from a
Landscape Phage Display Library 205
8.7.4.1 Materials 205
8.7.4.2 Method 206
8.7.5 Coprecipitation Assay 206
8.7.5.1 Materials 206
8.7.5.2 Methods 206
8.7.6 Target Capture ELISA 207
8.7.6.1 Materials 207
8.7.6.2 Method 207
References 208
187
q Upconverting Phosphors for
Detection and Identification
Using Antibodies
David E. Cooper, Annalisa D Andrea, Gregory W. Faris,
Brent MacQueen, and William H. Wright
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction 218
9.2 Spectroscopy and Detection of Upconverting Phosphors 222
9.2.1 Upconversion Process 222
9.2.2 Spectroscopic Properties 223
9.2.3 Time Response 225
9.2.4 Instrumentation 227
9.3 Reagent Development 228
9.3.1 Introduction 228
9.3.2 Phosphor Synthesis 229
9.3.2.1 Submicron Phosphor Particle Manufacturing 229
9.3.3 Phosphor Coatings 230
9.3.3.1 Silica Coating 230
9.3.3.2 Silane Coating 230
9.3.4 Functionalization with Capture Probe 231
9.3.4.1 Phosphor Reagent Production 231
9.3.4.2 Phosphor Reagent Testing 232
9.4 Assay Development 232
9.4.1 Introduction 232
9.4.2 Assay Formats 232
9.4.3 Developing an Upconverting Phosphor Based Assay 233
9.4.4 Assay Analysis and Results 236
9.5 Sensor Platforms 240
9.5.1 Handheld Sensor 240
9.5.2 Flow Cytometer 242
9.6 Conclusions 244
Acknowledgments 246
References 246
217
1 r Mathematical Aspects
of Immunoassays
James F. Brady
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction 249
10.2 Interpretation of Standard Curves 250
10.3 Regions of the Standard Curve 253
10.4 Sources of Error in the Laboratory 255
10.4.1 Validation of Commercial Software 256
10.4.2 Plate Reader Reproducibility 256
10.4.3 Pipettor Calibration 257
10.4.4 Plate Layout 257
10.5 Incubations 259
10.6 Interpretation of Data 259
10.7 Multianalyte Immunoassays 260
10.8 Conclusion 260
References 260
*i i Immunochemical Techniques
in Biological Monitoring
Raymond E. Biagini, Cynthia A. F. Striley, and
John E. Snawder
CONTENTS
11.1 Introduction 265
11.2 Immunoassays 269
11.3 Data Analysis 275
11.4 Pesticides 277
Acknowledgments 281
References 281
*i ~ Targeted and Non Targeted
Approaches for Detecting
Genetically Modified
Organisms
Farid E. Ahmed
CONTENTS
12.1 Regulatory Frameworks for Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and Derived Foods .... 287
12.2 Sampling 288
12.3 Certified Reference Material 289
12.4 Methods for Detection of GMOs or their Molecular Derivatives 291
12.4.1 Targeted Methods 291
12.4.1.1 Protein Based Methods 292
12.4.1.2 DNA Based Methods 294
12.4.2 Non Targeted (Profiling) Approaches 298
12.4.2.1 Functional Genomics (Transcriptomics) 298
12.4.2.1.1 Differential Display (DD) Methods 298
12.4.2.1.2 Microarray Technologies 298
12.4.2.1.3 Biosensors 299
12.4.2.1.4 Proteomics 300
12.4.2.1.5 Plant Protein Separation and Identification 300
12.4.2.3 Metabolomics 301
12.4.2.4 Near Infrared Spectroscopic Methods 302
12.5 Conclusions 304
References 304
i o Bioanalytical Diagnostic Test
for Measuring Prions
Loredana Ingrosso, Maurizio Pocchiari, and Franco Cardone
CONTENTS
13.1 Introduction 310
13.2 Diagnostic Methods: Role of PrP as Diagnostic Marker of Prion Diseases 312
13.3 Western Blot (WB) 312
13.3.1 Basic Principles 312
13.3.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 313
13.3.3 Sample Preparation 313
13.3.4 Procedure 314
13.3.5 Applications 314
13.4 ELISA 316
13.4.1 Basic Principles 316
13.4.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 316
13.4.3 Procedure 316
13.4.4 Applications 317
13.5 Immunohistochemistry 318
13.5.1 Basic Principles 318
13.5.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 319
13.5.3 Procedure 319
13.5.4 Applications 320
13.6 Histoblot 322
13.6.1 Basic Principles 322
13.6.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 322
13.6.3 Procedure 322
13.6.4 Applications 322
13.7 Paraffin Embedded Tissue Blot 323
13.7.1 Basic Principles 323
13.7.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 324
13.73 Procedure 324
13.7.4 Applications 325
13.8 DELFIA CDI 325
13.8.1 Basic Principles 325
13.8.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 326
13.8.3 Procedure 326
13.8.4 Applications 327
13.9 SIFT (Scanning for Intensely Fluorescent Target) 327
13.9.1 Basic Principles 327
13.9.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 328
309
310 Immunoassay and Other Bioanalytical Techniques
13.9.3 Procedure 328
13.9.4 Applications 328
13.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 329
Acknowledgments 329
References 329
1 a Environmental Applications of
Immunoaffinity Chromatography
Annette Moser, Mary Anne Nelson, and David S. Hage
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction 337
14.1.1 Antibody Structure and Production 339
14.1.2 IAC Supports and Solvents 340
14.2 Direct Detection and Immunoextraction 341
14.2.1 Off Line Immunoextraction 342
14.2.2 On Line Immunoextraction 343
14.2.2.1 Immunoaffinity Extraction Coupled with RPLC 343
