Irritant dermatitis:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
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Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2006
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 538 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783540009030 3540009035 |
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| 084 | |a 610 |2 sdnb | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Irritant dermatitis |c Ai-Lean Chew ... (ed.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 538 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 28 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Contactdermatitis |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Contact dermatitis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dermatitis, Irritant | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kontaktdermatitis |0 (DE-588)4032262-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kontaktdermatitis |0 (DE-588)4032262-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chew, Ai-Lean |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014965168&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135609598476288 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Classification
and Clinical Features
Special Clinical Forms
1
Ten Genotypes of Irritant Contact Derma¬
titis
.................... 5
Ai-Lean Chew, Howard I. Maibach
LI Introduction
............... 5
1.2
Clinical Classification of Irritant Contact
Dermatitis
................ 5
1.2.1
Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
... 5
1.2.2
Delayed Acute ICD
........... 6
1.2.3
Irritant Reaction
............. 6
1.2.4
Chronic Irritant Contact Dermatitis
. 6
1.2.5
Traumatic Irritant Contact Dermatitis
7
1.2.6
Acneiform Irritant Contact Dermatitis
7
1.2.7
Nonerythematous or Suberythematous
Irritation
................. 7
1.2.8
Subjective or Sensory Irritation
.... 7
1.2.9
Friction Dermatitis
........... 8
1.2.10
Asteatotic Irritant Eczema
....... 8
1.2.11
Miscellaneous
.............. 8
References
................ 9
2
Irritant Contact Dermatitis Versus Aller¬
gic Contact Dermatitis
........ 11
S. Ms Ale, Howard!. Maibach
2.1
Introduction
.............. 11
2.2
Clinical Aspects
............ 11
2.3
Histology and Immunohistochemis-
try
.................... 12
2.4
Pathogenetic Mechanisms
...... 14
2.4.1
Cytokine Profiles
........... 14
2.5
Conclusions
.............. 16
References
............... 16
3
Barrier Function and Perturbation: Rel¬
evance for
Interdigital
Dermatitis
. . 23
N.Y.
Schürer,
W.
Uter,
H.J.
Schwanitz
3.1
Introduction
.............. 23
3.2
Lamellar Body Secretion.......
23
3.3
Stratum Corneum Lipids
....... 24
3.4
The Autonomous Stratum Corneum
25
3.5
Synthetic Activities to Barrier Func¬
tion
................... 25
3.6
Regional Variations in Skin Permeabil¬
ity
.................... 26
3.7
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
..... 26
3.8 Interdigital
Dermatitis
-
A Form of Ir¬
ritant Contact Dermatitis
...... 27
References
............... 28
4
Friction Melanosis
.......... 31
Ritsuko Hayakawa, Yoshimi
Kato, Mariko
Sugiura, Keiji Sugiura, Rika Hashimoto
4.1
Introduction
.............. 31
4.2
The Feature and Cause of Friction Mela¬
nosis
.................. 31
4.3
Comment
............... 31
References
............... 35
5
Diaper Dermatitis
........... 37
Marty O. Visscher, Steven B. Hoath
5.1
Introduction
.............. 37
5.1.1
Terminology and Significance
.... 37
5.2
Birth
.................. 38
5.2.1
Contributory Influences
....... 40
5.2.1.1
Description
.............. 40
5.3
Factors Influencing Diaper Dermati¬
tis
.................... 41
5.3.1
Skin
Hydration ............ 41
IjÈuJ
Л
Contents
5.3.2 SkinpH................. 42
5.3.3
Effect of Urine and Fecal Compo¬
nents
.................. 42
5.3.4
Effect of Diet
.............. 43
5.3.4.1
Duration of Diaper Dermatitis
... 43
5.4
Effect of Diaper Type and Composi¬
tion
................... 45
5.5
Diapers for Delivery of Topical Prepara¬
tions
.................. 48
5.6
Effect of Diaper Occlusion
...... 49
6
Summary
................ 49
References
............... 50
6
Chemical Skin Burns
......... 53
Magnus Bruze,
Birgitta Gruvberger, Sigfrid Fregert
6.1
Introduction
.............. 53
6.2
Definition
............... 53
6.3
Diagnosis
................ 56
6.4
Clinical Features
............ 56
6.5
Treatment
............... 57
6.6
Complications
............. 58
6.7
Prevention
............... 59
6.8
Summary
................ 59
References
............... 60
7
Contact Urticaria Syndrome
..... 63
Saqib J. Bashir, Howard I. Maibach
7.1
Introduction
.............. 63
7.2
Epidemiology
............. 63
7.3
Mechanisms of Contact Urticaria
. . 63
7.3.1
Nonimmunologic Contact Urticaria
64
7.3.2 Immunologie
Contact Urticaria
... 64
7.4
Symptoms and Signs
......... 65
7.5
Site Specificity of Contact Urticaria Reac¬
tions
.................. 65
7.6
Human Experimental Protocols
... 65
7.6.1
Subject Selection
........... 65
7.6.2
Site Selection
.............. 66
7.6.3
Paired Comparison Studies
..... 66
7.6.4
Serial Doses
.............. 66
7.6.5
Application Techniques
........ 66
7.6.6
Contact Urticaria Syndrome Inhibi¬
tion
................... 66
7.7
Clinical Assessment and Quantitative
Methods
................ 67
7.7.1
Visual Scoring of Contact Urticaria
. 67
7.7.2
Measurement of Erythema
...... 67
7.7.2.1
Measuring Color
........... 67
7.7.2.2
Laser-Doppler Blood Flowmetry
. . 68
7.7.3
Measurement of Edema
....... 68
7.8
Animal Experimental Protocols
... 68
7.8.1
Nonimmunologic Contact Urticaria
68
7.8.2 Immunologie
Contact Urticaria
... 68
7.9
Conclusion
............... 68
References
............... 69
8
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis
..... 71
f.M. Lachapelle
8.1
Introduction
.............. 71
8.2
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to Fi¬
bers
................... 71
8.2.1
Clinical Symptoms
.......... 71
8.2.2
Types of Fibers
............. 72
8.2.2.1
Man-Made Vitreous Fibers
...... 72
8.2.2.2
Asbestos Fibers
............ 73
8.2.2.3
Other Fibers
.............. 73
8.2.3
Occupational and Nonoccupational
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to Fi¬
bers
................... 73
8.2.4
Anatomoclinical Correlations
.... 73
8.2.4.1
Histopathological Features
...... 73
8.2.4.2
Skin Surface Biopsy
.......... 74
8.2.5
Diagnostic Procedures
........ 74
8.2.6
Prevention
............... 74
8.2.7
Treatment
............... 74
8.3
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to Dust
Particles
................ 74
8.3.1
Clinical Symptoms
.......... 74
8.3.2
The World of Dust Particles
..... 75
8.3.3
Anatomoclinical Correlations
.... 76
8.3.3.1
Histopathological Features
...... 76
8.3.3.2
Skin Surface Biopsy
.......... 76
8.3.4
Diagnostic Procedures
........ 76
8.3.5
Prevention
............... 76
8.3.6
Treatment
............... 76
8.4
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to
Sprays, Vapors, and Gases
...... 76
8.4.1
Clinical Symptoms
.......... 76
8.4.2
Major Irritant Chemicals Acting as Of¬
fending Agents in Sprays, Vapors, and
Gases
.................. 77
8.4.3
Diagnostic Procedures
........ 77
8.4.4
Differential Diagnosis
......... 78
8.4.5
Prevention
............... 78
8.4.6
Treatment
............... 78
8.5
Diagnostic Procedures: Tools Available to
Investigate and Confirm (or Refute) the
Diagnosis of Airborne Irritant Dermati¬
tis
.................... 78
References
............... 78
Contents
9
Irritant
Dermatitis
of the Scalp
... 81
J.M. Lachapelle
9.1
Introduction
.............. 81
9.2
Irritant Dermatitis of the Scalp Due to
Mechanical Factors
.......... 81
9.2.1
Clinical Symptoms
.......... 82
9.2.1.1
Trichotillomania
............ 82
9.2.1.2
Cosmetic Alopecia
.......... 82
9.2.1.3
Frictional Irritant Dermatitis with or
without Traumatic Alopecia
..... 82
9.2.1
A Irritant Dermatitis and Lichenification
Due to Scratching
........... 82
9.2.2
Anatomoclinical Correlations
.... 82
9.2.2.1
Microscopic Examination of Hair
. . 82
9.2.2.2
Histopathological Features
...... 82
9.2.3
Diagnostic Procedures
........ 83
9.2.3.1
Trichotillomania
............ 83
9.2.3.2
Cosmetic Alopecia
.......... 83
9.2.3.3
Irritant Dermatitis and Lichenification
from Scratching
............ 83
9.2.4
Treatment
............... 83
9.2.4.1
Trichotillomania
............ 83
9.2.4.2
Cosmetic Alopecia
.......... 83
9.2.4.3
Irritant Dermatitis and Lichenification
from Scratching
............ 83
9.3
Irritant Dermatitis of the Scalp Due to
Chemical Agents
........... 83
9.3.1
Clinical Symptoms
.......... 83
9.3.2
Irritant Chemicals
........... 84
9.3.2.1
Traditional Topical Drugs Used in the
Past
................... 84
9.3.2.2
Current Topical Drugs: Active Mol¬
ecules
.................. 84
9.3.2.3
Current Topical Drugs: Vehicle Ingredi¬
ents
................... 85
9.3.2.4
Cosmetic Products
.......... 85
9.3.3
Differential Diagnosis
......... 86
9.3.4
Prevention
............... 86
9.3.5
Treatment
............... 87
References
............... 87
10
Irritant Contact Dermatitis of the
Nails
.................. 89
Patricia G. Engasser
10.1
Mechanical Irritation
......... 89
10.1.1
Recreational
.............. 89
10.1.2
Occupational
............. 89
10.1.3
Cosmetic
................ 90
10.1.4
Miscellaneous
............. 90
10.2
Physical Agents
............ 90
10.2.1
Irradiation
............... 90
10.2.2
Foreign Matter
............. 90
10.2.3
Moisture
................ 90
10.3
Chemical
................ 90
10.3.1
Medicinal
............... 90
10.3.2
Occupational
............. 91
10.3.3
Cosmetics
............... 91
10.3.4
Miscellaneous
............. 91
10.4
Biological
................ 92
10.5
Prevention and Therapy
....... 92
References
............... 92
III Epidemiology
11
Importance of Irritant Contact Dermatitis
in Occupational Skin Disease
.... 97
Heinrich
Dickel, Oliver
Kuss,
Anne
Schmidt, Thomas L.
