Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2006
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 331 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199286119 0199286116 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1820135475306823680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xiv
Abbreviations xvi
PART I Exploring interests and institutions 1
Chapter 1 Introduction: The paradox of early exit from
work 3
1.1 Common trends, diverse trajectories 7
1.2 Reform efforts to reverse early exit 9
1.3 Combining pull and push perspectives 11
1.4 Comparing regimes 15
1.5 An overview of the study 19
Chapter 2 Actor constellations and interest coalitions:
Labor, employers, and the state 22
2.1 Actor interests at workplace level 23
2.1.1 Why would older workers retire early? 24
2.1.2 Why would employers induce early
exit from work? 29
2.1.3 Why would workplace representatives
support early retirement? 34
2.2 Why do unions, employers, and the state
'collude'? 36
2.2.1 Organized labor and the state:
Extending social rights 39
2.2.2 Organized labor and the state: Reducing
labor supply 41
2.2.3 Employers and the state: Buying
social peace 43
Contents
2.2.4 Employers and the state: Negotiating
wage moderation 45
2.2.5 Organized labor and employers:
Controlling exit 46
2.2.6 Organized labor and employers:
Externalizing social costs 48
2.3 Bringing in institutions 49
Chapter 3 Protection, production, and partnership
institutions: From institutional affinities to
complementarities 51
3.1 Comparative typologies as heuristic tools 52
3.1.1 Three worlds of welfare state regimes
revisited 56
3.1.2 Varieties of Capitalism juxtaposed 63
3.1.3 Labor relations compared 69
3.2 From institutional affinities to complementarities 76
3.2.1 Institutional affinities and
complementarities under pressure 76
3.2.2 Institutional affinities and their
consequences for employment regimes 78
3.2.3 Regime configurations and early exit
from work 83
PART II Comparing early exit regimes 85
Chapter 4 Ever earlier retirement: Comparing employment
trajectories 87
4.1 The rise in inactivity among older workers 88
4.1.1 The institutionalization of a 'normal'
pension age 88
4.1.2 The decline in participation levels 91
4.1.3 Unemployment as a bridging pension 93
4.1.4 The decline of employment rates in
preretirement age 96
4.1.5 Partial exit and temporary employment 100
4.2 The trend toward early exit from work 103
4.2.1 Measuring early exit from work 103
4.2.2 Early exit from work before age 65 104
4.2.3 Even earlier exit before age 60 109
4.3 How many early exit trajectories are there? 112
x
Contents
Chapter 5 The protection pull factors: Multiple pathways
to early exit 115
5.1 Institutionalized pathways to early exit 116
5.1.1 The early pension pathway 118
5.1.2 The flexible and partial pension
pathways 123
5.1.3 The special preretirement pathway 126
5.1.4 The unemployment pathway 130
5.1.5 The disability pathway 136
5.2 The institutionalization of early exit regimes 143
5.2.1 The unintended consequences of past
reforms 144
5.2.2 Muddling through rising mass
unemployment 146
5.2.3 Putting on the brakes without slowing
down 147
5.2.4 Early exit regimes at their peak 150
5.3 Is early retirement an (un)intended
consequence? 155
Chapter 6 The production push factors: The political
economy of labor shedding 157
6.1 Production related pull factors 158
6.1.1 Private occupational pensions between
pull and push 158
6.1.2 Occupational welfare as a private early
exit pathway 166
6.2 Structural push factors 172
6.2.1 Deindustrialization and public sector
179
expansion l' *"
6.2.2 Age related skill profiles and sectoral
exit patterns 175
6.2.3 Cyclical and mass unemployment as
push factors l/o
6.3 Institutional push factors 18°
6.3.1 Union movements between pull and push 180
6.3.2 Employment protection as push factor 184
6.3.3 Production systems as push factors 187
6.3.4 Corporate and financial governance as
push factors
xi
Contents
6.4 Can the varieties of capitalism explain early
exit regimes? 196
PART III Reform obstacles and opportunities 201
Chapter 7 Exit from early retirement: Paradigm shifts,
policy reversals, and reform obstacles 203
7.1 Paradigm shifts in early exit policies 204
7.1.1 Raising the statutory retirement age 208
7.1.2 Reforming disability insurance 213
7.1.3 Closing special early retirement programs 219
7.1.4 From long term unemployment to
