Engineering tribology:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
2005
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| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 801 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780750678360 0750678364 |
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| 084 | |a MAS 100f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Stachowiak, Gwidon W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Engineering tribology |c Gwidon W. Stachowiak, Andrew W. Batchelor |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 801 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Tribology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tribologie |0 (DE-588)4060847-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Tribologie |0 (DE-588)4060847-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Batchelor, Andrew W. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0513/2005014320.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0622/2005014320-d.html |3 Publisher description | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014946808&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014946808 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135581106569216 |
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| adam_text | E N G I N E E R I N G T R I B O L O G Y THIRD EDITION GWIDON W.
STACHOWIAK SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN
AUSTRALIA, PERTH, AUSTRALIA ANDREW W. BATCHELOR SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
MONASH UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA, BANDAR SUNWAY, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA AMSTERDAM
* BOSTON * HEIDELBERG * LONDON NEW YORK * OXFORD * PARIS * SAN DIEGO SAN
FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO C O N T E N T S 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 BACKGROUND MEANING OF TRIBOLOGY LUBRICATION WEAR COST OF
FRICTION AND WEAR SUMMARY REVISION QUESTIONS REFERENCES 2 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 INTRODUCTION
OIL VISCOSITY DYNAMIC VISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY VISCOSITY
TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS
VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHART VISCOSITY INDEX VISCOSITY PRESSURE
RELATIONSHIP VISCOSITY-SHEAR RATE RELATIONSHIP PSEUDOPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR
THIXOTROPIC BEHAVIOUR VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS
ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS ROTATING CYLINDER VISCOMETER CONE ON PLATE
VISCOMETER OTHER VISCOMETERS VISCOSITY OF MIXTURES 1 1 2 3 5 5 7 8 9 11
11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 17 22 22 24 24 24 26 27 29 29 31 VM ENGINEERING
TRIBOLOGY 2.9 OIL VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION 31 SAE VISCOSITY
CLASSIFICATION 31 ISO VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION 33 2.10 LUBRICANT DENSITY
AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 33 2.11 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 34
SPECIFIC HEAT 34 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 35 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY 35 2.12
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF LUBRICANTS 35 POUR POINT AND CLOUD POINT
36 FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT 37 VOLATILITY AND EVAPORATION 37 OXIDATION
STABILITY 38 THERMAL STABILITY 39 2.13 OTHER LUBRICANT CHARACTERISTICS
40 SURFACE TENSION 40 NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER 43 CARBON RESIDUE 43 2.14
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 43 REFRACTIVE INDEX 43 2.15 ADDITIVE
COMPATIBILITY AND SOLUBILITY 44 ADDITIVE COMPATIBILITY 44 ADDITIVE
SOLUBILITY 44 2.16 LUBRICANT IMPURITIES AND CONTAMINANTS 44 WATER
CONTENT 44 SULPHUR CONTENT 45 ASH CONTENT 45 CHLORINE CONTENT 45 2.17
SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN OILS 45 2.18 SUMMARY 48 REVISION QUESTIONS 48
REFERENCES 49 3 LUBRICANTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION 51
3.2 MINERAL OILS 52 SOURCES OF MINERAL OILS 52 MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL
OILS 54 TYPES OF MINERAL OILS 56 CONTENTS IX CHEMICAL FORMS 56 SULPHUR
CONTENT 57 VISCOSITY 57 3.3 SYNTHETIC OILS 57 MANUFACTURING OF SYNTHETIC
OILS 58 HYDROCARBON SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS 60 POLYALPHAOLEFINS 60
POLYPHENYL ETHERS 60 ESTERS 60 CYCLOALIPHATICS 61 POLYGLYCOLS 61 SILICON
ANALOGUES OF HYDROCARBONS 62 SILICONES 62 SILAHYDROCARBONS 62
ORGANOHALOGENS 62 PERFLUOROPOLYETHERS 63 CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS 63
CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENES 63 PERFLUOROPOLYALKYLETHERS 64
CYCLOPHOSPHAZENES 64 3.4 EMULSIONS AND AQUEOUS LUBRICANTS 64
MANUFACTURING OF EMULSIONS 64 CHARACTERISTICS 66 APPLICATIONS 66 3.5
GREASES 67 MANUFACTURING OF GREASES 67 COMPOSITION 67 BASE OILS 67
THICKENER 68 ADDITIVES 68 FILLERS 69 LUBRICATION MECHANISM OF GREASES 69
GREASE CHARACTERISTICS 73 CONSISTENCY OF GREASES 73 MECHANICAL STABILITY
74 DROP POINT 75 OXIDATION STABILITY 75 THERMAL STABILITY 76 EVAPORATION
LOSS 77 ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY GREASE VISCOSITY CHARACTERISTICS 77
CLASSIFICATION OF GREASES 79 GREASE COMPATIBILITY 81 DEGRADATION OF
GREASES 81 3.6 LUBRICANT ADDITIVES 82 WEAR AND FRICTION IMPROVERS 82
ADSORPTION OR BOUNDARY ADDITIVES 83 ANTI-WEAR ADDITIVES 83 EXTREME
PRESSURE ADDITIVES 86 NANOPARTICLE ADDITIVES 87 ANTI-OXIDANTS 87 OIL
OXIDATION 87 OXIDATION INHIBITORS 90 CORROSION CONTROL ADDITIVES 93
CONTAMINATION CONTROL ADDITIVES 93 VISCOSITY IMPROVERS 95 POUR POINT
DEPRESSANTS 96 FOAM INHIBITORS 96 INTERFERENCE BETWEEN ADDITIVES 96 3.7
SUMMARY 98 REVISION QUESTIONS 98 REFERENCES 98 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
103 4.1 INTRODUCTION 103 4.2 REYNOLDS EQUATION 103 SIMPLIFYING
ASSUMPTIONS 105 EQUILIBRIUM OF AN ELEMENT 105 CONTINUITY OF FLOW IN A
COLUMN 109 SIMPLIFICATIONS TO THE REYNOLDS EQUATION 111 UNIDIRECTIONAL
VELOCITY APPROXIMATION 111 STEADY FILM THICKNESS APPROXIMATION 111
ISOVISCOUS APPROXIMATION 112 INFINITELY LONG BEARING APPROXIMATION 112
NARROW BEARING APPROXIMATION 113 BEARING PARAMETERS PREDICTED FROM
REYNOLDS EQUATION 115 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 115 LOAD CAPACITY 115
FRICTION FORCE 116 CONTENTS XI COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 117 LUBRICANT
FLOW 117 SUMMARY 117 4.3 PAD BEARINGS 118 INFINITE LINEAR PAD BEARING
118 BEARING GEOMETRY 118 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 119 LOAD CAPACITY 121
FRICTION FORCE 122 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 125 LUBRICANT FLOW RATE 126
INFINITE RAYLEIGH STEP BEARING 127 OTHER WEDGE GEOMETRIES OF INFINITE
PAD BEARINGS 130 TAPERED LAND WEDGE 130 PARABOLIC WEDGE 131 PARALLEL
SURFACE BEARINGS 132 SPIRAL GROOVE BEARING 133 FINITE PAD BEARINGS 134
PIVOTED PAD BEARING 135 INLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN PAD BEARING
ANALYSIS 137 4.4 CONVERGING-DIVERGING WEDGES 139 BEARING GEOMETRY 140
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 140 FULL-SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY CONDITION 142
HALF-SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY CONDITION 143 REYNOLDS BOUNDARY CONDITION 145
LOAD CAPACITY 146 4.5 JOURNAL BEARINGS 148 EVALUATION OF THE MAIN
PARAMETERS 148 BEARING GEOMETRY 148 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 150 LOAD
CAPACITY 151 FRICTION FORCE 156 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 157 LUBRICANT
