Concepts of genetics:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.]
Pearson Education
2006
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| Edition: | 8. ed. ; international ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Ab 9. Aufl. u.d.T.: Concepts of genetics Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 677 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0131968947 0131874152 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Klug, William S. |d 1941- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135813859 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Concepts of genetics |c William S. Klug ; Michael R. Cummings ; Charlotte Spencer |
| 250 | |a 8. ed. ; international ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.] |b Pearson Education |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 677 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Ab 9. Aufl. u.d.T.: Concepts of genetics | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a aGenetics | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Cummings, Michael R. |d 1941- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135813905 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Spencer, Charlotte A. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)135813964 |4 aut | |
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Preface
XXIV
Genes,
and Heredity
1
1.1
Mendel s Work on Transmission of Traits
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance:
Uniting Mendel and Meiosis
Genetic Variation
The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes:
DNA
1.2
the
The Structure of
Gene Expression: From
Proteins and Biological Function
Linking Genotype to Phenotype:
Sickle-Cell Anemia
1.3
Technology
Making
and Cloning
Sequencing Genomes: The Human
Genome Project
1.4
Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply
Who Owns Transgenic Organisms?
Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine
1.5
of Model Organisms
The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms
Model Organisms and Human Diseases
1.6
•: *
2
2.1
Function
Cell Boundaries
The Nucleus
The Cytoplasm and Cellular
2.2
in Homologous Pairs
2.3
Dividing Cells
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Anaphase 26
Telophase
2.4
Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores
An Overview of Meiosis
The First Meiotic Division:
Metaphase.
The Second Meiotic Division
2.5
Spermatogenesis and
2.6
Reproduction of All Diploid Organisms
2.7
Nature of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes
Chromatin and Chromosomes
The Synaptonemal Complex
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Chapter Summary
Problems and Discussion Questions
Selected Readings
15
ix
x
3 Mendelian
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach
to Study Patterns of Inheritance
The
Transmitted from Generation to Generation
Mendel s First Three Postulates
Modern Genetic Terminology
Mendel s Analytical Approach
Punnett Squares
The Testcross: One Character
Mendel s Dihybrid Cross Revealed His Fourth
Postulate: Independent Assortment
Independent Assortment
The Testcross: Two Characters
The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel s
Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits
The Forked-Line Method, or Branch Diagram
Mendel s Work Was Rediscovered
in the Early 20th Century
The Correlation of Mendel s Postulates with the
Behavior of Chromosomes Formed the Foundation
of Modern Transmission Genetics
Unit Factors, Genes, and Homologous
Chromosomes
Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive
Genetic Variation
Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events
The Product Law and the Sum Law
Conditional Probability
The Binomial Theorem
Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence
of Chance on Genetic Data
Interpreting x2 Calculations
3.10
Pedigree Conventions
Pedigree Analysis
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Тау
in Humans
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
3.7
3.8
3.9
56
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
62
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Dominant
4.4
in
4.5
in a Population
The ABO Blood Groups
The A and
The Bombay Phenotype
The white Locus in Drosophila
4.6
Dominant Lethal Mutations
4.7
Modes of Inheritance Modify the
4.8
One Gene
Epistasis
Unique Inheritance Patterns
Novel Phenotypes
Other Modified Dihybrid Ratios
4.9
Effects
4.10
X-Linkage in Drosophila
X-Linkage in Humans
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: The Molecular
Basis of a Rare X-Linked Recessive Disorder
4.11
an Individual s Sex Influences the Phenotype
4.12
Reflection of the Genotype
Penetrance
Genetic Background: Suppression and Position
Effects
Contents xi
Temperature
Nutritional Effects
Onset of Genetic Expression
Genetic Anticipation
Genomic (Parental) Imprinting
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
5
in
5.1
Together
The Linkage Ratio 1
5.2
the Distance between Genes during Chromosome
Mapping
Morgan and Crossing Over
Sturtevant and Mapping
Single Crossovers
5.3
Relies on the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers
Multiple Exchanges
Three-Point Mapping in Drosophila
Determining the Gene Sequence
A Mapping Problem in Maize
5.4
Exchanges
5.5
Mapping Experiments Become More Inaccurate
5.6
Mapped
5.7
between Chromatids
5.8
Chromosomes
5.9
Chromatids
5.10
in Haploid Organisms
Gene-to-Centromere Mapping
Ordered versus Unordered Tetrad Analysis
Linkage and Mapping
5.11
Were Historically Important in Creating Human
Chromosome Maps
5.12
Analysis of
Gene Mapping Using Annotated Computer
Databases 1
5.13
Why Didn t
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Genetic Analysis and Mapping
in Bacteria and Bacteriophages
137
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow
at an Exponential Rate
Conjugation Is One Means of Genetic
Recombination in Bacteria
F+ and F~ Bacteria
Hfr Bacteria and Chromosome Mapping
Recombination in F+ X F~ Matings:
A Reexamination
The F State and Merozygotes
Mutational Analysis Led to the Discovery of the
Proteins Essential to Bacterial Recombination
F
Transformation Is Another Process Leading
to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
The Transformation Process
Transformation and Linked Genes
xii Contents
6.6 Bacteriophages Are
Phage T4:
The Plaque Assay
Lysogeny
6.7
Transfer
The Lederberg-Zinder Experiment
The Nature of Transduction
Transduction and Mapping
6.8
Recombination
Mapping in Bacteriophages
6.9
The
Complementation by rll Mutations
Recombinational Analysis
Deletion Testing of the rll Locus
The
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Bacterial Genes and Disease: From Gene Expression
to Edible Vaccines
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
7
Chromosomes
7.1
Chlamydomonas
Zea
Caenorhabditis elegans
7.2
Determination Early in the 20th Century
7.3
Humans
Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes 1
47,XXX Syndrome
47,XYY Condition
Sexual Differentiation in Humans
The
7.4
Is Not
7.5
Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other
Mammals
Barr Bodies
The
The Mechanism of Inactivation
7.6
Determines Sex in Drosophila
Dosage Compensation in Drosophila
Drosophila Mosaics
7.7
in Reptiles