Diepgen
11.1
Patients and Methods
......... 97
11.2
Results
................. 98
11.3
Discussion
............... 98
11.4
Conclusions
.............. 102
References
............... 102
12
Irritant Contact Dermatitis in the Trop¬
ics
....................105
CheeLeokGoh
12.1
Introduction
..............105
12.2
Epidemiology of Irritant Contact Derma¬
titis in the Tropics
...........105
12.3
Common Sources and Types of Contact
Irritant Dermatitis in the Tropics
. . 106
12.4
Conclusions
..............107
References
...............108
IV Occupational Irritant Dermatitis
13
Occupational Issues of Irritant Contact
Dermatitis
...............113
Ai-Lean Chew, Howard I Maibach
13.1
Introduction
..............113
13.2
Clinical Features and Classification
. 113
13.3
Epidemiology
.............114
Contents
13.3.1 Hand
Dermatitis
........... 114
13.4
Modulation of Occupational Irritant Con¬
tact Dermatitis
............. 115
13.4.1
Individual Susceptibility
....... 115
13.4.1.1
Endogenous
Dermatoses
....... 115
13.4.1.2
Atopy
.................. 115
13.4.1.3
Psoriasis
................ 115
13.4.2
Histopathology
............ 115
13.4.3
Pathogenetic Pathways
........ 116
13.4.4 Bioengineering
Studies
........ 116
13.5
High-Risk Occupations and Irri¬
tants
.................. 116
13.6
Diagnosis
................ 118
13.6.1
Clinical History and Examination
. . 118
13.6.2
Patch Testing
.............. 118
13.6.3
Workplace Surveys
.......... 119
13.7
Management: Prevention and Ther¬
apy
................... 119
13.7.1
Personal Protection Equipment
... 119
13.7.2
Barrier Creams and Moisturizers
. . 119
13.7.3
Therapeutic Options
......... 120
References
............... 120
14
Hairdressing
.............. 123
Wolfgang
Uter,
Hans Joachim Schwanitz (f)
14.1
Occupational Tasks and Their Irri¬
tants
.................. 123
14.1.1
Shampooing
.............. 123
14.1.2
Hair Dyeing (Coloring and Bleach¬
ing)
................... 124
14.1.3
Permanent Waving and Relaxing
. . 125
14.1.4
Other Tasks
.............. 125
14.2
Epidemiology, Pattern, and Course of Ir¬
ritant Contact Dermatitis
...... 125
14.3
Risk Factors for Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis in Hairdressers
........... 128
14.4
Prevention of ICD
........... 129
14.4.1
Composition of Working Materials
. 129
14.4.2
Technical and Organizational Mea¬
sures
.................. 130
14.4.3
Personal Protection
.......... 130
14.4.4
Dermatological Screening
...... 132
14.4.5
The Hairdressers Clinic
...... 132
References
............... 133
15
Occupational Irritant Dermatitis
-
Metal
Workers
................ 137
Undine
Berndt,
Peter Eisner
References
............... 138
16
Health Care Workers
......... 141
Apra
Sood, James S. Taylor
16.1
Health Care Workers: A Diverse
Group
.................. 141
16.2
Prevalence and Clinical Features
. . 141
16.3
Risk Factors
.............. 142
16.4
Specific Irritants
............ 142
16.4.1
Wet Work
............... 142
16.4.2
Soaps and Detergents
......... 143
16.4.3
Gloves
................. 143
16.4.4
Antiseptics and Disinfectants
.... 143
16.4.4.1
Alcohols
................ 143
16.4.4.2
Aldehydes
............... 143
16.4.43
Quaternary Ammonium Com¬
pounds
................. 144
16.4.4.4
Other Antiseptics
........... 144
16.4.5
Acids and Alkalis
........... 144
16.4.6
Ethylene
Oxide
............ 144
16.4.7
Acrylates
................ 144
16.4.8
Other Irritants
............. 144
References
............... 145
17
The Electronics Industry
....... 147
David Koh
17.1
Introduction
.............. 147
17.2
Irritant Contact Dermatitis Among Elec¬
tronics Workers
............ 148
17.3
Skin Irritants in the Electronics Indus¬
try
.................... 148
17.3.1
Soldering Flux
............. 148
17.3.2
Solvents
................. 148
17.3.3
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Com¬
pounds
................. 149
17.3.4
Hydrofluoric Acid
........... 149
17.3.5
Epoxy Resins
.............. 149
17.3.6
Fiberglass
................ 149
17.3.7
Chemicals Used to Control Static Electric¬
ity
.................... 149
17.3.8
Protective Equipment
......... 150
17.3.9
Physical Factors
............ 150
17.3.9.1
Low Humidity
............. 150
17.3.9.2
Mechanical Forces
.......... 150
17.4
Concluding Remarks
......... 150
References
............... 150
18
18.1
Painters, Lacquerers, and Varnishers
Tuula
Estlander, Lasse Kanerva
153
Paints
..................153
Contents
18.1.1
Composition
.............. 153 20
18.1.1.1 Pigments................ 153
18.1.1.2
Solvents
................. 154
18.1.1.3 Film Formers ............. 154 20.1
18.1.1.4
Additives
................ 155
18.1.1.5
Paint and Varnish Removers
..... 156 20.2
18.2
Prevalence of Dermatitis Caused by Paints,
Lacquers, and Varnishes
....... 156 20.3
18.3
Clinical Aspects of Irritant Dermati¬
tis
.................... 157
18.4
Causes of Irritant Dermatitis
..... 157
18.4.1
Biocides
................ 157
18.4.2
Dusts and Mechanical Irritation of the
21
Skin
................... 158
18.4.3
Organic Solvents
........... 158
18.4.4
Other Solvents and Irritants
..... 158 21.1
18.4.5
Paint and Varnish Removers
..... 159 21.2
18.4.6
Other Additives
............ 159
18.5
Investigations
............. 159 21.3
18.6
Prevention
............... 159
References
............... 160 21.4
Risk Factors for Irritant Dermatitis
22
19
Age
...................165 22.1
Klaus P.
Wilhelm
22.1.1
19.1
Introduction
..............165
19.2
Skin Barrier Function
.........165 22.1.2
19.2.1
Stratum Corneum as a Physical Bar¬
rier
...................165 22.2
19.2.2
Transepidermal Water Loss Measure¬
ments to Examine Skin Barrier Proper-
22.2.1
ties
...................165 22.2.2
19.3
Aging and Human Skin Barrier Func¬
tion
...................166 22.2.3
19.3.1
Transepidermal Water Loss of Aging
Skin
...................166 22.2.4
19.3.2
Percutaneous Penetration and Skin Ag¬
ing
...................166 22.3
19.3.3
Proclivity to Skin Irritation of the El¬
derly
..................169
19.4
Conclusions
..............169 22.3.1
References
...............169 22.3.2
Suggested Reading
..........171
22.4
Gender
.................173
Kaija H. Lammintausta
Occurrence of Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis
....................173
Other Gender-Associated Risk Fac¬
tors
...................174
The Influence of Gender on Skin Function
and Irritability
.............174
References
...............175
Ethnicity
................177
Sara P. Modjtahedi, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
.............. 177
Black Versus Caucasian Irritation Re¬
sponse
................. 177
Asian Versus Caucasian Irritation Re¬
sponse
................. 179
Conclusion
............... 182
References
............... 182
Atopy
..................185
Stefania
Seidenari, Francesca
Giusti
Clinical Evidence of Skin Sensitivity in
Atopic Dermatitis
...........185
Hand Eczema and Atopic Dermati¬
tis
....................185
Course of Irritant Contact Dermatitis and
Atopy
..................187
The Skin in Subjects with Atopic Dermati¬
tis
....................187
Dry Skin
................187
Transepidermal Water Loss in Subjects
with Atopic Dermatitis
........188
Skin
Hydration in
Subjects with Atopic
Dermatitis
...............189
Alterations of Epidermal Lipids in Sub¬
jects with Atopic Dermatitis
.....190
Reactivity to Irritants of Eczematous
Skin as Assessed by Noninvasive Meth¬
ods
...................191
Susceptibility of Atopic Skin
.....191
Skin Hyper-reactivity, Degree of Activity
and Type of Eczema
..........192
Susceptibility to Skin Irritation in Atopies
Without Dermatitis
..........193
References
...............194
Contents
VI Insights from
Bioengineering
26
23
Prediction Bioengineering
......201
Undine
Berndt,
Peter Eisner
References
...............203
24
Quantitative Sonography for the Evalua¬
tion of Irritant Reactions
.......205
Stefania
Seidenari, Giovanni Pellacani
24.1
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-Induced Irrita¬
tion
...................206
24.2
Other Model Irritants: Nonanoic Acid,
Hydrochloric Acid, and Sodium Hydrox¬
ide
....................207
24.3
Dithranol-Induced Irritation
.....207
24.4
Vitamin
D
Analogs
..........208
24.5
Evaluation of Subclinical Irritation
. 208
24.6
Skin Sensitivity to Irritant Substances in
Different Patient Groups
.......208
References
...............209
25
Functional Skin Testing: the SMART Pro¬
cedures
............ ..... 211
Swen
Malte John,
HansJ. Schwanitz (f)
25.1
Irritant Patch Testing with Sodium Hy¬
droxide
.................211
25.2
Swift Modified Alkali Resistance Test
(SMART)
................211
25.2.1
Methods and Participants
......211
VII
25.2.1.1
Subjects
.................211
25.2.1.2
Irritant Patch Testing
.........212
25.2.1.3
Relevant Variables and Statistical Analy-
28
ses
....................213
25.2.2
Results
.................214
25.2.2.1
Cohort and Medical Diagnoses
... 214 28.1
25.2.2.2
Irritant Patch Testing
.........215 28.2
25.2.2.3
30-Minute NaOH Challenge
.....216
25.2.2.4
Reproducibility
............216 28.3
25.2.2.5
Constitutional Risks: Atopy
.....216 28.3.1
25.2.3
Conclusions
..............217 28.3.2
25.3
Applications of the SMART: Differential
28.3.3
Irritation Test
.............218 28.3.4
25.4
Outlook: Implications for Medicolegal
28.3.5
Evaluations in Occupational Dermatol-
28.3.6
ogy
...................219 28.3.7
References
...............220 28.3.8
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.4.1
26.4.2
26.5
27
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
Bioengineering Correlates of the Sensitive
Skin Syndrome: The Sensory Irritation
Component
..............223
Robert Sinaiko, Howard I. Maibach
Defining Sensitive Skin
........223
Modeling the Sensory Irritation Compo¬
nent of the Sensitive Skin Syndrome: The
Lactic Acid Sting Test
.........223
Factors Determining Chemically Induced
Stinging
................224
Stingers Versus Nonstingers: Differences
Presumed Apparent from Bioengineering
Measurements
.............224
Statistically Significant Correlations
224
Directional Trends with Less Clearly
Established Statistical Significance
. 225
Discussion
...............225
References
...............228
Squamometry
.............231
Véranne Charbonnier,
Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
..............231
Squamometry: Methodology
.... 231
Subclinical Nonerythematous Irritation
with Surfactant
............232
Conclusion
...............234
References
...............234
General Readings
...........235
The Irritants: Special Issues
Corrosive Materials
.......... 239
David Basketter, George Holland, Michael York
Introduction
.............. 239
Identification and Classification of Cor¬
rosive Substances
........... 239
Catalogue of Corrosive Substances
. 240
Amines
................. 240
Quaternary ammonium compounds
241
Phosphate Esters
........... 241
Heterocyclics
............. 241
Phenols
................. 241
Alkalis
................. 242
Anhydrides
.............. 242
Inorganic Acids
............ 242
Contents
28.3.9
28.3.10
28.3.11
28.3.12
28.3.13
28.3.14
28.3.15
28.3.16
28.3.17
28.3.18
28.4
29
29.1
29.2
29.2.1
29.2.2
29.2.3
29.2.3.
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
30
30.1
30.2
30.2.1
30.2.2
30.2.3
30.2.4
30.2.5
30.2.6
30.3
30.3.1
Organie
Acids
............. 242
Organie
Halides
............ 243
Organie
Acid
Halides
......... 244
Inorganic Acid Chlorides
....... 244
Inorganic
Halides
........... 244
Organic Esters
............. 245
Solvents
................. 245
Miscellaneous Inorganic
....... 245
Miscellaneous Organic
........ 246
Aldehydes/Ketones
.......... 246
Commentary
.............. 247
References
............... 247
Detergents
...............249
Isaak Effendy, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
.............. 249
Classification of Surfactants
..... 249
Anionie
Surfactants
.......... 250
Cationic Surfactants
......... 250
Amphoteric Surfactants
....... 250
Nonionic Surfactants
......... 250
Choice of Surfactants for Detergents
250
Irritant Properties of Detergents
... 251
Irritancy Ranking of Detergents
... 251
Reduced Irritant Potential of Mixed Sur¬
factant Systems
............ 253
Effects of Detergents on Different Skin
Conditions
............... 253
Conclusion
............... 254
References
............... 254
Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
........257
Cheol Heon Lee, Howard
Ĺ
Maibach
Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
........257
Application Methods
.........258
Purity and Carbon Length of Sodium Lau¬
ryl
Sulfate
...............258
Type of Vehicles
............258
Quantity and Concentration of Test Solu¬
tion
...................258
Evaporation and Temperature of Test
Solution
................258
Time of Evaluation
..........259
Guidelines on Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Exposure Methods
[7] ........259
Biologic
Endpoints ..........260
Clinical Appearance of Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Reaction
............260
30.3.2
Histopathologic Findings of Sodium Lau¬
ryl
Sulfate
Reaction
..........260
30.3.3
Mechanisms of Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Reaction
................260
30.3.4
Noninvasive Bioengineering Techniques
Assessing Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Reac¬
tion
...................260
30.4
Host-Related Factors
.........262
30.4.1
Age
...................262
30.4.2
Sex
...................262
30.4.3
Anatomic Region
...........263
30.4.4
Skin Color
...............263
30.4.5
Skin
Hydration ............263
30.4.6
Sensitive Skin
.............263
30.4.7 Hyperirritable
Skin (Excited Skin Syn¬
drome)
.................263
30.4.8
Atopic Dermatitis
...........264
30.4.9
Hand Eczema
.............264
30.4.10
Seborrheic Dermatitis
........264
30.5
Conclusion
...............264
References
...............264
31
Organic Solvents
...........269
Anders
Boman, Jan E. Wahlberg (t)
31.1
Introduction
..............269
31.2
Adverse Effects of Skin Exposure
. . 272
31.2.1
Subjective Irritation
..........272
31.2.2
Irritancy
................272
31.2.3
Contact Urticaria
...........273
31.2.4
Generalized Dermatitis, Steven-Johnson
Syndrome, and Flushing from Trichloro-
ethylene
................274
31.2.5
Whitening
...............274
31.2.6
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
.....274
31.2.7
Scleroderma
..............275
31.2.8
Dermatoses
from Higher Boiling Petro¬
leum Distillates
............275
31.2.9
Chemical Burns
............275
31.2.10
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
.....275
31.2.10.1
Solvents as Contact Allergens
.... 275
31.2.10.2
Patch Testing with Solvents—Feasibil¬
ity
....................275
31.2.11
Penetration-Enhancing Action
. . . 275
31.3
Prevention
...............276
31.3.1
Reduced Exposure
.......... 276
31.3.2
Appropriate Selection
......... 276
31.3.3
Protective Gloves
........... 276
31.3.4
Barrier Creams
............ 276
31.3.5
Individual Susceptibility
....... 276
31.3.6
Skin Care Program
.......... 276
Contents
31.3.7
Legislation, Labeling, Information, and
Education
...............276
31.4
Treatment
...............276
References
...............277
Oils, Cutting Fluids, and Lubricants
Edith M.