FLOW RATE 159 PRACTICAL AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF JOURNAL BEARINGS 161
LUBRICANT SUPPLY 161 CAVITATION 165 JOURNAL BEARINGS WITH MOVABLE PADS
166 XN ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY JOURNAL BEARINGS INCORPORATING A RAYLEIGH
STEP 167 OIL WHIRL OR LUBRICANT CAUSED VIBRATION 167 ROTATING LOAD 170
TILTED SHAFTS 172 PARTIAL BEARINGS 173 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE
BEARING 174 INFINITELY LONG APPROXIMATION IN JOURNAL BEARINGS 174 4.6
THERMAL EFFECTS IN BEARINGS 175 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS IN BEARINGS 175
CONDUCTION 176 CONVECTION 176 CONDUCTED / CONVECTED HEAT RATIO 177
ISOVISCOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS OF BEARINGS 178 ITERATIVE METHOD 178
CONSTANT FLOW METHOD 179 NON-ISOVISCOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS OF BEARINGS
WITH LOCALLY VARYING VISCOSITY 180 MULTIPLE REGRESSION IN BEARING
ANALYSIS 182 BEARING INLET TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL INTERACTION BETWEEN
PADS OF A MICHELL BEARING 4.7 LIMITS OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 4.8
HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION WITH NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS TURBULENCE AND
HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION WITH NON-NEWTONIAN
LUBRICANTS INERTIA EFFECTS IN HYDRODYNAMICS COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
COMPRESSIBLE HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION IN GAS BEARINGS 4.9 REYNOLDS
EQUATION FOR SQUEEZE FILMS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION LOAD CAPACITY SQUEEZE
TIME CAVITATION AND SQUEEZE FILMS MICROSCOPIC SQUEEZE FILM EFFECTS
BETWEEN ROUGH SLIDING SURFACES 4.10 POROUS BEARINGS 4.11 SUMMARY
REVISION QUESTIONS REFERENCES 5 COMPUTATIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS 5.1
INTRODUCTION CONTENTS XFFL 5.2 NON-DIMENSIONALIZATION OF THE REYNOLDS
EQUATION 205 5.3 THE VOGELPOHL PARAMETER 206 5.4 FINITE DIFFERENCE
EQUIVALENT OF THE REYNOLDS EQUATION 208 DEFINITION OF SOLUTION DOMAIN
AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 210 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE FIELD 211
CALCULATION OF DIMENSIONLESS FRICTION FORCE AND FRICTION COEFFICIENT 211
NUMERICAL SOLUTION TECHNIQUE FOR VOGELPOHL EQUATION 214 5.5 NUMERICAL
ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION IN IDEALIZED JOURNAL AND PARTIAL
ARC BEARINGS 214 EXAMPLE OF DATA FROM NUMERICAL ANALYSIS, THE EFFECT OF
SHAFT MISALIGNMENT 215 5.6 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION IN A REAL BEARING 220 5.6.1 THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
220 GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION 221 GOVERNING EQUATIONS IN THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
FOR A ONE-DIMENSIONAL BEARING 222 THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS FOR THE
FINITE PAD BEARING 225 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 226 FINITE DIFFERENCE
EQUATIONS FOR THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 227 TREATMENT OF BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS IN THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 230 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR
THE ANALYSIS OF AN INFINITELY LONG PAD BEARING IN THE CASE OF
THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 231 EXAMPLE OF THE ANALYSIS OF AN
INFINITELY LONG PAD BEARING IN THE CASE OF THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION 232 5.6.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS IN A PAD BEARING 235 COMPUTER
PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF AN ELASTICALLY DEFORMING ONE- DIMENSIONAL
PIVOTED MICHELL PAD BEARING 237 EFFECT OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE PAD
ON LOAD CAPACITY AND FILM THICKNESS 237 5.6.3 CAVITATION AND FILM
REFORMATION IN GROOVED JOURNAL BEARINGS 240 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE
ANALYSIS OF GROOVED 360 JOURNAL BEARINGS 244 EXAMPLE OF THE ANALYSIS OF
A GROOVED 360 JOURNAL BEARING 244 5.6.4 VIBRATIONAL STABILITY IN
JOURNAL BEARINGS 250 DETERMINATION OF STIFFNESS AND DAMPING COEFFICIENTS
250 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONAL STABILITY IN A
PARTIAL ARC JOURNAL BEARING 255 EXAMPLE OF THE ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONAL
STABILITY IN A PARTIAL ARC JOURNAL BEARING 255 5.7 SUMMARY 258 REVISION
QUESTIONS 258 REFERENCES 259 XIV ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY 6 HYDROSTATIC
LUBRICATION 261 6.1 INTRODUCTION 261 6.2 HYDROSTATIC BEARING ANALYSIS
262 FLAT CIRCULAR HYDROSTATIC PAD BEARING 262 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 262
LUBRICANT FLOW 263 LOAD CAPACITY 263 FRICTION TORQUE 264 FRICTION POWER
LOSS 266 NON-FLAT CIRCULAR HYDROSTATIC PAD BEARINGS 266 PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION 267 LUBRICANT FLOW 268 LOAD CAPACITY 269 FRICTION TORQUE
269 FRICTION POWER LOSS 269 6.3 GENERALIZED APPROACH TO HYDROSTATIC
BEARING ANALYSIS 270 FLAT CIRCULAR PAD BEARINGS 270 FLAT SQUARE PAD
BEARINGS 270 6.4 OPTIMIZATION OF HYDROSTATIC BEARING DESIGN 271
MINIMIZATION OF POWER 271 LOW SPEED RECESSED BEARINGS 273 HIGH SPEED
RECESSED BEARINGS 273 CONTROL OF LUBRICANT FILM THICKNESS AND BEARING
STIFFNESS 274 STIFFNESS WITH CONSTANT FLOW METHOD 275 STIFFNESS WITH
CAPILLARY RESTRICTORS 275 STIFFNESS WITH AN ORIFICE 277 STIFFNESS WITH
PRESSURE SENSORS 278 6.5 AEROSTATIC BEARINGS 279 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
280 GAS FLOW 280 LOAD CAPACITY 281 FRICTION TORQUE 281 POWER LOSS 282
6.6 HYBRID BEARINGS 282 6.7 STABILITY OF HYDROSTATIC AND AEROSTATIC
BEARINGS 282 6.8 SUMMARY 283 REVISION QUESTIONS 283 REFERENCES 284
CONTENTS XV ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 287 7.1 INTRODUCTION 287 7.2
CONTACT STRESSES 288 SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS TO HERTZ S THEORY 288
STRESS STATUS IN STATIC CONTACT 289 STRESS STATUS IN LUBRICATED ROLLING
AND SLIDING CONTACTS 289 7.3 CONTACT BETWEEN TWO ELASTIC SPHERICAL OR
SPHEROIDAL BODIES 290 GEOMETRY OF CONTACTING ELASTIC BODIES 291 TWO
ELASTIC BODIES WITH CONVEX SURFACES IN CONTACT 292 TWO ELASTIC BODIES
WITH ONE CONVEX AND ONE FLAT SURFACE IN CONTACT 293 TWO ELASTIC BODIES
WITH ONE CONVEX AND ONE CONCAVE SURFACE IN CONTACT 294 CONTACT AREA,
PRESSURE, MAXIMUM DEFLECTION AND POSITION OF THE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
295 CONTACT BETWEEN TWO SPHERES 295 CONTACT BETWEEN A SPHERE AND A PLANE
SURFACE 298 CONTACT BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CYLINDERS 300 CONTACT BETWEEN
TWO CROSSED CYLINDERS WITH EQUAL DIAMETERS 303 ELLIPTICAL CONTACT
BETWEEN TWO ELASTIC BODIES, GENERAL CASE 305 TOTAL DEFLECTION 310 7.4
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATING FILMS 311 EFFECTS CONTRIBUTING TO THE
GENERATION OF ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILMS 312 HYDRODYNAMIC FILM FORMATION
312 MODIFICATION OF FILM GEOMETRY BY ELASTIC DEFORMATION 312
TRANSFORMATION OF LUBRICANT VISCOSITY AND RHEOLOGY UNDER PRESSURE 313
APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF REYNOLDS EQUATION WITH SIMULTANEOUS ELASTIC
DEFORMATION AND VISCOSITY RISE 313 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILMS 317 ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILM THICKNESS FORMULAE
318 EFFECTS OF THE NON-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS ON EHL CONTACT PRESSURES
AND FILM PROFILES 319 EFFECT OF THE SPEED PARAMETER 319 EFFECT OF THE
MATERIALS PARAMETER 320 EFFECT OF THE LOAD PARAMETER 320 EFFECT OF THE
