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Remote sensing: models and methods for image processing

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Schowengerdt, Robert A. 1946- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2007
Edition:	3. ed.
Subjects:	Images-satellite Processamento de imagens Sensoriamento remoto Image processing Remote sensing Remote-sensing images Bildverarbeitung Relationale Datenbank Satellitenbild Fernerkundung Datenbankentwurf
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references and index. - Previous ed.: 1997. - Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
Physical Description:	XLI, 515 S., [16] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	9780123694072 0123694078

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245	1	0	\|a Remote sensing \|b models and methods for image processing \|c Robert A. Schowengerdt
250			\|a 3. ed.
264		1	\|a Amsterdam [u.a.] \|b Elsevier \|c 2007
300			\|a XLI, 515 S., [16] Bl. \|b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
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500			\|a Includes bibliographical references and index. - Previous ed.: 1997. - Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
650		4	\|a Images-satellite
650		7	\|a Processamento de imagens \|2 larpcal
650		7	\|a Sensoriamento remoto \|2 larpcal
650		4	\|a Image processing
650		4	\|a Remote sensing
650		4	\|a Remote-sensing images
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adam_text	CONTENTS F 19URES XVLL TABLES , , XXXIII PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION XXXVII PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXXIX CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OFREMOTE SENSING 1 1.1 INTRODUETION 1 1.2 REMOTE SENSING 2 1.2.1 INFORMATION EXTRACTION FROM REMOTE-SENSING IMAGES 7 1.2.2 SPECTRAL FACTORS IN REMOTE SENSING 8 1.3 SPECTRAL SIGNATURES 13 1.4 REMOTE-SENSING SYSTEMS 16 1.4.1 SPATIAL AND RADIOMETRIE CHARACTERISTICS 16 1.4.2 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS 30 1.4.3 TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTIES 32 1.4.4 MULTI-SENSOR FORMATION FLYING 35 1.5 IMAGE DISPLAY SYSTEMS 36 1.6 DATA SYSTEMS 39 1.7 SUMMARY 42 1.8 EXEREISES .44 CHAPTER 2 OPTICAL RADIATION MODELS 45 2.1 INTRODUCTION .45 VIII CONTENTS 2.2 VISIBLE TO SHORTWAVE INFRARED REGION .46 2.2.1 SOLAR RADIATION 46 2.2.2 RADIATION COMPONENTS 47 SURFACE-REFLECTED, UNSCATTERED COMPONENT 48 SURFACE-REFLECTED, ATMOSPHERE-SCATTERED COMPONENT. 53 PATH-SCATTERED CORNPONENT 54 TOTAL AT-SENSOR, SOLAR RADIANCE 55 2.2.3 IMAGE EXAMPLES IN THE SOLAR REGION 58 TERRAIN SHADING 58 SHADOWING .58 ATRNOSPHERIC CORRECTION 61 2.3 MIDWAVE TO THERMAL INFRARED REGION 61 2.3.1 THERMAL RADIATION 61 2.3.2 RADIATION COMPONENTS 63 SURFACE-ERNITTED COMPONENT 64 SURFACE-REFLECTED, ATRNOSPHERE-EMITTED COMPONENT 66 PATH-ERNITTED CORNPONENT 67 TOTAL AT-SENSOR, ERNITTED RADIANCE 68 2.3.3 TOTAL SOLAR AND THERMAL UPWELLING RADIANCE 68 2.3.4 IMAGE EXAMPLES IN THE THERMAL REGION 69 2.4 SUMMARY 72 2.5 EXERCISES 73 CHAPTER 3 SENSOR MODELS 75 3.1 INTRODUCTION 75 3.2 OVERALL SENSOR MODEL 76 3.3 RESOLUTION 76 3.3.1 THE INSTRUMENT RESPONSE 77 3.3.2 SPATIAL RESOLUTION 77 3.3.3 SPECTRAL RESOLUTION 82 3.4 SPATIAL RESPONSE 85 3.4.1 OPTICAL PSF O ! ( 86 3.4.2 DETECTOR PSFDL L 88 3.4.3 IMAGE MOTION PSF 1M ** 88 3.4.4 ELECTRONICS PSF, I 90 3.4.5 NET PSF ,LL .