de
Boer, Derk P. Bruynzeel
279
32.1
Introduction
.............. 279
32.2
Metalworking Fluids
......... 280
32.2.1
Neat Oils
................ 280
32.2.2
Water-Based Metalworking Fluids
. 280
32.3
Epidemiology
............. 280
32.4
Irritation and Risk Prediction
.... 281
32.5
Prognosis and Prevention
...... 282
32.6
Conclusion
............... 282
References
............... 283
33
Food
..................285
Marie-Bernadette Cleenewerck,
Pierre Martin
33.1
Introduction
..............286
33.2
Epidemiology
.............286
33.3
Clinical Pictures
............286
33.3.1
Traumatic Irritant Dermatitis
.... 287
33.3.2
Airborne Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis
....................287
33.3.2.1
Clinical Features
............287
33.3.2.2
Diagnosis and Differential Diagno¬
sis
....................288
33.3.2.3
The Irritants
..............288
33.3.3
Nonimmunological Immediate Contact
Reactions
................289
33.3.4
Irritant Contact Stomatitis and Cheili-
tis
.................... 289
33.3.4.1
Stomatitis
................ 289
33.3.4.2
Cheilitis
................ 291
33.3.4.3
Anusitis and
Perianal
Dermatitis
. . 291
33.3.5
Nail Disorders
............. 291
33.4
Diagnosis
................ 291
33.5
Irritant Foods and Food Compo¬
nents
.................. 292
33.5.1
Vegetables
...............292
33.5.1.1
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)
292
33.5.1.2
Carrot; Common Garden Carrot (Daucus
carota
L.
ssp. sativus) .........292
33.5.1.3
Celery (Apium graveolens
L.)
.... 292
33.5.1.4
Chicory; Brussels Witloof
(Cichorium
intybusL.)
...............292
33.5.1.5
Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot (Al-
lium spp.)
............... 292
33.5.1.6
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)
. . 292
33.5.1.7
Endive (Cichorium
endivia
L.)
. . . 293
33.5.1.8
Kidney Beans (Phaseolus
vulgáris)
. 293
33.5.1.9
Okra
(Hibiscus esculentus L.)
.... 293
33.5.1.10
Parsnip
................. 293
33.5.1.11
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
. , . 293
33.5.1.12
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
.... 293
33.5.1.13
Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L)
. 293
33.5.1.
14Stinging, Great Nettle (Urtica
dioica
L.),
Small Nettle (Urtica
urens
L.)
.... 293
33.5.1.15
Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersi-
cum)
.................. 293
33.5.2
Fruits
.................. 293
33.5.2.1
Alligator Pear
(Persea
gratíssima) .
. 293
33.5.2.2
Cashew Nut (Anacardium
occidentale
L.)....................
294
33.5.2.3
Citrus Fruits (Citrus spp.)
...... 294
33.5.2.4
Coconut
(Cocos nucífera) ......
294
33.5.2.5
Grapes
................. 294
33.5.2.6
Olive
(Olea europea, Oleaceae
Fam¬
ily)
................... 294
33.5.2.7
Papaya
(Carica
papaya L.)
...... 294
33.5.2.8
Pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.)
. 294
33.5.2.9
Prickly Pear, or
Sabra
or Indian Fig
(Opuntia ficus
indica
Mill.)
..... 295
33.5.3
Spices, Flavoring Agents
....... 295
33.5.3.1
Anise
(Pimpinella
anisum L), Star Anise
(Illicium
verum
Hook.
F
.)...... 295
33.5.3.2
Caper Bush (Capparis
spinosa
L.) .
. 295
33.5.3.3
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Blume)
(С.
cassia
Blume).......
295
33.5.3.4
Curry
.................. 296
33.5.3.5
Ginger (Zingiber officinalis Rose.)
. 296
33.5.3.6
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)
...... 296
33.5.3.7
Horseradish (Raphanus sativus L.)
. 296
33.5.3.8
Laurel, Sweet Bay (Laurus
nobilis
L.)....................
296
33.5.3.9
Mint (Mentha spp.)
.......... 296
33.5.3.10
Black Mustard (Brassica
nigra
[L.]
Koch)
.................. 296
33.5.3.11
White Mustard (Sinapis alba L.)
... 296
33.5.3.12
Nutmeg and Mace (Myristica fragrans
Houtt.)
................. 296
33.5.3.13
Pepper (Capsicum annuum Linn.)
. 297
33.5.3.14
Thyme
(Thymus
vulgáris
L.)
..... 297
33.5.3.15
Salt (Sodium Chloride)
........ 297
33.5.3.16
Sugar
.................. 297
33.5.3.17
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.)
. . 298
33.5.4
Food Components and Food Addi¬
tives
................... 298
Contents
33.5.4.1
Acetic Acid
............... 298
33.5.4.2
L-
Ascorbic Acid
............ 298
33.5.4.3
BenzoicAcid
.............. 298
33.5.4.4
Citric Acid
............... 298
33.5.4.5
Formaldehyde
............. 299
33.5.4.6
Gallic Acid Esters
........... 299
33.5.4.7
Lactic Acid
............... 299
33.5.4.8
Nitrites
................. 299
33.5.4.9
Rennet
................. 299
SS.SAlOSalicylicAcid
............. 299
33.5.4.11
Sorbic Acid
............... 299
33.5.4.12
Paraben Esters
............. 299
33.5.4.13 Sulfites ................. 299
33.5.5
Fish
................... 300
33.5.6
Sea Urchins
.............. 300
33.5.7
Mollusks, Crustaceans
........ 301
33.5.8
Meat
.................. 301
33.5.9
Flour and Cereals
........... 301
33.5.10
Cheese
................. 302
33.5.11
Drinks
................. 302
ЗЗ.б.П.ІНорСНшшіішіириішЬ.)
...... 302
33.5.11.2ВЄЄГ
................... 302
33.5.11.3Wine
.................. 302
33.5.11.4Distilled Liquor
............ 303
33.5.12
Animal Feed Additives
........ 303
33.5.13
Synthetic Detergents
......... 303
33.5.14
Prevention
............... 303
References
............... 304
34
Dithranol
................ 317
M. Kucharekova, PCM. van
de Kerk¬
hof,
J.
Schalkwijk, P.G.M, van der Valk
34.1
Introduction
.............. 317
34.2
Mechanism of Action.........
317
34.3
Factors
Influencing
Dithranol
Irrita¬
tion
................... 318
34.4
Relation Between the Concentration of
Dithranol and Dithranol Irritation
. 319
34.5
Dithranol Irritation and Skin Barrier
Function
................ 319
34.6
Dithranol Irritation and Treatment Re¬
sults
................... 319
34.7
Concomitant Treatment and Dithranol
Irritation
................ 319
34.8
Treatment of Dithranol Irritation
. . 320
34.9
Histopathology of Dithranol Irrita¬
tion
................... 320
34.10
Electron Microscopy
......... 320
34.11
How to Avoid Dithranol Irritation
. 321
References
............... 321
35
Copper
................. 323
Jurij]. Hostynek,
Howard I. Maibach
35.1
Introduction
.............. 323
35.2
Exposure to Copper
.......... 323
35.3
Solubilization of Copper Metal
. . . 324
35.3.1
Dermal
................. 324
35.3.2
Systemic
................ 324
35.3.2.1
Dental Alloys
............. 324
35.3.2.2
Intrauterine
Devices
......... 325
35.4
Incidence and Epidemiology of Irritation
Due to Copper
............. 325
35.5
Pharmacology of Copper
....... 325
35.6
Copper Irritancy in Skin and
Mu¬
cosa
................... 326
35.6.1
In Vivo Assays
............. 326
35.6.1.1
Implantation Test
........... 327
35.6.1.2
Agarose
Overlay Test
......... 328
35.6.1.3
Erythrocyte Lysis Assay
....... 329
35.6.1.4
Toxicity
Test Using
Murine
Macro¬
phages
................. 329
35.6.2
In Vitro Assays
............ 330
35.7
Conclusions
.............. 331
References
............... 332
36
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins
..... 335
N.Y.
Schürer
36.1
Introduction
.............. 335
36.2
Fatty Acid Metabolism and Trans¬
port
................... 335
36.3
Stratum Corneum Fatty Acids
.... 336
36.4
Fatty Acid Uptake in Keratinocytes
. 336
36.5
Fatty Acid Transport in Keratino¬
cytes
.................. 337
References
............... 338
VIII
Mechanisms of Irritant Dermatitis
37
Histopathology of Irritant Contact Der¬
matitis
................. 345
Carolyn M. Willis
37.1
Introduction
.............. 345
37.2
Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
. . 346
37.2.1
Epidermal Features
.......... 346
37.2.2
Dermal Features
............ 348
37.2.3
Leukocyte Infiltration
......... 349
Contents
37.3 Chronic
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
350 39.4.2
37.3.1 Epidermal
Features
.......... 350
37.3.2 Dermal
Features
............ 350 39.5
References
............... 350
38
Percutaneous Absorption and Irritant
40
Dermatitis
............... 353
Ronald
С
Wester
40.1
38.1
Percutaneous Absorption and Toxicologi-
40.2
cal
Response
.............. 353
38.2
Percutaneous Absorption and Irritant
40.2.1.
Dermatitis Testing
.......... 353 40.2.2
38.3
Percutaneous Absorption Principles
355 40.2.3
38.3.1
Methodology
............. 355 40.3
38.3.1.1
In Vivo
................. 355 40.3.1
38.3.1.2
In Vitro
................. 356 40.3.2
38.3.1.3
In Vivo Versus In Vitro Percutaneous
40.3.3
Absorption
............... 356 40.4
38.3.2
Dose Response
............ 356
38.3.3
Animal Models
............ 357 40.4.1
38.3.4
Anatomic Regional Variation
.... 358 40.4.2
38.3.5
Human Race Variation
........ 358 40.4.3
38.4
Discussion
............... 359 40.5
References
............... 359
Cytokine Induction by a Physical Skin
Irritation
................368
Conclusion
...............369
References
...............370
Oxidative Stress
............375
Christina S. Sander, Jens J.
