Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems: modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York
Springer
2006
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 259 - 271 |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 271 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783540313458 3540313451 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Krauter, Stefan C. W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems |b modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables |c Stefan C. W. Krauter |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York |b Springer |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 271 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 259 - 271 | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Mathematisches Modell | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Greenhouse gas mitigation |x Mathematical models | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Photovoltaic power generation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Solar energy | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kohlendioxidemission |0 (DE-588)4164507-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Emissionsverringerung |0 (DE-588)4113432-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Fotovoltaik |0 (DE-588)4121476-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Energietechnische Anlage |0 (DE-588)4196531-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Generator |0 (DE-588)4020119-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Energiebilanz |0 (DE-588)4133113-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Fotovoltaik |0 (DE-588)4121476-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Generator |0 (DE-588)4020119-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Energietechnische Anlage |0 (DE-588)4196531-0 |D s |
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| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Emissionsverringerung |0 (DE-588)4113432-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Energiebilanz |0 (DE-588)4133113-8 |D s |
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| _version_ | 1804135575946526720 |
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| adam_text | STEFAN C.W. KRAUTER
SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION - PHOTOVOLTAIC
ENERGY SYSTEMS
MODELING OF OPTICAL AND THERMAL
PERFORMANCE, ELECTRICAL YIELD,
ENERGY BALANCE, EFFECT ON REDUCTION
OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
WITH 107 FIGURES AND 60 TABLES
4Y SPRINGER
CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
FOREWORD BY DR. FRANZ ALT IX
FOREWORD BY DR. HERMANN SCHEER XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 WORLD
S ENERGY CONSUMPTION 1
1.2 CO,-EMISSIONS BY HUMANKIND 2
1.3 GLOBAL WARMING BY CO
2
4
1.4 MEASURES OF CO
2
-DIMINUTION 9
1.5 CONVENTIONAL AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 10
1.7 APPROACH 17
1.7.1 PRODUCTION 17
1.7.2 YIELD 17
1.7.3 BALANCE 17
1.7.4 OPTIMIZATION 18
2 PHOTOVOLTAICS 19
2.1 BRIEF HISTORY 19
2.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 21
2.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR 27
2.3.1 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 28
2.3.1.1 EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT 30
2.3.1.2 BYPASS DIODES 31
2.3.1.3 ELECTRICAL TERMINALS 32
2.3.1.4 PARALLEL STRINGS 33
2.3.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 34
2.3.2.1 SANDWICH LAMINATION 34
2.3.2.2 FRAMING 34
2.3.2.3 FIXING AND MOUNTING 35
2.4 PROPERTIES OF PV GENERATORS IN OPERATION
CONDITIONS 37
2.5 MOUNTING OF PV MODULES 38
2.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 41
2.7 RESEARCH FUNDING FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS 43
XVI CONTENTS
2.8 MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 44
INVERTERS 49
3.1 AUTONOMOUS OPERATION 49
3.2 INVERTERS FOR ELECTRICAL GRID INJECTION 50
3.3 TYPES OF INVERTERS 54
3.3.1 EXTERNAL COMMUTATED INVERTERS 54
3.3.2 SELF COMMUTATED INVERTERS 54