( 90 3.4.6 COMPARISON OF SENSOR PSFS 90 CONTENTS IX 3.4.7 IMAGING SYSTEM SIMULATION 91 3.4.8 MEASURING THE PSF 95 ALL LSF MEASUREMENT 98 QUIEKBIRD LSF MEASUREMENT 10I 3.5 SPECTRAL RESPONSE 104 3.6 SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION 106 3.7 SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION 107 3.8 SIMPLIFIED SENSOR MODEL 109 3.9 GEOMETRIE DISTORTION 110 3.9.1 SENSOR LOCATION MODELS 11 0 3.9.2 SENSOR ATTITUDE MODELS ] 10 3.9.3 SCANNER MODELS 113 3.9.4 EARTH MODEL 114 3.9.5 LINE AND WHISKBROOM SCAN GEOMETRY 119 3.9.6 PUSHBROOM SCAN GEOMETRY 119 3.9.7 TOPOGRAPHIE DISTORTION 121 3.10 SUMMARY 125 3.11 EXEREISES 125 CHAPTER 4 DATA MODELS 127 4.1 INTRODUETION 127 4.2A WORDONNOTATION 128 4.3 UNIVARIATE IMAGE STATISTICS 128 4.3.1 HISTOGRAM 129 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 130 4.3.2 CUMULATIVE HISTOGRAM 131 4.3.3 STATISTICAL PARAMETERS 131 4.4 MULTIVARIATE IMAGE STATISTICS 133 4.4.1 REDUETION TO UNIVARIATE STATISTIES 140 4.5 NOISE MODELS 140 4.5.1 STATISTICAL MEASURES OF IMAGE QUALITY 146 CONTRAST 146 MODULATION 146 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR) 147 NATIONAL IMAGERY INTERPRETABILITY SCALE (NLIRS) 149 4.5.2 NOISE EQUIVALENT SIGNAL 152 4.6 SPATIAL STATISTICS ]52 X CONTENTS 4.6.1 VISUAL IZATION OF SPATIAL COVARIANCE 153 4.6.2 COVARIANCE AND SEMIVARIOGRAM 153 SEPARABILITY AND ANISOTROPY 160 4.6.3 POWER SPCCTRAL DENSITY 162 4.6.4 CO-OCCURRENCE MATRIX 164 4.6.5 FRACTAL GEORNETRY 166 4.7 TOPOGRAPHIE AND SENSOR EFFECTS 169 4.7.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND SPECTRAL SEATTERGRAMS 169 4.7.2 SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS AND SPATIAL STATISTICS 174 4.7.3 SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS AND SPECTRAL SCATTERGRAMS 178 4.8 SUMMARY 181 4.9 EXERCISES 182 CHAPTER 5 SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS 183 5.1 INTRODUCTION 183 5.2 FEATURE SPACE 184 5.3 MULTISPECTRAL RATIOS 186 5.3.1 VEGETATION INDEXES 188 5.3.2 IMAGE EXAMPLES 191 5.4 PRINCIPAL CORNPONENTS 193 5.4.1 STANDARDIZED PRINCIPAL CORNPONENTS (SPC) 199 5.4.2 MAXIMUM NOISE FRACTION (MNF) 199 5.5 TASSELCD-CUP COMPONENTS 202 5.6 CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT 206 5.6.1 GLOBAL TRANSFORMS 208 LINEAR STRETCH 209 NONLINEAR STRETCH 209 NORRNALIZATION STRCTCH 210 REFCRENCE STRETCH 210 THRESHOLDING 216 5.6.2 LOCAL TRANSFORMS 217 5.6.3 COLOR IMAGES 219 MIN-RNAX STRETCH 221 NORRNALIZATION STRETCH 221 REFERENCE STRETCH 221 DCCORRELATION STRETCH 222 COLOR-SPACE TRANSFORRNS 223 CONIENTS XI SPATIAL DORNAIN BLENDING 224 5.7 SUMMARY 227 5.8 EXERCISES 227 CHAPTER 6 SPATIAL TRANSFORMS 229 6.1 INTRODUCTION 229 6.2 AN IMAGE MODEL FOR SPATIAL FILTERING 230 6.3 CONVOLUTION FILTERS 230 6.3.1 LINEAR FILTERS 232 CONVOLUTION 232 LOW-PASS AND HIGH-PASS FILTERS (LPF, HPF) 233 HIGH-BOOST FILTERS (HBF) 234 BAND-PASS FILTERS (BPF) 235 DIRECTIONAL FILTERS 236 THE BORDER REGION 237 CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTERED IMAGES 239 APPLICATION OF THE BLENDING ALGORITHM TO SPATIAL FILTERING 239 THE BOX-FILTER ALGORITHM 240 CASCADED LINEAR FILTERS 241 6.3.2 STATISTICAL FILTERS 242 MORPHOLOGICAL FILTERS 244 6.3.3 GRADIENT FILTERS 245 6.4 FOURIER TRANSFORMS 246 6.4.1 FOURIER ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 246 6.4.2 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORMS IN 2-D 249 6.4.3 THE FOURIER COMPONENTS 253 6.4.4 FILTERING WITH THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 255 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 257 6.4.5 SYSTEM MODELING USING THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 259 6.4.6 THE POWER SPECTRUM 263 6.5 SEALE-SPACE TRANSFORMS 263 6.5.1 IMAGE RESOLUTION PYRAMIDS 265 6.5.2 ZERO-CROSSING FILTERS 267 LAPLACIAN-OF-GAUSSIAN (LOG) FILTERS 269 DIFFERENCE-OF-GAUSSIANS (DOG) FILTERS 274 6.5.3 WAVELET TRANSFORMS 278 6.6 SUMMARY 282 6.7 EXERCISES 282 XII CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 CORRECTION AND CALIBRATION 285 7.1 INTRODUCTION 285 7.2 DISTORTION CORRECTION 286 7.2.1 POLYNOMIAL DISTORTION MODELS .287 GROUND CONTRA] POINTS (GCPS) 291 7.2.2 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION 298 MAP PROJECTIONS 299 7.2.3 RESAMPLING 300 7.3 SENSOR MTF CAMPENSATION 309 7.3.1 EXAMPLES OF MTF COMPENSATION 311 7.4 NOISE REDUCTION 3]5 7.4.] GLOBAL NOISE 3]5 SIGMA FILTER 315 NAGAO-MATSUYAMA FILTER 317 7.4.2 LOCAL NOISE 318 DETECTION BY SPECTRAL CORRELATION 318 7.4.3 PERIODIC NOISE 320 7.4.4 DETECTOR STRIPING 323 GLOBAL. LINEAR DETECTOR MATEHING 325 NONLINEAR DETECTOR MATEHING 325 STATISTICAL MODIFIEATION 325 SPATIAL FILTER MASKING 327 DEBANDING 328 7.5 RADIOMETRIE CALIBRATION 332 7.5.1 MULTISPECTRAL SENSORS AND IMAGERY 334 SENSOR CALIBRATION 334 ATMOSPHERIC EORREETION 337 SOLAR AND TOPOGRAPHIC CORREETION 339 IMAGE EXAMPLES 340 7.5.2 HYPCRSPCCTRAL SENSORS AND IMAGERY 34] SENSOR CALIBRATION 341 ATRNOSPHERIC CORRECTION 343 NORMALIZATION TECHNIGUES 344 IMAGE EXAMPLES 350 7.6 SUMMARY 352 7.7 EXCRCISES 353 CONTENTS XIII CHAPTER 8 REGISTRATION AND FUSION 355 8.1 INTRODUCTION 355 8.2 WHAT IS REGISTRATION? 356 8.3 AUTOMATED GCP LOCATION 357 8.3.1 AREA CORRELATION 357 RELATION TO SPATIAL STATISTICS 362 8.3.2 OTHER SPATIAL FEATURES FOR REGISTRATION 362 8.4 ORTHORECTIFICATION 363 8.4.1 LOW-RESOLUTION DEM 363 8.4.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION DEM 364 HIERARCHICAL WARP STEREO 366 8.5 MULTI-IMAGE FUSION 371 8.5.1 FEATURE SPACE FUSION 374 8.5.2 SPATIAL DOMAIN FUSION 375 HIGH FREQUENCY MODULATION 376 FILTER DESIGN FOR HFM 378 SHARPENING WITH ASENSORMODEL 378 8.5.3 SEALE-SPACE FUSION 380 8.5.4 IMAGE FUSION EXAMPLES 380 8.6 SUMMARY 384 8.7 EXERCISES 384 CHAPTER 9 THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION 387 9.1 INTRODUCTION 387 9.2 THE CLASSIFICATION PROCESS 388 9.2.1 THE IRNPORTANCE OF IRNAGE SCALC AND RESOLUTION 390 9.2.2 THE NOTION OF SIMILARITY 391 9.2.3 HARD VERSUS SOFT CLASSIFICATION 393 9.