Muscular Work: a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Washington
Carnegie Inst.
1913
|
| Series: | Carnegie Institution of Washington publication
No 187 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | VI, 176 S. |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Benedict, Francis Gano |d 1870-1957 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)116119977 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Muscular Work |b a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine |c by Francis G[ano] Benedict and Edward P. Cathcart |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington |b Carnegie Inst. |c 1913 | |
| 300 | |a VI, 176 S. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Carnegie Institution of Washington publication |v No 187 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Metabolism | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cathcart, Edward P. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text |
MUSCULAR WORK
A METABOLIC STUDY WITH: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HUMAN
BODY AS A MACHINE
4f #' AT'
FRANCIS G BENEDICT AND EDWARD P CATHCART
Carnsg'e/B i^bor
Depositum im
'WATIUS 10LLS3
VI l If EN1?' IG ft,,)
WASHINGTON, D C
PUBLISHED BY THE CAKNEGIE INSTITUTION OP WASHINGTON
CONTENTS
PART I
Introduction 3
Pioneer investigations on metabolism in its relat ion to muscular work and animal heat 5
Gaseous exchange during muscular work 5
Heat output of the animal body _ 8
Later investigations on metabolism in its relation to muscular work and animal heat 13
Investigations by Zuntz and his associates
Investigations in the French laboratories
Investigations by the chamber method
Methods and apparatus used in this research
General plan of the research
Determination of the basal metabolism
Determination of the nitrogen excretion
Pulse observations
Determination of the alveolar air
Observations on the influence of diet
Experiments with untrained subjects 25
Apparatus for muscular work iJf 25
Apparatus for determining thej gaseous exchange 27
Routine of experiments |!| _ 31
Computation of the energy output from thel oxygen consumption 32
; ' PaAt II •
Statistics of experiments i ; 35
Lying vs sitting experiments 36
No-load experiments 40
Work experiments 43
PART III
Discussion of results - 71
The character of the katabolism as affected by muscular work 71
Determination of the respiratory quotient 72
•Errors incidental to the determination of the carl on-dioxide production 73
Errors incidental to the determination of the oxygen consumption 73
Physiological sources of error in gas measurements 75
The basal metabolism 76
The normal resting metabolism as determined in this research 77
The character of the katabolism during muscular work as indicated by the re
spiratory quotient 80
Theories of Chauveau and Zuntz as to the character of the katabolism during
muscular work 80
The respiratory quotients of the bicycle ergometer experiments and their sig
nificanceS3
General comparison of the respiratory quotients S3
Influence upon the respiratory quotient of increasing amounts of work 86
Influence upon the respiratory quotient of variations in the amount of car
bohydrates in the diet 88
Subsidiary evidence with regard to the effect of muscular work on the char
acter of the katabolism 89
Influence upon the respiratory quotient of variations in the amount of work
done 91
Conclusions regarding the influence of muscular work upon the character of
the katabolism 94
Estimates of the amount of carbohydrates in the body 96
Urine excretion in experiments with muscular work 98
Mechanical efficiency of the human body 101
Previous studies on the mechanical efficiency of the human body 101
v
VI CONTENTS
PAGE
The unit of efficiency 112
Gross and net efficiency 112
Methods of computing the net efficiency 113
Comparison of basal metabolism in bic3'cle ergometer experiments 115
Increment in metabolism due to changing from a lying to a sitting position 115
Increment in metabolism due to a change in position from lying on a couch to
sitting on a motor-driven ergometer 117
Increment in metabolism due to a change in position from lying on a couch to
riding on an ergometer with no load and no motor 118
Increment in metabolism in no-load experiments due to a change from a motor-
driven ergometer to riding without mot or 120
Gross and net efficiency of subjects in respiration experiments with the bicycle
ergometer 121
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained in experiments with
the subject sitting on the bicycle ergometer • • • 126
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained in no-load experiments
without motor • • • 1^8
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained in no-load experiments
with a motor-driven ergometer 130
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained with a current of 0 5
ampere : 131