ELLIPTICITY PARAMETER 321 LUBRICATION REGIMES IN EHL - FILM THICKNESS
FORMULAE 322 ISOVISCOUS-RIGID 323 PIEZOVISCOUS-RIGID 324
ISOVISCOUS-ELASTIC 324 PIEZOVISCOUS-ELASTIC 324 XVI ENGINEERING
TRIBOLOGY IDENTIFICATION OF THE LUBRICATION REGIME 325
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS 325 7.5
MICRO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION AND MIXED OR PARTIAL EHL 328
PARTIAL OR MIXED EHL 329 MICRO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 331 7.6
SURFACE TEMPERATURE AT THE CONJUNCTION BETWEEN CONTACTING SOLIDS AND ITS
EFFECT EN EHL 333 CALCULATION OF SURFACE CONJUNCTION TEMPERATURE 334
FLASH TEMPERATURE IN CIRCULAR CONTACTS 337 FLASH TEMPERATURE IN SQUARE
CONTACTS 337 FLASH TEMPERATURE IN LINE CONTACTS 340 TRUE FLASH
TEMPERATURE RISE 341 FRICTIONAL TEMPERATURE RISE OF LUBRICATED CONTACTS
345 MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER WITHIN THE EHL FILM 347 EFFECT OF SURFACE
FILMS ON CONJUNCTION TEMPERATURES 348 MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACE
TEMPERATURE IN THE EHL CONTACTS 348 7.7 TRACTION AND EHL 349 A
SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF TRACTION IN THE EHL CONTACT 352 NON-NEWTONIAN
LUBRICANT RHEOLOGY AND EHL 354 EHL BETWEEN MESHING GEAR WHEELS 356 7.8
SUMMARY 358 REVISION QUESTIONS 358 REFERENCES 360 8 BOUNDARY AND EXTREME
PRESSURE LUBRICATION 363 8.1 INTRODUCTION 363 8.2 LOW TEMPERATURE - LOW
LOAD LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 365 8.3 LOW TEMPERATURE - HIGH LOAD
LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 366 MODEL OF ADSORPTION ON SLIDING SURFACES 367
PHYSISORPTION 368 CHEMISORPTION 370 INFLUENCE OF THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
OF THE LUBRICANT ON ADSORPTION LUBRICATION 371 INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AND
WATER 375 DYNAMIC NATURE OF ADSORPTION UNDER SLIDING CONDITIONS 377
MIXED LUBRICATION AND SCUFFING 378 METALLURGICAL EFFECTS 385 INTERACTION
BETWEEN SURFACTANT AND CARRIER FLUID 386 8.4 HIGH TEMPERATURE - MEDIUM
LOAD LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 387 CONTENTS XVII CHAIN MATCHING 387 THICK
FILMS OF SOAPY OR AMORPHOUS MATERIAL 390 SOAP LAYERS 390 AMORPHOUS
LAYERS 391 8.5 HIGH TEMPERATURE - HIGH LOAD LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 395
MODEL OF LUBRICATION BY SACRIFICIAL FILMS 395 ADDITIVE REACTIVITY AND
ITS EFFECT ON LUBRICATION 396 NASCENT METALLIC SURFACES AND ACCELERATED
FILM FORMATION 399 INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AND WATER ON THE LUBRICATION
MECHANISM BY SACRIFICIAL FILMS 401 MECHANISM OF LUBRICATION BY MILDER EP
ADDITIVES 404 FUNCTION OF ACTIVE ELEMENTS OTHER THAN SULPHUR 404
LUBRICATION WITH TWO ACTIVE ELEMENTS 405 TEMPERATURE DISTRESS 407 SPEED
LIMITATIONS OF SACRIFICIAL FILM MECHANISM 409 TRIBO-EMISSION FROM WORN
SURFACES 409 8.6 BOUNDARY AND EP LUBRICATION OF NON-METALLIC SURFACES
410 8.7 SUMMARY 411 REVISION QUESTIONS 411 REFERENCES 412 SOLID
LUBRICATION AND SURFACE TREATMENTS 419 9.1 INTRODUCTION 419 9.2
LUBRICATION BY SOLIDS 419 9.2.1 LUBRICATION BY LAMELLAR SOLIDS 420
FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMELLAR SOLIDS 423 GRAPHITE AND
MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE 423 CARBON-BASED MATERIALS OTHER THAN GRAPHITE 427
MINOR SOLID LUBRICANTS 428 9.2.2 REDUCTION OF FRICTION BY SOFT METALLIC
FILMS 429 REDUCTION OF FRICTION BY METAL OXIDES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES 430
9.2.3 DEPOSITION METHODS OF SOLID LUBRICANTS 430 TRADITIONAL METHODS OF
SOLID LUBRICANT DEPOSITION 431 MODERN METHODS OF SOLID LUBRICANT
DEPOSITION 432 SOLID LUBRICANTS AS ADDITIVES TO OILS AND POLYMERS 433
9.3 WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS AND SURFACE TREATMENTS 434 9.3.1 TECHNIQUES
OF PRODUCING WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS 435 COATING TECHNIQUES DEPENDENT ON
VACUUM OR GAS AT VERY LOW PRESSURE 435 PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 436
XVIII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 438
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 439 ION IMPLANTATION 440 COATING
PROCESSES REQUIRING LOCALIZED SOURCES OF INTENSE HEAT 440 SURFACE
WELDING 441 THERMAL SPRAYING 441 LASE R SURFACE HARDENING AND ALLOYING
443 COATING PROCESSES BASED ON DEPOSITION IN THE SOLID STATE 445
MISCELLANEOUS COATING PROCESSES 445 9.3.2 APPLICATION OF COATINGS AND
SURFACE TREATMENTS IN WEAR AND FRICTION CONTROL 447 CHARACTERISTICS OF
WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS 447 NEW TRENDS IN COATING TECHNOLOGY 450
DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON COATINGS 450 CARBIDE AND NITRIDE COATINGS 451 THICK
COATINGS 452 NANO-ENGINEERED COATINGS 452 OTHER COATINGS 453 9.4 SUMMARY
453 REVISION QUESTIONS 453 REFERENCES 454 10 FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTACT
BETWEEN SOLIDS 461 10.1 INTRODUCTION 461 10.2 SURFACES OF SOLIDS 461
SURFACES AT A NANO SCALE 462 SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 463 CHARACTERIZATION OF
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 466 CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS 466 MULTI-SCALE CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE
TOPOGRAPHY 468 CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY FOURIER
TRANSFORM 470 CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY WAVELETS 470
CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY FRACTALS 470 CHARACTERIZATION
OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY COMBINATION OF WAVELETS AND FRACTALS 474
OPTIMUM SURFACE ROUGHNESS 475 10.3 CONTACT BETWEEN SOLIDS 475 MODEL OF
CONTACT BETWEEN SOLIDS BASED ON STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF ROUGH SURFACES
477 CONTENTS XIX MODEL OF CONTACT BETWEEN SOLIDS BASED ON THE FRACTAL
GEOMETRY OF ROUGH SURFACES 480 EFFECT OF SLIDING ON CONTACT BETWEEN
SOLID SURFACES 482 10.4 FRICTION AND WEAR 483 ONSET OF SLIDING AND
MECHANISM OF STICK-SLIP 484 STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATIC AND
SLIDING CONTACTS 486 FRICTION AND OTHER CONTACT PHENOMENA IN ROLLING 488
CONCENTRATION OF FRICTIONAL HEAT AT THE ASPERITY CONTACTS 491
THERMOELASTIC INSTABILITY AND TRANSIENT HUMP FORMATION 492
TRIBO-ELECTRIFICATION OF SLIDING CONTACTS 493 WEAR BETWEEN SURFACES OF
SOLIDS 493 10.5 SUMMARY 494 REVISION QUESTIONS 494 REFERENCES 495 11
ABRASIVE, EROSIVE AND CAVITATION WEAR 501 11.1 INTRODUCTION 501 11.2
ABRASIVE WEAR 501 MECHANISMS OF ABRASIVE WEAR 502 MODES OF ABRASIVE WEAR
504 ANALYTICAL MODELS OF ABRASIVE WEAR 505 ABRASIVITY OF PARTICLES 512
ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS 517 ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF
STEELS 520 ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF POLYMERS AND RUBBERS 522 ABRASIVE
WEAR RESISTANCE OF CERAMICS 523 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ABRASIVE WEAR
524 EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ABRASIVE WEAR 525 CONTROL OF ABRASIVE WEAR 526
11.3 EROSIVE WEAR 527 MECHANISMS OF EROSIVE WEAR 527 EFFECT OF
IMPINGEMENT ANGLE AND IMPACT SPEED ON EROSIVE WEAR RATE 529 EFFECT OF
PARTICLE SHAPE, HARDNESS, SIZE AND FLUX RATES ON EROSIVE WEAR RATE 530
EROSIVE WEAR BY LIQUID 532 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON EROSIVE WEAR 533
EFFECT OF EROSION MEDIA ON EROSIVE WEAR 535 EROSIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF
MATERIALS 536 EROSIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF STEELS 539 EROSIVE WEAR
RESISTANCE OF POLYMERS 540 XX ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY EROSIVE WEAR OF
CERAMICS AND CERMETS 541 11.4 CAVITATION WEAR 542 MECHANISM OF