3.3.3 INVERTERS BASED ON PWM 55
3.4 ELECTRICAL GRID CONNECTION 56
3.4.1 VOLTAGE LEVELS OF ELECTRICAL GRIDS 56
3.4.2 BOUNDARY VALUES OF ELECTRICAL GRIDS 56
3.4.3 LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICITY 57
STORAGE 61
4.1 LEAD SULPHIDE ACID BATTERY. 62
4.1.1 PRINCIPLE 62
4.1.2 GASSING 63
4.1.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) 63
4.1.4 OPERATING TEMPERATURE 64
4.1.5 SELF-DISCHARGE 65
4.1.6 DEEP DISCHARGE 66
4.1.7 SULFATION 67
4.1.8 BATTERY TYPES 67
4.2 OTHER TYPE OF BATTERIES 70
4.2.1 NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERY 70
4.2.2 NICKEL HYDRIDE BATTERIES 71
4.2.3 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 71
4.3 FUEL CELLS 74
4.3.1 PRINCIPLE 74
4.3.2 TYPES OF FUEL CELLS 74
PV-SYSTEMS IN THE TROPICS 77
5.1 PRE-INSTALLATION ISSUES 77
5.1.1 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANNING 77
5.1.1.1 DETERMINATION OF LOAD
REQUIREMENTS 77
CONTENTS XVII
5.1.1.2 DYNAMICS OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
VS. TIME CONSTRAINS 78
5.1.2 FINANCING 78
5.1.3 IMPORTATION 78
5.1.4 LANGUAGE BARRIERS 79
5.2 TECHNICAL ISSUES 80
5.2.1 MOUNTING 80
5.2.1.1 FIXATION OF PV MODULES 80
5.2.1.2 WIRING OF PV GENERATOR 80
5.2.1.3 THEFT PREVENTION 81
5.2.1.4 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 81
5.2.2 NON-MPP OPERATION OF PV GENERATOR 81
5.2.3 ENERGY STORAGE 82
5.2.3.1 BATTERY TYPES 82
5.2.3.2 NOMINAL VOLTAGE LEVEL 82
5.2.4 POWER CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT 83
5.2.4.1 SWITCHING DEVICES 83
5.2.4.2 VENTILATION 83
5.2.4.3 CHARGE-CONTROLLERS 83
5.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 84
5.3.1 POLLUTION & DEGRADATION OF SYSTEM
COMPONENTS 84
5.3.2 MONITORING 84
5.3.3 FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 85
5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS FOR PV IN THE TROPICS. 86
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR THE SET-UP OF A PV POWER PLANT 87
6.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS 87
6.1.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MODEL CASES 87
6.1.2 EQUIVALENT PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ...
. 89
6.2 PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION 89
6.2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPOSIT 89
6.2.2 RELEASE (EXPLOITATION) 90
6.2.3 TRANSPORT 91
6.2.4 PREPARATION FOR PRODUCTION 92
6.2.5 CONSTRUCTION WORK AND BUILDINGS 93
6.3 DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT THE PRODUCTION
PROCESS 94
XVIII CONTENTS
6.4 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELLS 95
6.4.1 PRODUCTION OF TECHNICAL SILICON (MG-SI) 95
6.4.2 METALLURGICAL-GRADE SILICON (MG-SI)
TO SEMICONDUCTOR-GRADE POLY-SILICON (EG-SI).. .95
6.4.3 PRODUCTION OF SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE SILICON 96
6.4.4 SEMICONDUCTOR-GRADE SILICON TO
MULTI-CRYSTALLINE SILICON 97
6.4.5 PRODUCTION OF SILICON WAFERS (SINGLE- AND
MULTI-CRYSTALLINE) 98
6.4.6 SINGLE-CRYSTAL WAFERS TO SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE
SOLAR CELLS 100
6.4.7 MULTI-CRYSTALLINE WAFERS TO MULTI-CRYSTALLINE
SOLAR CELLS 101
6.4.8 PRODUCTION OF AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELLS.. . 102
6.4.9 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELLS MADE OF OTHER
SEMICONDUCTORS 102
6.5 PRODUCTION OF PV MODULES 105
6.5.1 LAMINATION PROCESS 106
6.5.1.1 INTEGRATED LAMINATOR 106
6.5.1.2 PASSING-THROUGH LAMINATOR 108
6.5.2 PRODUCTION OF ENCAPSULATED PV MODULES
. . . 110
6.5.3 PRODUCTION OF LAMINATED PV MODULES 110
6.5.4 ELECTRICAL POWER CONDITIONING IL
L
6.5.5 SUPPORT STRUCTURE 112
6.6 INSTALLATION AND TAKING INTO OPERATION 113
6.6.1 TRANSPORT 114
6.6.2 INSTALLATION 114
6.6.3 SETTING INTO OPERATION 114
6.7 OPERATION EXPENSES 115
6.7.1 CLEANING 115
6.7.2 MAINTENANCE 115
6.7.3 USE OF LAND 116
6.8 DISMANTLING 116
6.8.1 DISMANTLING 116
6.8.2 TRANSPORT 116
CONTENTS XIX
ENERG
Y YIEL
D 117
7.1 MODE
L TO DETERMIN
E THE CEL
L REACHIN
G IRRADIANC
E 117
7.1.1 SUN
S POSITIO
N RELATIV
E TO EARTH
S SURFACE
. ..