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION 395 9.4 TRAINING THE CLASSIFIER 395 9.4 . .1 SUPERVISED TRAINING 396 SEPARABILITY ANALYSIS 396 9.4.2 UNSUPERVISED TRAINING 399 K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM 400 CLUSTERING EXARNPLES 400 9.4.3 HYBRID SUPERVISED/UNSUPERVISED TRAINING .402 CONTENTS 9.5 NONPARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION .405 9.5.1 LEVEL-SLICE CLASSIFIER 405 9.5.2 HISTOGRAM ESTIMATION CLASSIFIER ..406 9.5.3 NEAREST-NEIGHBORS CLASSIFIER .407 9.5.4 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) CLASSIFIER .407 BACK-PROPAGATION ALGORITHRN 409 9.5.5 NONPARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES 413 9.6 PARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION 417 9.6.1 ESTIMATION OF MODEL PARAMETERS 417 9.6.2 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTIONS 418 9.6.3 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL 418 9.6.4 THE NEAREST-MEAN CLASSIFIER .421 9.6.5 PARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES 422 9.7 SPATIAL-SPECTRAL SEGMENTATION 427 9.7.1 REGION GROWING 427 9.8 SUBPIXEL CLASSIFICATION 430 9.8.1 THC LINEAR MIXING MODEL 434 UNMIXING EXAMPLES : 437 RELATION OF FRACTIONS 10 NEURAL NETWORK OUTPUT 440 ENDMEMBER SPECIFICATION 441 9.8.2 FUZZY SEI CLASSIFICATION 442 FUZZY C-MEANS (FCM) CLUSTERING 442 FUZZY SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION 443 9.9 HYPERSPCCTRAL IMAGE ANALYSIS ..445 9.9.1 VISUALIZATION OF THE IMAGE CUBE 445 9.9.2 TRAINING FOR CLASSIFICATION 447 9.9.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION FROM HYPERSPECTRAL DATA 447 IMAGE RESIDUALS : 447 ABSORPTION-BAND PARAMETERS 448 SPCCTRAL DERIVATIVE RATIOS 448 SPECTRAL FINGERPRINTS 449 9.904 CLASSIFICATION AIGORITHMS FOR HYPCRSPECTRAL DATA .450 BINARY ENCODING 452 SPECTRAL-ANGLE MAPPING 452 ORTHOGONAL SUBSPACE PROJECTION (OSP) .454 9.10 SUMMARY 455 9.11 EXERCISES 456 CONTENTS XV APPENDIX A SENSOR ACRONYMS 457 APPENDIX B I-D AND 2-D FUNCTIONS 461 REFERENCES 467 INDEX 509
adam_txt	CONTENTS F ' " 19URES XVLL TABLES , , XXXIII PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION XXXVII PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXXIX CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE OFREMOTE SENSING 1 1.1 INTRODUETION 1 1.2 REMOTE SENSING 2 1.2.1 INFORMATION EXTRACTION FROM REMOTE-SENSING IMAGES 7 1.2.2 SPECTRAL FACTORS IN REMOTE SENSING 8 1.3 SPECTRAL SIGNATURES 13 1.4 REMOTE-SENSING SYSTEMS 16 1.4.1 SPATIAL AND RADIOMETRIE CHARACTERISTICS 16 1.4.2 SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS 30 1.4.3 TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTIES 32 1.4.4 MULTI-SENSOR FORMATION FLYING 35 1.5 IMAGE DISPLAY SYSTEMS 36 1.6 DATA SYSTEMS 39 1.7 SUMMARY 42 1.8 EXEREISES .44 CHAPTER 2 OPTICAL RADIATION MODELS 45 2.1 INTRODUCTION .45 VIII CONTENTS 2.2 VISIBLE TO SHORTWAVE INFRARED REGION .46 2.2.1 SOLAR RADIATION 46 2.2.2 RADIATION COMPONENTS 47 SURFACE-REFLECTED, UNSCATTERED COMPONENT 48 SURFACE-REFLECTED, ATMOSPHERE-SCATTERED COMPONENT. 