14.2.2.2 Immunoaffinity Extraction Coupled with GC 346
14.3 Indirect Detection Methods 347
14.3.1 Competitive Binding Immunoassays 347
14.3.1.1 Simultaneous Injection Assays 347
14.3.1.2 Sequential Injection Assays 349
14.3.1.3 Displacement Assays 349
14.3.2 Noncompetitive Chromatographic Immunoassays 350
14.3.2.1 Homogeneous Immunoassays 350
14.3.2.2 One Site Immunometric Assays 350
14.4 Future Trends and Developments 352
References 352
i r Sol Gel Immunoassays and
Immunoaffinity Chromatography
Miriam Altstein and Alisa Bronshtein
CONTENTS
15.1 Introduction 357
15.1.1 The Sol Gel Process 358
15.1.2 Entrapment of Biomolecules in Sol Gel Matrices 358
15.1.3 Characteristics of Entrapped Biomolecules 360
15.1.4 Applications of Entrapped Biomolecules 361
15.2 Sol Gel Immunoassays and Immunochromatography 361
15.2.1 Solid Phase Immunoassays—General Aspects 361
15.2.2 Sol Gel Based Solid Phase Immunoassays 362
15.2.2.1 Sol Gel Entrapped Ab Immunoassays (Ab Format) 368
15.2.2.2 Sol Gel Entrapped Ag Immunoassays (Ag Format) 370
15.2.3 Immunoaffinity Chromatography—General Aspects 371
15.2.4 Sol Gel Based Immunoaffinity Chromatography 372
15.2.4.1 Sol Gel Immunoaffinity Chromatography for Environmental,
Forensic, and Occupational Monitoring 377
15.2.4.2 Sol Gel Based Immunoaffinity Chromatography for
Clinical Monitoring 378
15.3 Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks 379
Acknowledgments 380
References 380
*| r Electrochemical Immunoassays
and Immunosensors
Niina J. Ronkainen Matsuno, H. Brian Halsall,
and William R. Heineman
CONTENTS
16.1 Introduction 385
16.2 Enzyme Immunoassays 387
16.3 Electrochemical Detection 387
16.4 Enzyme Labels and Substrates for ECIAs 388
16.4.1 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 388
16.4.1.1 Phenyl Phosphate 389
16.4.1.2 p Aminophenyl Phosphate 389
16.4.1.3 a Naphthyl Phosphate 390
16.4.1.4 [[(4 Hydroxyphenyl)Amino]Carbonyl]Cobaltocenium
Hexafluorophosphate 390
16.4.1.5 Hydroquinone Diphosphate (HQDP) 390
16.4.2 ß Galactosidase (ß GAL) 391
16.5 Overcoming Nonspecific Binding (NSB) 392
16.6 Immunoassays and Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 392
16.6.1 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid 393
16.6.2 Atrazine 395
16.6.3 Chlorsulfuron 395
16.6.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 396
16.6.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 398
16.7 Conclusion 398
References 399
1 y Biosensors for Environmental
Monitoring and Homeland
Security
Kanchan A. Joshi, Wilfred Chen, Joseph Wang,
Michael J. Schöning, and Ashok Mulchandani
CONTENTS
17.1 Introduction 403
17.2 OPH Based Potentiometric Enzyme Electrodes ; 405
17.3 OPH Based Optical Biosensors 405
17.4 OPH Based Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes 407
17.5 OPH Based Dual Potentiometric Amperometric Biosensor 412
17.6 Microbial Biosensors 413
17.7 Lab on a Chip Devices for Separation and Detection of OP Nerve Agents 414
Acknowledgments 416
References 416
*| o Bioarrays: Current Applications
and Concerns for Developing,
Selecting, and Using Array
Technology
Joany Jackman
CONTENTS
18.1 Background of Array Technology 419
18.1.1 Defining Arrays 419
18.1.2 Array Formats 421
18.2 Microarray Advantages and Disadvantages 422
18.2.1 Advantages 422
18.2.2 Disadvantages 425
18.2.3 Getting Started: Microarray Selection 428
18.2.3.1 Genetic Arrays 428
18.2.3.2 Protein Arrays 430
18.2.3.3 Glycomic Arrays 432
18.2.3.4 Tissue Based Arrays 432
18.2.4 Analysis of Microarrays 432
18.2.4.1 Data Management 432
18.2.4.2 Quality Metrics: Designing Controls and Defining Error 434
18.2.4.3 Imaging and Extraction of Data 435
18.2.4.4 Data Analysis 436
18.3 Summary 437
References 437
1 Q Microelectrode Protein
Microarrays
Kilian Dill, Andrey L. Ghindilis, Kevin R. Schwarzkopf,
H. Sho Fuji, and Robin Liu
CONTENTS
19.1 Discussion of the CMOS Chip 445
19.1.1 Chip Construction and Electronics 445
19.1.2 How the Chip Works 446
19.1.3 Surface Components and Coating 449
19.2 Synthesis Chemistry 449
19.2.1 DNA Synthesis 449
19.2.2 Other Reactions 450
19.3 Attachment of Antibodies to the Chip 452
19.3.1 Antibody Labeling 452
19.3.2 Self Assembly 453
19.3.3 Assay Formats 453
19.4 Detection Methods 454
19.4.1 Fluorescence 454
19.4.2 Electrochemistry 454
19.5 New Chip Developments 459
19.5.1 Integrated Microfluidic Biochips 459
19.6 Conclusions 463
References 464
nn Bioconjugated Quantum Dots
for Sensitive and Multiplexed
Immunoassays
Xiaohu Cao, Maksym Yezhelyev, Yun Xing,
Ruth M. O Regan, and Shuming Nie
CONTENTS
20.1 Introduction 465
20.2 Optical Properties 466
20.3 Surface Chemistry and Antibody Conjugation 468
20.4 Immunoassay and Immunohistochemical Staining 471
20.5 Spectral Barcoding and Bead Based Immunoassays 472
20.6 Conclusion 474
Acknowledgments 474
References 475
^ i Nanotechnology and the Future
of Bioanalytical Methods
Lon A. Porter Jr.