. 117
7.1.2 WA
Y OF SUN
S IRRADIANC
E THROUG
H TH
E EARTH
S
ATMOSPHER
E 121
7.1.2.
1 SOLA
R CONSTAN
T 121
7.1.2.
3 DIREC
T IRRADIANC
E 124
7.1.2.
4 DIFFUSE IRRADIANC
E 124
7.1.2.
5 ALBED
O 128
7.1.2.
6 ANGULA
R DISTRIBUTIO
N OF YEARL
Y
IRRADIANC
E IN CENTRA
L EUROP
E 128
7.1.
3 OPTICA
L MODE
L OF MODUL
E ENCAPSULATIO
N 129
7.1.3.
1 OPTICAL INTERFACE AT BOUNDAR
Y LAYERS .
. ..13
1
7.1.3.
2 OPTICA
L TRANSMITTANC
E OF A PLAN
E SLAB.
. .13
4
7.1.3.
3 INTERNA
L TRANSMISSIO
N AND REFLECTION . . 136
7.1.3.
4 TRANSMITTANC
E THROUG
H TW
O SLABS ...
. 137
7.1.3.
5 TRANSMITTANC
E THROUG
H THREE SLABS ...14
0
7.1.3.
6 OPTICA
L TRANSMITTANC
E
THROUG
H M SLABS 141
7.1.3.
7 SIMULATIO
N RESULT
S 142
7.2.1 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T 147
7.2.1.
1 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T BY SKY AN
D GROUN
D
RADIATIO
N 147
7.2.1.
2 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T BY AMBIEN
T
TEMPERATUR
E 148
7.2.1.
3 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T BY IRRADIANC
E 148
7.2.2 HEA
T TRANSFE
R INSID
E A MODUL
E 150
7.2.2.
1 DIMENSIONA
L LAYOU
T OF THE THERMA
L
MODE
L 150
7.2.2.
2 STATIONAR
Y HEA
T FLO
W IN TH
E MODULE.
. 151
7.2.2.
3 NON-STEADY-STAT
E HEA
T FLO
W IN TH
E
MODUL
E 152
7.2.3 HEA
T DISSIPATIO
N 153
7.2.3.
2 DETERMINATIO
N OF SKY TEMPERATURE
. . . 156
7.2.3.
3 HEA
T DISSIPATIO
N BY NATURAL
CONVECTIO
N 157
7.2.3.