activation policies 223
7.1.5 Gradual retirement and part time work 230
7.2 Learning the lessons of policy reversal 234
7.2.1 Reversing exit pathways 234
7.2.2 The obstacles to policy reversal 240
7.2.3 Cross national reform patterns 242
Chapter 8 Conclusion: From path dependence to path
departure? 250
8.1 Early exit regimes compared 252
8.1.1 The actors' interests 252
8.1.2 Protection, production, and partnership
institutions 253
8.1.3 Early exit trajectories 256
8.1.4 The protection pull thesis 257
8.1.5 The production push thesis 259
8.1.6 Reversing early exit from work 262
8.2 Going beyond path dependence 266
8.2.1 Unintended consequences and path
dependence 266
8.2.2 Toward institutional change and path
departure 271
8.3 Policy implications for aging societies 274
Appendix Note 278
References 279
Index 315
xii
List of Figures
1.1 Four trajectories of early exit from work since 1970 8
1.2 Pull and push in multilevel and multiple actor constellation model 12
2.1 Age distribution model of workforce and union membership 35
2.2 Triangular model of interest 'collusion' in early retirement policy area 38
4.1 Participation rates, men and women aged 65+, 1965 2003 89
4.2 Participation rates, men aged 55 64,1965 2003 92
4.3 Participation rates, women aged 55 64, 1965 2003 93
4.4 Relative exit rates for men aged 60 64, 1970 2003 105
4.5 Relative exit rates for women aged 60 64, 1970 2003 106
4.6 Relative exit rates for men aged 55 59, 1978 2004 110
4.7 Relative exit rates for women aged 55 59, 1978 2004 111
5.1 Multiple pathways to early exit from work 117
6.1 'Push'in liberal market economy (Anglophone model) 189
6.2 'Push' in coordinated market economy (Continental model) 191
7.1 Old age and disability pension expenditure, 1960 2001 206
7.2 Unemployment rate of men aged 55 64,1970 2003 226
7.3 Development in old age and disability pension expenditure
since 1980 246
7.4 European Union 2010 target and employment rates for workers
aged 55 64, 1994 and 2004 248
8.1 Path dependent feedback processes in early retirement 268
8.2 Path dependence in pension reform processes 273
List of Tables
1.1 Conceptual map of protection, production, and partnership regimes 18
3.1 Three worlds of welfare regimes 5 7
3.2 Welfare states in Europe, Japan, and the United States 62
3.3 Two varieties of capitalism 64
3.4 Market economies in Europe, Japan, and the United States 68
3.5 Three ideal typical modes of labor relations 69
3.6 Labor relations in Europe, Japan, and the United States 74
3.7 Institutional affinities between protection, production,
and partnership 76
3.8 Mapping the socioeconomic models 79
4.1 Men and women aged 65+ by employment status, 1999 90
4.2 Unemployment rates, men and women aged 55 59 and 60 64,
1965 2003 94
4.3 Employment rates, men aged 55 59 and 60 64,1965 2003 97
4.4 Employment rates, women aged 55 59 and 60 64,1965 2003 99
4.5 Male and female part time employment, age groups 15 64,1999 102
4.6 Absolute and relative exit rates, men aged 60 64, 1970 2003 107
4.7 Absolute and relative exit rates, women aged 60 64, 1970 2003 108
4.8 Cross national variations in early exit from work for men
and women 113
5.1 The expansion of public pension pathways 120
5.2 The expansion of unemployment pathways 132
5.3 The expansion of disability pathways 137
5.4 Recipients of disability, preretirement, and unemployment benefits 138
5.5 Overview of pathways to early exit from work 151
5.6 Index of pathways ranked by exit opportunities 152
5.7 Three worlds of welfare regimes and early exit patterns 153
6.1 The public private mix in pension schemes 165
6.2 Occupational pensions and financial markets 166
6.3 The public private mix in exit pathways 171
6.4 Secondary sector, public employment, and early exit, 1960 2000 174
6.5 Age related skill profile, men and women aged 55 64, 1999 176
6.6 Sectoral overrepresentation of retired men aged 55 64, 1995 178
6.7 Labor relations and early exit patterns 181
List of Tables
6.8 Varieties of Capitalism and early exit patterns 198
7.1 Reforms of statutory pension age and seniority/flexible pensions 209
7.2 Replacement rate and recipients of disability benefits 214
7.3 Unemployment rate and labor market policy expenditure 224
7.4 Reversing pathways to early exit 235
7.5 Typology of exit patterns and policy reversal 243
8.1 Early exit from work and regime configurations 258
8.2 Policy reversals across welfare state regimes and labor relations 266