Efficiency in work experiments based upon values obtained with a current of
0 95 ampere 135
General consideration of the experimental data obtained with the professional
subject, MAM 136
Relationships between speed and efficiency 138
Comparison of the efficiency in the earlier and later experiments with the
ergometer 143
Relationship between efficiency and t he character of the diet 145
Physiological effects of muscular work 147
Mechanics of respiration 147
Ventilation of the lungs as affected by muscular work 147
Carbon-dioxide content of the alveolar air after muscular work 149
Collapse from excess of carbon dioxide in the ventilating current 150
Pulse-rate 153
Body-temperature ' 157
The maximum working capacity of man 160
The after-effects of muscular work _ 163
An attempted analysis of the components of the total energy transformations
incidental to severe muscular work 173
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Bicycle ergometer and universal respiration apparatus Frontispiece
Fig 1 Calibration curves showing heat per revolution of ergometer II 27
2 Schematic outline of the respiration apparatus 28
3 Tension equalizer and flexible mouthpiece 29
4 Curves showing oxygen consumption per minute with the subject riding
at different speeds1 and with varying loads 137
5 Curves showing the total heat output per minute and corresponding external
muscular work per minute, expressed in calories, for subject riding with
constant load — 1 5'amperesat varying speeds 138
6 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 1 05 calories per minute 153
7 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 1 5 calories per minute 154
8 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 2 0 calories per minute 155
9 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 2 25 calories per minute 156
10 Continuous records of the rectal temperature obtained by thermal element
during severe muscular work 158
vii |
| adam_txt |
MUSCULAR WORK
A METABOLIC STUDY WITH: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HUMAN
BODY AS A MACHINE
4f #' AT'
FRANCIS G BENEDICT AND EDWARD P CATHCART
Carnsg'e/B i^bor
Depositum im
'WATIUS 10LLS3
VI l If EN1?' IG ft,,)
WASHINGTON, D C
PUBLISHED BY THE CAKNEGIE INSTITUTION OP WASHINGTON
CONTENTS
PART I
Introduction 3
Pioneer investigations on metabolism in its relat ion to muscular work and animal heat 5
Gaseous exchange during muscular work 5
Heat output of the animal body _ 8
Later investigations on metabolism in its relation to muscular work and animal heat 13
Investigations by Zuntz and his associates
Investigations in the French laboratories
Investigations by the chamber method
Methods and apparatus used in this research
General plan of the research
Determination of the basal metabolism
Determination of the nitrogen excretion
Pulse observations
Determination of the alveolar air
Observations on the influence of diet
Experiments with untrained subjects 25
Apparatus for muscular work iJf 25
Apparatus for determining thej gaseous exchange 27
Routine of experiments |!| _ 31
Computation of the energy output from thel oxygen consumption 32
; ' PaAt II •
Statistics of experiments i ; 35
Lying vs sitting experiments 36
No-load experiments 40
Work experiments 43
PART III
Discussion of results - 71
The character of the katabolism as affected by muscular work 71
Determination of the respiratory quotient 72
•Errors incidental to the determination of the carl on-dioxide production 73
Errors incidental to the determination of the oxygen consumption 73
Physiological sources of error in gas measurements 75
The basal metabolism 76
The normal resting metabolism as determined in this research 77
The character of the katabolism during muscular work as indicated by the re
spiratory quotient 80
Theories of Chauveau and Zuntz as to the character of the katabolism during
muscular work 80
The respiratory quotients of the bicycle ergometer experiments and their sig
nificanceS3
General comparison of the respiratory quotients S3
Influence upon the respiratory quotient of increasing amounts of work 86
Influence upon the respiratory quotient of variations in the amount of car
bohydrates in the diet 88
Subsidiary evidence with regard to the effect of muscular work on the char
acter of the katabolism 89
Influence upon the respiratory quotient of variations in the amount of work
done 91
Conclusions regarding the influence of muscular work upon the character of
the katabolism 94
Estimates of the amount of carbohydrates in the body 96
Urine excretion in experiments with muscular work 98
Mechanical efficiency of the human body 101
Previous studies on the mechanical efficiency of the human body 101
v
VI CONTENTS
PAGE
The unit of efficiency 112
Gross and net efficiency 112
Methods of computing the net efficiency 113
Comparison of basal metabolism in bic3'cle ergometer experiments 115