CONTENTS
21.1 An Introduction to the Big Future of the Remarkably Small 477
21.2 Evolving Methods of Fabrication on the Nanoscale 479
21.2.1 Photolithography 479
21.2.2 Microcontact Printing 486
21.2.3 Nanoparticle Functionalization 490
21.2.4 Scanning Probe Lithography 492
21.3 Conclusion 498
References 498
|
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Integrating Bioanalytical Capability in an Environmental
Analytical Laboratory 1
Jeanette M. Van Emon, Jane C. Chuang, Raquel M. Trejo,
and Joyce Durnford
Chapter 2 Directed Evolution of Ligand Binding Proteins 45
K. Kramer, H. Geue, and B. Hock
Chapter 3 In Vitro Monoclonal Antibody Production: Academic Scale 75
Frances Weis Garcia
Chapter 4 Antibodies to Heavy Metals: Isolation, Characterization, and
Incorporation into Microplate Based Assays
and Immunosensors 93
Diane A. Blake, Robert C. Blake II, Elizabeth R. Abboud, Xia Li,
Haini Yu, Alison M. Kriegel, Mehraban Khosraviani,
and Ibrahim A. Darwish
Chapter 5 Molecular Imprinting for Small Molecules 113
Zoe Cobb and Lars I. Andersson
Chapter 6 Aptamer Based Bioanalytical Methods 147
Sara Tombelli, Maria Minunni, and Marco Mascini
Chapter 7 Surface Imprinting: Integration of Recognition
and Transduction 167
Yanxiu Zhou, Bin Yu, and Kalle Levon
Chapter 8 Phages as Biospecific Probes 187
Valery A. Petrenko and Jennifer R. Brigati
Chapter 9 Upconverting Phosphors for Detection and Identification
Using Antibodies 217
David E. Cooper, Annalisa D 'Andrea, Gregory W. Faris,
Brent MacQueen, and William H. Wright
Chapter 10 Mathematical Aspects of Immunoassays 249
James F. Brady
Chapter 11 Immunochemical Techniques in Biological Monitoring 265
Raymond E. Biagini, Cynthia A. F. Striley, and John E. Snawder
Chapter 12 Targeted and Non Targeted Approaches for Detecting
Genetically Modified Organisms 287
Farid E. Ahmed
Chapter 13 Bioanalytical Diagnostic Test for Measuring Prions 309
Loredana Ingrosso, Maurizio Pocchiari, and Franco Cardone
Chapter 14 Environmental Applications of Immunoaffinity
Chromatography 337
Annette Moser, Mary Anne Nelson, and David S. Hage
Chapter 15 Sol Gel Immunoassays and Immunoaffinity
Chromatography 357
Miriam Altstein and Alisa Bronshtein
Chapter 16 Electrochemical Immunoassays and Immunosensors 385
Niina J. Ronkainen Matsuno, H. Brian Halsall, and William R. Heineman
Chapter 17 Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
and Homeland Security 403
Kanchan A. Joshi, Wilfred Chen, Joseph Wahg, Michael J. Schoning,
and Ashok Mulchandani
Chapter 18 Bioarrays: Current Applications and Concerns
for Developing, Selecting, and Using Array Technology 419
Joany Jackman
Chapter 19 Microelectrode Protein Microarrays 445
Kilian Dill, Andrey L. Ghindilis, Kevin R. Schwarzkopf, H. Sho Fuji,
and Robin Liu
Chapter 20 Bioconjugated Quantum Dots for Sensitive and
Multiplexed Immunoassays 465
Xiaohu Goo, Maksym Yezhelyev, Yun Xing, Ruth M. O'Regan,
and Shuming Nie
Chapter 21 Nanotechnology and the Future of Bioanalytical
Methods 477
Lon A. Porter Jr.