53 PATH-SCATTERED CORNPONENT 54 TOTAL AT-SENSOR, SOLAR RADIANCE 55 2.2.3 IMAGE EXAMPLES IN THE SOLAR REGION 58 TERRAIN SHADING 58 SHADOWING .58 ATRNOSPHERIC CORRECTION 61 2.3 MIDWAVE TO THERMAL INFRARED REGION 61 2.3.1 THERMAL RADIATION 61 2.3.2 RADIATION COMPONENTS 63 SURFACE-ERNITTED COMPONENT 64 SURFACE-REFLECTED, ATRNOSPHERE-EMITTED COMPONENT 66 PATH-ERNITTED CORNPONENT 67 TOTAL AT-SENSOR, ERNITTED RADIANCE 68 2.3.3 TOTAL SOLAR AND THERMAL UPWELLING RADIANCE 68 2.3.4 IMAGE EXAMPLES IN THE THERMAL REGION 69 2.4 SUMMARY 72 2.5 EXERCISES 73 CHAPTER 3 SENSOR MODELS 75 3.1 INTRODUCTION 75 3.2 OVERALL SENSOR MODEL 76 3.3 RESOLUTION 76 3.3.1 THE INSTRUMENT RESPONSE 77 3.3.2 SPATIAL RESOLUTION 77 3.3.3 SPECTRAL RESOLUTION 82 3.4 SPATIAL RESPONSE 85 3.4.1 OPTICAL PSF O !' ( 86 3.4.2 DETECTOR PSFDL'L 88 3.4.3 IMAGE MOTION PSF 1M ** 88 3.4.4 ELECTRONICS PSF,'I 90 3.4.5 NET PSF ,LL .( 90 3.4.6 COMPARISON OF SENSOR PSFS 90 CONTENTS IX 3.4.7 IMAGING SYSTEM SIMULATION 91 3.4.8 MEASURING THE PSF 95 ALL LSF MEASUREMENT 98 QUIEKBIRD LSF MEASUREMENT 10I 3.5 SPECTRAL RESPONSE 104 3.6 SIGNAL AMPLIFICATION 106 3.7 SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION 107 3.8 SIMPLIFIED SENSOR MODEL 109 3.9 GEOMETRIE DISTORTION 110 3.9.1 SENSOR LOCATION MODELS 11 0 3.9.2 SENSOR ATTITUDE MODELS ] 10 3.9.3 SCANNER MODELS 113 3.9.4 EARTH MODEL 114 3.9.5 LINE AND WHISKBROOM SCAN GEOMETRY 119 3.9.6 PUSHBROOM SCAN GEOMETRY 119 3.9.7 TOPOGRAPHIE DISTORTION 121 3.10 SUMMARY 125 3.11 EXEREISES 125 CHAPTER 4 DATA MODELS 127 4.1 INTRODUETION 127 4.2A WORDONNOTATION 128 4.3 UNIVARIATE IMAGE STATISTICS 128 4.3.1 HISTOGRAM 129 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 130 4.3.2 CUMULATIVE HISTOGRAM 131 4.3.3 STATISTICAL PARAMETERS 131 4.4 MULTIVARIATE IMAGE STATISTICS 133 4.4.1 REDUETION TO UNIVARIATE STATISTIES 140 4.5 NOISE MODELS 140 4.5.1 STATISTICAL MEASURES OF IMAGE QUALITY 146 CONTRAST 146 MODULATION 146 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (SNR) 147 NATIONAL IMAGERY INTERPRETABILITY SCALE (NLIRS) 149 4.5.2 NOISE EQUIVALENT SIGNAL 152 4.6 SPATIAL STATISTICS ]52 X CONTENTS 4.6.1 VISUAL IZATION OF SPATIAL COVARIANCE 153 4.6.2 COVARIANCE AND SEMIVARIOGRAM 153 SEPARABILITY AND ANISOTROPY 160 4.6.3 POWER SPCCTRAL DENSITY 162 4.6.4 CO-OCCURRENCE MATRIX 164 4.6.5 FRACTAL GEORNETRY 166 4.7 TOPOGRAPHIE AND SENSOR EFFECTS 169 4.7.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND SPECTRAL SEATTERGRAMS 169 4.7.2 SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS AND SPATIAL STATISTICS 174 4.7.3 SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS AND SPECTRAL SCATTERGRAMS 178 4.8 SUMMARY 181 4.9 EXERCISES 182 CHAPTER 5 SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS 183 5.1 INTRODUCTION 183 5.2 FEATURE SPACE 184 5.3 MULTISPECTRAL RATIOS 186 5.3.1 VEGETATION INDEXES 188 5.3.2 IMAGE EXAMPLES 191 5.4 PRINCIPAL CORNPONENTS 193 5.4.1 STANDARDIZED PRINCIPAL CORNPONENTS (SPC) 199 5.4.2 MAXIMUM NOISE FRACTION (MNF) 199 5.5 TASSELCD-CUP COMPONENTS 202 5.6 CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT 206 5.6.1 GLOBAL TRANSFORMS 208 LINEAR STRETCH 209 NONLINEAR STRETCH 209 NORRNALIZATION STRCTCH 210 REFCRENCE STRETCH 210 THRESHOLDING 216 5.6.2 LOCAL TRANSFORMS 217 5.6.3 COLOR IMAGES 219 MIN-RNAX STRETCH 221 NORRNALIZATION STRETCH 221 REFERENCE STRETCH 221 DCCORRELATION STRETCH 222 COLOR-SPACE TRANSFORRNS 223 CONIENTS XI SPATIAL DORNAIN BLENDING 224 5.7 SUMMARY 227 5.8 EXERCISES 227 CHAPTER 6 SPATIAL TRANSFORMS 229 6.1 INTRODUCTION 229 6.2 AN IMAGE MODEL FOR SPATIAL FILTERING 230 6.3 CONVOLUTION