xv |
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xiv
Abbreviations xvi
PART I Exploring interests and institutions 1
Chapter 1 Introduction: The paradox of early exit from
work 3
1.1 Common trends, diverse trajectories 7
1.2 Reform efforts to reverse early exit 9
1.3 Combining pull and push perspectives 11
1.4 Comparing regimes 15
1.5 An overview of the study 19
Chapter 2 Actor constellations and interest coalitions:
Labor, employers, and the state 22
2.1 Actor interests at workplace level 23
2.1.1 Why would older workers retire early? 24
2.1.2 Why would employers induce early
exit from work? 29
2.1.3 Why would workplace representatives
support early retirement? 34
2.2 Why do unions, employers, and the state
'collude'? 36
2.2.1 Organized labor and the state:
Extending social rights 39
2.2.2 Organized labor and the state: Reducing
labor supply 41
2.2.3 Employers and the state: Buying
social peace 43
Contents
2.2.4 Employers and the state: Negotiating
wage moderation 45
2.2.5 Organized labor and employers:
Controlling exit 46
2.2.6 Organized labor and employers:
Externalizing social costs 48
2.3 Bringing in institutions 49
Chapter 3 Protection, production, and partnership
institutions: From institutional affinities to
complementarities 51
3.1 Comparative typologies as heuristic tools 52
3.1.1 Three worlds of welfare state regimes
revisited 56
3.1.2 Varieties of Capitalism juxtaposed 63
3.1.3 Labor relations compared 69
3.2 From institutional affinities to complementarities 76
3.2.1 Institutional affinities and
complementarities under pressure 76
3.2.2 Institutional affinities and their
consequences for employment regimes 78
3.2.3 Regime configurations and early exit
from work 83
PART II Comparing early exit regimes 85
Chapter 4 Ever earlier retirement: Comparing employment
trajectories 87
4.1 The rise in inactivity among older workers 88
4.1.1 The institutionalization of a 'normal'
pension age 88
4.1.2 The decline in participation levels 91
4.1.3 Unemployment as a bridging pension 93
4.1.4 The decline of employment rates in
preretirement age 96
4.1.5 Partial exit and temporary employment 100
4.2 The trend toward early exit from work 103
4.2.1 Measuring early exit from work 103
4.2.2 Early exit from work before age 65 104
4.2.3 Even earlier exit before age 60 109
4.3 How many early exit trajectories are there? 112
x
Contents
Chapter 5 The protection pull factors: Multiple pathways
to early exit 115
5.1 Institutionalized pathways to early exit 116
5.1.1 The early pension pathway 118
5.1.2 The flexible and partial pension
pathways 123
5.1.3 The special preretirement pathway 126
5.1.4 The unemployment pathway 130
5.1.5 The disability pathway 136
5.2 The institutionalization of early exit regimes 143
5.2.1 The unintended consequences of past
reforms 144
5.2.2 Muddling through rising mass
unemployment 146
5.2.3 Putting on the brakes without slowing
down 147
5.2.4 Early exit regimes at their peak 150
5.3 Is early retirement an (un)intended
consequence? 155
Chapter 6 The production push factors: The political
economy of labor shedding 157
6.1 Production related pull factors 158
6.1.1 Private occupational pensions between
pull and push 158
6.1.2 Occupational welfare as a private early
exit pathway 166
6.2 Structural push factors 172
6.2.1 Deindustrialization and public sector
179
expansion l' *"
6.2.2 Age related skill profiles and sectoral
exit patterns 175
6.2.3 Cyclical and mass unemployment as
push factors l/o
6.3 Institutional push factors 18°
6.3.1 Union movements between pull and push 180
6.3.2 Employment protection as push factor 184
6.3.3 Production systems as push factors 187
6.3.4 Corporate and financial governance as
push factors
xi
Contents
6.4 Can the varieties of capitalism explain early
exit regimes? 196
PART III Reform obstacles and opportunities 201
Chapter 7 Exit from early retirement: Paradigm shifts,
policy reversals, and reform obstacles 203
7.1 Paradigm shifts in early exit policies 204
7.1.1 Raising the statutory retirement age 208
7.1.2 Reforming disability insurance 213
7.1.3 Closing special early retirement programs 219
7.1.4 From long term unemployment to
activation policies 223
7.1.5 Gradual retirement and part time work 230
7.2 Learning the lessons of policy reversal 234
7.2.1 Reversing exit pathways 234
7.2.2 The obstacles to policy reversal 240
7.2.3 Cross national reform patterns 242