CAVITATION WEAR 542 CAVITATION WEAR RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS 544 11.5
SUMMARY 545 REVISION QUESTIONS 546 REFERENCES * 547 12 ADHESION AND
ADHESIVE WEAR 553 12.1 INTRODUCTION 553 12.2 MECHANISM OF ADHESION 553
METAL-METAL ADHESION 553 METAL-POLYMER ADHESION 556 METAL-CERAMIC
ADHESION 557 POLYMER-POLYMER AND CERAMIC-CERAMIC ADHESION 557 EFFECTS OF
ADHESION BETWEEN WEARING SURFACES 558 FRICTION DUE TO ADHESION 558
JUNCTION GROWTH BETWEEN CONTACTING ASPERITIES AS A CAUSE OF EXTREME
FRICTION 559 SEIZURE AND SCUFFING 562 ASPERITY DEFORMATION AND FORMATION
OF WEAR PARTICLES 562 TRANSFER FILMS 564 12.3 CONTROL OF THE ADHESIVE
WEAR 568 CONTAMINANT LAYERS FORMED DUE TO SURFACE OXIDATION AND BULK
IMPURITIES 569 LUBRICANTS 569 FAVOURABLE COMBINATIONS OF SLIDING
MATERIALS 570 12.4 SUMMARY 570 REVISION QUESTIONS 570 REFERENCES 571 13
CORROSIVE AND OXIDATIVE WEAR 573 13.1 INTRODUCTION 573 13.2 CORROSIVE
WEAR 573 TRANSITION BETWEEN CORROSIVE AND ADHESIVE WEAR 578 SYNERGISM
BETWEEN CORROSIVE AND ABRASIVE WEAR 580 TRIBOCHEMICAL POLISHING 581 13.3
OXIDATIVE WEAR 582 KINETICS OF OXIDE FILM GROWTH ON METALS AT HIGH AND
LOW TEMPERATURES 582 OXIDATIVE WEAR AT HIGH SLIDING SPEEDS 583 CONTENTS
XXI OXIDATIVE WEAR AT LOW SLIDING SPEEDS 585 OXIDATIVE WEAR AT HIGH
TEMPERATURE AND STRESS 586 OXIDATIVE WEAR AT LOW TEMPERATURE
APPLICATIONS 588 TRANSITION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE AND ADHESIVE WEAR 588
OXIDATIVE WEAR UNDER LUBRICATED CONDITIONS 588 MEANS OF CONTROLLING
CORROSIVE AND OXIDATIVE WEAR 589 13.4 SUMMARY 590 REVISION QUESTIONS 590
REFERENCES 591 14 FATIGUE WEAR 595 14.1 INTRODUCTION 595 14.2 FATIGUE
WEAR DURING SLIDING 596 SURFACE CRACK INITIATED FATIGUE WEAR 597
SUBSURFACE CRACK INITIATED FATIGUE WEAR 599 EFFECT OF LUBRICATION ON
FATIGUE WEAR DURING SLIDING 601 PLASTIC RATCHETTING 602 14.3 FATIGUE
WEAR DURING ROLLING 603 CAUSES OF CONTACT FATIGUE 604 ASPERITY CONTACT
DURING EHL AND THE ROLE OF DEBRIS IN THE LUBRICANT IN CONTACT FATIGUE
604 MATERIAL IMPERFECTIONS 605 PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN WHEEL-RAIL
CONTACTS 605 SELF-PROPAGATING NATURE OF CONTACT FATIGUE CRACKS 606
SUBSURFACE AND SURFACE MODES OF CONTACT FATIGUE 607 EFFECT OF LUBRICANT
ON CONTACT FATIGUE 610 HYDRAULIC PRESSURE CRACK PROPAGATION 610 CHEMICAL
EFFECTS OF LUBRICANT ADDITIVES, OXYGEN AND WATER ON CONTACT FATIGUE 611
MATERIALS EFFECT ON CONTACT FATIGUE 613 INFLUENCE OF OPERATING
CONDITIONS ON ROLLING WEAR AND CONTACT FATIGUE 614 14.4 MEANS OF
CONTROLLING FATIGUE WEAR 615 14.5 SUMMARY 615 REVISION QUESTIONS 615
REFERENCES 616 15 FRETTING AND MINOR WEAR MECHANISMS 621 15.1
INTRODUCTION 621 15.2 FRETTING WEAR 622 MICROSCOPIC MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE
CONTACT UNDER APPLIED LOADS 622 XXII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY ELASTIC MODEL
FOR FRETTING CONTACTS 622 ELASTO-PLASTIC MODEL FOR FRETTING CONTACTS 624
FRETTING REGIMES 625 EFFECT OF AMPLITUDE AND DEBRIS RETENTION ON
FRETTING WEAR 626 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FRETTING WEAR 628 EFFECTS OF
TEMPERATURE AND LUBRICANTS ON FRETTING 632 EFFECT OF MATERIALS
PROPERTIES AND SURFACE FINISH ON FRETTING 633 FRETTING FATIGUE 634
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF FRETTING 636 MEANS OF CONTROLLING FRETTING 638
15.3 MELTING WEAR 639 15.4 WEAR DUE TO ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES AND PASSAGE
OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ACROSS A CONTACT 641 15.5 DIFFUSIVE WEAR 643 15.6
IMPACT WEAR 643 15.7 SUMMARY 645 REVISION QUESTIONS 646 REFERENCES 646
16 WEAR OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 651 16.1 INTRODUCTION 651 16.2
TRIBOLOGY OF POLYMERS 651 SLIDING WEAR OF POLYMERS, TRANSFER LAYERS ON A
HARDER COUNTERFACE 653 INFLUENCE OF COUNTERFACE ROUGHNESS, HARDNESS AND
MATERIAL TYPE ON TRANSFER FILMS AND ASSOCIATED WEAR AND FRICTION OF
POLYMERS 654 COUNTERFACE HARDNESS 655 COUNTERFACE ROUGHNESS 655
COUNTERFACE SURFACE ENERGY 658 PV LIMIT 658 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON
POLYMER WEAR AND FRICTION 659 LIMIT ON FRICTIONAL TEMPERATURE RISE
IMPOSED BY SURFACE MELTING 660 EFFECT OF HIGH FRICTIONAL TEMPERATURES
AND SLIDING SPEEDS ON WEAR 663 COMBINED EFFECT OF HIGH SURFACE ROUGHNESS
AND ELEVATED CONTACT TEMPERATURE ON WEAR 664 FATIGUE WEAR OF POLYMERS
AND LONG TERM WEAR KINETICS 665 VISCO-ELASTICITY AND THE RUBBERY STATE
666 FRICTION AND WEAR IN THE RUBBERY STATE 667 SCHALLAMACH WAVES 668
VISCO-ELASTICITY AND FRICTION OF RUBBERS 669 WEAR MECHANISMS PARTICULAR
TO RUBBERY SOLIDS 670 CONTENTS XXM EFFECT OF LUBRICANT, CORROSIVE AGENTS
AND MICROSTRUCTURE ON WEAR AND FRICTION OF POLYMERS 670 EFFECTS OF
LUBRICANTS 670 EFFECTS OF CORROSIVE AGENTS 671 EFFECT OF OXIDIZING AND
BIOCHEMICAL REAGENTS 673 EFFECTS OF POLYMER MICROSTRUCTURE 674 16.3
TRIBOLOGY OF POLYMER COMPOSITES 675 POLYMER BLENDS 676 FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYMERS 676 CHOPPED FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS 676 UNIDIRECTIONAL AND
WOVEN FIBRE REINFORCEMENTS 677 MODELLING OF WEAR OF FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYMERS 679 POWDER COMPOSITES 680 16.4 WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMICS
681 UNLUBRICATED WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMIC-CERAMIC CONTACTS 683 DRY
FRICTION AND WEAR OF CERAMICS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 684 DRY FRICTION AND
WEAR OF CERAMICS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES 685 FRICTION AND WEAR OF
CERAMICS IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER OR HUMID AIR 685 WEAR MODELLING OF
CERAMICS 687 DRY WEAR AND FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL
CERAMICS 689 LUBRICATED WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMIC-CERAMIC CONTACTS
689 LIQUID LUBRICATION 690 SOLID LUBRICANTS 692 WEAR AND FRICTION OF
CERAMICS AGAINST METALLIC MATERIALS 693 WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMICS
AGAINST POLYMERS 696 WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 697
16.5 SUMMARY 697 REVISION QUESTIONS 698 REFERENCES 699 17 FUTURE
DIRECTIONS IN TRIBOLOGY 705 17.1 INTRODUCTION 705 17.2 BIOTRIBOLOGY 705
BIOTRIBOLOGY OF LIVING TISSUES AND ORGANISMS 705 BIOTRIBOLOGY OF
ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH LIVING TISSUES 708 17.3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF TRIBOLOGY 709 17.4 NANOTRIBOLOGY - BASIC
CONCEPTS 711 RELEVANCE TO TRIBOLOGY 712 XXIV ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
NANOLUBRICATION AND SPECIALIZED MATERIALS FOR NANOTRIBOLOGY 713 17.5
SUMMARY 714 REVISION QUESTIONS 715 REFERENCES 715 APPENDIX 719
INTRODUCTION * 669 A.I USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE 669 A.2 PROGRAM
VISCOSITY 671 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 673 LIST OF VARIABLES 674 A.3
PROGRAM SIMPLE 674 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 676 LIST OF VARIABLES 677 A.4
PROGRAM PARTIAL 678 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 681 LIST OF VARIABLES 684 A.5
PROGRAM THERMAL 686 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 690 LIST OF VARIABLES 693 A.6
PROGRAM DEFLECTION 696 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 698 LIST OF VARIABLES 701
A.7 PROGRAM GROOVE 702 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 708 LIST OF VARIABLES 714
A.8 PROGRAM STABILITY 716 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 719 LIST OF VARIABLES
721 INDEX 775
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E N G I N E E R I N G T R I B O L O G Y THIRD EDITION GWIDON W.