Index 503
1 Integrating Bioanalytical
Capability in an Environmental
Analytical Laboratory
Jeanette M. Van Emon, Jane C. Chuang, Raquel M. Trejo,
and Joyce Durnford
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Antibody Reagents 4
1.1.2 Immunoassay Primer 6
1.1.3 Immunoaffinity Chromatography 9
1.1.4 Immunosensors 9
1.1.5 Microarrays 9
1.1.6 Advantages and Limitations of Bioanalytical Methods 10
1.2 Establishing Bioanalytical Method Capability 11
1.2.1 Equipment and Instrumentation 11
1.2.1.1 General Equipment and Instrumentation 11
1.2.1.2 Special Immunoassay Equipment and Instrumentation 12
1.2.2 Supplies and Reagents 12
1.2.2.1 General Supplies 12
1.2.2.2 Special Supplies for Immunoassays and Immunoaffinity
Chromatography 12
1.2.3 Reagents and Buffers for Immunochemical Methods 13
1.3 Establishing and Maintaining Immunoassay Capability 14
1.3.1 Assay Validation 14
1.3.2 Sample Preparation 15
1.3.3 Matrix Effects 15
1.3.4 Data Processing 16
1.3.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 16
1.3.5.1 Quality Control Protocols 18
1.3.5.2 Quality Assurance Protocols 19
1.3.6 Troubleshooting 19
1.3.7 Safety Considerations and Waste Disposal 21
1.4 Examples of ELISA Methods for Determining Environmental Pollutants and
Metabolites 21
1.4.1 ELISA Methods for Measuring 3,5,6 TCP in Dust and Soil 21
1.4.1.1 Summary of Results 21
1.4.1.2 Summary of Methods 21
1.4.2 ELISA Methods for Measuring 3,5,6 TCP in Food 23
1
2 Immunoassay and Other Bioanalytical Techniques
1.4.2.1 Summary of Results 23
1.4.2.2 Summary of Methods 23
1.4.3 ELISA Methods for Measuring 3,5,6 TCP in Urine 25
1.4.3.1 Summary of Results 25
1.4.3.2 Summary of Methods 25
1.4.4 A High Throughput ELISA Method for Measuring 2,4 D in Urine 26
1.4.4.1 Summary of Results 26
1.4.4.2 Summary of Methods 27
1.4.5 A Qualitative Screening ELISA Method for Dioxins in Sediments 28
1.4.5.1 Summary of Results 28
1.4.5.2 Summary of Methods 28
1.5 Immunoaffinity (IA) Chromatography 29
1.5.1 General Approach to IA Column Cleanup 29
1.5.2 Purification of Atrazine in Soil and Sediment 31
1.5.2.1 Summary of Methods 31
1.5.2.2 Analytical Method for IA Purification of Atrazine in Soil and
Sediment Samples 31
1.5.2.3 IA Column Performance 31
1.6 Future Outlook 32
Appendix LA
Procedures for preparing buffers for ELISA 33
Appendix l.B
Guidelines for Preparing a Quality Assurance Project Plan and Standard
Operating Procedures 34
Guidelines for Preparing a QAPP 34
Section 1.0 Project Description and Organization 34
Section 2.0 Sampling 35
Section 3.0 Testing and Measurement Protocols 35
Section 4.0 QA/QC Checks 35
Section 5.0 Data Reduction and Reporting 35
Section 6.0 Reporting Requirements 35
Section 7.0 References 35
Appendix l.C
General Outline for Preparing Standard Operating Procedures for Analytical Methods 35
Title Page 35
Section 1.0 Scope and Applicability 36
Section 2.0 Summary of Methods 36
Section 3.0 Definitions 36
Section 4.0 Cautions 36
Section 5.0 Responsibilities 36
Section 6.0 Interferences 36
Section 7.0 Reagents, Materials, and Apparatus 36
Section 8.0 Procedures 36
Section 9.0 Records 36
Section 10.0 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 36
Section 11.0 Extract Storage 36
Section 12.0 References 36
Appendix l.D
Standard Operation Procedure for the Operation, Calibration, and Maintenance of Fixed and
Adjustable Volume Pipettes 37
Sign Off Page (Approval of Appropriate Person) 37
Integrating Bioanalytical Capability in an Environmental Analytical Laboratory 3
Section 1.0 Scope and Applicability 37
Section 2.0 Summary of Methods 37
Section 3.0 Definitions 37
Section 4.0 Cautions 37
Section 5.0 Responsibilities 37
Section 6.0 Apparatus and Materials 37
Section 7.0 Procedures 37
Section 8.0 Records 39
References 39
^ Directed Evolution of
Ligand Binding Proteins
K. Kramer, H. Geue, and B. Hock
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Choice of Protein Scaffold 48
2.3 Creating Molecular Diversity 50
2.3.1 Cloning Natural Diversity 51
2.3.2 Creating Synthetic Repertoires 51
2.3.2.1 Random Techniques 51
2.3.2.2 Oligonucleotide Directed Techniques 52
2.3.2.3 Recombination Techniques 53
2.4 Selection Strategies 55
2.4.1 Phage Display 55
2.4.2 Cell Surface Display 55
2.4.3 Ribosome Display 56
2.4.4 RNA Display 57
2.4.5 Genetic Selection 57
2.5 Impact of Randomization Technique on Directed Evolution 57
2.6 Genetic Engineering of Antibodies in Environmental Analysis 60
2.6.1 Antibody Libraries in Environmental Analysis 61
2.6.2 Antibody Fragments Selected from Natural B Cell Repertoires 61
2.6.3 Antibody Fragments Selected from Fully Synthetic Library 62
2.6.4 Optimizing Antibodies by Directed Evolution 62
2.6.5 Genetic Engineering Beyond Affinity and Selectivity 65
2.6.6 Antibody Formats and Fusion Proteins in Environmental Analysis 67
2.6.7 Host Organisms 68
2.7 Outlook 68
Acknowledgments 69
References 69
o In Vitro Monoclonal Antibody
Production: Academic Scale
Frances Weis Garcia