Thiele
Introduction
.............. 375
Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative
Macromolecular Damage
...... 375
Stratum Corneum
........... 375
Keratinocytes
............. 377
Inflammatory Cell Infiltrate
..... 377
Antioxidant
Defense
......... 377
Water-Soluble Antioxidants
..... 377
Lipid-Soluble
Antioxidante
...... 378
Enzymatic Antioxidants
....... 378
Oxidative Stress in Irritant Dermati¬
tis
.................... 379
Cell Models
.............. 379
Animal Models
............ 379
Human Studies
............ 379
Summary
................ 380
References
............... 380
39
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.3.1
39.3.1.1
39.3.1.2
39.3.2
39.3.2.1
39.3.3
39.3.3.1
39.3.3.2
39.4
39.4.1
Cytokines and Irritant Dermatitis
IsaakEffendy, Howard I. Maibach
361
Introduction
..............361
Cytokines
...............361
Upregulated Cytokines Following Chemi¬
cal Irritant
...............362
In Vitro Studies
............362
Cytokine Induction in
Murine
Cell Cul¬
tures
..................362
Cytokine Induction in Human Cell Cul¬
tures
..................364
In
Vivo Murine
Studies
........364
Cytokine Induction in
Murine
Epider¬
mis
...................364
In Vivo Human Studies
........367
Cytokine Induction in Human Epider¬
mis
...................367
Cytokine Induction in Human Skin
Lymph
.................368
Upregulated Cytokines Following Me¬
chanical and Physical Irritation
. . . 368
Cytokine Induction by a Mechanical Skin
Irritation
................368
41
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.7
42
42.1
42.2
Langerhans
Cells and Skin Irritation
Ian Kimber, Marie Cumber-
batch, Rebecca J. Dearman
383
Introduction
..............383
Biology of Skin Sensitization
.....383
Langerhans
Cells and the Acquisition of
Skin Sensitization
...........383
Langerhans
Cells, Cutaneous Trauma, and
Skin Irritation
.............385
Mechanisms of Skin Irritant-Induced
Langerhans
Cell Migration
......387
Contribution of
Langerhans
Cells to Ir¬
ritant Dermatitis
...........388
Concluding Comments
........388
References
...............389
Hydration
Injury
...........393
Zeba
Hasan Hafeez, Hongbo
Zhai, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
..............393
Mechanism of
Hydration
Injury
. . . 393
Contents
42.3
Occlusion
and Its Effects
.......394
42.4
Conclusion
...............394
References
...............395
IX Prevention of Irritant Dermatitis
43
Primary Prevention of Irritant Contact
Dermatitis
...............401
Harald
Löffler, baak Effendy
43.1
Characteristics of Primary Prevention in
Irritant Dermatitis
..........401
43.2
The Role of the Dermatologist
.... 402
43.2.1
Identification of Individuals at High Risk
and Advisory Service
.........402
43.2.2
Skin Tests
................402
43.2.3
Identification of Irritants
.......403
43.3
Prevention by Collective Measures
. 403
43.3.1
Skin Compatibility of External
Agents
.................403
43.3.2
Relevant Factors in Irritant Contact Der¬
matitis
.................403
43.4
Prevention by Individual Measures
. 404
43.4.1
Gloves and Protection Clothing
... 404
43.4.2
Skin Cleansing
............. 404
43.4.3
Barrier Creams and Moisturizers
. . 405
43.4.4
Teaching and Motivation
....... 405
References
............... 406
44
Protective Gloves
...........409
Gunh
A. Mellström,
Anders
Boman
44.1
Introduction
..............409
44.2
Field of Application—Rules and Regula¬
tions
..................409
44.2.1
Protective Gloves
...........410
44.2.2
Medical Gloves
............411
44.3
Risk Evaluation—Glove Selection
. . 411
44.3.1
Selection Procedure for Gloves Against
Chemicals
...............411
44.3.1.1
Chemical Classification—Risk of Skin
Injury
..................411
44.3.1.2
Working Activity—Degree of Expo¬
sure
...................411
44.3.1.3
Glove Selection—Requirements
... 411
44.3.2
Selection Procedure for Gloves Against
Microorganisms
............412
44.4
Protective Effect
............ 412
44.4.1
Protection Against Microorganisms
412
44.4.2
Protection Against Some Chemical Agents
Hazardous to the Skin
........ 413
44.4.2.1
Disinfectants
.............. 413
44.4.2.2
Pharmaceuticals
............ 413
44.4.2.3
Composite Materials (Bone Cement, Den¬
tal Filling Materials)
......... 413
44.4.2.4
Solvents
................. 414
44.4.2.5
Corrosive Agents
........... 414
44.4.2.6
Detergents, Surfactants, Cleansers
. 414
44.4.2.7
Oils, Cutting Fluids, and Lubricant
Oils
................... 414
44.5
Limitation of Use Due to Side Ef¬
fects
................... 414
44.5.1
Therapeutic Alternatives
....... 415
44.5.1.1
Gloves of Synthetic Materials
.... 415
44.5.1.2
Double Gloving
............ 415
44.5.1.3
Non-powder Gloves
.......... 415
44.5.1.4
Creams and Gloves
.......... 415
44.6
Glove Operating Instructions
.... 415
44.7
Testing of the Protective Glove Bar¬
rier
................... 415
44.7.1
Standard Test Methods
........ 415
44.7.1.1
Physical Properties
.......... 415
44.7.1.2
Penetration (Leakage)
........ 416
44.7.1.3
Permeation
............... 416
44.7.1.4
Biocompatibility
............ 416
44.7.2
Other Tests
............... 417
44.8
Glove Materials and Manufacturing
417
44.9
Conclusions
.............. 417
References
............... 418
45
Anti-Irritants
............. 421
M. Paye
45.1
Introduction
.............. 421
45.2
Insults to the Skin: Skin Irritants
. . 421
45.3
Pathways of Irritation
......... 422
45.3.1
Interaction of Surfactants with Skin Sur¬
face
................... 422
45.3.2
Oxidative Stress
............ 423
45.3.3
Inflammatory Reaction
........ 423
45.3.4
Sensory Irritation
........... 424
45.4
Anti-irritants
.............. 425
45.4.1
Anti-irritants for Surfactant Systems
425
45.4.1.1
Anti-irritation by Using Only Mild Surfac¬
tants
.................. 425
45.4.1.2
Anti-irritation by an Appropriate Combi¬
nation of Surfactants
......... 426
Contents
45.4.1.3
Anti-irritation by Polymers or Proteins/
Peptides
................426
45.4.1.4
Anti-irritation by Refattening
Agents
.................426
45.4.1.5
Others
.................426
45.4.2
Antioxidants
..............426
45.4.2.1
Vitamin
E
...............427
45.4.2.2
Vitamine ...............
427
45.4.2.3
Thiol Antioxidants
..........427
45.4.2.4
Flavonoids
...............427
45.4.3
Anti-inflammatory Systems
.....428
45.4.3.1
Glucocorticoids
............428
45.4.3.2
Non Steroidal
Anti-inflammatory
Drugs
..................428
45.4.3.3
Flavonoids, Essential Oils, and a-Bisabo-
lol
....................428
45.4.3.4
Experimental Approaches
......429
45.4.4
Anti-irritants for Sensory Irritation
. 429
45.4.4.1
Anti-irritants for Stinging, Burning, Itch¬
ing
...................429
45.4.4.2
Anti-irritants for Dryness or Tightness
Perception Preceding Clinical Signs of
Irritation
................430
45.4.4.3
Antinegative
Skin Feel Signals
.... 430
45.5
Conclusion
...............430
References
...............431
46
Barrier Creams
............435
HongboZhai, Howard I. Maibach
46.1
Introduction
.............. 435
46.2
Definition and Terms
......... 435
46.3
Reasons for Using Barrier Creams
. 435
46.4
Mechanism of Action and Duration
436
46.5
Application Methods and Efficacy
. . 436
46.6
US Food and Drug Administration Mono¬
graph Skin Protectants
........ 436
46.7
Conclusion
............... 436
References
............... 437
47
Moisturizers
..............439
Hongbo Zhai, Howard I. Maibach
47.1
Introduction
..............439
47.2
Terms and Definitions
........439
47.3
Stratum Corneum: An Important Protec¬
tion Barrier
..............439
47.4
Effect of Moisturizers
.........440
47.5
47.6
48
48.1
48.2
48.3
48.4
48.5
48.6
49
50
50.1
50.2
50.2.1
50.2.2
50.2.3
50.2.4
50.2.5
50.2.6
50.2.7
50.2.8
Moisturizers in Preventing Irritant Der¬
matitis
.................441
Conclusion
...............442
References
...............442
Moisturizers and Irritant Contact Derma¬
titis
(2) .................445
Marie Loden,
Magnus
Lindberg
Introduction
..............445
Dryness of the Skin and Its Changed
Structure and Function
........446
Aspects on the Methods to Study Moistur¬
izer Effects
...............447
Clinical Experiences on Barrier-Influenc¬
ing Effects in Normal Skin
......447
Clinical Experiences on Barrier-Influenc¬
ing Effects in Experimentally Damaged or
Diseased Skin
.............448
Discussion
...............449
References
...............450
Effects of CO2 on Barrier Recovery
. 455
Meike Bock, H.J. Schwanitz (t)
References
457
Management and Therapy
Treatment of Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis
....................461
Cheryl Levin, Saqib J. Bashir, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
..............461
Treatment Strategies and Their Scientific
Rationale
................461
Cool Compresses
...........462
Topical Glucocorticoids
.......462
Antibiotics and Antihistamines
. . . 462
Immunomodulating Drugs
.....463
Sensory Irritation: Anesthetics and Stron¬
tium Salts
...............463
Cationic Surfactants
.........464
Emollients
...............464
Oral Immunosuppression
......464
Contents
50.2.9
Phototherapy and Superficial Radiother¬
apy
................... 465
50.3
Clinical Investigations
........ 465
50.4
Conclusion
............... 465
References
............... 466
51
Topical Corticosteroids in the Treatment
of Irritant Dermatitis
......... 469
Cheryl Levin, Howard I. Maibach
51.1
Introduction
.............. 469
51.2 Bioengineering
Measurements
. . . 469
51.3
Clinical Investigations
........ 469
51.4
Mechanism of Action
......... 472
51.5
Adverse Effects
............ 473
51.6
Conclusion
............... 474
References
............... 475
52
Barrier Creams and Emollients
. . . 479
Hongbo Zhai, Howard I. Maibach
52.1
Introduction
..............479
52.2
Barrier Creams
............479
52.2.1
Definition and Terms
......... 479
52.2.2
Reasons for Using Barrier Creams
. 479
52.2.3
Mechanism of Action and Duration
480
52.2.4
Application Methods and Efficacy
. . 480
52.2.5
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Monograph Skin Protectants
..... 480
52.3
Emollients
............... 480
52.3.1
Definition and Terms
......... 480
52.3.2
Mechanism of Action
......... 480
52.3.3
Efficacy
................. 480
52.4
Conclusion
............... 483
References
............... 483
XI Product Testing
53.3.3 Superhydration
of the Stratum Cor-
neum
..................492
53.4
The Role of Skin Condition on the Irritant
Response
................492
53.5
Models for Assessing Skin Irritation
493
53.5.1
Closed Patch Testing for Assessing Haz¬
ard
...................493
53.5.2
Exaggerated Usage Tests
.......494
53.5.2.1
Exaggerated Wash Tests
.......494
53.5.2.2
Use Testing
...............495
53.6
Models for Measuring the Moisturizing
Potential of Cleansers
.........496
53.6.1
Testing on Dry Skin
..........496
53.6.2
Measuring the Clinical Effects of Moistur¬
izing Cleansers on the Skin
.....496
53.7 Bioengineering
Measurements of Skin
Condition
...............498
References
...............498
54
In Vitro Methods to Predict Skin Irrita¬
tion
...................501
Ai-Lean Chew, Howard I. Maibach
54.1
Current In Vitro Methods
......501
54.1.1
Physicochemical Test Methods
... 501
54.1.1.1
Target Macromolecular Systems
. . . 502
54.1.2
Cell Culture Techniques
.......503
54.1.2.1
Conventional Cell Cultures
.....503
54.1.2.2
Organ Cultures or Skin
Expiants
. . 503
54.1.2.3 Endpoint
Measurements for Cytotoxicity
Tests
(Colorimetrie
Bioassays)
.... 503
54.1.2.4
Evaluation of Cutaneous
Toxicity (Non-
colorimetric Methods)
........504
54.1.2.6
Inflammatory Mediator Release
. . . 504
54.1.3
Microorganism Studies
........505
54.1.4
Human Skin Equivalents
.......505
54.1.5
Embryonic Testing
..........505
54.1.6
Computer Modeling/QSAR
.....506
54.2
Human Volunteer Studies
......506
54.3
Conclusions
..............506
References
...............507
53
In Vivo Models of Skin Irritation
. . 489
E
Anthony Simion
53.1
Introduction
.............. 489
53.2
Theoretical Models of Irritation
... 489
53.3
The Initial Effects of Surfactants on the
Skin
................... 490
53.3.1
Sensory Irritation
........... 490
53.3.2
Squamometry
............. 491
XII
Appendices
Questionnaire Methods for Hand Derma¬
titis Studies
...............513
Päivikki Susitaival
Existing Questionnaire Tools
.... 514
Contents
Concluding Remarks
.........514
References
...............514
II Patient Information Sheets
......517
Ernst Epstein
Hand Protection for Hand Dermati¬
tis
....................517
Overnight Plastic Occlusion for Hand
Dermatitis
...............518
Hand Dermatitis Treatment
.....518
III Selected Sources
ofinformation
for Ir¬
ritant Contact Dermatitis
......521
Bryan E. Anderson, Jodith Janes, fames
S. Taylor,
Apra
Sood, Golara Honari
Chapters in General Dermatology
Texts
..................521
Chapters in
Pediatrie
Texts
......522
Irritant Contact Dermatitis Texts
. . 522
Irritant Dermatitis
..........522
Dermatotoxicology
..........522
Chapters in Contact Dermatitis, Occu¬
pational Dermatology, and Related (e.g.