FILTERS 230 6.3.1 LINEAR FILTERS 232 CONVOLUTION 232 LOW-PASS AND HIGH-PASS FILTERS (LPF, HPF) 233 HIGH-BOOST FILTERS (HBF) 234 BAND-PASS FILTERS (BPF) 235 DIRECTIONAL FILTERS 236 THE BORDER REGION 237 CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTERED IMAGES 239 APPLICATION OF THE BLENDING ALGORITHM TO SPATIAL FILTERING 239 THE BOX-FILTER ALGORITHM 240 CASCADED LINEAR FILTERS 241 6.3.2 STATISTICAL FILTERS 242 MORPHOLOGICAL FILTERS 244 6.3.3 GRADIENT FILTERS 245 6.4 FOURIER TRANSFORMS 246 6.4.1 FOURIER ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 246 6.4.2 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORMS IN 2-D 249 6.4.3 THE FOURIER COMPONENTS 253 6.4.4 FILTERING WITH THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 255 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 257 6.4.5 SYSTEM MODELING USING THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 259 6.4.6 THE POWER SPECTRUM 263 6.5 SEALE-SPACE TRANSFORMS 263 6.5.1 IMAGE RESOLUTION PYRAMIDS 265 6.5.2 ZERO-CROSSING FILTERS 267 LAPLACIAN-OF-GAUSSIAN (LOG) FILTERS 269 DIFFERENCE-OF-GAUSSIANS (DOG) FILTERS 274 6.5.3 WAVELET TRANSFORMS 278 6.6 SUMMARY 282 6.7 EXERCISES 282 XII CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 CORRECTION AND CALIBRATION 285 7.1 INTRODUCTION 285 7.2 DISTORTION CORRECTION 286 7.2.1 POLYNOMIAL DISTORTION MODELS .287 GROUND CONTRA] POINTS (GCPS) 291 7.2.2 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION 298 MAP PROJECTIONS 299 7.2.3 RESAMPLING 300 7.3 SENSOR MTF CAMPENSATION 309 7.3.1 EXAMPLES OF MTF COMPENSATION 311 7.4 NOISE REDUCTION 3]5 7.4.] GLOBAL NOISE 3]5 SIGMA FILTER 315 NAGAO-MATSUYAMA FILTER 317 7.4.2 LOCAL NOISE 318 DETECTION BY SPECTRAL CORRELATION 318 7.4.3 PERIODIC NOISE 320 7.4.4 DETECTOR STRIPING 323 GLOBAL. LINEAR DETECTOR MATEHING 325 NONLINEAR DETECTOR MATEHING 325 STATISTICAL MODIFIEATION 325 SPATIAL FILTER MASKING 327 DEBANDING 328 7.5 RADIOMETRIE CALIBRATION 332 7.5.1 MULTISPECTRAL SENSORS AND IMAGERY 334 SENSOR CALIBRATION 334 ATMOSPHERIC EORREETION 337 SOLAR AND TOPOGRAPHIC CORREETION 339 IMAGE EXAMPLES 340 7.5.2 HYPCRSPCCTRAL SENSORS AND IMAGERY 34] SENSOR CALIBRATION 341 ATRNOSPHERIC CORRECTION 343 NORMALIZATION TECHNIGUES 344 IMAGE EXAMPLES 350 7.6 SUMMARY 352 7.7 EXCRCISES 353 CONTENTS XIII CHAPTER 8 REGISTRATION AND FUSION 355 8.1 INTRODUCTION 355 8.2 WHAT IS REGISTRATION? 356 8.3 AUTOMATED GCP LOCATION 357 8.3.1 AREA CORRELATION 357 RELATION TO SPATIAL STATISTICS 362 8.3.2 OTHER SPATIAL FEATURES FOR REGISTRATION 362 8.4 ORTHORECTIFICATION 363 8.4.1 LOW-RESOLUTION DEM 363 8.4.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION DEM 364 HIERARCHICAL WARP STEREO 366 8.5 MULTI-IMAGE FUSION 371 8.5.1 FEATURE SPACE FUSION 374 8.5.2 SPATIAL DOMAIN FUSION 375 HIGH FREQUENCY MODULATION 376 FILTER DESIGN FOR HFM 378 SHARPENING WITH ASENSORMODEL 378 8.5.3 SEALE-SPACE FUSION 380 8.5.4 IMAGE FUSION EXAMPLES 380 8.6 SUMMARY 384 8.7 EXERCISES 384 CHAPTER 9 THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION 387 9.1 INTRODUCTION 387 9.2 THE CLASSIFICATION PROCESS 388 9.2.1 THE IRNPORTANCE OF IRNAGE SCALC AND RESOLUTION 390 9.2.2 THE NOTION OF SIMILARITY 391 9.2.3 HARD VERSUS SOFT CLASSIFICATION 393 9.