Chapter 8 Conclusion: From path dependence to path
departure? 250
8.1 Early exit regimes compared 252
8.1.1 The actors' interests 252
8.1.2 Protection, production, and partnership
institutions 253
8.1.3 Early exit trajectories 256
8.1.4 The protection pull thesis 257
8.1.5 The production push thesis 259
8.1.6 Reversing early exit from work 262
8.2 Going beyond path dependence 266
8.2.1 Unintended consequences and path
dependence 266
8.2.2 Toward institutional change and path
departure 271
8.3 Policy implications for aging societies 274
Appendix Note 278
References 279
Index 315
xii
List of Figures
1.1 Four trajectories of early exit from work since 1970 8
1.2 Pull and push in multilevel and multiple actor constellation model 12
2.1 Age distribution model of workforce and union membership 35
2.2 Triangular model of interest 'collusion' in early retirement policy area 38
4.1 Participation rates, men and women aged 65+, 1965 2003 89
4.2 Participation rates, men aged 55 64,1965 2003 92
4.3 Participation rates, women aged 55 64, 1965 2003 93
4.4 Relative exit rates for men aged 60 64, 1970 2003 105
4.5 Relative exit rates for women aged 60 64, 1970 2003 106
4.6 Relative exit rates for men aged 55 59, 1978 2004 110
4.7 Relative exit rates for women aged 55 59, 1978 2004 111
5.1 Multiple pathways to early exit from work 117
6.1 'Push'in liberal market economy (Anglophone model) 189
6.2 'Push' in coordinated market economy (Continental model) 191
7.1 Old age and disability pension expenditure, 1960 2001 206
7.2 Unemployment rate of men aged 55 64,1970 2003 226
7.3 Development in old age and disability pension expenditure
since 1980 246
7.4 European Union 2010 target and employment rates for workers
aged 55 64, 1994 and 2004 248
8.1 Path dependent feedback processes in early retirement 268
8.2 Path dependence in pension reform processes 273
List of Tables
1.1 Conceptual map of protection, production, and partnership regimes 18
3.1 Three worlds of welfare regimes 5 7
3.2 Welfare states in Europe, Japan, and the United States 62
3.3 Two varieties of capitalism 64
3.4 Market economies in Europe, Japan, and the United States 68
3.5 Three ideal typical modes of labor relations 69
3.6 Labor relations in Europe, Japan, and the United States 74
3.7 Institutional affinities between protection, production,
and partnership 76
3.8 Mapping the socioeconomic models 79
4.1 Men and women aged 65+ by employment status, 1999 90
4.2 Unemployment rates, men and women aged 55 59 and 60 64,
1965 2003 94
4.3 Employment rates, men aged 55 59 and 60 64,1965 2003 97
4.4 Employment rates, women aged 55 59 and 60 64,1965 2003 99
4.5 Male and female part time employment, age groups 15 64,1999 102
4.6 Absolute and relative exit rates, men aged 60 64, 1970 2003 107
4.7 Absolute and relative exit rates, women aged 60 64, 1970 2003 108
4.8 Cross national variations in early exit from work for men
and women 113
5.1 The expansion of public pension pathways 120
5.2 The expansion of unemployment pathways 132
5.3 The expansion of disability pathways 137
5.4 Recipients of disability, preretirement, and unemployment benefits 138
5.5 Overview of pathways to early exit from work 151
5.6 Index of pathways ranked by exit opportunities 152
5.7 Three worlds of welfare regimes and early exit patterns 153
6.1 The public private mix in pension schemes 165
6.2 Occupational pensions and financial markets 166
6.3 The public private mix in exit pathways 171
6.4 Secondary sector, public employment, and early exit, 1960 2000 174
6.5 Age related skill profile, men and women aged 55 64, 1999 176
6.6 Sectoral overrepresentation of retired men aged 55 64, 1995 178
6.7 Labor relations and early exit patterns 181
List of Tables
6.8 Varieties of Capitalism and early exit patterns 198
7.1 Reforms of statutory pension age and seniority/flexible pensions 209
7.2 Replacement rate and recipients of disability benefits 214
7.3 Unemployment rate and labor market policy expenditure 224
7.4 Reversing pathways to early exit 235
7.5 Typology of exit patterns and policy reversal 243
8.1 Early exit from work and regime configurations 258
8.2 Policy reversals across welfare state regimes and labor relations 266
xv |
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| author | Ebbinghaus, Bernhard 1961- |
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| geographic | Europa USA Japan (DE-588)4028495-5 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa USA Japan |