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
8
Variation in Chromosome Number
and Arrangement
8.1
Chromosome Number
8.2
from Nondisjunction
8.3
Have Severe Phenotypic Effects
Partial Monosomy in Humans: The Cri-du-Chat
Syndrome
8.4
a Diploid Genome
Down Syndrome
Patau Syndrome
Edwards Syndrome
Viability in Human Aneuploidy
Contents xiii
8.5 Polyploidy, in
Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants
Autopolyploidy
Allopolyploidy
Endopolyploidy
8.6
of Chromosomes
8.7
8.8
Material
Gene Redundancy and Amplification: Ribosomal
RNA
The Bar-Eye Mutation in Drosophila
The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution
8.9
Consequences of Inversions during Gamete
Formation
Position Effects of Inversions
Evolutionary Advantages of Inversions
8.10
Segments in the Genome
Translocations
Syndrome
8.11
to Chromosome Breakage
Fragile X Syndrome (Martin-Bell Syndrome)
Genetics, Technology, and Society
The Link between Fragile Sites and Cancer
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
9
9.1 Organelle
and Mitochondria
Chloroplasts: Variegation in Four O clock Plants
Chloroplast
Mitochondrial Mutations: The Case of poky
in
Petites
9.2
Helps Explain
Organelle DNA
Molecular Organization and Gene Products
of
Molecular Organization and Gene Products
of Mitochondrial
9.3
Disorders
9.4
Relationship between Host Organism
and Invader
Kappa in Paramecium
Infective Particles in Drosophila
9.5
Strong Influence during Early Development
Ephestia Pigmentation
Limnaea Coiling
Embryonic Development in Drosophila
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Mitochondrial
of the Romanovs
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
DNA:
and Variation
10 DNA
10.1
Characteristics
10.2
Genetic Material
10.3
First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria
and Bacteriophages
Transformation: Early Studies
xiv Contents
Transformation:
Experiment 235
The Hershey-Chase Experiment 236
Transfection Experiments 239
10.4
that
Indirect Evidence: Distribution of
Indirect Evidence: Mutagenesis
Direct Evidence:
10.5
Viruses
10.6
to the Understanding of
Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids
Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates
Polynucleotides
10.7
Understanding Its Function
Base Composition Studies
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
The Watson-Crick Model
10.8
10.9
but Single Stranded
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure
for Deoxxribose Nucleic Acid
10.10
during the Investigation of
Absorption of Ultraviolet Light (UV)
Sedimentation Behavior
Denaturation and Renaturation of Nucleic Acids
Molecular Hybridization
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)
Reassociation
Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids
,¡
The Twists and Turns of the Helical Revolution
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
11 DNA
and Recombination
263
11.1 DNA
Replication
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment
Semiconservative
Origins, Forks, and Units of Replication
11.2 DNA
Polymerases, as well as Other Enzymes
DNA Polymerase
Synthesis of Biologically Active
DNA
11.3
Replication
11.4
11.5
Primer
11.6 Antiparallel
and Discontinuous
11.7
and Lagging Strands
11.8
Part of
11.9
11.10
11.11
Prokaryotes, but More Complex
Multiple Replication Origins
Eukaryotic
11.12
during Replication
11.13 DNA
Directed by Specific Enzymes
11.14
Recombination
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Telomerase: The Key to Immortality?
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
28
Contents xv
Problems and
Extra-Spicy
Selected Readings
2X3
12 DNA
in
12.1
Simple
12.2
and Bacterial Chromosomes
12.3
in Structure
Polytene Chromosomes
Lampbrush Chromosomes
12.4 DNA
in Eukaryotes
Chromatin Structure and Nucleosonies
High Resolution Studies of the Nucleosome Core
Heterochromatin
12.5
the Mitotic Chromosome
12.6
Organization Characterized by Repetitive
Repetitive
Centromeric DNA
Telomeric
Middle Repetitive Sequences: VNTRs and
Dinucleotide Repeats 3(K)
Repetitive Transposed Sequences: SINES and
LINES
Middle Repetitive Multiple-Copy Genes
12.7
Encode Functional Genes
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Ел
Selected Readings
302
Expression and Regulation
of Genetic Information
13
and Transcription
13.1
of Characteristics
13.2
Patterns of the Code
The Triplet Nature of the Code
The
The Commaless and Degenerate Nature
of the Code
13.3
to Deciphering of the Code
Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell-Free System
Homopolymer Codes
Mixed Copolymers 310
The Triplet Binding Assay
Repeating Copolymers
13.4
Patterns among the
Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis
The Ordered Nature of the Code
Initiation, Termination, and Suppression
13.5
ofPhageMS2
13.6
13.7
Genes
13.8
Template
13.9
for the Existence of mRNA
13.10
xvi Contents
Promoters, Template
Subunit
Initiation,
Synthesis
13.11
Transcription in Several Ways
Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Recent Discoveries Concerning
Function
Heterogeneous Nuclear
Caps and Tails
13.12
Interrupted by Intervening Sequences
Splicing Mechanisms: Autocatalytic RNAs
Splicing Mechanisms: The Spliceosome
RNA
13.13
Microscopy
|j§ Genetics, Technology, and Society
Antisense Oligonucleotides: Attacking the
Messenger
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
14
14.1
and Transfer RNAs
Ribosomal Structure
tRNA Structure
Charging tRNA
14.2
Steps
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Poly ribosomes
14.3
about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome
14.4
14.5
in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn
Errors of Metabolism
Phenylketonuria
14.6
One-Enzyme Hypothesis
Analysis of
and Tatum
Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical
Pathways
14.7
Gene Encodes One Polypeptide
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Human Hemoglobins
14.8
Acid Sequence of the Corresponding Protein Exhibit
Colinearity
14.9
Diversity
Posttranslational Modification
14.10
of the Molecule
14.11
Domains
Exon Shuffling and the Origin of Protein Domains
,
Mad Cow Disease: The Prion Story
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
15
and Transposition
15.1
Spontaneous, Induced, and Adaptive Mutations
Classification Based on Location of Mutation
Contents xvii
Classification
Change
Classification Based on Phenotypic Effects
15.2
among Organisms
Deleterious Mutations in Humans
15.3
Errors and Base Modifications
DNA
Replication Slippage
The Odds of Losing at Genetic Roulette
Tautomerie
Depurination and Deamination
Oxidative Damage
Transposons
15.4
by Chemicals and Radiation
Base Analogs
Alkylating Agents
Acridine Dyes and Frameshift Mutations
Ultraviolet Light and Thymine Dimers
Ionizing Radiation
15.5
Understanding of Mutations in Humans
ABO Blood Types
Muscular Dystrophy
Trinucleotide Repeats in Fragile X Syndrome,
Myotonie
15.6
Analysis Are All Used to Detect Mutations
Detection in Bacteria and Fungi
Detection in Plants
Detection in Humans
15.7
of Compounds
15.8
Mutations
Proofreading and Mismatch Repair
Postreplication Repair and the SOS Repair System
Photoreactivation Repair: Reversal of UV Damage
in Prokaryotes
Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair
Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Nucleotide Excision
Repair in Humans
Double-Strand Break Repair in Eukaryotes
15.9
and May Disrupt Genetic Function
Insertion Sequences
Bacterial
The Ac-Ds System in Maize
Mobile Genetic Elements and Wrinkled Peas:
Mendel Revisited
Copia
P Element
Transposable Elements in Humans
Chapter Summary 3H6
:
Chernobyl s Legacy
Insights and Solutions 3HH
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
16
in Prokaryotes
16.1
to Respond to Environmental Conditions
16.2
by an Inducible System
Structural Genes
The Discovery of Regulatory Mutations
The Operon Model: Negative Control
Genetic Proof of the Operon Model
Isolation of the Repressor
16.3
Positive Control over the lac Operon
16.4
Has Confirmed the Operon Model
16.5
a Repressible Gene System
Evidence for the
xviii Contents
16.6
Regulation of the
16.7
in B. subtilis
16.8
That Exerts Both Positive and Negative Control
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Quorum Sensing: How Bacteria Talk to One
Another
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
17
in Eukaryotes
17.1
in Prokaryotes
17.2
Gene Expression
17.3
Regulation
Promoters Have a Modular Organization
Enhancers Control the Rate of Transcription
17.4
Steps
Transcription Requires Chromatin Remodeling
Histone Modification Is Part of Chromatin
Remodeling
17.5
at the Promoter
RNA Polymerases
Formation of the Transcription Initiation Complex
Activators Bind to Enhancers and Change the Rate
of Transcription Initiation
17.6
Induction and Catabolite Repression in the gat
Genes of Yeast
17.7 DNA Methylation
Expression
17.8
Expression
Alternative Splicing Pathways for mRNA
Alternative Splicing and Cell Function
Alternative Splicing Amplifies the Number of Proteins
Produced by a Genome
RNA
17.9
Regulate Gene Expression
Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Model for
Regulation of Alternative Splicing
Controlling mRNA Stability
Chapter Summary
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Human Genetic Diseases and Loss of Gene
Regulation
insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
18
18.1
435
Cancer Is a Genetic Disease
What Is Cancer?
The Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells
Cancer As a Multistep Process, Requiring Multiple
Mutations
18.2
Genomic Stability and
18.3
Cycle Regulation
The Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction
Cell Cycle Control and Checkpoints
18.4
of the Cell Cycle
The Cyclin Dl and Cyclin
The
The p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene
The RBI Tumor Suppressor Gene
443
Contents xix
18.5
Contact
18.6
Inherited
18.7
and Animals
18.8
Cancers
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic
Testing
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicx Problems
Selected Readings
Genomic Analysis
19
19.1
Experimental Techniques
19.2
of Genome Analysis
19.3
Sequences
19.4
Plasmid Vectors
Lambda
Cosmid Vectors
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
Expression Vectors
19.5 DNA
19.6
for
19.7
Plant Cell Hosts
Mammalian Cell Hosts
19.8
Without Host Cells
Limitations of PCR
Other Applications of PCR
19.9
Genomic Libraries
Chromosome-Specific Libraries
cDNA Libraries
19.10
Library
Probes Identify Specific Clones
Screening a Library
19.11
Ways
Restriction Mapping
Nucleic Acid Blotting
19.12 DNA
Characterize a Clone
DNA
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
DNA
of the Telltale Palo Verde
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Selected Readings
20
20.1
and Mapping All Genes in a Genome
20.2
Compiling the Sequence
Annotating the Sequence
20.3
Their Functions
xx Contents
Functional Genomics of a Bacterial Genome
Strategies for Functional Assignments of Unknown
Genes
20.4
Features
Size Range of Eubacterial Genomes
Linear Chromosomes and Multiple Chromosomes
in Bacteria
20.5
Genomes of Archaea
20.6
Patterns
General Features of Eukaryotic Genomes
Transcriptional Units in the C. elegans Genome
Genomes of Higher Plants
20.7
Project (HGP)
Origins of the Human Genome Project
Major Features of the Human Genome
The Unfinished Tasks in Human Genome
Sequencing
Chromosomal Organization of Human Genes
Our Genome and the Chimpanzee Genome
20.8
Finding New Genes Using Comparative Genomics
Comparative Genomics and Model Organisms
Comparative Analysis of Nuclear Receptors and Drug
Development
The Minimum Genome for Living Cells
20.9
Diversify Gene Function
Gene Duplications
Evolution of Gene Families: The Globin Genes
20.10
in a Cell
Reconciling the Number of Genes and the Number
of Proteins
Proteomics Technology
The Bacterial Proteome Changes with Alterations
in the Environment
Proteome Analysis of an
The Nucleolus
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Beyond Dolly: The Cloning of Humans
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
21
Mutational Analysis in Model
Organisms
21.1
Genetically Tractable
Features of Genetic Model Organisms
Yeast as a Genetic Model Organism
Drosophila as a Genetic Model Organism
The Mouse as a Genetic Model Organism
21.2
and Forward Genetics
Generating Mutants with Radiation, Chemicals,
and Transposon Insertion
Screening for Mutants
Selecting for Mutants
Defining the Genes
Dissecting Genetic Networks: Epistasis
and Pathways
Extending the Analysis: Suppressors
and Enhancers
Extending the Analysis: Cloning the Genes
Extending the Analysis: Biochemical Functions
21.3
and Reverse Genetics
Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Purified
Protein
Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Mutant Model
Organism
Genetic Analysis Beginning with the Cloned Gene
Genetics Analysis Using Gene Targeting
Technologies
21.4
Genomic and RNAi Technologies
RNAi: Genetics without Mutations
High-Throughput Functional Genomics Techniques
Gene Expression Microarrays
Genome-Wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Binding
Sites
21.5
of Molecular Processes by Undertaking Genetic
Research in Model Organisms: Three Case
Studies
Yeast: Cell Cycle Genes
Drosophila: The Heidelberg Screens
The Mouse: A Model for
Contents xxi
Chapter Summary-
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
546
22
22.1
Applications and Ethics
of Biotechnology
Biotechnology Has Revolutionized Agriculture
Transgenic Crops and Herbicide Resistance
Nutritional Enhancement of Crop Plants
Concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms
22.2
in Genetically Altered Organisms
Insulin Production in Bacteria
Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical
Products
Transgenic Plants and Edible Vaccines
22.3
Genetic Disorders
Prenatal Diagnosis of Sickle-cell Anemia
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genetic
Screening
557
558
559
559
Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas
22.4
Therapy
Gene Therapy for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
(SCID)
Problems and Failures in Gene Therapy
The Future of Gene Therapy
22.5
22.6
Genome Project
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI)
Program
22.7
with
RFLPs as Genetic Markers
Linkage Analysis Using RFLPs
DNA Microarrays
Drug Development
Disease Diagnosis
Genome Scanning
Positional Cloning: The Gene for
Neurofibromatosis
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) Gene
Mapping
22.8 DNA
Minisatellites
(STRs)
Forensic Applications
. •■ ..