Clinics ) Texts
.............522
Contact Dermatitis
..........522
Occupational, Environmental, and Con¬
tact Dermatitis
.............523
Selected Journal Articles and Re¬
views
..................524
General
.................524
Occupational
.............524
Prevention
...............525
Experimental
.............525
Atlases
.................525
Journals (Contact, Environmental and
Toxicology)
..............525
Dermatitis (Formerly: American Journal
of Contact Dermatitis)
........ 525
American Journal of Contact Dermatitis
(Continued as Dermatitis)
......526
Contact Dermatitis
..........526
Environmental Dermatology
.... 526
Exogenous Dermatology
.......526
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology
&
Photomedicine
............526
Journal of Applied Toxicology
.... 526
Toxicology Letters
...........527
Journal of Occupational and Environmen¬
tal Medicine
..............527
Environmental Dermatology
.... 527
Internet Resources
..........527
Guides to Internet Resources
-
Hard Cop¬
ies
....................527
WebSites................528
Government Agencies
........528
Other Resources
............528
Subject Index
.............529
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Classification
and Clinical Features
Special Clinical Forms
1
Ten Genotypes of Irritant Contact Derma¬
titis
. 5
Ai-Lean Chew, Howard I. Maibach
LI Introduction
. 5
1.2
Clinical Classification of Irritant Contact
Dermatitis
. 5
1.2.1
Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
. 5
1.2.2
Delayed Acute ICD
. 6
1.2.3
Irritant Reaction
. 6
1.2.4
Chronic Irritant Contact Dermatitis
. 6
1.2.5
Traumatic Irritant Contact Dermatitis
7
1.2.6
Acneiform Irritant Contact Dermatitis
7
1.2.7
Nonerythematous or Suberythematous
Irritation
. 7
1.2.8
Subjective or Sensory Irritation
. 7
1.2.9
Friction Dermatitis
. 8
1.2.10
Asteatotic Irritant Eczema
. 8
1.2.11
Miscellaneous
. 8
References
. 9
2
Irritant Contact Dermatitis Versus Aller¬
gic Contact Dermatitis
. 11
S. Ms Ale, Howard!. Maibach
2.1
Introduction
. 11
2.2
Clinical Aspects
. 11
2.3
Histology and Immunohistochemis-
try
. 12
2.4
Pathogenetic Mechanisms
. 14
2.4.1
Cytokine Profiles
. 14
2.5
Conclusions
. 16
References
. 16
3
Barrier Function and Perturbation: Rel¬
evance for
Interdigital
Dermatitis
. . 23
N.Y.
Schürer,
W.
Uter,
H.J.
Schwanitz
3.1
Introduction
. 23
3.2
Lamellar Body Secretion.
23
3.3
Stratum Corneum Lipids
. 24
3.4
The Autonomous Stratum Corneum
25
3.5
Synthetic Activities to Barrier Func¬
tion
. 25
3.6
Regional Variations in Skin Permeabil¬
ity
. 26
3.7
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
. 26
3.8 Interdigital
Dermatitis
-
A Form of Ir¬
ritant Contact Dermatitis
. 27
References
. 28
4
Friction Melanosis
. 31
Ritsuko Hayakawa, Yoshimi
Kato, Mariko
Sugiura, Keiji Sugiura, Rika Hashimoto
4.1
Introduction
. 31
4.2
The Feature and Cause of Friction Mela¬
nosis
. 31
4.3
Comment
. 31
References
. 35
5
Diaper Dermatitis
. 37
Marty O. Visscher, Steven B. Hoath
5.1
Introduction
. 37
5.1.1
Terminology and Significance
. 37
5.2
Birth
. 38
5.2.1
Contributory Influences
. 40
5.2.1.1
Description
. 40
5.3
Factors Influencing Diaper Dermati¬
tis
. 41
5.3.1
Skin
Hydration . 41
IjÈuJ
Л
Contents
5.3.2 SkinpH. 42
5.3.3
Effect of Urine and Fecal Compo¬
nents
. 42
5.3.4
Effect of Diet
. 43
5.3.4.1
Duration of Diaper Dermatitis
. 43
5.4
Effect of Diaper Type and Composi¬
tion
. 45
5.5
Diapers for Delivery of Topical Prepara¬
tions
. 48
5.6
Effect of Diaper Occlusion
. 49
6
Summary
. 49
References
. 50
6
Chemical Skin Burns
. 53
Magnus Bruze,
Birgitta Gruvberger, Sigfrid Fregert
6.1
Introduction
. 53
6.2
Definition
. 53
6.3
Diagnosis
. 56
6.4
Clinical Features
. 56
6.5
Treatment
. 57
6.6
Complications
. 58
6.7
Prevention
. 59
6.8
Summary
. 59
References
. 60
7
Contact Urticaria Syndrome
. 63
Saqib J. Bashir, Howard I. Maibach
7.1
Introduction
. 63
7.2
Epidemiology
. 63
7.3
Mechanisms of Contact Urticaria
. . 63
7.3.1
Nonimmunologic Contact Urticaria
64
7.3.2 Immunologie
Contact Urticaria
. 64
7.4
Symptoms and Signs
. 65
7.5
Site Specificity of Contact Urticaria Reac¬
tions
. 65
7.6
Human Experimental Protocols
. 65
7.6.1
Subject Selection
. 65
7.6.2
Site Selection
. 66
7.6.3
Paired Comparison Studies
. 66
7.6.4
Serial Doses
. 66
7.6.5
Application Techniques
. 66
7.6.6
Contact Urticaria Syndrome Inhibi¬
tion
. 66
7.7
Clinical Assessment and Quantitative
Methods
. 67
7.7.1
Visual Scoring of Contact Urticaria
. 67
7.7.2
Measurement of Erythema
. 67
7.7.2.1
Measuring Color
. 67
7.7.2.2
Laser-Doppler Blood Flowmetry
. . 68
7.7.3
Measurement of Edema
. 68
7.8
Animal Experimental Protocols
. 68
7.8.1
Nonimmunologic Contact Urticaria
68
7.8.2 Immunologie
Contact Urticaria
. 68
7.9
Conclusion
. 68
References
. 69
8
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis
. 71
f.M. Lachapelle
8.1
Introduction
. 71
8.2
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to Fi¬
bers
. 71
8.2.1
Clinical Symptoms
. 71
8.2.2
Types of Fibers
. 72
8.2.2.1
Man-Made Vitreous Fibers
. 72
8.2.2.2
Asbestos Fibers
. 73
8.2.2.3
Other Fibers
. 73
8.2.3
Occupational and Nonoccupational
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to Fi¬
bers
. 73
8.2.4
Anatomoclinical Correlations
. 73
8.2.4.1
Histopathological Features
. 73
8.2.4.2
Skin Surface Biopsy
. 74
8.2.5
Diagnostic Procedures
. 74
8.2.6
Prevention
. 74
8.2.7
Treatment
. 74
8.3
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to Dust
Particles
. 74
8.3.1
Clinical Symptoms
. 74
8.3.2
The World of Dust Particles
. 75
8.3.3
Anatomoclinical Correlations
. 76
8.3.3.1
Histopathological Features
. 76
8.3.3.2
Skin Surface Biopsy
. 76
8.3.4
Diagnostic Procedures
. 76
8.3.5
Prevention
. 76
8.3.6
Treatment
. 76
8.4
Airborne Irritant Dermatitis Due to
Sprays, Vapors, and Gases
. 76
8.4.1
Clinical Symptoms
. 76
8.4.2
Major Irritant Chemicals Acting as Of¬
fending Agents in Sprays, Vapors, and
Gases
. 77
8.4.3
Diagnostic Procedures
. 77
8.4.4
Differential Diagnosis
. 78
8.4.5
Prevention
. 78
8.4.6
Treatment
. 78
8.5
Diagnostic Procedures: Tools Available to
Investigate and Confirm (or Refute) the
Diagnosis of Airborne Irritant Dermati¬
tis
. 78
References
. 78
Contents
9
Irritant
Dermatitis
of the Scalp
. 81
J.M. Lachapelle
9.1
Introduction
. 81
9.2
Irritant Dermatitis of the Scalp Due to
Mechanical Factors
. 81
9.2.1
Clinical Symptoms
. 82
9.2.1.1
Trichotillomania
. 82
9.2.1.2
Cosmetic Alopecia
. 82
9.2.1.3
Frictional Irritant Dermatitis with or
without Traumatic Alopecia
. 82
9.2.1
A Irritant Dermatitis and Lichenification
Due to Scratching
. 82
9.2.2
Anatomoclinical Correlations
. 82
9.2.2.1
Microscopic Examination of Hair
. . 82
9.2.2.2
Histopathological Features
. 82
9.2.3
Diagnostic Procedures
. 83
9.2.3.1
Trichotillomania
. 83
9.2.3.2
Cosmetic Alopecia
. 83
9.2.3.3
Irritant Dermatitis and Lichenification
from Scratching
. 83
9.2.4
Treatment
. 83
9.2.4.1
Trichotillomania
. 83
9.2.4.2
Cosmetic Alopecia
. 83
9.2.4.3
Irritant Dermatitis and Lichenification
from Scratching
. 83
9.3
Irritant Dermatitis of the Scalp Due to
Chemical Agents
. 83
9.3.1
Clinical Symptoms
. 83
9.3.2
Irritant Chemicals
. 84
9.3.2.1
Traditional Topical Drugs Used in the
Past
. 84
9.3.2.2
Current Topical Drugs: Active Mol¬
ecules
. 84
9.3.2.3
Current Topical Drugs: Vehicle Ingredi¬
ents
. 85
9.3.2.4
Cosmetic Products
. 85
9.3.3
Differential Diagnosis
. 86
9.3.4
Prevention
. 86
9.3.5
Treatment
. 87
References
. 87
10
Irritant Contact Dermatitis of the
Nails
. 89
Patricia G. Engasser
10.1
Mechanical Irritation
. 89
10.1.1
Recreational
. 89
10.1.2
Occupational
. 89
10.1.3
Cosmetic
. 90
10.1.4
Miscellaneous
. 90
10.2
Physical Agents
. 90
10.2.1
Irradiation
. 90
10.2.2
Foreign Matter
. 90
10.2.3
Moisture
. 90
10.3
Chemical
. 90
10.3.1
Medicinal
. 90
10.3.2
Occupational
. 91
10.3.3
Cosmetics
. 91
10.3.4
Miscellaneous
. 91
10.4
Biological
. 92
10.5
Prevention and Therapy
. 92
References
. 92
III Epidemiology
11
Importance of Irritant Contact Dermatitis
in Occupational Skin Disease
. 97
Heinrich
Dickel, Oliver
Kuss,
Anne
Schmidt, Thomas L.