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 In Vitro MAb Production Systems 76
3.2.1 Standard Tissue Culture Vessels 77
3.2.2 Gas Permeable Bags 77
3.2.3 Dialysis Based Basic Bioreactors 78
3.2.4 Dialysis Based Hollow Fiber Bioreactors 80
3.2.5 Additional Practicality of MAb Enriched Bioreactor Supernatants 81
3.3 miniPERM® Versus CELLine™ 82
3.3.1 MAb Production Protocol for the CELLine™ and miniPERM® Bioreactors 83
3.3.1.1 Production Media 83
3.3.1.2 Media Adaptation for MAb Production 83
3.3.1.3 Bioreactor Inoculation 84
3.3.1.4 Bioreactor Harvest 84
3.3.1.5 Nutrient Compartment Media Exchange 85
3.3.2 Tips for Larger Scale MAb Productions 85
3.3.3 MAb Production Comparison 86
3.4 Concluding Remarks 90
References 90
a Antibodies to Heavy Metals:
Isolation, Characterization, and
Incorporation into Microplate
Based Assays and
Immunosensors
Diane A. Blake, Robert C. Blake II, Elizabeth R. Abboud,
Xia Li, Haini Yu, Alison M. Kriegel, Mehraban Khosraviani,
and Ibrahim A. Darwish
CONTENTS
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Preparation of the Immunogen 94
4.2.1 Choosing the Correct Chelator 94
4.2.2 Synthesis of Protein Conjugates 96
4.3 Animal Immunization, Cell Fusion, and Hybridoma Screening 97
4.4 Characterization of the Binding Properties of Antibodies to Metal Chelate
Complexes 99
4.5 Formulation of Environmental Assays 100
4.6 Analysis of Environmental and Serum Samples 105
4.6.1 Future Research Directions 107
4.7 Conclusions 108
Acknowledgments 108
References 109
r Molecular Imprinting for Small
Molecules
Zoe Cobb and Lars I. Andersson
CONTENTS
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Preparation of Imprinted Polymers 114
5.2.1 Formation of Molecular Imprints 114
5.2.2 Template 115
5.2.3 Functional Monomers 115
5.2.4 Cross Linking Monomers 117
5.2.5 Solvents 118
5.2.6 Polymerization and Work Up 118
5.2.7 Alternative Polymerization Techniques 119
5.3 Pseudoimmunoassays 120
5.3.1 Introduction to Pseudoimmunoassay 120
5.3.2 MIP Characterisation 120
5.3.3 Method Development 122
5.3.3.1 Application to Organic Solvent Based Samples 122
5.3.3.2 Application to Aqueous Samples 123
5.3.4 Enzyme Labeled, Fluorescent and Other Probes 124
5.3.5 Analytical Applications 125
5.4 Solid Phase Extraction 125
5.4.1 Introduction to SPE 125
5.4.2 Method Development 130
5.4.2.1 Solvent Systems and Solvent Switch 130
5.4.2.2 Non Specific Adsorption 131
5.4.2.3 Template Bleeding 132
5.4.2.4 Aqueous Compatible MIPs 132
5.4.2.5 On Line Extraction Techniques 136
5.5 Conclusions 138
References 138
i
r Aptamer Based Bioanalytical
Methods
Sara Tombelli, Maria Minunni, and Marco Mascini
CONTENTS
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Aptamer Selection 148
6.3 Aptamers and Antibodies : 150
6.4 Aptamer Immobilization Schemes 151
6.5 Aptamer Based Assay Protocols 155
6.5.1 Aptamer Based Detection of Proteins 155
6.5.1.1 ELONA—Enzyme Linked Oligonucleotide Assay 155
6.5.1.2 Aptasensors 157
6.5.1.3 Electrochemical Aptamer Based Protein Detection 157
6.5.2 Aptamer Based Detection of Small Molecules 158
6.6 Conclusions 160
References 161
7 Surface Imprinting: Integration
of Recognition and Transduction
Yanxiu Zhou, Bin Yu, and Kalle Levon
CONTENTS
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 History of SIPs 168
7.3 Surface Imprinted ODS Sensors 170
7.3.1 General Procedure for Sensor Construction 170
7.3.2 Chemical Sensor Based on SIPs 171
7.3.2.1 Chiral Electrochemical Sensor for the Enantiorecognition of
Amino Acids 171
7.3.2.2 Detection of Pesticides 171
7.3.2.3 Detection of Nerve Agents 172
7.3.3 Biosensor Based on SIPs 172
7.3.3.1 Bacillus Spores Detection 172
7.3.4 Properties of ODS Surface Imprinting 172
7.3.5 Solubility of Templates 172
7.3.6 Template Removal 173
7.3.7 Performance of Surface Imprinted ODS Sensor 173
7.3.7.1 Selectivity 173
7.3.7.2 Sensitivity 175
7.3.7.3 Stability and Response Time 177
7.3.7.4 Methodology and the Functionality of Transducer 177
7.3.7.5 Mechanism 178
7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 179
Acknowledgments 180
References 180
O Phages as Biospecific Probes
Valery A. Petrenko and Jennifer R. Brigati
CONTENTS
8.1 Introduction 188
8.2 Diagnostic and Detection Probes 188
8.3 Phage Display Technique 189
8.4 New Biorecognition Entities that have Emerged from Phage Display 191
8.4.1 Peptides 191
8.4.2 Antibodies 194
8.5 Landscape Phage as Substitute Antibodies in Immunoassays 196
8.6 Development of Landscape Phage Probes against Infectious Agents 197
8.6.1 Landscape Libraries 198
8.6.2 Selection of Target Specific Phage Probes 198
8.6.3 Selection Analysis 200
8.6.4 Characterization of Selected Phage Probes 200
8.6.5 Use of Phage Probes in ELISA 201
8.7 Protocols 203
8.7.1 Preparation of Starved Host Cells 203
8.7.1.1 Materials 203
8.7.1.2 Methods 203
8.7.2 Amplification of Individual Phage Clones 203
8.7.2.1 Materials 203
8.7.2.2 Methods 204
8.7.2.2.1 Medium Scale Propogation and Purification
of Phages 204