STACHOWIAK SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN
AUSTRALIA, PERTH, AUSTRALIA ANDREW W. BATCHELOR SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
MONASH UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA, BANDAR SUNWAY, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA AMSTERDAM
* BOSTON * HEIDELBERG * LONDON NEW YORK * OXFORD * PARIS * SAN DIEGO SAN
FRANCISCO * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TOKYO C O N T E N T S 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 BACKGROUND MEANING OF TRIBOLOGY LUBRICATION WEAR COST OF
FRICTION AND WEAR SUMMARY REVISION QUESTIONS REFERENCES 2 PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 INTRODUCTION
OIL VISCOSITY DYNAMIC VISCOSITY KINEMATIC VISCOSITY VISCOSITY
TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE EQUATIONS
VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHART VISCOSITY INDEX VISCOSITY PRESSURE
RELATIONSHIP VISCOSITY-SHEAR RATE RELATIONSHIP PSEUDOPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR
THIXOTROPIC BEHAVIOUR VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS CAPILLARY VISCOMETERS
ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS ROTATING CYLINDER VISCOMETER CONE ON PLATE
VISCOMETER OTHER VISCOMETERS VISCOSITY OF MIXTURES 1 1 2 3 5 5 7 8 9 11
11 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 17 22 22 24 24 24 26 27 29 29 31 VM ENGINEERING
TRIBOLOGY 2.9 OIL VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION 31 SAE VISCOSITY
CLASSIFICATION 31 ISO VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION 33 2.10 LUBRICANT DENSITY
AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY 33 2.11 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 34
SPECIFIC HEAT 34 THERMAL' CONDUCTIVITY 35 THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY 35 2.12
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF LUBRICANTS 35 POUR POINT AND CLOUD POINT
36 FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT 37 VOLATILITY AND EVAPORATION 37 OXIDATION
STABILITY 38 THERMAL STABILITY 39 2.13 OTHER LUBRICANT CHARACTERISTICS
40 SURFACE TENSION 40 NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER 43 CARBON RESIDUE 43 2.14
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS 43 REFRACTIVE INDEX 43 2.15 ADDITIVE
COMPATIBILITY AND SOLUBILITY 44 ADDITIVE COMPATIBILITY 44 ADDITIVE
SOLUBILITY 44 2.16 LUBRICANT IMPURITIES AND CONTAMINANTS 44 WATER
CONTENT 44 SULPHUR CONTENT 45 ASH CONTENT 45 CHLORINE CONTENT 45 2.17
SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN OILS 45 2.18 SUMMARY 48 REVISION QUESTIONS 48
REFERENCES 49 3 LUBRICANTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION 51
3.2 MINERAL OILS 52 SOURCES OF MINERAL OILS 52 MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL
OILS 54 TYPES OF MINERAL OILS 56 CONTENTS IX CHEMICAL FORMS 56 SULPHUR
CONTENT 57 VISCOSITY 57 3.3 SYNTHETIC OILS 57 MANUFACTURING OF SYNTHETIC
OILS 58 HYDROCARBON SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS 60 POLYALPHAOLEFINS 60
POLYPHENYL ETHERS 60 ESTERS 60 CYCLOALIPHATICS 61 POLYGLYCOLS 61 SILICON
ANALOGUES OF HYDROCARBONS 62 SILICONES 62 SILAHYDROCARBONS 62
ORGANOHALOGENS 62 PERFLUOROPOLYETHERS 63 CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS 63
CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENES 63 PERFLUOROPOLYALKYLETHERS 64
CYCLOPHOSPHAZENES 64 3.4 EMULSIONS AND AQUEOUS LUBRICANTS 64
MANUFACTURING OF EMULSIONS 64 CHARACTERISTICS 66 APPLICATIONS 66 3.5
GREASES 67 MANUFACTURING OF GREASES 67 COMPOSITION 67 BASE OILS 67
THICKENER 68 ADDITIVES 68 FILLERS 69 LUBRICATION MECHANISM OF GREASES 69
GREASE CHARACTERISTICS 73 CONSISTENCY OF GREASES 73 MECHANICAL STABILITY
74 DROP POINT 75 OXIDATION STABILITY 75 THERMAL STABILITY 76 EVAPORATION
LOSS 77 ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY GREASE VISCOSITY CHARACTERISTICS 77
CLASSIFICATION OF GREASES 79 GREASE COMPATIBILITY 81 DEGRADATION OF
GREASES 81 3.6 LUBRICANT ADDITIVES 82 WEAR AND FRICTION IMPROVERS 82
ADSORPTION OR BOUNDARY ADDITIVES 83 ANTI-WEAR ADDITIVES 83 EXTREME
PRESSURE ADDITIVES 86 NANOPARTICLE ADDITIVES 87 ANTI-OXIDANTS 87 OIL
OXIDATION 87 OXIDATION INHIBITORS 90 CORROSION CONTROL ADDITIVES 93
CONTAMINATION CONTROL ADDITIVES 93 VISCOSITY IMPROVERS 95 POUR POINT
DEPRESSANTS 96 FOAM INHIBITORS 96 INTERFERENCE BETWEEN ADDITIVES 96 3.7
SUMMARY 98 REVISION QUESTIONS 98 REFERENCES 98 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
103 4.1 INTRODUCTION 103 4.2 REYNOLDS EQUATION 103 SIMPLIFYING
ASSUMPTIONS 105 EQUILIBRIUM OF AN ELEMENT 105 CONTINUITY OF FLOW IN A
COLUMN 109 SIMPLIFICATIONS TO THE REYNOLDS EQUATION 111 UNIDIRECTIONAL
VELOCITY APPROXIMATION 111 STEADY FILM THICKNESS APPROXIMATION 111
ISOVISCOUS APPROXIMATION 112 INFINITELY LONG BEARING APPROXIMATION 112
NARROW BEARING APPROXIMATION 113 BEARING PARAMETERS PREDICTED FROM
REYNOLDS EQUATION 115 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 115 LOAD CAPACITY 115
FRICTION FORCE 116 CONTENTS XI COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 117 LUBRICANT
FLOW 117 SUMMARY 117 4.3 PAD BEARINGS 118 INFINITE LINEAR PAD BEARING
118 BEARING GEOMETRY 118 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 119 LOAD CAPACITY 121
FRICTION FORCE 122 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 125 LUBRICANT FLOW RATE 126
INFINITE RAYLEIGH STEP BEARING 127 OTHER WEDGE GEOMETRIES OF INFINITE
PAD BEARINGS 130 TAPERED LAND WEDGE 130 PARABOLIC WEDGE 131 PARALLEL
SURFACE BEARINGS 132 SPIRAL GROOVE BEARING 133 FINITE PAD BEARINGS 134
PIVOTED PAD BEARING 135 INLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN PAD BEARING
ANALYSIS 137 4.4 CONVERGING-DIVERGING WEDGES 139 BEARING GEOMETRY 140
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 140 FULL-SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY CONDITION 142
HALF-SOMMERFELD BOUNDARY CONDITION 143 REYNOLDS BOUNDARY CONDITION 145
LOAD CAPACITY 146 4.5 JOURNAL BEARINGS 148 EVALUATION OF THE MAIN
PARAMETERS 148 BEARING GEOMETRY 148 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 150 LOAD
CAPACITY 151 FRICTION FORCE 156 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 157 LUBRICANT
FLOW RATE 159 PRACTICAL AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF JOURNAL BEARINGS 161
LUBRICANT SUPPLY 161 CAVITATION 165 JOURNAL BEARINGS WITH MOVABLE PADS
166 XN ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY JOURNAL BEARINGS INCORPORATING A RAYLEIGH
STEP 167 OIL WHIRL OR LUBRICANT CAUSED VIBRATION 167 ROTATING LOAD 170
TILTED SHAFTS 172 PARTIAL BEARINGS 173 ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE
BEARING 174 INFINITELY LONG APPROXIMATION IN JOURNAL BEARINGS 174 4.6
THERMAL EFFECTS IN BEARINGS 175 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS IN BEARINGS 175
CONDUCTION 176 CONVECTION 176 CONDUCTED / CONVECTED HEAT RATIO 177
ISOVISCOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS OF BEARINGS 178 ITERATIVE METHOD 178
CONSTANT FLOW METHOD 179 NON-ISOVISCOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS OF BEARINGS
WITH LOCALLY VARYING VISCOSITY 180 MULTIPLE REGRESSION IN BEARING
ANALYSIS 182 BEARING INLET TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL INTERACTION BETWEEN
PADS OF A MICHELL BEARING 4.7 LIMITS OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 4.8
HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION WITH NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS TURBULENCE AND
HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION WITH NON-NEWTONIAN
LUBRICANTS INERTIA EFFECTS IN HYDRODYNAMICS COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS
COMPRESSIBLE HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION IN GAS BEARINGS 4.9 REYNOLDS
EQUATION FOR SQUEEZE FILMS PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION LOAD CAPACITY SQUEEZE
TIME CAVITATION AND SQUEEZE FILMS MICROSCOPIC SQUEEZE FILM EFFECTS
BETWEEN ROUGH SLIDING SURFACES 4.10 POROUS BEARINGS 4.11 SUMMARY
REVISION QUESTIONS REFERENCES 5 COMPUTATIONAL HYDRODYNAMICS 5.1