Diepgen
11.1
Patients and Methods
. 97
11.2
Results
. 98
11.3
Discussion
. 98
11.4
Conclusions
. 102
References
. 102
12
Irritant Contact Dermatitis in the Trop¬
ics
.105
CheeLeokGoh
12.1
Introduction
.105
12.2
Epidemiology of Irritant Contact Derma¬
titis in the Tropics
.105
12.3
Common Sources and Types of Contact
Irritant Dermatitis in the Tropics
. . 106
12.4
Conclusions
.107
References
.108
IV Occupational Irritant Dermatitis
13
Occupational Issues of Irritant Contact
Dermatitis
.113
Ai-Lean Chew, Howard I Maibach
13.1
Introduction
.113
13.2
Clinical Features and Classification
. 113
13.3
Epidemiology
.114
Contents
13.3.1 Hand
Dermatitis
. 114
13.4
Modulation of Occupational Irritant Con¬
tact Dermatitis
. 115
13.4.1
Individual Susceptibility
. 115
13.4.1.1
Endogenous
Dermatoses
. 115
13.4.1.2
Atopy
. 115
13.4.1.3
Psoriasis
. 115
13.4.2
Histopathology
. 115
13.4.3
Pathogenetic Pathways
. 116
13.4.4 Bioengineering
Studies
. 116
13.5
High-Risk Occupations and Irri¬
tants
. 116
13.6
Diagnosis
. 118
13.6.1
Clinical History and Examination
. . 118
13.6.2
Patch Testing
. 118
13.6.3
Workplace Surveys
. 119
13.7
Management: Prevention and Ther¬
apy
. 119
13.7.1
Personal Protection Equipment
. 119
13.7.2
Barrier Creams and Moisturizers
. . 119
13.7.3
Therapeutic Options
. 120
References
. 120
14
Hairdressing
. 123
Wolfgang
Uter,
Hans Joachim Schwanitz (f)
14.1
Occupational Tasks and Their Irri¬
tants
. 123
14.1.1
Shampooing
. 123
14.1.2
Hair Dyeing (Coloring and Bleach¬
ing)
. 124
14.1.3
Permanent Waving and Relaxing
. . 125
14.1.4
Other Tasks
. 125
14.2
Epidemiology, Pattern, and Course of Ir¬
ritant Contact Dermatitis
. 125
14.3
Risk Factors for Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis in Hairdressers
. 128
14.4
Prevention of ICD
. 129
14.4.1
Composition of Working Materials
. 129
14.4.2
Technical and Organizational Mea¬
sures
. 130
14.4.3
Personal Protection
. 130
14.4.4
Dermatological Screening
. 132
14.4.5
The "Hairdressers'Clinic"
. 132
References
. 133
15
Occupational Irritant Dermatitis
-
Metal
Workers
. 137
Undine
Berndt,
Peter Eisner
References
. 138
16
Health Care Workers
. 141
Apra
Sood, James S. Taylor
16.1
Health Care Workers: A Diverse
Group
. 141
16.2
Prevalence and Clinical Features
. . 141
16.3
Risk Factors
. 142
16.4
Specific Irritants
. 142
16.4.1
Wet Work
. 142
16.4.2
Soaps and Detergents
. 143
16.4.3
Gloves
. 143
16.4.4
Antiseptics and Disinfectants
. 143
16.4.4.1
Alcohols
. 143
16.4.4.2
Aldehydes
. 143
16.4.43
Quaternary Ammonium Com¬
pounds
. 144
16.4.4.4
Other Antiseptics
. 144
16.4.5
Acids and Alkalis
. 144
16.4.6
Ethylene
Oxide
. 144
16.4.7
Acrylates
. 144
16.4.8
Other Irritants
. 144
References
. 145
17
The Electronics Industry
. 147
David Koh
17.1
Introduction
. 147
17.2
Irritant Contact Dermatitis Among Elec¬
tronics Workers
. 148
17.3
Skin Irritants in the Electronics Indus¬
try
. 148
17.3.1
Soldering Flux
. 148
17.3.2
Solvents
. 148
17.3.3
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Com¬
pounds
. 149
17.3.4
Hydrofluoric Acid
. 149
17.3.5
Epoxy Resins
. 149
17.3.6
Fiberglass
. 149
17.3.7
Chemicals Used to Control Static Electric¬
ity
. 149
17.3.8
Protective Equipment
. 150
17.3.9
Physical Factors
. 150
17.3.9.1
Low Humidity
. 150
17.3.9.2
Mechanical Forces
. 150
17.4
Concluding Remarks
. 150
References
. 150
18
18.1
Painters, Lacquerers, and Varnishers
Tuula
Estlander, Lasse Kanerva
153
Paints
.153
Contents
18.1.1
Composition
. 153 20
18.1.1.1 Pigments. 153
18.1.1.2
Solvents
. 154
18.1.1.3 Film Formers . 154 20.1
18.1.1.4
Additives
. 155
18.1.1.5
Paint and Varnish Removers
. 156 20.2
18.2
Prevalence of Dermatitis Caused by Paints,
Lacquers, and Varnishes
. 156 20.3
18.3
Clinical Aspects of Irritant Dermati¬
tis
. 157
18.4
Causes of Irritant Dermatitis
. 157
18.4.1
Biocides
. 157
18.4.2
Dusts and Mechanical Irritation of the
21
Skin
. 158
18.4.3
Organic Solvents
. 158
18.4.4
Other Solvents and Irritants
. 158 21.1
18.4.5
Paint and Varnish Removers
. 159 21.2
18.4.6
Other Additives
. 159
18.5
Investigations
. 159 21.3
18.6
Prevention
. 159
References
. 160 21.4
Risk Factors for Irritant Dermatitis
22
19
Age
.165 22.1
Klaus P.
Wilhelm
22.1.1
19.1
Introduction
.165
19.2
Skin Barrier Function
.165 22.1.2
19.2.1
Stratum Corneum as a Physical Bar¬
rier
.165 22.2
19.2.2
Transepidermal Water Loss Measure¬
ments to Examine Skin Barrier Proper-
22.2.1
ties
.165 22.2.2
19.3
Aging and Human Skin Barrier Func¬
tion
.166 22.2.3
19.3.1
Transepidermal Water Loss of Aging
Skin
.166 22.2.4
19.3.2
Percutaneous Penetration and Skin Ag¬
ing
.166 22.3
19.3.3
Proclivity to Skin Irritation of the El¬
derly
.169
19.4
Conclusions
.169 22.3.1
References
.169 22.3.2
Suggested Reading
.171
22.4
Gender
.173
Kaija H. Lammintausta
Occurrence of Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis
.173
Other Gender-Associated Risk Fac¬
tors
.174
The Influence of Gender on Skin Function
and Irritability
.174
References
.175
Ethnicity
.177
Sara P. Modjtahedi, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
. 177
Black Versus Caucasian Irritation Re¬
sponse
. 177
Asian Versus Caucasian Irritation Re¬
sponse
. 179
Conclusion
. 182
References
. 182
Atopy
.185
Stefania
Seidenari, Francesca
Giusti
Clinical Evidence of Skin Sensitivity in
Atopic Dermatitis
.185
Hand Eczema and Atopic Dermati¬
tis
.185
Course of Irritant Contact Dermatitis and
Atopy
.187
The Skin in Subjects with Atopic Dermati¬
tis
.187
Dry Skin
.187
Transepidermal Water Loss in Subjects
with Atopic Dermatitis
.188
Skin
Hydration in
Subjects with Atopic
Dermatitis
.189
Alterations of Epidermal Lipids in Sub¬
jects with Atopic Dermatitis
.190
Reactivity to Irritants of Eczematous
Skin as Assessed by Noninvasive Meth¬
ods
.191
Susceptibility of Atopic Skin
.191
Skin Hyper-reactivity, Degree of Activity
and Type of Eczema
.192
Susceptibility to Skin Irritation in Atopies
Without Dermatitis
.193
References
.194
Contents
VI Insights from
Bioengineering
26
23
Prediction Bioengineering
.201
Undine
Berndt,
Peter Eisner
References
.203
24
Quantitative Sonography for the Evalua¬
tion of Irritant Reactions
.205
Stefania
Seidenari, Giovanni Pellacani
24.1
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate-Induced Irrita¬
tion
.206
24.2
Other Model Irritants: Nonanoic Acid,
Hydrochloric Acid, and Sodium Hydrox¬
ide
.207
24.3
Dithranol-Induced Irritation
.207
24.4
Vitamin
D
Analogs
.208
24.5
Evaluation of Subclinical Irritation
. 208
24.6
Skin Sensitivity to Irritant Substances in
Different Patient Groups
.208
References
.209
25
Functional Skin Testing: the SMART Pro¬
cedures
. . 211
Swen
Malte John,
HansJ. Schwanitz (f)
25.1
Irritant Patch Testing with Sodium Hy¬
droxide
.211
25.2
Swift Modified Alkali Resistance Test
(SMART)
.211
25.2.1
Methods and Participants
.211
VII
25.2.1.1
Subjects
.211
25.2.1.2
Irritant Patch Testing
.212
25.2.1.3
Relevant Variables and Statistical Analy-
28
ses
.213
25.2.2
Results
.214
25.2.2.1
Cohort and Medical Diagnoses
. 214 28.1
25.2.2.2
Irritant Patch Testing
.215 28.2
25.2.2.3
30-Minute NaOH Challenge
.216
25.2.2.4
Reproducibility
.216 28.3
25.2.2.5
Constitutional Risks: Atopy
.216 28.3.1
25.2.3
Conclusions
.217 28.3.2
25.3
Applications of the SMART: Differential
28.3.3
Irritation Test
.218 28.3.4
25.4
Outlook: Implications for Medicolegal
28.3.5
Evaluations in Occupational Dermatol-
28.3.6
ogy
.219 28.3.7
References
.220 28.3.8
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.4.1
26.4.2
26.5
27
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
Bioengineering Correlates of the Sensitive
Skin Syndrome: The Sensory Irritation
Component
.223
Robert Sinaiko, Howard I. Maibach
Defining Sensitive Skin
.223
Modeling the Sensory Irritation Compo¬
nent of the Sensitive Skin Syndrome: The
Lactic Acid Sting Test
.223
Factors Determining Chemically Induced
Stinging
.224
Stingers Versus Nonstingers: Differences
Presumed Apparent from Bioengineering
Measurements
.224
Statistically Significant Correlations
224
Directional Trends with Less Clearly
Established Statistical Significance
. 225
Discussion
.225
References
.228
Squamometry
.231
Véranne Charbonnier,
Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
.231
Squamometry: Methodology
. 231
Subclinical Nonerythematous Irritation
with Surfactant
.232
Conclusion
.234
References
.234
General Readings
.235
The Irritants: Special Issues
Corrosive Materials
. 239
David Basketter, George Holland, Michael York
Introduction
. 239
Identification and Classification of Cor¬
rosive Substances
. 239
Catalogue of Corrosive Substances
. 240
Amines
. 240
Quaternary ammonium compounds
241
Phosphate Esters
. 241
Heterocyclics
. 241
Phenols
. 241
Alkalis
. 242
Anhydrides
. 242
Inorganic Acids
. 242
Contents
28.3.9
28.3.10
28.3.11
28.3.12
28.3.13
28.3.14
28.3.15
28.3.16
28.3.17
28.3.18
28.4
29
29.1
29.2
29.2.1
29.2.2
29.2.3
29.2.3.
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
30
30.1
30.2
30.2.1
30.2.2
30.2.3
30.2.4
30.2.5
30.2.6
30.3
30.3.1
Organie
Acids
. 242
Organie
Halides
. 243
Organie
Acid
Halides
. 244
Inorganic Acid Chlorides
. 244
Inorganic
Halides
. 244
Organic Esters
. 245
Solvents
. 245
Miscellaneous Inorganic
. 245
Miscellaneous Organic
. 246
Aldehydes/Ketones
. 246
Commentary
. 247
References
. 247
Detergents
.249
Isaak Effendy, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
. 249
Classification of Surfactants
. 249
Anionie
Surfactants
. 250
Cationic Surfactants
. 250
Amphoteric Surfactants
. 250
Nonionic Surfactants
. 250
Choice of Surfactants for Detergents
250
Irritant Properties of Detergents
. 251
Irritancy Ranking of Detergents
. 251
Reduced Irritant Potential of Mixed Sur¬
factant Systems
. 253
Effects of Detergents on Different Skin
Conditions
. 253
Conclusion
. 254
References
. 254
Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
.257
Cheol Heon Lee, Howard
Ĺ
Maibach
Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
.257
Application Methods
.258
Purity and Carbon Length of Sodium Lau¬
ryl
Sulfate
.258
Type of Vehicles
.258
Quantity and Concentration of Test Solu¬
tion
.258
Evaporation and Temperature of Test
Solution
.258
Time of Evaluation
.259
Guidelines on Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Exposure Methods
[7] .259
Biologic
Endpoints .260
Clinical Appearance of Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Reaction
.260
30.3.2
Histopathologic Findings of Sodium Lau¬
ryl
Sulfate
Reaction
.260
30.3.3
Mechanisms of Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Reaction
.260
30.3.4
Noninvasive Bioengineering Techniques
Assessing Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate
Reac¬
tion
.260
30.4
Host-Related Factors
.262
30.4.1
Age
.262
30.4.2
Sex
.262
30.4.3
Anatomic Region
.263
30.4.4
Skin Color
.263
30.4.5
Skin
Hydration .263
30.4.6
Sensitive Skin
.263
30.4.7 Hyperirritable
Skin (Excited Skin Syn¬
drome)
.263
30.4.8
Atopic Dermatitis
.264
30.4.9
Hand Eczema
.264
30.4.10
Seborrheic Dermatitis
.264
30.5
Conclusion
.264
References
.264
31
Organic Solvents
.269
Anders
Boman, Jan E. Wahlberg (t)
31.1
Introduction
.269
31.2
Adverse Effects of Skin Exposure
. . 272
31.2.1
Subjective Irritation
.272
31.2.2
Irritancy
.272
31.2.3
Contact Urticaria
.273
31.2.4
Generalized Dermatitis, Steven-Johnson
Syndrome, and Flushing from Trichloro-
ethylene
.274
31.2.5
Whitening
.274
31.2.6
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
.274
31.2.7
Scleroderma
.275
31.2.8
Dermatoses
from Higher Boiling Petro¬
leum Distillates
.275
31.2.9
Chemical Burns
.275
31.2.10
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
.275
31.2.10.1
Solvents as Contact Allergens
. 275
31.2.10.2
Patch Testing with Solvents—Feasibil¬
ity
.275
31.2.11
Penetration-Enhancing Action
. . . 275
31.3
Prevention
.276
31.3.1
Reduced Exposure
. 276
31.3.2
Appropriate Selection
. 276
31.3.3
Protective Gloves
. 276
31.3.4
Barrier Creams
. 276
31.3.5
Individual Susceptibility
. 276
31.3.6
Skin Care Program
. 276
Contents
31.3.7
Legislation, Labeling, Information, and
Education
.276
31.4
Treatment
.276
References
.277
Oils, Cutting Fluids, and Lubricants
Edith M.
de
Boer, Derk P. Bruynzeel
279
32.1
Introduction
. 279
32.2
Metalworking Fluids
. 280
32.2.1
Neat Oils
. 280
32.2.2
Water-Based Metalworking Fluids
. 280
32.3
Epidemiology
. 280
32.4
Irritation and Risk Prediction
. 281
32.5
Prognosis and Prevention
. 282
32.6
Conclusion
. 282
References
. 283
33
Food
.285
Marie-Bernadette Cleenewerck,
Pierre Martin
33.1
Introduction
.286
33.2
Epidemiology
.286
33.3
Clinical Pictures
.286
33.3.1
Traumatic Irritant Dermatitis
. 287
33.3.2
Airborne Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis
.287
33.3.2.1
Clinical Features
.287
33.3.2.2
Diagnosis and Differential Diagno¬
sis
.288
33.3.2.3
The Irritants
.288
33.3.3
Nonimmunological Immediate Contact
Reactions
.289
33.3.4
Irritant Contact Stomatitis and Cheili-
tis
. 289
33.3.4.1
Stomatitis
. 289
33.3.4.2
Cheilitis
. 291
33.3.4.3
Anusitis and
Perianal
Dermatitis
. . 291
33.3.5
Nail Disorders
. 291
33.4
Diagnosis
. 291
33.5
Irritant Foods and Food Compo¬
nents
. 292
33.5.1
Vegetables
.292
33.5.1.1
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)
292
33.5.1.2
Carrot; Common Garden Carrot (Daucus
carota
L.
ssp. sativus) .292
33.5.1.3
Celery (Apium graveolens
L.)