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION 395 9.4 TRAINING THE CLASSIFIER 395 9.4 . .1 SUPERVISED TRAINING 396 SEPARABILITY ANALYSIS 396 9.4.2 UNSUPERVISED TRAINING 399 K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM 400 CLUSTERING EXARNPLES 400 9.4.3 HYBRID SUPERVISED/UNSUPERVISED TRAINING .402 CONTENTS 9.5 NONPARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION .405 9.5.1 LEVEL-SLICE CLASSIFIER 405 9.5.2 HISTOGRAM ESTIMATION CLASSIFIER .406 9.5.3 NEAREST-NEIGHBORS CLASSIFIER .407 9.5.4 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) CLASSIFIER .407 BACK-PROPAGATION ALGORITHRN 409 9.5.5 NONPARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES 413 9.6 PARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION 417 9.6.1 ESTIMATION OF MODEL PARAMETERS 417 9.6.2 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTIONS 418 9.6.3 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION MODEL 418 9.6.4 THE NEAREST-MEAN CLASSIFIER .421 9.6.5 PARAMETRIE CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES 422 9.7 SPATIAL-SPECTRAL SEGMENTATION 427 9.7.1 REGION GROWING 427 9.8 SUBPIXEL CLASSIFICATION 430 9.8.1 THC LINEAR MIXING MODEL 434 UNMIXING EXAMPLES : 437 RELATION OF FRACTIONS 10 NEURAL NETWORK OUTPUT 440 ENDMEMBER SPECIFICATION 441 9.8.2 FUZZY SEI CLASSIFICATION 442 FUZZY C-MEANS (FCM) CLUSTERING 442 FUZZY SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION 443 9.9 HYPERSPCCTRAL IMAGE ANALYSIS .445 9.9.1 VISUALIZATION OF THE IMAGE CUBE 445 9.9.2 TRAINING FOR CLASSIFICATION 447 9.9.3 FEATURE EXTRACTION FROM HYPERSPECTRAL DATA 447 IMAGE RESIDUALS : 447 ABSORPTION-BAND PARAMETERS 448 SPCCTRAL DERIVATIVE RATIOS 448 SPECTRAL FINGERPRINTS 449 9.904 CLASSIFICATION AIGORITHMS FOR HYPCRSPECTRAL DATA .450 BINARY ENCODING 452 SPECTRAL-ANGLE MAPPING 452 ORTHOGONAL SUBSPACE PROJECTION (OSP) .454 9.10 SUMMARY 455 9.11 EXERCISES 456 CONTENTS XV APPENDIX A SENSOR ACRONYMS 457 APPENDIX B I-D AND 2-D FUNCTIONS 461 REFERENCES 467 INDEX 509
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author	Schowengerdt, Robert A. 1946-
author_GND	(DE-588)137042116
author_facet	Schowengerdt, Robert A. 1946-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Schowengerdt, Robert A. 1946-
author_variant	r a s ra ras
building	Verbundindex
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callnumber-subject	TA - General and Civil Engineering
classification_rvk	RB 10232
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ctrlnum	(OCoLC)70401389 (DE-599)BVBBV021786335
dewey-full	621.3678
dewey-hundreds	600 - Technology (Applied sciences)
dewey-ones	621 - Applied physics
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dewey-search	621.3678
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dewey-tens	620 - Engineering and allied operations
discipline	Geowissenschaften Informatik Bauingenieurwesen Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik Vermessungswesen Geographie
discipline_str_mv	Geowissenschaften Informatik Bauingenieurwesen Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik Vermessungswesen Geographie
edition	3. ed.