8.7.2.2.2 Large Scale Propogation and Purification of Phages 204
8.7.3 Titering of f8/8 Phage 205
8.7.3.1 Materials 205
8.7.3.2 Method 205
8.7.4 Selection of Bacteria or Spore Binding Phage Clones from a
Landscape Phage Display Library 205
8.7.4.1 Materials 205
8.7.4.2 Method 206
8.7.5 Coprecipitation Assay 206
8.7.5.1 Materials 206
8.7.5.2 Methods 206
8.7.6 Target Capture ELISA 207
8.7.6.1 Materials 207
8.7.6.2 Method 207
References 208
187
q Upconverting Phosphors for
Detection and Identification
Using Antibodies
David E. Cooper, Annalisa D'Andrea, Gregory W. Faris,
Brent MacQueen, and William H. Wright
CONTENTS
9.1 Introduction 218
9.2 Spectroscopy and Detection of Upconverting Phosphors 222
9.2.1 Upconversion Process 222
9.2.2 Spectroscopic Properties 223
9.2.3 Time Response 225
9.2.4 Instrumentation 227
9.3 Reagent Development 228
9.3.1 Introduction 228
9.3.2 Phosphor Synthesis 229
9.3.2.1 Submicron Phosphor Particle Manufacturing 229
9.3.3 Phosphor Coatings 230
9.3.3.1 Silica Coating 230
9.3.3.2 Silane Coating 230
9.3.4 Functionalization with Capture Probe 231
9.3.4.1 Phosphor Reagent Production 231
9.3.4.2 Phosphor Reagent Testing 232
9.4 Assay Development 232
9.4.1 Introduction 232
9.4.2 Assay Formats 232
9.4.3 Developing an Upconverting Phosphor Based Assay 233
9.4.4 Assay Analysis and Results 236
9.5 Sensor Platforms 240
9.5.1 Handheld Sensor 240
9.5.2 Flow Cytometer 242
9.6 Conclusions 244
Acknowledgments 246
References 246
217
1 r\ Mathematical Aspects
of Immunoassays
James F. Brady
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction 249
10.2 Interpretation of Standard Curves 250
10.3 Regions of the Standard Curve 253
10.4 Sources of Error in the Laboratory 255
10.4.1 Validation of Commercial Software 256
10.4.2 Plate Reader Reproducibility 256
10.4.3 Pipettor Calibration 257
10.4.4 Plate Layout 257
10.5 Incubations 259
10.6 Interpretation of Data 259
10.7 Multianalyte Immunoassays 260
10.8 Conclusion 260
References 260
*i i Immunochemical Techniques
in Biological Monitoring
Raymond E. Biagini, Cynthia A. F. Striley, and
John E. Snawder
CONTENTS
11.1 Introduction 265
11.2 Immunoassays 269
11.3 Data Analysis 275
11.4 Pesticides 277
Acknowledgments 281
References 281
*i ~\ Targeted and Non Targeted
Approaches for Detecting
Genetically Modified
Organisms
Farid E. Ahmed
CONTENTS
12.1 Regulatory Frameworks for Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and Derived Foods . 287
12.2 Sampling 288
12.3 Certified Reference Material 289
12.4 Methods for Detection of GMOs or their Molecular Derivatives 291
12.4.1 Targeted Methods 291
12.4.1.1 Protein Based Methods 292
12.4.1.2 DNA Based Methods 294
12.4.2 Non Targeted (Profiling) Approaches 298
12.4.2.1 Functional Genomics (Transcriptomics) 298
12.4.2.1.1 Differential Display (DD) Methods 298
12.4.2.1.2 Microarray Technologies 298
12.4.2.1.3 Biosensors 299
12.4.2.1.4 Proteomics 300
12.4.2.1.5 Plant Protein Separation and Identification 300
12.4.2.3 Metabolomics 301
12.4.2.4 Near Infrared Spectroscopic Methods 302
12.5 Conclusions 304
References 304
i o Bioanalytical Diagnostic Test
for Measuring Prions
Loredana Ingrosso, Maurizio Pocchiari, and Franco Cardone
CONTENTS
13.1 Introduction 310
13.2 Diagnostic Methods: Role of PrP as Diagnostic Marker of Prion Diseases 312
13.3 Western Blot (WB) 312
13.3.1 Basic Principles 312
13.3.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 313
13.3.3 Sample Preparation 313
13.3.4 Procedure 314
13.3.5 Applications 314
13.4 ELISA 316
13.4.1 Basic Principles 316
13.4.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 316
13.4.3 Procedure 316
13.4.4 Applications 317
13.5 Immunohistochemistry 318
13.5.1 Basic Principles 318
13.5.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 319
13.5.3 Procedure 319
13.5.4 Applications 320
13.6 Histoblot 322
13.6.1 Basic Principles 322
13.6.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 322
13.6.3 Procedure 322
13.6.4 Applications 322
13.7 Paraffin Embedded Tissue Blot 323
13.7.1 Basic Principles 323
13.7.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 324
13.73 Procedure 324
13.7.4 Applications 325
13.8 DELFIA CDI 325
13.8.1 Basic Principles 325
13.8.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 326
13.8.3 Procedure 326
13.8.4 Applications 327
13.9 SIFT (Scanning for Intensely Fluorescent Target) 327
13.9.1 Basic Principles 327
13.9.2 Sampling and Storage of Specimens 328
309
310 Immunoassay and Other Bioanalytical Techniques
13.9.3 Procedure 328
13.9.4 Applications 328
13.10 Conclusions and Perspectives 329
Acknowledgments 329
References 329
1 a Environmental Applications of
Immunoaffinity Chromatography
Annette Moser, Mary Anne Nelson, and David S. Hage
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction 337
14.1.1 Antibody Structure and Production 339
14.1.2 IAC Supports and Solvents 340
14.2 Direct Detection and Immunoextraction 341
14.2.1 Off Line Immunoextraction 342
14.2.2 On Line Immunoextraction 343