INTRODUCTION CONTENTS XFFL 5.2 NON-DIMENSIONALIZATION OF THE REYNOLDS
EQUATION 205 5.3 THE VOGELPOHL PARAMETER 206 5.4 FINITE DIFFERENCE
EQUIVALENT OF THE REYNOLDS EQUATION 208 DEFINITION OF SOLUTION DOMAIN
AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 210 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE FIELD 211
CALCULATION OF DIMENSIONLESS FRICTION FORCE AND FRICTION COEFFICIENT 211
NUMERICAL SOLUTION TECHNIQUE FOR VOGELPOHL EQUATION 214 5.5 NUMERICAL
ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION IN IDEALIZED JOURNAL AND PARTIAL
ARC BEARINGS 214 EXAMPLE OF DATA FROM NUMERICAL ANALYSIS, THE EFFECT OF
SHAFT MISALIGNMENT 215 5.6 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION IN A REAL BEARING 220 5.6.1 THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
220 GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION 221 GOVERNING EQUATIONS IN THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
FOR A ONE-DIMENSIONAL BEARING 222 THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS FOR THE
FINITE PAD BEARING 225 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 226 FINITE DIFFERENCE
EQUATIONS FOR THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 227 TREATMENT OF BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS IN THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 230 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR
THE ANALYSIS OF AN INFINITELY LONG PAD BEARING IN THE CASE OF
THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 231 EXAMPLE OF THE ANALYSIS OF AN
INFINITELY LONG PAD BEARING IN THE CASE OF THERMOHYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION 232 5.6.2 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS IN A PAD BEARING 235 COMPUTER
PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF AN ELASTICALLY DEFORMING ONE- DIMENSIONAL
PIVOTED MICHELL PAD BEARING 237 EFFECT OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF THE PAD
ON LOAD CAPACITY AND FILM THICKNESS 237 5.6.3 CAVITATION AND FILM
REFORMATION IN GROOVED JOURNAL BEARINGS 240 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE
ANALYSIS OF GROOVED 360 JOURNAL BEARINGS 244 EXAMPLE OF THE ANALYSIS OF
A GROOVED 360 JOURNAL BEARING 244 5.6.4 VIBRATIONAL STABILITY IN
JOURNAL BEARINGS 250 DETERMINATION OF STIFFNESS AND DAMPING COEFFICIENTS
250 COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONAL STABILITY IN A
PARTIAL ARC JOURNAL BEARING 255 EXAMPLE OF THE ANALYSIS OF VIBRATIONAL
STABILITY IN A PARTIAL ARC JOURNAL BEARING 255 5.7 SUMMARY 258 REVISION
QUESTIONS 258 REFERENCES 259 XIV ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY 6 HYDROSTATIC
LUBRICATION 261 6.1 INTRODUCTION 261 6.2 HYDROSTATIC BEARING ANALYSIS
262 FLAT CIRCULAR HYDROSTATIC PAD BEARING 262 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION 262
LUBRICANT FLOW 263 LOAD CAPACITY 263 FRICTION TORQUE 264 FRICTION POWER
LOSS 266 NON-FLAT CIRCULAR HYDROSTATIC PAD BEARINGS 266 PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION 267 LUBRICANT FLOW 268 LOAD CAPACITY 269 FRICTION TORQUE
269 FRICTION POWER LOSS 269 6.3 GENERALIZED APPROACH TO HYDROSTATIC
BEARING ANALYSIS 270 FLAT CIRCULAR PAD BEARINGS 270 FLAT SQUARE PAD
BEARINGS 270 6.4 OPTIMIZATION OF HYDROSTATIC BEARING DESIGN 271
MINIMIZATION OF POWER 271 LOW SPEED RECESSED BEARINGS 273 HIGH SPEED
RECESSED BEARINGS 273 CONTROL OF LUBRICANT FILM THICKNESS AND BEARING
STIFFNESS 274 STIFFNESS WITH CONSTANT FLOW METHOD 275 STIFFNESS WITH
CAPILLARY RESTRICTORS 275 STIFFNESS WITH AN ORIFICE 277 STIFFNESS WITH
PRESSURE SENSORS 278 6.5 AEROSTATIC BEARINGS 279 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
280 GAS FLOW 280 LOAD CAPACITY 281 FRICTION TORQUE 281 POWER LOSS 282
6.6 HYBRID BEARINGS 282 6.7 STABILITY OF HYDROSTATIC AND AEROSTATIC
BEARINGS 282 6.8 SUMMARY 283 REVISION QUESTIONS 283 REFERENCES 284
CONTENTS XV ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 287 7.1 INTRODUCTION 287 7.2
CONTACT STRESSES 288 SIMPLIFYING ASSUMPTIONS TO HERTZ'S THEORY 288
STRESS STATUS IN STATIC CONTACT 289 STRESS STATUS IN LUBRICATED ROLLING
AND SLIDING CONTACTS 289 7.3 CONTACT BETWEEN TWO ELASTIC SPHERICAL OR
SPHEROIDAL BODIES 290 GEOMETRY OF CONTACTING ELASTIC BODIES 291 TWO
ELASTIC BODIES WITH CONVEX SURFACES IN CONTACT 292 TWO ELASTIC BODIES
WITH ONE CONVEX AND ONE FLAT SURFACE IN CONTACT 293 TWO ELASTIC BODIES
WITH ONE CONVEX AND ONE CONCAVE SURFACE IN CONTACT 294 CONTACT AREA,
PRESSURE, MAXIMUM DEFLECTION AND POSITION OF THE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
295 CONTACT BETWEEN TWO SPHERES 295 CONTACT BETWEEN A SPHERE AND A PLANE
SURFACE 298 CONTACT BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CYLINDERS 300 CONTACT BETWEEN
TWO CROSSED CYLINDERS WITH EQUAL DIAMETERS 303 ELLIPTICAL CONTACT
BETWEEN TWO ELASTIC BODIES, GENERAL CASE 305 TOTAL DEFLECTION 310 7.4
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATING FILMS 311 EFFECTS CONTRIBUTING TO THE
GENERATION OF ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILMS 312 HYDRODYNAMIC FILM FORMATION
312 MODIFICATION OF FILM GEOMETRY BY ELASTIC DEFORMATION 312
TRANSFORMATION OF LUBRICANT VISCOSITY AND RHEOLOGY UNDER PRESSURE 313
APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF REYNOLDS EQUATION WITH SIMULTANEOUS ELASTIC
DEFORMATION AND VISCOSITY RISE 313 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILMS 317 ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILM THICKNESS FORMULAE
318 EFFECTS OF THE NON-DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS ON EHL CONTACT PRESSURES
AND FILM PROFILES 319 EFFECT OF THE SPEED PARAMETER 319 EFFECT OF THE
MATERIALS PARAMETER 320 EFFECT OF THE LOAD PARAMETER 320 EFFECT OF THE
ELLIPTICITY PARAMETER 321 LUBRICATION REGIMES IN EHL - FILM THICKNESS
FORMULAE 322 ISOVISCOUS-RIGID 323 PIEZOVISCOUS-RIGID 324
ISOVISCOUS-ELASTIC 324 PIEZOVISCOUS-ELASTIC 324 XVI ENGINEERING
TRIBOLOGY IDENTIFICATION OF THE LUBRICATION REGIME 325
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC FILM THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS 325 7.5
MICRO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION AND MIXED OR PARTIAL EHL 328
PARTIAL OR MIXED EHL 329 MICRO-ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION 331 7.6
SURFACE TEMPERATURE AT THE CONJUNCTION BETWEEN CONTACTING SOLIDS AND ITS
EFFECT EN EHL 333 CALCULATION OF SURFACE CONJUNCTION TEMPERATURE 334
FLASH TEMPERATURE IN CIRCULAR CONTACTS 337 FLASH TEMPERATURE IN SQUARE
CONTACTS 337 FLASH TEMPERATURE IN LINE CONTACTS 340 TRUE FLASH
TEMPERATURE RISE 341 FRICTIONAL TEMPERATURE RISE OF LUBRICATED CONTACTS
345 MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER WITHIN THE EHL FILM 347 EFFECT OF SURFACE
FILMS ON CONJUNCTION TEMPERATURES 348 MEASUREMENTS OF SURFACE
TEMPERATURE IN THE EHL CONTACTS 348 7.7 TRACTION AND EHL 349 A
SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF TRACTION IN THE EHL CONTACT 352 NON-NEWTONIAN
LUBRICANT RHEOLOGY AND EHL 354 EHL BETWEEN MESHING GEAR WHEELS 356 7.8
SUMMARY 358 REVISION QUESTIONS 358 REFERENCES 360 8 BOUNDARY AND EXTREME
PRESSURE LUBRICATION 363 8.1 INTRODUCTION 363 8.2 LOW TEMPERATURE - LOW
LOAD LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 365 8.3 LOW TEMPERATURE - HIGH LOAD
LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 366 MODEL OF ADSORPTION ON SLIDING SURFACES 367
PHYSISORPTION 368 CHEMISORPTION 370 INFLUENCE OF THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
OF THE LUBRICANT ON ADSORPTION LUBRICATION 371 INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AND
WATER 375 DYNAMIC NATURE OF ADSORPTION UNDER SLIDING CONDITIONS 377
MIXED LUBRICATION AND SCUFFING 378 METALLURGICAL EFFECTS 385 INTERACTION
BETWEEN SURFACTANT AND CARRIER FLUID 386 8.4 HIGH TEMPERATURE - MEDIUM
LOAD LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 387 CONTENTS XVII CHAIN MATCHING 387 THICK
FILMS OF SOAPY OR AMORPHOUS MATERIAL 390 SOAP LAYERS 390 AMORPHOUS
LAYERS 391 8.5 HIGH TEMPERATURE - HIGH LOAD LUBRICATION MECHANISMS 395