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spelling	Schowengerdt, Robert A. 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)137042116 aut Remote sensing models and methods for image processing Robert A. Schowengerdt 3. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2007 XLI, 515 S., [16] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index. - Previous ed.: 1997. - Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Images-satellite Processamento de imagens larpcal Sensoriamento remoto larpcal Image processing Remote sensing Remote-sensing images Bildverarbeitung (DE-588)4006684-8 gnd rswk-swf Relationale Datenbank (DE-588)4049358-1 gnd rswk-swf Satellitenbild (DE-588)4179145-9 gnd rswk-swf Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd rswk-swf Datenbankentwurf (DE-588)4127613-9 gnd rswk-swf Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 s DE-604 Satellitenbild (DE-588)4179145-9 s Bildverarbeitung (DE-588)4006684-8 s 1\p DE-604 Relationale Datenbank (DE-588)4049358-1 s Datenbankentwurf (DE-588)4127613-9 s OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014999048&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Schowengerdt, Robert A. 1946- Remote sensing models and methods for image processing Images-satellite Processamento de imagens larpcal Sensoriamento remoto larpcal Image processing Remote sensing Remote-sensing images Bildverarbeitung (DE-588)4006684-8 gnd Relationale Datenbank (DE-588)4049358-1 gnd Satellitenbild (DE-588)4179145-9 gnd Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Datenbankentwurf (DE-588)4127613-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4006684-8 (DE-588)4049358-1 (DE-588)4179145-9 (DE-588)4016796-3 (DE-588)4127613-9
title	Remote sensing models and methods for image processing
title_auth	Remote sensing models and methods for image processing
title_exact_search	Remote sensing models and methods for image processing
title_exact_search_txtP	Remote sensing models and methods for image processing
title_full	Remote sensing models and methods for image processing Robert A. Schowengerdt
title_fullStr	Remote sensing models and methods for image processing Robert A. Schowengerdt
title_full_unstemmed	Remote sensing models and methods for image processing Robert A. Schowengerdt
title_short	Remote sensing
title_sort	remote sensing models and methods for image processing
title_sub	models and methods for image processing
topic	Images-satellite Processamento de imagens larpcal Sensoriamento remoto larpcal Image processing Remote sensing Remote-sensing images Bildverarbeitung (DE-588)4006684-8 gnd Relationale Datenbank (DE-588)4049358-1 gnd Satellitenbild (DE-588)4179145-9 gnd Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Datenbankentwurf (DE-588)4127613-9 gnd
topic_facet	Images-satellite Processamento de imagens Sensoriamento remoto Image processing Remote sensing Remote-sensing images Bildverarbeitung Relationale Datenbank Satellitenbild Fernerkundung Datenbankentwurf
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014999048&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT schowengerdtroberta remotesensingmodelsandmethodsforimageprocessing

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