14.2.2.1 Immunoaffinity Extraction Coupled with RPLC 343
14.2.2.2 Immunoaffinity Extraction Coupled with GC 346
14.3 Indirect Detection Methods 347
14.3.1 Competitive Binding Immunoassays 347
14.3.1.1 Simultaneous Injection Assays 347
14.3.1.2 Sequential Injection Assays 349
14.3.1.3 Displacement Assays 349
14.3.2 Noncompetitive Chromatographic Immunoassays 350
14.3.2.1 Homogeneous Immunoassays 350
14.3.2.2 One Site Immunometric Assays 350
14.4 Future Trends and Developments 352
References 352
i r Sol Gel Immunoassays and
Immunoaffinity Chromatography
Miriam Altstein and Alisa Bronshtein
CONTENTS
15.1 Introduction 357
15.1.1 The Sol Gel Process 358
15.1.2 Entrapment of Biomolecules in Sol Gel Matrices 358
15.1.3 Characteristics of Entrapped Biomolecules 360
15.1.4 Applications of Entrapped Biomolecules 361
15.2 Sol Gel Immunoassays and Immunochromatography 361
15.2.1 Solid Phase Immunoassays—General Aspects 361
15.2.2 Sol Gel Based Solid Phase Immunoassays 362
15.2.2.1 Sol Gel Entrapped Ab Immunoassays (Ab Format) 368
15.2.2.2 Sol Gel Entrapped Ag Immunoassays (Ag Format) 370
15.2.3 Immunoaffinity Chromatography—General Aspects 371
15.2.4 Sol Gel Based Immunoaffinity Chromatography 372
15.2.4.1 Sol Gel Immunoaffinity Chromatography for Environmental,
Forensic, and Occupational Monitoring 377
15.2.4.2 Sol Gel Based Immunoaffinity Chromatography for
Clinical Monitoring 378
15.3 Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks 379
Acknowledgments 380
References 380
*| r Electrochemical Immunoassays
and Immunosensors
Niina J. Ronkainen Matsuno, H. Brian Halsall,
and William R. Heineman
CONTENTS
16.1 Introduction 385
16.2 Enzyme Immunoassays 387
16.3 Electrochemical Detection 387
16.4 Enzyme Labels and Substrates for ECIAs 388
16.4.1 Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 388
16.4.1.1 Phenyl Phosphate 389
16.4.1.2 p Aminophenyl Phosphate 389
16.4.1.3 a Naphthyl Phosphate 390
16.4.1.4 [[(4 Hydroxyphenyl)Amino]Carbonyl]Cobaltocenium
Hexafluorophosphate 390
16.4.1.5 Hydroquinone Diphosphate (HQDP) 390
16.4.2 ß Galactosidase (ß GAL) 391
16.5 Overcoming Nonspecific Binding (NSB) 392
16.6 Immunoassays and Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring 392
16.6.1 2,4 Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid 393
16.6.2 Atrazine 395
16.6.3 Chlorsulfuron 395
16.6.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 396
16.6.5 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 398
16.7 Conclusion 398
References 399
1 y Biosensors for Environmental
Monitoring and Homeland
Security
Kanchan A. Joshi, Wilfred Chen, Joseph Wang,
Michael J. Schöning, and Ashok Mulchandani
CONTENTS
17.1 Introduction 403
17.2 OPH Based Potentiometric Enzyme Electrodes ; 405
17.3 OPH Based Optical Biosensors 405
17.4 OPH Based Amperometric Enzyme Electrodes 407
17.5 OPH Based Dual Potentiometric Amperometric Biosensor 412
17.6 Microbial Biosensors 413
17.7 Lab on a Chip Devices for Separation and Detection of OP Nerve Agents 414
Acknowledgments 416
References 416
*| o Bioarrays: Current Applications
and Concerns for Developing,
Selecting, and Using Array
Technology
Joany Jackman
CONTENTS
18.1 Background of Array Technology 419
18.1.1 Defining Arrays 419
18.1.2 Array Formats 421
18.2 Microarray Advantages and Disadvantages 422
18.2.1 Advantages 422
18.2.2 Disadvantages 425
18.2.3 Getting Started: Microarray Selection 428
18.2.3.1 Genetic Arrays 428
18.2.3.2 Protein Arrays 430
18.2.3.3 Glycomic Arrays 432
18.2.3.4 Tissue Based Arrays 432
18.2.4 Analysis of Microarrays 432
18.2.4.1 Data Management 432
18.2.4.2 Quality Metrics: Designing Controls and Defining Error 434
18.2.4.3 Imaging and Extraction of Data 435
18.2.4.4 Data Analysis 436
18.3 Summary 437
References 437
1 Q Microelectrode Protein
Microarrays
Kilian Dill, Andrey L. Ghindilis, Kevin R. Schwarzkopf,
H. Sho Fuji, and Robin Liu
CONTENTS
19.1 Discussion of the CMOS Chip 445
19.1.1 Chip Construction and Electronics 445
19.1.2 How the Chip Works 446
19.1.3 Surface Components and Coating 449
19.2 Synthesis Chemistry 449
19.2.1 DNA Synthesis 449
19.2.2 Other Reactions 450
19.3 Attachment of Antibodies to the Chip 452
19.3.1 Antibody Labeling 452
19.3.2 Self Assembly 453
19.3.3 Assay Formats 453
19.4 Detection Methods 454
19.4.1 Fluorescence 454
19.4.2 Electrochemistry 454
19.5 New Chip Developments 459
19.5.1 Integrated Microfluidic Biochips 459
19.6 Conclusions 463
References 464
nn Bioconjugated Quantum Dots
for Sensitive and Multiplexed
Immunoassays
Xiaohu Cao, Maksym Yezhelyev, Yun Xing,
Ruth M. O'Regan, and Shuming Nie
CONTENTS
20.1 Introduction 465
20.2 Optical Properties 466
20.3 Surface Chemistry and Antibody Conjugation 468
20.4 Immunoassay and Immunohistochemical Staining 471
20.5 Spectral Barcoding and Bead Based Immunoassays 472
20.6 Conclusion 474
Acknowledgments 474
References 475
^ i Nanotechnology and the Future
of Bioanalytical Methods
Lon A. Porter Jr.
CONTENTS
21.1 An Introduction to the Big Future of the Remarkably Small 477