. 292
33.5.1.4
Chicory; "Brussels Witloof
"
(Cichorium
intybusL.)
.292
33.5.1.5
Chives, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot (Al-
lium spp.)
. 292
33.5.1.6
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)
. . 292
33.5.1.7
Endive (Cichorium
endivia
L.)
. . . 293
33.5.1.8
Kidney Beans (Phaseolus
vulgáris)
. 293
33.5.1.9
Okra
(Hibiscus esculentus L.)
. 293
33.5.1.10
Parsnip
. 293
33.5.1.11
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
. , . 293
33.5.1.12
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
. 293
33.5.1.13
Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L)
. 293
33.5.1.
14Stinging, Great Nettle (Urtica
dioica
L.),
Small Nettle (Urtica
urens
L.)
. 293
33.5.1.15
Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersi-
cum)
. 293
33.5.2
Fruits
. 293
33.5.2.1
Alligator Pear
(Persea
gratíssima) .
. 293
33.5.2.2
Cashew Nut (Anacardium
occidentale
L.).
294
33.5.2.3
Citrus Fruits (Citrus spp.)
. 294
33.5.2.4
Coconut
(Cocos nucífera) .
294
33.5.2.5
Grapes
. 294
33.5.2.6
Olive
(Olea europea, Oleaceae
Fam¬
ily)
. 294
33.5.2.7
Papaya
(Carica
papaya L.)
. 294
33.5.2.8
Pineapple (Ananas comosus Merr.)
. 294
33.5.2.9
Prickly Pear, or
Sabra
or Indian Fig
(Opuntia ficus
indica
Mill.)
. 295
33.5.3
Spices, Flavoring Agents
. 295
33.5.3.1
Anise
(Pimpinella
anisum L), Star Anise
(Illicium
verum
Hook.
F
.). 295
33.5.3.2
Caper Bush (Capparis
spinosa
L.) .
. 295
33.5.3.3
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Blume)
(С.
cassia
Blume).
295
33.5.3.4
Curry
. 296
33.5.3.5
Ginger (Zingiber officinalis Rose.)
. 296
33.5.3.6
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)
. 296
33.5.3.7
Horseradish (Raphanus sativus L.)
. 296
33.5.3.8
Laurel, Sweet Bay (Laurus
nobilis
L.).
296
33.5.3.9
Mint (Mentha spp.)
. 296
33.5.3.10
Black Mustard (Brassica
nigra
[L.]
Koch)
. 296
33.5.3.11
White Mustard (Sinapis alba L.)
. 296
33.5.3.12
Nutmeg and Mace (Myristica fragrans
Houtt.)
. 296
33.5.3.13
Pepper (Capsicum annuum Linn.)
. 297
33.5.3.14
Thyme
(Thymus
vulgáris
L.)
. 297
33.5.3.15
Salt (Sodium Chloride)
. 297
33.5.3.16
Sugar
. 297
33.5.3.17
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andr.)
. . 298
33.5.4
Food Components and Food Addi¬
tives
. 298
Contents
33.5.4.1
Acetic Acid
. 298
33.5.4.2
L-
Ascorbic Acid
. 298
33.5.4.3
BenzoicAcid
. 298
33.5.4.4
Citric Acid
. 298
33.5.4.5
Formaldehyde
. 299
33.5.4.6
Gallic Acid Esters
. 299
33.5.4.7
Lactic Acid
. 299
33.5.4.8
Nitrites
. 299
33.5.4.9
Rennet
. 299
SS.SAlOSalicylicAcid
. 299
33.5.4.11
Sorbic Acid
. 299
33.5.4.12
Paraben Esters
. 299
33.5.4.13 Sulfites . 299
33.5.5
Fish
. 300
33.5.6
Sea Urchins
. 300
33.5.7
Mollusks, Crustaceans
. 301
33.5.8
Meat
. 301
33.5.9
Flour and Cereals
. 301
33.5.10
Cheese
. 302
33.5.11
Drinks
. 302
ЗЗ.б.П.ІНорСНшшіішіириішЬ.)
. 302
33.5.11.2ВЄЄГ
. 302
33.5.11.3Wine
. 302
33.5.11.4Distilled Liquor
. 303
33.5.12
Animal Feed Additives
. 303
33.5.13
Synthetic Detergents
. 303
33.5.14
Prevention
. 303
References
. 304
34
Dithranol
. 317
M. Kucharekova, PCM. van
de Kerk¬
hof,
J.
Schalkwijk, P.G.M, van der Valk
34.1
Introduction
. 317
34.2
Mechanism of Action.
317
34.3
Factors
Influencing
Dithranol
Irrita¬
tion
. 318
34.4
Relation Between the Concentration of
Dithranol and Dithranol Irritation
. 319
34.5
Dithranol Irritation and Skin Barrier
Function
. 319
34.6
Dithranol Irritation and Treatment Re¬
sults
. 319
34.7
Concomitant Treatment and Dithranol
Irritation
. 319
34.8
Treatment of Dithranol Irritation
. . 320
34.9
Histopathology of Dithranol Irrita¬
tion
. 320
34.10
Electron Microscopy
. 320
34.11
How to Avoid Dithranol Irritation
. 321
References
. 321
35
Copper
. 323
Jurij]. Hostynek,
Howard I. Maibach
35.1
Introduction
. 323
35.2
Exposure to Copper
. 323
35.3
Solubilization of Copper Metal
. . . 324
35.3.1
Dermal
. 324
35.3.2
Systemic
. 324
35.3.2.1
Dental Alloys
. 324
35.3.2.2
Intrauterine
Devices
. 325
35.4
Incidence and Epidemiology of Irritation
Due to Copper
. 325
35.5
Pharmacology of Copper
. 325
35.6
Copper Irritancy in Skin and
Mu¬
cosa
. 326
35.6.1
In Vivo Assays
. 326
35.6.1.1
Implantation Test
. 327
35.6.1.2
Agarose
Overlay Test
. 328
35.6.1.3
Erythrocyte Lysis Assay
. 329
35.6.1.4
Toxicity
Test Using
Murine
Macro¬
phages
. 329
35.6.2
In Vitro Assays
. 330
35.7
Conclusions
. 331
References
. 332
36
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins
. 335
N.Y.
Schürer
36.1
Introduction
. 335
36.2
Fatty Acid Metabolism and Trans¬
port
. 335
36.3
Stratum Corneum Fatty Acids
. 336
36.4
Fatty Acid Uptake in Keratinocytes
. 336
36.5
Fatty Acid Transport in Keratino¬
cytes
. 337
References
. 338
VIII
Mechanisms of Irritant Dermatitis
37
Histopathology of Irritant Contact Der¬
matitis
. 345
Carolyn M. Willis
37.1
Introduction
. 345
37.2
Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
. . 346
37.2.1
Epidermal Features
. 346
37.2.2
Dermal Features
. 348
37.2.3
Leukocyte Infiltration
. 349
Contents
37.3 Chronic
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
350 39.4.2
37.3.1 Epidermal
Features
. 350
37.3.2 Dermal
Features
. 350 39.5
References
. 350
38
Percutaneous Absorption and Irritant
40
Dermatitis
. 353
Ronald
С
Wester
40.1
38.1
Percutaneous Absorption and Toxicologi-
40.2
cal
Response
. 353
38.2
Percutaneous Absorption and Irritant
40.2.1.
Dermatitis Testing
. 353 40.2.2
38.3
Percutaneous Absorption Principles
355 40.2.3
38.3.1
Methodology
. 355 40.3
38.3.1.1
In Vivo
. 355 40.3.1
38.3.1.2
In Vitro
. 356 40.3.2
38.3.1.3
In Vivo Versus In Vitro Percutaneous
40.3.3
Absorption
. 356 40.4
38.3.2
Dose Response
. 356
38.3.3
Animal Models
. 357 40.4.1
38.3.4
Anatomic Regional Variation
. 358 40.4.2
38.3.5
Human Race Variation
. 358 40.4.3
38.4
Discussion
. 359 40.5
References
. 359
Cytokine Induction by a Physical Skin
Irritation
.368
Conclusion
.369
References
.370
Oxidative Stress
.375
Christina S. Sander, Jens J.
Thiele
Introduction
. 375
Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative
Macromolecular Damage
. 375
Stratum Corneum
. 375
Keratinocytes
. 377
Inflammatory Cell Infiltrate
. 377
Antioxidant
Defense
. 377
Water-Soluble Antioxidants
. 377
Lipid-Soluble
Antioxidante
. 378
Enzymatic Antioxidants
. 378
Oxidative Stress in Irritant Dermati¬
tis
. 379
Cell Models
. 379
Animal Models
. 379
Human Studies
. 379
Summary
. 380
References
. 380
39
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.3.1
39.3.1.1
39.3.1.2
39.3.2
39.3.2.1
39.3.3
39.3.3.1
39.3.3.2
39.4
39.4.1
Cytokines and Irritant Dermatitis
IsaakEffendy, Howard I. Maibach
361
Introduction
.361
Cytokines
.361
Upregulated Cytokines Following Chemi¬
cal Irritant
.362
In Vitro Studies
.362
Cytokine Induction in
Murine
Cell Cul¬
tures
.362
Cytokine Induction in Human Cell Cul¬
tures
.364
In
Vivo Murine
Studies
.364
Cytokine Induction in
Murine
Epider¬
mis
.364
In Vivo Human Studies
.367
Cytokine Induction in Human Epider¬
mis
.367
Cytokine Induction in Human Skin
Lymph
.368
Upregulated Cytokines Following Me¬
chanical and Physical Irritation
. . . 368
Cytokine Induction by a Mechanical Skin
Irritation
.368
41
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.7
42
42.1
42.2
Langerhans
Cells and Skin Irritation
Ian Kimber, Marie Cumber-
batch, Rebecca J. Dearman
383
Introduction
.383
Biology of Skin Sensitization
.383
Langerhans
Cells and the Acquisition of
Skin Sensitization
.383
Langerhans
Cells, Cutaneous Trauma, and
Skin Irritation
.385
Mechanisms of Skin Irritant-Induced
Langerhans
Cell Migration
.387
Contribution of
Langerhans
Cells to Ir¬
ritant Dermatitis
.388
Concluding Comments
.388
References
.389
Hydration
Injury
.393
Zeba
Hasan Hafeez, Hongbo
Zhai, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
.393
Mechanism of
Hydration
Injury
. . . 393
Contents
42.3
Occlusion
and Its Effects
.394
42.4
Conclusion
.394
References
.395
IX Prevention of Irritant Dermatitis
43
Primary Prevention of Irritant Contact
Dermatitis
.401
Harald
Löffler, baak Effendy
43.1
Characteristics of Primary Prevention in
Irritant Dermatitis
.401
43.2
The Role of the Dermatologist
. 402
43.2.1
Identification of Individuals at High Risk
and Advisory Service
.402
43.2.2
Skin Tests
.402
43.2.3
Identification of Irritants
.403
43.3
Prevention by Collective Measures
. 403
43.3.1
Skin Compatibility of External
Agents
.403
43.3.2
Relevant Factors in Irritant Contact Der¬
matitis
.403
43.4
Prevention by Individual Measures
. 404
43.4.1
Gloves and Protection Clothing
. 404
43.4.2
Skin Cleansing
. 404
43.4.3
Barrier Creams and Moisturizers
. . 405
43.4.4
Teaching and Motivation
. 405
References
. 406
44
Protective Gloves
.409
Gunh
A. Mellström,
Anders
Boman
44.1
Introduction
.409
44.2
Field of Application—Rules and Regula¬
tions
.409
44.2.1
Protective Gloves
.410
44.2.2
Medical Gloves
.411
44.3
Risk Evaluation—Glove Selection
. . 411
44.3.1
Selection Procedure for Gloves Against
Chemicals
.411
44.3.1.1
Chemical Classification—Risk of Skin
Injury
.411
44.3.1.2
Working Activity—Degree of Expo¬
sure
.411
44.3.1.3
Glove Selection—Requirements
. 411
44.3.2
Selection Procedure for Gloves Against
Microorganisms
.412
44.4
Protective Effect
. 412
44.4.1
Protection Against Microorganisms
412
44.4.2
Protection Against Some Chemical Agents
Hazardous to the Skin
. 413
44.4.2.1
Disinfectants
. 413
44.4.2.2
Pharmaceuticals
. 413
44.4.2.3
Composite Materials (Bone Cement, Den¬
tal Filling Materials)
. 413
44.4.2.4
Solvents
. 414
44.4.2.5
Corrosive Agents
. 414
44.4.2.6
Detergents, Surfactants, Cleansers
. 414
44.4.2.7
Oils, Cutting Fluids, and Lubricant
Oils
. 414
44.5
Limitation of Use Due to Side Ef¬
fects
. 414
44.5.1
Therapeutic Alternatives
. 415
44.5.1.1
Gloves of Synthetic Materials
. 415
44.5.1.2
Double Gloving
. 415
44.5.1.3
Non-powder Gloves
. 415
44.5.1.4
Creams and Gloves
. 415
44.6
Glove Operating Instructions
. 415
44.7
Testing of the Protective Glove Bar¬
rier
. 415
44.7.1
Standard Test Methods
. 415
44.7.1.1
Physical Properties
. 415
44.7.1.2
Penetration (Leakage)
. 416
44.7.1.3
Permeation
. 416
44.7.1.4
Biocompatibility
. 416
44.7.2
Other Tests
. 417
44.8
Glove Materials and Manufacturing
417
44.9
Conclusions
. 417
References
. 418
45
Anti-Irritants
. 421
M. Paye
45.1
Introduction
. 421
45.2
Insults to the Skin: Skin Irritants
. . 421
45.3
Pathways of Irritation
. 422
45.3.1
Interaction of Surfactants with Skin Sur¬
face
. 422
45.3.2
Oxidative Stress
. 423
45.3.3
Inflammatory Reaction
. 423
45.3.4
Sensory Irritation
. 424
45.4
Anti-irritants
. 425
45.4.1
Anti-irritants for Surfactant Systems
425
45.4.1.1
Anti-irritation by Using Only Mild Surfac¬
tants
. 425
45.4.1.2
Anti-irritation by an Appropriate Combi¬
nation of Surfactants
. 426
Contents
45.4.1.3
Anti-irritation by Polymers or Proteins/
Peptides
.426
45.4.1.4
Anti-irritation by Refattening
Agents
.426
45.4.1.5
Others
.426
45.4.2
Antioxidants
.426
45.4.2.1
Vitamin
E
.427
45.4.2.2
Vitamine .