Increment in metabolism due to changing from a lying to a sitting position 115
Increment in metabolism due to a change in position from lying on a couch to
sitting on a motor-driven ergometer 117
Increment in metabolism due to a change in position from lying on a couch to
riding on an ergometer with no load and no motor 118
Increment in metabolism in no-load experiments due to a change from a motor-
driven ergometer to riding without mot or 120
Gross and net efficiency of subjects in respiration experiments with the bicycle
ergometer 121
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained in experiments with
the subject sitting on the bicycle ergometer • • • 126
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained in no-load experiments
without motor • • • 1^8
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained in no-load experiments
with a motor-driven ergometer 130
Efficiency in work experiments based on values obtained with a current of 0 5
ampere : 131
Efficiency in work experiments based upon values obtained with a current of
0 95 ampere 135
General consideration of the experimental data obtained with the professional
subject, MAM 136
Relationships between speed and efficiency 138
Comparison of the efficiency in the earlier and later experiments with the
ergometer 143
Relationship between efficiency and t he character of the diet 145
Physiological effects of muscular work 147
Mechanics of respiration 147
Ventilation of the lungs as affected by muscular work 147
Carbon-dioxide content of the alveolar air after muscular work 149
Collapse from excess of carbon dioxide in the ventilating current 150
Pulse-rate 153
Body-temperature ' 157
The maximum working capacity of man 160
The after-effects of muscular work _ 163
An attempted analysis of the components of the total energy transformations
incidental to severe muscular work 173
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Bicycle ergometer and universal respiration apparatus Frontispiece
Fig 1 Calibration curves showing heat per revolution of ergometer II 27
2 Schematic outline of the respiration apparatus 28
3 Tension equalizer and flexible mouthpiece 29
4 Curves showing oxygen consumption per minute with the subject riding
at different speeds1 and with varying loads 137
5 Curves showing the total heat output per minute and corresponding external
muscular work per minute, expressed in calories, for subject riding with
constant load — 1 5'amperesat varying speeds 138
6 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 1 05 calories per minute 153
7 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 1 5 calories per minute 154
8 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 2 0 calories per minute 155
9 Curves showing the pulse-rate when the external muscular work was equiv
alent to 2 25 calories per minute 156
10 Continuous records of the rectal temperature obtained by thermal element
during severe muscular work 158
vii |
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| series2 | Carnegie Institution of Washington publication |
| spelling | Benedict, Francis Gano 1870-1957 Verfasser (DE-588)116119977 aut Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine by Francis G[ano] Benedict and Edward P. Cathcart Washington Carnegie Inst. 1913 VI, 176 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Carnegie Institution of Washington publication No 187 Metabolism Cathcart, Edward P. Verfasser aut Carnegie Institution of Washington publication No 187 (DE-604)BV035415500 187 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014947373&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Benedict, Francis Gano 1870-1957 Cathcart, Edward P. Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine Carnegie Institution of Washington publication Metabolism |
| title | Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine |
| title_auth | Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine |
| title_exact_search | Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine |
| title_full | Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine by Francis G[ano] Benedict and Edward P. Cathcart |
| title_fullStr | Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine by Francis G[ano] Benedict and Edward P. Cathcart |
| title_full_unstemmed | Muscular Work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine by Francis G[ano] Benedict and Edward P. Cathcart |
| title_short | Muscular Work |
| title_sort | muscular work a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine |
| title_sub | a metabolic study with special reference to the efficiency of the human body as a machine |
| topic | Metabolism |
| topic_facet | Metabolism |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014947373&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035415500 |
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