21.2 Evolving Methods of Fabrication on the Nanoscale 479
21.2.1 Photolithography 479
21.2.2 Microcontact Printing 486
21.2.3 Nanoparticle Functionalization 490
21.2.4 Scanning Probe Lithography 492
21.3 Conclusion 498
References 498 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Van Emon, Jeanette M. |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | e j m v ejm ejmv |
| author_facet | Van Emon, Jeanette M. |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021794732 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP519 |
| callnumber-raw | QP519.9.I42 |
| callnumber-search | QP519.9.I42 |
| callnumber-sort | QP 3519.9 I42 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | WC 3420 |
| classification_tum | CHE 808f UMW 152f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71328385 (DE-599)BVBBV021794732 |
| dewey-full | 616.07/56 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
| dewey-raw | 616.07/56 |
| dewey-search | 616.07/56 |
| dewey-sort | 3616.07 256 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Biologie Chemie Umwelt Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Chemie Umwelt Medizin |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021794732 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:45:46Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:44:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0849339421 9780849339424 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006030215 |
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| physical | 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | CRC Press |
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| spelling | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques ed. by Jeanette M. van Emon Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2007 512 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Bioanalyse gtt Biocapteurs Chimie de l'environnement Immunodosage Immunoassay Biosensors Environmental chemistry Immunoassay methods Biosensing Techniques methods Chemistry, Analytical methods Environmental Monitoring methods Toxicity Tests methods Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 gnd rswk-swf Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 gnd rswk-swf Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 gnd rswk-swf Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd rswk-swf Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 s Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 s DE-604 Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 s Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 s Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 s b DE-604 Van Emon, Jeanette M. edt http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0620/2006030215.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015007326&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques Bioanalyse gtt Biocapteurs Chimie de l'environnement Immunodosage Immunoassay Biosensors Environmental chemistry Immunoassay methods Biosensing Techniques methods Chemistry, Analytical methods Environmental Monitoring methods Toxicity Tests methods Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 gnd Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 gnd Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 gnd Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd |
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| title | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques |
| title_auth | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques |
| title_exact_search | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques |
| title_full | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques ed. by Jeanette M. van Emon |
| title_fullStr | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques ed. by Jeanette M. van Emon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques ed. by Jeanette M. van Emon |
| title_short | Immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques |
| title_sort | immunoassay and other bioanalytical techniques |
| topic | Bioanalyse gtt Biocapteurs Chimie de l'environnement Immunodosage Immunoassay Biosensors Environmental chemistry Immunoassay methods Biosensing Techniques methods Chemistry, Analytical methods Environmental Monitoring methods Toxicity Tests methods Immunassay (DE-588)4113998-7 gnd Umweltüberwachung (DE-588)4278451-7 gnd Biosensor (DE-588)4193016-2 gnd Biochemische Analyse (DE-588)4255721-5 gnd Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bioanalyse Biocapteurs Chimie de l'environnement Immunodosage Immunoassay Biosensors Environmental chemistry Immunoassay methods Biosensing Techniques methods Chemistry, Analytical methods Environmental Monitoring methods Toxicity Tests methods Immunassay Umweltüberwachung Biosensor Biochemische Analyse Ökologische Chemie Aufsatzsammlung |
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