MODEL OF LUBRICATION BY SACRIFICIAL FILMS 395 ADDITIVE REACTIVITY AND
ITS EFFECT ON LUBRICATION 396 NASCENT METALLIC SURFACES AND ACCELERATED
FILM FORMATION 399 INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN AND WATER ON THE LUBRICATION
MECHANISM BY SACRIFICIAL FILMS 401 MECHANISM OF LUBRICATION BY MILDER EP
ADDITIVES 404 FUNCTION OF ACTIVE ELEMENTS OTHER THAN SULPHUR 404
LUBRICATION WITH TWO ACTIVE ELEMENTS 405 TEMPERATURE DISTRESS 407 SPEED
LIMITATIONS OF SACRIFICIAL FILM MECHANISM 409 TRIBO-EMISSION FROM WORN
SURFACES 409 8.6 BOUNDARY AND EP LUBRICATION OF NON-METALLIC SURFACES
410 8.7 SUMMARY 411 REVISION QUESTIONS 411 REFERENCES 412 SOLID
LUBRICATION AND SURFACE TREATMENTS 419 9.1 INTRODUCTION 419 9.2
LUBRICATION BY SOLIDS 419 9.2.1 LUBRICATION BY LAMELLAR SOLIDS 420
FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMELLAR SOLIDS 423 GRAPHITE AND
MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE 423 CARBON-BASED MATERIALS OTHER THAN GRAPHITE 427
MINOR SOLID LUBRICANTS 428 9.2.2 REDUCTION OF FRICTION BY SOFT METALLIC
FILMS 429 REDUCTION OF FRICTION BY METAL OXIDES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES 430
9.2.3 DEPOSITION METHODS OF SOLID LUBRICANTS 430 TRADITIONAL METHODS OF
SOLID LUBRICANT DEPOSITION 431 MODERN METHODS OF SOLID LUBRICANT
DEPOSITION 432 SOLID LUBRICANTS AS ADDITIVES TO OILS AND POLYMERS 433
9.3 WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS AND SURFACE TREATMENTS 434 9.3.1 TECHNIQUES
OF PRODUCING WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS 435 COATING TECHNIQUES DEPENDENT ON
VACUUM OR GAS AT VERY LOW PRESSURE 435 PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 436
XVIII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 438
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 439 ION IMPLANTATION 440 COATING
PROCESSES REQUIRING LOCALIZED SOURCES OF INTENSE HEAT 440 SURFACE
WELDING 441 THERMAL SPRAYING 441 LASE"R SURFACE HARDENING AND ALLOYING
443 COATING PROCESSES BASED ON DEPOSITION IN THE SOLID STATE 445
MISCELLANEOUS COATING PROCESSES 445 9.3.2 APPLICATION OF COATINGS AND
SURFACE TREATMENTS IN WEAR AND FRICTION CONTROL 447 CHARACTERISTICS OF
WEAR RESISTANT COATINGS 447 NEW TRENDS IN COATING TECHNOLOGY 450
DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON COATINGS 450 CARBIDE AND NITRIDE COATINGS 451 THICK
COATINGS 452 NANO-ENGINEERED COATINGS 452 OTHER COATINGS 453 9.4 SUMMARY
453 REVISION QUESTIONS 453 REFERENCES 454 10 FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTACT
BETWEEN SOLIDS 461 10.1 INTRODUCTION 461 10.2 SURFACES OF SOLIDS 461
SURFACES AT A NANO SCALE 462 SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 463 CHARACTERIZATION OF
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY 466 CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY
STATISTICAL PARAMETERS 466 MULTI-SCALE CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE
TOPOGRAPHY 468 CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY FOURIER
TRANSFORM 470 CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY WAVELETS 470
CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY FRACTALS 470 CHARACTERIZATION
OF SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY BY COMBINATION OF WAVELETS AND FRACTALS 474
OPTIMUM SURFACE ROUGHNESS 475 10.3 CONTACT BETWEEN SOLIDS 475 MODEL OF
CONTACT BETWEEN SOLIDS BASED ON STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF ROUGH SURFACES
477 CONTENTS XIX MODEL OF CONTACT BETWEEN SOLIDS BASED ON THE FRACTAL
GEOMETRY OF ROUGH SURFACES 480 EFFECT OF SLIDING ON CONTACT BETWEEN
SOLID SURFACES 482 10.4 FRICTION AND WEAR 483 ONSET OF SLIDING AND
MECHANISM OF STICK-SLIP 484 STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STATIC AND
SLIDING CONTACTS 486 FRICTION AND OTHER CONTACT PHENOMENA IN ROLLING 488
CONCENTRATION OF FRICTIONAL HEAT AT THE ASPERITY CONTACTS 491
THERMOELASTIC INSTABILITY AND TRANSIENT HUMP FORMATION 492
TRIBO-ELECTRIFICATION OF SLIDING CONTACTS 493 WEAR BETWEEN SURFACES OF
SOLIDS 493 10.5 SUMMARY 494 REVISION QUESTIONS 494 REFERENCES 495 11
ABRASIVE, EROSIVE AND CAVITATION WEAR 501 11.1 INTRODUCTION 501 11.2
ABRASIVE WEAR 501 MECHANISMS OF ABRASIVE WEAR 502 MODES OF ABRASIVE WEAR
504 ANALYTICAL MODELS OF ABRASIVE WEAR 505 ABRASIVITY OF PARTICLES 512
ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS 517 ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF
STEELS 520 ABRASIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF POLYMERS AND RUBBERS 522 ABRASIVE
WEAR RESISTANCE OF CERAMICS 523 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ABRASIVE WEAR
524 EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON ABRASIVE WEAR 525 CONTROL OF ABRASIVE WEAR 526
11.3 EROSIVE WEAR 527 MECHANISMS OF EROSIVE WEAR 527 EFFECT OF
IMPINGEMENT ANGLE AND IMPACT SPEED ON EROSIVE WEAR RATE 529 EFFECT OF
PARTICLE SHAPE, HARDNESS, SIZE AND FLUX RATES ON EROSIVE WEAR RATE 530
EROSIVE WEAR BY LIQUID 532 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON EROSIVE WEAR 533
EFFECT OF EROSION MEDIA ON EROSIVE WEAR 535 EROSIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF
MATERIALS 536 EROSIVE WEAR RESISTANCE OF STEELS 539 EROSIVE WEAR
RESISTANCE OF POLYMERS 540 XX ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY EROSIVE WEAR OF
CERAMICS AND CERMETS 541 11.4 CAVITATION WEAR 542 MECHANISM OF
CAVITATION WEAR 542 CAVITATION WEAR RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS 544 11.5
SUMMARY 545 REVISION QUESTIONS 546 REFERENCES * 547 12 ADHESION AND
ADHESIVE WEAR 553 12.1 INTRODUCTION 553 12.2 MECHANISM OF ADHESION 553
METAL-METAL ADHESION 553 METAL-POLYMER ADHESION 556 METAL-CERAMIC
ADHESION 557 POLYMER-POLYMER AND CERAMIC-CERAMIC ADHESION 557 EFFECTS OF
ADHESION BETWEEN WEARING SURFACES 558 FRICTION DUE TO ADHESION 558
JUNCTION GROWTH BETWEEN CONTACTING ASPERITIES AS A CAUSE OF EXTREME
FRICTION 559 SEIZURE AND SCUFFING 562 ASPERITY DEFORMATION AND FORMATION
OF WEAR PARTICLES 562 TRANSFER FILMS 564 12.3 CONTROL OF THE ADHESIVE
WEAR 568 CONTAMINANT LAYERS FORMED DUE TO SURFACE OXIDATION AND BULK
IMPURITIES 569 LUBRICANTS 569 FAVOURABLE COMBINATIONS OF SLIDING
MATERIALS 570 12.4 SUMMARY 570 REVISION QUESTIONS 570 REFERENCES 571 13
CORROSIVE AND OXIDATIVE WEAR 573 13.1 INTRODUCTION 573 13.2 CORROSIVE
WEAR 573 TRANSITION BETWEEN CORROSIVE AND ADHESIVE WEAR 578 SYNERGISM
BETWEEN CORROSIVE AND ABRASIVE WEAR 580 TRIBOCHEMICAL POLISHING 581 13.3
OXIDATIVE WEAR 582 KINETICS OF OXIDE FILM GROWTH ON METALS AT HIGH AND
LOW TEMPERATURES 582 OXIDATIVE WEAR AT HIGH SLIDING SPEEDS 583 CONTENTS
XXI OXIDATIVE WEAR AT LOW SLIDING SPEEDS 585 OXIDATIVE WEAR AT HIGH
TEMPERATURE AND STRESS 586 OXIDATIVE WEAR AT LOW TEMPERATURE
APPLICATIONS 588 TRANSITION BETWEEN OXIDATIVE AND ADHESIVE WEAR 588
OXIDATIVE WEAR UNDER LUBRICATED CONDITIONS 588 MEANS OF CONTROLLING
CORROSIVE AND OXIDATIVE WEAR 589 13.4 SUMMARY 590 REVISION QUESTIONS 590
REFERENCES 591 14 FATIGUE WEAR 595 14.1 INTRODUCTION 595 14.2 FATIGUE
WEAR DURING SLIDING 596 SURFACE CRACK INITIATED FATIGUE WEAR 597
SUBSURFACE CRACK INITIATED FATIGUE WEAR 599 EFFECT OF LUBRICATION ON
FATIGUE WEAR DURING SLIDING 601 PLASTIC RATCHETTING 602 14.3 FATIGUE
WEAR DURING ROLLING 603 CAUSES OF CONTACT FATIGUE 604 ASPERITY CONTACT
DURING EHL AND THE ROLE OF DEBRIS IN THE LUBRICANT IN CONTACT FATIGUE
604 MATERIAL IMPERFECTIONS 605 PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN WHEEL-RAIL
CONTACTS 605 SELF-PROPAGATING NATURE OF CONTACT FATIGUE CRACKS 606
SUBSURFACE AND SURFACE MODES OF CONTACT FATIGUE 607 EFFECT OF LUBRICANT
ON CONTACT FATIGUE 610 HYDRAULIC PRESSURE CRACK PROPAGATION 610 CHEMICAL
EFFECTS OF LUBRICANT ADDITIVES, OXYGEN AND WATER ON CONTACT FATIGUE 611
MATERIALS EFFECT ON CONTACT FATIGUE 613 INFLUENCE OF OPERATING
CONDITIONS ON ROLLING WEAR AND CONTACT FATIGUE 614 14.4 MEANS OF
CONTROLLING FATIGUE WEAR 615 14.5 SUMMARY 615 REVISION QUESTIONS 615
REFERENCES 616 15 FRETTING AND MINOR WEAR MECHANISMS 621 15.1
INTRODUCTION 621 15.2 FRETTING WEAR 622 MICROSCOPIC MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE
CONTACT UNDER APPLIED LOADS 622 XXII ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY ELASTIC MODEL
FOR FRETTING CONTACTS 622 ELASTO-PLASTIC MODEL FOR FRETTING CONTACTS 624
FRETTING REGIMES 625 EFFECT OF AMPLITUDE AND DEBRIS RETENTION ON
FRETTING WEAR 626 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FRETTING WEAR 628 EFFECTS OF
TEMPERATURE AND LUBRICANTS ON FRETTING 632 EFFECT OF MATERIALS
PROPERTIES AND SURFACE FINISH ON FRETTING 633 FRETTING FATIGUE 634
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF FRETTING 636 MEANS OF CONTROLLING FRETTING 638
15.3 MELTING WEAR 639 15.4 WEAR DUE TO ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES AND PASSAGE
OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ACROSS A CONTACT 641 15.5 DIFFUSIVE WEAR 643 15.6
IMPACT WEAR 643 15.7 SUMMARY 645 REVISION QUESTIONS 646 REFERENCES 646
16 WEAR OF NON-METALLIC MATERIALS 651 16.1 INTRODUCTION 651 16.2
TRIBOLOGY OF POLYMERS 651 SLIDING WEAR OF POLYMERS, TRANSFER LAYERS ON A
HARDER COUNTERFACE 653 INFLUENCE OF COUNTERFACE ROUGHNESS, HARDNESS AND
MATERIAL TYPE ON TRANSFER FILMS AND ASSOCIATED WEAR AND FRICTION OF
POLYMERS 654 COUNTERFACE HARDNESS 655 COUNTERFACE ROUGHNESS 655
COUNTERFACE SURFACE ENERGY 658 PV LIMIT 658 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON
POLYMER WEAR AND FRICTION 659 LIMIT ON FRICTIONAL TEMPERATURE RISE
IMPOSED BY SURFACE MELTING 660 EFFECT OF HIGH FRICTIONAL TEMPERATURES
AND SLIDING SPEEDS ON WEAR 663 COMBINED EFFECT OF HIGH SURFACE ROUGHNESS
AND ELEVATED CONTACT TEMPERATURE ON WEAR 664 FATIGUE WEAR OF POLYMERS
AND LONG TERM WEAR KINETICS 665 VISCO-ELASTICITY AND THE RUBBERY STATE
666 FRICTION AND WEAR IN THE RUBBERY STATE 667 SCHALLAMACH WAVES 668
VISCO-ELASTICITY AND FRICTION OF RUBBERS 669 WEAR MECHANISMS PARTICULAR
TO RUBBERY SOLIDS 670 CONTENTS XXM EFFECT OF LUBRICANT, CORROSIVE AGENTS
AND MICROSTRUCTURE ON WEAR AND FRICTION OF POLYMERS 670 EFFECTS OF
LUBRICANTS 670 EFFECTS OF CORROSIVE AGENTS 671 EFFECT OF OXIDIZING AND
BIOCHEMICAL REAGENTS 673 EFFECTS OF POLYMER MICROSTRUCTURE 674 16.3
TRIBOLOGY OF POLYMER COMPOSITES 675 POLYMER BLENDS 676 FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYMERS 676 CHOPPED FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS 676 UNIDIRECTIONAL AND
WOVEN FIBRE REINFORCEMENTS 677 MODELLING OF WEAR OF FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYMERS 679 POWDER COMPOSITES 680 16.4 WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMICS
681 UNLUBRICATED WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMIC-CERAMIC CONTACTS 683 DRY
FRICTION AND WEAR OF CERAMICS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 684 DRY FRICTION AND
WEAR OF CERAMICS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES 685 FRICTION AND WEAR OF
CERAMICS IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER OR HUMID AIR 685 WEAR MODELLING OF
CERAMICS 687 DRY WEAR AND FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL
CERAMICS 689 LUBRICATED WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMIC-CERAMIC CONTACTS
689 LIQUID LUBRICATION 690 SOLID LUBRICANTS 692 WEAR AND FRICTION OF
CERAMICS AGAINST METALLIC MATERIALS 693 WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMICS
AGAINST POLYMERS 696 WEAR AND FRICTION OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 697
16.5 SUMMARY 697 REVISION QUESTIONS 698 REFERENCES 699 17 FUTURE
DIRECTIONS IN TRIBOLOGY 705 17.1 INTRODUCTION 705 17.2 BIOTRIBOLOGY 705
BIOTRIBOLOGY OF LIVING TISSUES AND ORGANISMS 705 BIOTRIBOLOGY OF
ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH LIVING TISSUES 708 17.3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF TRIBOLOGY 709 17.4 NANOTRIBOLOGY - BASIC
CONCEPTS 711 RELEVANCE TO TRIBOLOGY 712 XXIV ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY
NANOLUBRICATION AND SPECIALIZED MATERIALS FOR NANOTRIBOLOGY 713 17.5
SUMMARY 714 REVISION QUESTIONS 715 REFERENCES 715 APPENDIX 719
INTRODUCTION * 669 A.I USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE 669 A.2 PROGRAM
'VISCOSITY' 671 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 673 LIST OF VARIABLES 674 A.3
PROGRAM 'SIMPLE' 674 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 676 LIST OF VARIABLES 677 A.4
PROGRAM 'PARTIAL' 678 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 681 LIST OF VARIABLES 684 A.5
PROGRAM 'THERMAL' 686 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 690 LIST OF VARIABLES 693 A.6
PROGRAM 'DEFLECTION' 696 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 698 LIST OF VARIABLES 701
A.7 PROGRAM 'GROOVE' 702 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 708 LIST OF VARIABLES 714
A.8 PROGRAM 'STABILITY' 716 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 719 LIST OF VARIABLES
721 INDEX 775 |
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| author_facet | Stachowiak, Gwidon W. |
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| bvnumber | BV021733328 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TJ1075 |
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| callnumber-subject | TJ - Mechanical Engineering and Machinery |
| classification_tum | MAS 100f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)60515157 (DE-599)BVBBV021733328 |
| dewey-full | 621.8/9 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
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| dewey-search | 621.8/9 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.8 19 |
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| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Maschinenbau |
| discipline_str_mv | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Maschinenbau |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021733328 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:27:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780750678360 0750678364 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2005014320 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014946808 |
| oclc_num | 60515157 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-1051 DE-92 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-1051 DE-92 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXIV, 801 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stachowiak, Gwidon W. Verfasser aut Engineering tribology Gwidon W. Stachowiak, Andrew W. Batchelor 3. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann 2005 XXIV, 801 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Tribology Tribologie (DE-588)4060847-5 gnd rswk-swf Tribologie (DE-588)4060847-5 s DE-604 Batchelor, Andrew W. Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0513/2005014320.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0622/2005014320-d.html Publisher description HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014946808&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stachowiak, Gwidon W. Engineering tribology Tribology Tribologie (DE-588)4060847-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4060847-5 |
| title | Engineering tribology |
| title_auth | Engineering tribology |
| title_exact_search | Engineering tribology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Engineering tribology |
| title_full | Engineering tribology Gwidon W. Stachowiak, Andrew W. Batchelor |
| title_fullStr | Engineering tribology Gwidon W. Stachowiak, Andrew W. Batchelor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Engineering tribology Gwidon W. Stachowiak, Andrew W. Batchelor |
| title_short | Engineering tribology |
| title_sort | engineering tribology |
| topic | Tribology Tribologie (DE-588)4060847-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tribology Tribologie |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0513/2005014320.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0622/2005014320-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014946808&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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