Gene Therapy
Back?
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Genetics of Organisms
and Populations
23
Organisms
23.1
a Differentiated State Develops from an Organism s
Genome
23.2
and the Use of Model Organisms
Model Organisms in the Study of Development
Analysis of Developmental Mechanisms
Basic Concepts in Developmental Genetics
23.3
Expression
The Control of Eye Formation
23.4
Specification of the Body Axis
Overview of Drosophila Development
Genes That Regulate Formation
of the Anterior-Posterior Body Axis
Genetic Analysis of
xxii Contents
23.5
in Drosophila 583
Gap Genes 583
Pair-Rule
Segment
23.6 Homeotic Genes
Fate of Segments along the Anterior-Posterior
Axis
Hox Genes in Drosophila
Hox Genes and Human Genetic Disorders
Control of Hox Gene Expression
23.7
Differentiation
23.8
Genes of Animals
Homeotic Genes in Arabidopsis
Evolutionary Divergence in Homeotic Genes
23.9
Development
Signaling Systems in Development
The Notch Signaling Pathway
Overview of C. elegans Development
Genetic Analysis of Vulva Formation
23.10
Development
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Stem Cell Wars
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
24
and Multifactorial Traits
599
24.1
Variation
24.2
Terms
The Multiple Gene Hypothesis for Quantitative
Inheritance
Additive
Variation
Calculating the Number of Polygenes
24.3
Analysis
The Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Standard Error of the Mean
Covariance
Analysis of a Quantitative Character
24.4
to Phenotypic Variability
Broad-Sense Heritability
Narrow-Sense Heritability
Artificial Selection
24.5
in Humans
24.6
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
The Green Revolution Revisited
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
25
25.1
in Space and Time
25.2
Relationship between
Genotype Frequencies in an Ideal Population
25.3
Populations
Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
25.4
Alíeles,
Hétérozygote
Calculating Frequencies for Multiple
Calculating Frequencies for X-linked Traits
Calculating
25.5
Frequency Change
Natural Selection
Fitness and Selection
Selection in Natural Populations
Natural Selection and Quantitative Traits
25.6
in a Gene Pool
25.7
Frequencies
Contents xxiii
25.8
Frequency in Small Populations
25.9
but Not
Inbreeding
Genetic Effects of Inbreeding
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa
Chapter Summary
insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
26
26.1
or by Splitting Gene Pools
26.2
Genetic Variation
Artificial Selection
Protein Polymorphisms
Variations in Nucleotide Sequence
Explaining the High Level of Genetic Variation
in Populations
26.3
across Space and Time
26.4
for Evolutionary Biology
26.5
Accompanied by Divergent Selection or Genetic
Drift, Can Lead to Speciation
Examples of Speciation
The Minimum Genetic Divergence Required
for Speciation
In at Least Some Instances, Speciation Is Rapid
26.6
or Species to Reconstruct Evolutionary History
A Method for Estimating Evolutionary Trees
from Genetic Data
Molecular Clocks
26.7
to Answer a Variety of Questions
Transmission of
Patients
The Relationship of Neanderthals to Modern
Humans
The Origin of Mitochondria
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
What Can We Learn from the Failure of the Eugenics
Movement?
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Reudings
660
27
27.1
Genetics
Loss of Genetic Diversity
Identifying Genetic Diversity
27.2
Survival
27.3
Isolated Populations
Genetic Drift
Inbreeding
Reduction in Gene Flow
27.4
27.5
to Species Survival
Ex Situ Conservation: Captive Breeding
Captive Breeding: The Black-Footed Ferret
Ex Situ Conservation and Gene Banks
In Situ Conservation
Population Augmentation
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Gene Pools and Endangered Species:
The Plight of the Florida Panther
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Appendix
A
Glossary
A-1
Appendix
В
Answers
A-1
Credits
C-1
Index
1-1
|
| adam_txt |
::
Preface
XXIV
Genes,
and Heredity
1
1.1
Mendel's Work on Transmission of Traits
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance:
Uniting Mendel and Meiosis
Genetic Variation
The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes:
DNA
1.2
the
The Structure of
Gene Expression: From
Proteins and Biological Function
Linking Genotype to Phenotype:
Sickle-Cell Anemia
1.3
Technology
Making
and Cloning
Sequencing Genomes: The Human
Genome Project
1.4
Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply
Who Owns Transgenic Organisms?
Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine
1.5
of Model Organisms
The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms
Model Organisms and Human Diseases
1.6
•:'*
2
2.1
Function
Cell Boundaries
The Nucleus
The Cytoplasm and Cellular
2.2
in Homologous Pairs
2.3
Dividing Cells
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Anaphase 26
Telophase
2.4
Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores
An Overview of Meiosis
The First Meiotic Division:
Metaphase.
The Second Meiotic Division
2.5
Spermatogenesis and
2.6
Reproduction of All Diploid Organisms
2.7
Nature of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes
Chromatin and Chromosomes
The Synaptonemal Complex
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Chapter Summary
Problems and Discussion Questions
Selected Readings
15
ix
x
3 Mendelian
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach
to Study Patterns of Inheritance
The
Transmitted from Generation to Generation
Mendel's First Three Postulates
Modern Genetic Terminology
Mendel's Analytical Approach
Punnett Squares
The Testcross: One Character
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross Revealed His Fourth
Postulate: Independent Assortment
Independent Assortment
The Testcross: Two Characters
The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel's
Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits
The Forked-Line Method, or Branch Diagram
Mendel's Work Was Rediscovered
in the Early 20th Century
The Correlation of Mendel's Postulates with the
Behavior of Chromosomes Formed the Foundation
of Modern Transmission Genetics
Unit Factors, Genes, and Homologous
Chromosomes
Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive
Genetic Variation
Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events
The Product Law and the Sum Law
Conditional Probability
The Binomial Theorem
Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence
of Chance on Genetic Data
Interpreting x2 Calculations
3.10
Pedigree Conventions
Pedigree Analysis
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Тау
in Humans
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
3.7
3.8
3.9
56
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
62
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Dominant
4.4
in
4.5
in a Population
The ABO Blood Groups
The A and
The Bombay Phenotype
The white Locus in Drosophila
4.6
Dominant Lethal Mutations
4.7
Modes of Inheritance Modify the
4.8
One Gene
Epistasis
Unique Inheritance Patterns
Novel Phenotypes
Other Modified Dihybrid Ratios
4.9
Effects
4.10
X-Linkage in Drosophila
X-Linkage in Humans
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: The Molecular
Basis of a Rare X-Linked Recessive Disorder
4.11
an Individual's Sex Influences the Phenotype
4.12
Reflection of the Genotype
Penetrance
Genetic Background: Suppression and Position
Effects
Contents xi
Temperature
Nutritional Effects
Onset of Genetic Expression
Genetic Anticipation
Genomic (Parental) Imprinting
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
5
in
5.1
Together
The Linkage Ratio 1
5.2
the Distance between Genes during Chromosome
Mapping
Morgan and Crossing Over
Sturtevant and Mapping
Single Crossovers
5.3
Relies on the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers
Multiple Exchanges
Three-Point Mapping in Drosophila
Determining the Gene Sequence
A Mapping Problem in Maize
5.4
Exchanges
5.5
Mapping Experiments Become More Inaccurate
5.6
Mapped
5.7
between Chromatids
5.8
Chromosomes
5.9
Chromatids
5.10
in Haploid Organisms
Gene-to-Centromere Mapping
Ordered versus Unordered Tetrad Analysis
Linkage and Mapping
5.11
Were Historically Important in Creating Human
Chromosome Maps
5.12
Analysis of
Gene Mapping Using Annotated Computer
Databases 1
5.13
Why Didn 't
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Genetic Analysis and Mapping
in Bacteria and Bacteriophages
137
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow
at an Exponential Rate
Conjugation Is One Means of Genetic
Recombination in Bacteria
F+ and F~ Bacteria
Hfr Bacteria and Chromosome Mapping
Recombination in F+ X F~ Matings:
A Reexamination
The F'State and Merozygotes
Mutational Analysis Led to the Discovery of the
Proteins Essential to Bacterial Recombination
F
Transformation Is Another Process Leading
to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
The Transformation Process
Transformation and Linked Genes
xii Contents
6.6 Bacteriophages Are
Phage T4:
The Plaque Assay
Lysogeny
6.7
Transfer
The Lederberg-Zinder Experiment
The Nature of Transduction
Transduction and Mapping
6.8
Recombination
Mapping in Bacteriophages
6.9
The
Complementation by rll Mutations
Recombinational Analysis
Deletion Testing of the rll Locus
The
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Bacterial Genes and Disease: From Gene Expression
to Edible Vaccines
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
7
Chromosomes
7.1
Chlamydomonas
Zea
Caenorhabditis elegans
7.2
Determination Early in the 20th Century
7.3
Humans
Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes 1
47,XXX Syndrome
47,XYY Condition
Sexual Differentiation in Humans
The
7.4
Is Not
7.5
Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other
Mammals
Barr Bodies
The
The Mechanism of Inactivation
7.6
Determines Sex in Drosophila
Dosage Compensation in Drosophila
Drosophila Mosaics
7.7
in Reptiles
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
8
Variation in Chromosome Number
and Arrangement
8.1
Chromosome Number
8.2
from Nondisjunction
8.3
Have Severe Phenotypic Effects
Partial Monosomy in Humans: The Cri-du-Chat
Syndrome
8.4
a Diploid Genome
Down Syndrome
Patau Syndrome
Edwards Syndrome
Viability in Human Aneuploidy
Contents xiii
8.5 Polyploidy, in
Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants
Autopolyploidy
Allopolyploidy
Endopolyploidy
8.6
of Chromosomes
8.7
8.8
Material
Gene Redundancy and Amplification: Ribosomal
RNA
The Bar-Eye Mutation in Drosophila
The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution
8.9
Consequences of Inversions during Gamete
Formation
Position Effects of Inversions
Evolutionary Advantages of Inversions
8.10
Segments in the Genome
Translocations
Syndrome
8.11
to Chromosome Breakage
Fragile X Syndrome (Martin-Bell Syndrome)
Genetics, Technology, and Society
The Link between Fragile Sites and Cancer
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
9
9.1 Organelle
and Mitochondria
Chloroplasts: Variegation in Four O'clock Plants
Chloroplast
Mitochondrial Mutations: The Case of poky
in
Petites
9.2
Helps Explain
Organelle DNA
Molecular Organization and Gene Products
of
Molecular Organization and Gene Products
of Mitochondrial
9.3
Disorders
9.4
Relationship between Host Organism
and Invader
Kappa in Paramecium
Infective Particles in Drosophila
9.5
Strong Influence during Early Development
Ephestia Pigmentation
Limnaea Coiling
Embryonic Development in Drosophila
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Mitochondrial
of the Romanovs
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
DNA:
and Variation
10 DNA
10.1
Characteristics
10.2
Genetic Material
10.3
First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria
and Bacteriophages
Transformation: Early Studies
xiv Contents
Transformation:
Experiment 235
The Hershey-Chase Experiment 236
Transfection Experiments 239
10.4
that
Indirect Evidence: Distribution of