427
45.4.2.3
Thiol Antioxidants
.427
45.4.2.4
Flavonoids
.427
45.4.3
Anti-inflammatory Systems
.428
45.4.3.1
Glucocorticoids
.428
45.4.3.2
Non Steroidal
Anti-inflammatory
Drugs
.428
45.4.3.3
Flavonoids, Essential Oils, and a-Bisabo-
lol
.428
45.4.3.4
Experimental Approaches
.429
45.4.4
Anti-irritants for Sensory Irritation
. 429
45.4.4.1
Anti-irritants for Stinging, Burning, Itch¬
ing
.429
45.4.4.2
Anti-irritants for Dryness or Tightness
Perception Preceding Clinical Signs of
Irritation
.430
45.4.4.3
Antinegative
Skin Feel Signals
. 430
45.5
Conclusion
.430
References
.431
46
Barrier Creams
.435
HongboZhai, Howard I. Maibach
46.1
Introduction
. 435
46.2
Definition and Terms
. 435
46.3
Reasons for Using Barrier Creams
. 435
46.4
Mechanism of Action and Duration
436
46.5
Application Methods and Efficacy
. . 436
46.6
US Food and Drug Administration Mono¬
graph Skin Protectants
. 436
46.7
Conclusion
. 436
References
. 437
47
Moisturizers
.439
Hongbo Zhai, Howard I. Maibach
47.1
Introduction
.439
47.2
Terms and Definitions
.439
47.3
Stratum Corneum: An Important Protec¬
tion Barrier
.439
47.4
Effect of Moisturizers
.440
47.5
47.6
48
48.1
48.2
48.3
48.4
48.5
48.6
49
50
50.1
50.2
50.2.1
50.2.2
50.2.3
50.2.4
50.2.5
50.2.6
50.2.7
50.2.8
Moisturizers in Preventing Irritant Der¬
matitis
.441
Conclusion
.442
References
.442
Moisturizers and Irritant Contact Derma¬
titis
(2) .445
Marie Loden,
Magnus
Lindberg
Introduction
.445
Dryness of the Skin and Its Changed
Structure and Function
.446
Aspects on the Methods to Study Moistur¬
izer Effects
.447
Clinical Experiences on Barrier-Influenc¬
ing Effects in Normal Skin
.447
Clinical Experiences on Barrier-Influenc¬
ing Effects in Experimentally Damaged or
Diseased Skin
.448
Discussion
.449
References
.450
Effects of CO2 on Barrier Recovery
. 455
Meike Bock, H.J. Schwanitz (t)
References
457
Management and Therapy
Treatment of Irritant Contact Dermati¬
tis
.461
Cheryl Levin, Saqib J. Bashir, Howard I. Maibach
Introduction
.461
Treatment Strategies and Their Scientific
Rationale
.461
Cool Compresses
.462
Topical Glucocorticoids
.462
Antibiotics and Antihistamines
. . . 462
Immunomodulating Drugs
.463
Sensory Irritation: Anesthetics and Stron¬
tium Salts
.463
Cationic Surfactants
.464
Emollients
.464
Oral Immunosuppression
.464
Contents
50.2.9
Phototherapy and Superficial Radiother¬
apy
. 465
50.3
Clinical Investigations
. 465
50.4
Conclusion
. 465
References
. 466
51
Topical Corticosteroids in the Treatment
of Irritant Dermatitis
. 469
Cheryl Levin, Howard I. Maibach
51.1
Introduction
. 469
51.2 Bioengineering
Measurements
. . . 469
51.3
Clinical Investigations
. 469
51.4
Mechanism of Action
. 472
51.5
Adverse Effects
. 473
51.6
Conclusion
. 474
References
. 475
52
Barrier Creams and Emollients
. . . 479
Hongbo Zhai, Howard I. Maibach
52.1
Introduction
.479
52.2
Barrier Creams
.479
52.2.1
Definition and Terms
. 479
52.2.2
Reasons for Using Barrier Creams
. 479
52.2.3
Mechanism of Action and Duration
480
52.2.4
Application Methods and Efficacy
. . 480
52.2.5
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Monograph Skin Protectants
. 480
52.3
Emollients
. 480
52.3.1
Definition and Terms
. 480
52.3.2
Mechanism of Action
. 480
52.3.3
Efficacy
. 480
52.4
Conclusion
. 483
References
. 483
XI Product Testing
53.3.3 Superhydration
of the Stratum Cor-
neum
.492
53.4
The Role of Skin Condition on the Irritant
Response
.492
53.5
Models for Assessing Skin Irritation
493
53.5.1
Closed Patch Testing for Assessing Haz¬
ard
.493
53.5.2
Exaggerated Usage Tests
.494
53.5.2.1
Exaggerated Wash Tests
.494
53.5.2.2
Use Testing
.495
53.6
Models for Measuring the Moisturizing
Potential of Cleansers
.496
53.6.1
Testing on Dry Skin
.496
53.6.2
Measuring the Clinical Effects of Moistur¬
izing Cleansers on the Skin
.496
53.7 Bioengineering
Measurements of Skin
Condition
.498
References
.498
54
In Vitro Methods to Predict Skin Irrita¬
tion
.501
Ai-Lean Chew, Howard I. Maibach
54.1
Current In Vitro Methods
.501
54.1.1
Physicochemical Test Methods
. 501
54.1.1.1
Target Macromolecular Systems
. . . 502
54.1.2
Cell Culture Techniques
.503
54.1.2.1
Conventional Cell Cultures
.503
54.1.2.2
Organ Cultures or Skin
Expiants
. . 503
54.1.2.3 Endpoint
Measurements for Cytotoxicity
Tests
(Colorimetrie
Bioassays)
. 503
54.1.2.4
Evaluation of Cutaneous
Toxicity (Non-
colorimetric Methods)
.504
54.1.2.6
Inflammatory Mediator Release
. . . 504
54.1.3
Microorganism Studies
.505
54.1.4
Human Skin Equivalents
.505
54.1.5
Embryonic Testing
.505
54.1.6
Computer Modeling/QSAR
.506
54.2
Human Volunteer Studies
.506
54.3
Conclusions
.506
References
.507
53
In Vivo Models of Skin Irritation
. . 489
E
Anthony Simion
53.1
Introduction
. 489
53.2
Theoretical Models of Irritation
. 489
53.3
The Initial Effects of Surfactants on the
Skin
. 490
53.3.1
Sensory Irritation
. 490
53.3.2
Squamometry
. 491
XII
Appendices
Questionnaire Methods for Hand Derma¬
titis Studies
.513
Päivikki Susitaival
Existing Questionnaire Tools
. 514
Contents
Concluding Remarks
.514
References
.514
II Patient Information Sheets
.517
Ernst Epstein
Hand Protection for Hand Dermati¬
tis
.517
Overnight Plastic Occlusion for Hand
Dermatitis
.518
Hand Dermatitis Treatment
.518
III Selected Sources
ofinformation
for Ir¬
ritant Contact Dermatitis
.521
Bryan E. Anderson, Jodith Janes, fames
S. Taylor,
Apra
Sood, Golara Honari
Chapters in General Dermatology
Texts
.521
Chapters in
Pediatrie
Texts
.522
Irritant Contact Dermatitis Texts
. . 522
Irritant Dermatitis
.522
Dermatotoxicology
.522
Chapters in Contact Dermatitis, Occu¬
pational Dermatology, and Related (e.g.
"Clinics") Texts
.522
Contact Dermatitis
.522
Occupational, Environmental, and Con¬
tact Dermatitis
.523
Selected Journal Articles and Re¬
views
.524
General
.524
Occupational
.524
Prevention
.525
Experimental
.525
Atlases
.525
Journals (Contact, Environmental and
Toxicology)
.525
Dermatitis (Formerly: American Journal
of Contact Dermatitis)
. 525
American Journal of Contact Dermatitis
(Continued as Dermatitis)
.526
Contact Dermatitis
.526
Environmental Dermatology
. 526
Exogenous Dermatology
.526
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology
&
Photomedicine
.526
Journal of Applied Toxicology
. 526
Toxicology Letters
.527
Journal of Occupational and Environmen¬
tal Medicine
.527
Environmental Dermatology
. 527
Internet Resources
.527
Guides to Internet Resources
-
Hard Cop¬
ies
.527
WebSites.528
Government Agencies
.528
Other Resources
.528
Subject Index
.529 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV021751957 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:32:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:43:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540009030 3540009035 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014965168 |
| oclc_num | 64098314 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 |
| physical | XXIV, 538 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 28 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Irritant dermatitis Ai-Lean Chew ... (ed.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2006 XXIV, 538 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Contactdermatitis gtt Contact dermatitis Dermatitis, Irritant Kontaktdermatitis (DE-588)4032262-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Kontaktdermatitis (DE-588)4032262-2 s DE-604 Chew, Ai-Lean Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014965168&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Irritant dermatitis Contactdermatitis gtt Contact dermatitis Dermatitis, Irritant Kontaktdermatitis (DE-588)4032262-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4032262-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Irritant dermatitis |
| title_auth | Irritant dermatitis |
| title_exact_search | Irritant dermatitis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Irritant dermatitis |
| title_full | Irritant dermatitis Ai-Lean Chew ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Irritant dermatitis Ai-Lean Chew ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Irritant dermatitis Ai-Lean Chew ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Irritant dermatitis |
| title_sort | irritant dermatitis |
| topic | Contactdermatitis gtt Contact dermatitis Dermatitis, Irritant Kontaktdermatitis (DE-588)4032262-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Contactdermatitis Contact dermatitis Dermatitis, Irritant Kontaktdermatitis Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014965168&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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