| id | DE-604.BV021735882 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:27:50Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:14:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199286119 0199286116 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014949324 |
| oclc_num | 65202999 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-703 |
| physical | XVII, 331 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ebbinghaus, Bernhard 1961- Verfasser (DE-588)114315515 aut Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA Bernhard Ebbinghaus 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2006 XVII, 331 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Politik Early retirement Europe Early retirement Europe Evaluation Early retirement Japan Early retirement Japan Evaluation Early retirement United States Early retirement United States Evaluation Retirement Government policy Europe Retirement Government policy Japan Retirement Government policy United States Vorruhestandsregelung (DE-588)4198116-9 gnd rswk-swf Sozialpartner (DE-588)4055874-5 gnd rswk-swf Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd rswk-swf Vorruhestand (DE-588)4122404-8 gnd rswk-swf Europa USA Japan (DE-588)4028495-5 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Vorruhestand (DE-588)4122404-8 s Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Japan (DE-588)4028495-5 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g DE-604 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Vorruhestandsregelung (DE-588)4198116-9 s Sozialpartner (DE-588)4055874-5 s Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 s 1\p DE-604 Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 s 2\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014949324&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Ebbinghaus, Bernhard 1961- Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Politik Early retirement Europe Early retirement Europe Evaluation Early retirement Japan Early retirement Japan Evaluation Early retirement United States Early retirement United States Evaluation Retirement Government policy Europe Retirement Government policy Japan Retirement Government policy United States Vorruhestandsregelung (DE-588)4198116-9 gnd Sozialpartner (DE-588)4055874-5 gnd Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 gnd Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd Vorruhestand (DE-588)4122404-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4198116-9 (DE-588)4055874-5 (DE-588)4115716-3 (DE-588)4002737-5 (DE-588)4122404-8 (DE-588)4028495-5 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA |
| title_auth | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA |
| title_exact_search | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA |
| title_full | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA Bernhard Ebbinghaus |
| title_fullStr | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA Bernhard Ebbinghaus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA Bernhard Ebbinghaus |
| title_short | Reforming early retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA |
| title_sort | reforming early retirement in europe japan and the usa |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Politik Early retirement Europe Early retirement Europe Evaluation Early retirement Japan Early retirement Japan Evaluation Early retirement United States Early retirement United States Evaluation Retirement Government policy Europe Retirement Government policy Japan Retirement Government policy United States Vorruhestandsregelung (DE-588)4198116-9 gnd Sozialpartner (DE-588)4055874-5 gnd Reform (DE-588)4115716-3 gnd Arbeitsmarktpolitik (DE-588)4002737-5 gnd Vorruhestand (DE-588)4122404-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Politik Early retirement Europe Early retirement Europe Evaluation Early retirement Japan Early retirement Japan Evaluation Early retirement United States Early retirement United States Evaluation Retirement Government policy Europe Retirement Government policy Japan Retirement Government policy United States Vorruhestandsregelung Sozialpartner Reform Arbeitsmarktpolitik Vorruhestand Europa USA Japan |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014949324&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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