Indirect Evidence: Mutagenesis
Direct Evidence:
10.5
Viruses
10.6
to the Understanding of
Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids
Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates
Polynucleotides
10.7
Understanding Its Function
Base Composition Studies
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
The Watson-Crick Model
10.8
10.9
but Single Stranded
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure
for Deoxxribose Nucleic Acid
10.10
during the Investigation of
Absorption of Ultraviolet Light (UV)
Sedimentation Behavior
Denaturation and Renaturation of Nucleic Acids
Molecular Hybridization
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)
Reassociation
Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids
,¡
The Twists and Turns of the Helical Revolution
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
11 DNA
and Recombination
263
11.1 DNA
Replication
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment
Semiconservative
Origins, Forks, and Units of Replication
11.2 DNA
Polymerases, as well as Other Enzymes
DNA Polymerase
Synthesis of Biologically Active
DNA
11.3
Replication
11.4
11.5
Primer
11.6 Antiparallel
and Discontinuous
11.7
and Lagging Strands
11.8
Part of
11.9
11.10
11.11
Prokaryotes, but More Complex
Multiple Replication Origins
Eukaryotic
11.12
during Replication
11.13 DNA
Directed by Specific Enzymes
11.14
Recombination
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Telomerase: The Key to Immortality?
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
28
Contents xv
Problems and
Extra-Spicy
Selected Readings
2X3
12 DNA
in
12.1
Simple
12.2
and Bacterial Chromosomes
12.3
in Structure
Polytene Chromosomes
Lampbrush Chromosomes
12.4 DNA
in Eukaryotes
Chromatin Structure and Nucleosonies
High Resolution Studies of the Nucleosome Core
Heterochromatin
12.5
the Mitotic Chromosome
12.6
Organization Characterized by Repetitive
Repetitive
Centromeric DNA
Telomeric
Middle Repetitive Sequences: VNTRs and
Dinucleotide Repeats 3(K)
Repetitive Transposed Sequences: SINES and
LINES
Middle Repetitive Multiple-Copy Genes
12.7
Encode Functional Genes
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Ел
Selected Readings
302
Expression and Regulation
of Genetic Information
13
and Transcription
13.1
of Characteristics
13.2
Patterns of the Code
The Triplet Nature of' the Code
The
The Commaless and Degenerate Nature
of the Code
13.3
to Deciphering of the Code
Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell-Free System
Homopolymer Codes
Mixed Copolymers 310
The Triplet Binding Assay
Repeating Copolymers
13.4
Patterns among the
Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis
The Ordered Nature of the Code
Initiation, Termination, and Suppression
13.5
ofPhageMS2
13.6
13.7
Genes
13.8
Template
13.9
for the Existence of mRNA
13.10
xvi Contents
Promoters, Template
Subunit
Initiation,
Synthesis
13.11
Transcription in Several Ways
Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Recent Discoveries Concerning
Function
Heterogeneous Nuclear
Caps and Tails
13.12
Interrupted by Intervening Sequences
Splicing Mechanisms: Autocatalytic RNAs
Splicing Mechanisms: The Spliceosome
RNA
13.13
Microscopy
|j§ Genetics, Technology, and Society
Antisense Oligonucleotides: Attacking the
Messenger
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
14
14.1
and Transfer RNAs
Ribosomal Structure
tRNA Structure
Charging tRNA
14.2
Steps
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Poly ribosomes
14.3
about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome
14.4
14.5
in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn
Errors of Metabolism
Phenylketonuria
14.6
One-Enzyme Hypothesis
Analysis of
and Tatum
Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical
Pathways
14.7
Gene Encodes One Polypeptide
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Human Hemoglobins
14.8
Acid Sequence of the Corresponding Protein Exhibit
Colinearity
14.9
Diversity
Posttranslational Modification
14.10
of the Molecule
14.11
Domains
Exon Shuffling and the Origin of Protein Domains
,
Mad Cow Disease: The Prion Story
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
15
and Transposition
15.1
Spontaneous, Induced, and Adaptive Mutations
Classification Based on Location of Mutation
Contents xvii
Classification
Change
Classification Based on Phenotypic Effects
15.2
among Organisms
Deleterious Mutations in Humans
15.3
Errors and Base Modifications
DNA
Replication Slippage
The Odds of Losing at Genetic Roulette
Tautomerie
Depurination and Deamination
Oxidative Damage
Transposons
15.4
by Chemicals and Radiation
Base Analogs
Alkylating Agents
Acridine Dyes and Frameshift Mutations
Ultraviolet Light and Thymine Dimers
Ionizing Radiation
15.5
Understanding of Mutations in Humans
ABO Blood Types
Muscular Dystrophy
Trinucleotide Repeats in Fragile X Syndrome,
Myotonie
15.6
Analysis Are All Used to Detect Mutations
Detection in Bacteria and Fungi
Detection in Plants
Detection in Humans
15.7
of Compounds
15.8
Mutations
Proofreading and Mismatch Repair
Postreplication Repair and the SOS Repair System
Photoreactivation Repair: Reversal of UV Damage
in Prokaryotes
Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair
Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Nucleotide Excision
Repair in Humans
Double-Strand Break Repair in Eukaryotes
15.9
and May Disrupt Genetic Function
Insertion Sequences
Bacterial
The Ac-Ds System in Maize
Mobile Genetic Elements and Wrinkled Peas:
Mendel Revisited
Copia
P Element
Transposable Elements in Humans
Chapter Summary 3H6
:
Chernobyl's Legacy
Insights and Solutions 3HH
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
16
in Prokaryotes
16.1
to Respond to Environmental Conditions
16.2
by an Inducible System
Structural Genes
The Discovery of Regulatory Mutations
The Operon Model: Negative Control
Genetic Proof of the Operon Model
Isolation of the Repressor
16.3
Positive Control over the lac Operon
16.4
Has Confirmed the Operon Model
16.5
a Repressible Gene System
Evidence for the
xviii Contents
16.6
Regulation of the
16.7
in B. subtilis
16.8
That Exerts Both Positive and Negative Control
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Quorum Sensing: How Bacteria Talk to One
Another
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
17
in Eukaryotes
17.1
in Prokaryotes
17.2
Gene Expression
17.3
Regulation
Promoters Have a Modular Organization
Enhancers Control the Rate of Transcription
17.4
Steps
Transcription Requires Chromatin Remodeling
Histone Modification Is Part of Chromatin
Remodeling
17.5
at the Promoter
RNA Polymerases
Formation of the Transcription Initiation Complex
Activators Bind to Enhancers and Change the Rate
of Transcription Initiation
17.6
Induction and Catabolite Repression in the gat
Genes of Yeast
17.7 DNA Methylation
Expression
17.8
Expression
Alternative Splicing Pathways for mRNA
Alternative Splicing and Cell Function
Alternative Splicing Amplifies the Number of Proteins
Produced by a Genome
RNA
17.9
Regulate Gene Expression
Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Model for
Regulation of Alternative Splicing
Controlling mRNA Stability
Chapter Summary
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Human Genetic Diseases and Loss of Gene
Regulation
insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
18
18.1
435
Cancer Is a Genetic Disease
What Is Cancer?
The Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells
Cancer As a Multistep Process, Requiring Multiple
Mutations
18.2
Genomic Stability and
18.3
Cycle Regulation
The Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction
Cell Cycle Control and Checkpoints
18.4
of the Cell Cycle
The Cyclin Dl and Cyclin
The
The p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene
The RBI Tumor Suppressor Gene
443
Contents xix
18.5
Contact
18.6
Inherited
18.7
and Animals
18.8
Cancers
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic
Testing
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicx Problems
Selected Readings
Genomic Analysis
19
19.1
Experimental Techniques
19.2
of Genome Analysis
19.3
Sequences
19.4
Plasmid Vectors
Lambda
Cosmid Vectors
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
Expression Vectors
19.5 DNA
19.6
for
19.7
Plant Cell Hosts
Mammalian Cell Hosts
19.8
Without Host Cells
Limitations of PCR
Other Applications of PCR
19.9
Genomic Libraries
Chromosome-Specific Libraries
cDNA Libraries
19.10
Library
Probes Identify Specific Clones
Screening a Library
19.11
Ways
Restriction Mapping
Nucleic Acid Blotting
19.12 DNA
Characterize a Clone
DNA
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
DNA
of the Telltale Palo Verde
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Selected Readings
20
20.1
and Mapping All Genes in a Genome
20.2
Compiling the Sequence
Annotating the Sequence
20.3
Their Functions
xx Contents
Functional Genomics of a Bacterial Genome
Strategies for Functional Assignments of Unknown
Genes
20.4
Features
Size Range of Eubacterial Genomes
Linear Chromosomes and Multiple Chromosomes
in Bacteria
20.5
Genomes of Archaea
20.6
Patterns
General Features of Eukaryotic Genomes
Transcriptional Units in the C. elegans Genome
Genomes of Higher Plants
20.7
Project (HGP)
Origins of the Human Genome Project
Major Features of the Human Genome
The Unfinished Tasks in Human Genome
Sequencing
Chromosomal Organization of Human Genes
Our Genome and the Chimpanzee Genome
20.8
Finding New Genes Using Comparative Genomics
Comparative Genomics and Model Organisms
Comparative Analysis of Nuclear Receptors and Drug
Development
The Minimum Genome for Living Cells
20.9
Diversify Gene Function
Gene Duplications
Evolution of Gene Families: The Globin Genes
20.10
in a Cell
Reconciling the Number of Genes and the Number
of Proteins
Proteomics Technology
The Bacterial Proteome Changes with Alterations
in the Environment
Proteome Analysis of an
The Nucleolus
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Beyond Dolly: The Cloning of Humans
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
21
Mutational Analysis in Model
Organisms
21.1
Genetically Tractable
Features of Genetic Model Organisms
Yeast as a Genetic Model Organism
Drosophila as a Genetic Model Organism
The Mouse as a Genetic Model Organism
21.2
and Forward Genetics
Generating Mutants with Radiation, Chemicals,
and Transposon Insertion
Screening for Mutants
Selecting for Mutants
Defining the Genes
Dissecting Genetic Networks: Epistasis
and Pathways
Extending the Analysis: Suppressors
and Enhancers
Extending the Analysis: Cloning the Genes
Extending the Analysis: Biochemical Functions
21.3
and Reverse Genetics
Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Purified
Protein
Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Mutant Model
Organism
Genetic Analysis Beginning with the Cloned Gene
Genetics Analysis Using Gene Targeting
Technologies
21.4
Genomic and RNAi Technologies
RNAi: Genetics without Mutations
High-Throughput Functional Genomics Techniques
Gene Expression Microarrays
Genome-Wide Mapping of Protein-DNA Binding
Sites
21.5
of Molecular Processes by Undertaking Genetic
Research in Model Organisms: Three Case
Studies
Yeast: Cell Cycle Genes
Drosophila: The Heidelberg Screens
The Mouse: A Model for
Contents xxi
Chapter Summary-
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
546
22
22.1
Applications and Ethics
of Biotechnology
Biotechnology Has Revolutionized Agriculture
Transgenic Crops and Herbicide Resistance
Nutritional Enhancement of Crop Plants
Concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms
22.2
in Genetically Altered Organisms
Insulin Production in Bacteria
Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical
Products
Transgenic Plants and Edible Vaccines
22.3
Genetic Disorders
Prenatal Diagnosis of Sickle-cell Anemia
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genetic
Screening
557
558
559
559
Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas
22.4
Therapy
Gene Therapy for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
(SCID)
Problems and Failures in Gene Therapy
The Future of Gene Therapy
22.5
22.6
Genome Project
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI)
Program
22.7
with
RFLPs as Genetic Markers
Linkage Analysis Using RFLPs
DNA Microarrays
Drug Development
Disease Diagnosis
Genome Scanning
Positional Cloning: The Gene for
Neurofibromatosis
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) Gene
Mapping
22.8 DNA
Minisatellites
(STRs)
Forensic Applications
.'•■''.
Gene Therapy
Back?
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Genetics of Organisms
and Populations
23
Organisms
23.1
a Differentiated State Develops from an Organism's
Genome
23.2
and the Use of Model Organisms
Model Organisms in the Study of Development
Analysis of Developmental Mechanisms
Basic Concepts in Developmental Genetics
23.3
Expression
The Control of Eye Formation
23.4
Specification of the Body Axis
Overview of Drosophila Development
Genes That Regulate Formation
of the Anterior-Posterior Body Axis
Genetic Analysis of
xxii Contents
23.5
in Drosophila 583
Gap Genes 583
Pair-Rule
Segment
23.6 Homeotic Genes
Fate of Segments along the Anterior-Posterior
Axis
Hox Genes in Drosophila
Hox Genes and Human Genetic Disorders
Control of Hox Gene Expression
23.7
Differentiation
23.8
Genes of Animals
Homeotic Genes in Arabidopsis
Evolutionary Divergence in Homeotic Genes
23.9
Development
Signaling Systems in Development
The Notch Signaling Pathway
Overview of C. elegans Development
Genetic Analysis of Vulva Formation
23.10
Development
Genetics, Technology, and Society
Stem Cell Wars
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
24
and Multifactorial Traits
599
24.1
Variation
24.2
Terms
The Multiple Gene Hypothesis for Quantitative
Inheritance
Additive
Variation
Calculating the Number of Polygenes
24.3
Analysis
The Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation
Standard Error of the Mean
Covariance
Analysis of a Quantitative Character
24.4
to Phenotypic Variability
Broad-Sense Heritability
Narrow-Sense Heritability
Artificial Selection
24.5
in Humans
24.6
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
The Green Revolution Revisited
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
25
25.1
in Space and Time
25.2
Relationship between
Genotype Frequencies in an Ideal Population
25.3
Populations
Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
25.4
Alíeles,
Hétérozygote
Calculating Frequencies for Multiple
Calculating Frequencies for X-linked Traits
Calculating
25.5
Frequency Change
Natural Selection
Fitness and Selection
Selection in Natural Populations
Natural Selection and Quantitative Traits
25.6
in a Gene Pool
25.7
Frequencies
Contents xxiii
25.8
Frequency in Small Populations
25.9
but Not
Inbreeding
Genetic Effects of Inbreeding
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa
Chapter Summary
insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
26
26.1
or by Splitting Gene Pools
26.2
Genetic Variation
Artificial Selection
Protein Polymorphisms
Variations in Nucleotide Sequence
Explaining the High Level of Genetic Variation
in Populations
26.3
across Space and Time
26.4
for Evolutionary Biology
26.5
Accompanied by Divergent Selection or Genetic
Drift, Can Lead to Speciation
Examples of Speciation
The Minimum Genetic Divergence Required
for Speciation
In at Least Some Instances, Speciation Is Rapid
26.6
or Species to Reconstruct Evolutionary History
A Method for Estimating Evolutionary Trees
from Genetic Data
Molecular Clocks
26.7
to Answer a Variety of Questions
Transmission of
Patients
The Relationship of Neanderthals to Modern
Humans
The Origin of Mitochondria
Chapter Summary
Genetics, Technology, and Society
What Can We Learn from the Failure of the Eugenics
Movement?
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Reudings
660
27
27.1
Genetics
Loss of Genetic Diversity
Identifying Genetic Diversity
27.2
Survival
27.3
Isolated Populations
Genetic Drift
Inbreeding
Reduction in Gene Flow
27.4
27.5
to Species Survival
Ex Situ Conservation: Captive Breeding
Captive Breeding: The Black-Footed Ferret
Ex Situ Conservation and Gene Banks
In Situ Conservation
Population Augmentation
Genetics. Technology, and Society
Gene Pools and Endangered Species:
The Plight of the Florida Panther
Chapter Summary
Insights and Solutions
Problems and Discussion Questions
Extra-Spicy Problems
Selected Readings
Appendix
A
Glossary
A-1
Appendix
В
Answers
A-1
Credits
C-1
Index
1-1 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Klug, William S. 1941- Cummings, Michael R. 1941- Spencer, Charlotte A. |
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| dewey-full | 576.5 572.8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 576 - Genetics and evolution 572 - Biochemistry |
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| dewey-search | 576.5 572.8 |
| dewey-sort | 3576.5 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie |
| edition | 8. ed. ; international ed. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Klug, William S. 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)135813859 aut Concepts of genetics William S. Klug ; Michael R. Cummings ; Charlotte Spencer 8. ed. ; international ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ [u.a.] Pearson Education 2006 XXVIII, 677 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ab 9. Aufl. u.d.T.: Concepts of genetics Includes bibliographical references and index aGenetics Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 s 1\p DE-604 Cummings, Michael R. 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)135813905 aut Spencer, Charlotte A. Verfasser (DE-588)135813964 aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014949673&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Klug, William S. 1941- Cummings, Michael R. 1941- Spencer, Charlotte A. Concepts of genetics aGenetics Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd |
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| title | Concepts of genetics |
| title_auth | Concepts of genetics |
| title_exact_search | Concepts of genetics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Concepts of genetics |
| title_full | Concepts of genetics William S. Klug ; Michael R. Cummings ; Charlotte Spencer |
| title_fullStr | Concepts of genetics William S. Klug ; Michael R. Cummings ; Charlotte Spencer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concepts of genetics William S. Klug ; Michael R. Cummings ; Charlotte Spencer |
| title_short | Concepts of genetics |
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