4 HEAT DISSIPATION BY FORCED CONVECTION. . .160
XX CONTENTS
7.2.3.5 HEAT TRANSFER FOR SUPERPOSITION OF
NATURAL AND FORCED CONVECTION 161
7.2.4 MODEL CALCULATION 163
7.2.5 VALIDATION OF THERMAL MODELING 164
7.3 ELECTRICAL MODELING 166
7.3.1 CURRENT 166
7.3.2 OTHER ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS 167
7.4 PV GRID INJECTION 168
7.4.1 MODELING OF INVERTERS 168
7.4.2 LIMITING FACTORS FOR THE DESIGN OF PV
POWER PLANTS 169
7.5 SYSTEM LAYOUTS 170
7.6 ELECTRICAL YIELD OF A REFERENCE SYSTEM 172
8 ENERGY INPUT BY DUMPING AND RECYCLING 173
8.1 SEPARATION OF MATERIALS 173
8.2 ENERGY INPUT BY RECYCLING 174
9 TOTAL ENERGY BALANCE 177
9.1 COMMUTATED ENERGY EXPENSE 177
9.2 MODELS FOR ENERGY BALANCES 178
9.3 INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS 179
9.4 PROCESS CHAIN ANALYSIS 180
9.5 CO
2
REDUCING EFFECTS BY THE USE OF PV 182
9.5.1 SPECIFIC EMISSION BALANCE 183
9.5.2 EFFECT OF PV ON REDUCTION OF CO
2
EMISSIONS
IN GERMANY 184
9.5.3 VARIATION OF LOCATION 186
10 OPTIMIZATION 191
10.1 IMPROVEMENT OF IRRADIANCE ON A SOLAR CELL 192
10.1.1 IMPROVEMENT OF IRRADIANCE BY TRACKING
THE SUN 192
10.1.2 IMPROVEMENT OF CELL IRRADIANCE BY REDUCTION
OF OPTICAL REFLECTION 192
10.1.2.1 STRUCTURING OF THE PV MODULE
SURFACE 193
10.1.2.2 SELECTIVE STRUCTURING 193
10.1.2.3 IMPROVED MATCHING OF THE REFRACTIVE
CONTENTS XXI
INDICES OF THE MODULE ENCAPSULATION
LAYERS 196
10.1.2.4 ADDITIONAL ANTI-REFLECTIVE COATING. ..
. 197
10.2 REDUCTION OF EXPENSES FOR MOUNTING 198
10.3 SUBSTITUTION OF BUILDING COMPONENTS 199
10.3.1 SOLAR ROOF TILES 199
10.3.2 SOLAR FACADES 201
10.4 THERMAL ENHANCEMENT OF PV MODULES 203
10.4.1 REAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURES UNDER
TROPICAL CONDITIONS 203
10.4.2 PRELIMINARY WORK FOR THE REDUCTION OF
TEMPERATURES IN PV MODULES 205
10.4.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A THERMALLY IMPROVED
PROTOTYPE 205
10.4.5 CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MEASUREMENT
OF TEPVIS IN AFRICA 208
10.4.6 THE INTEGRATED SOLAR HOME SYSTEM (I-SHS)..
. 211
10.4.6.1 COMPOSITION OF THE SYSTEM 211
10.4.6.3 BENEFITS OF THE I-SHS 215
10.4.6.4 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 216
11 SUMMARY 217
12 APPENDIX 221
12.1 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 221
12.2 TABLES 229
LITERATURE 259
|
| adam_txt |
STEFAN C.W. KRAUTER
SOLAR ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION - PHOTOVOLTAIC
ENERGY SYSTEMS
MODELING OF OPTICAL AND THERMAL
PERFORMANCE, ELECTRICAL YIELD,
ENERGY BALANCE, EFFECT ON REDUCTION
OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
WITH 107 FIGURES AND 60 TABLES
4Y SPRINGER
CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
FOREWORD BY DR. FRANZ ALT IX
FOREWORD BY DR. HERMANN SCHEER XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 WORLD'
S ENERGY CONSUMPTION 1
1.2 CO,-EMISSIONS BY HUMANKIND 2
1.3 GLOBAL WARMING BY CO
2
4
1.4 MEASURES OF CO
2
-DIMINUTION 9
1.5 CONVENTIONAL AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 10
1.7 APPROACH 17
1.7.1 PRODUCTION 17
1.7.2 YIELD 17
1.7.3 BALANCE 17
1.7.4 OPTIMIZATION 18
2 PHOTOVOLTAICS 19
2.1 BRIEF HISTORY 19
2.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 21
2.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR 27
2.3.1 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 28
2.3.1.1 EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT 30
2.3.1.2 BYPASS DIODES 31
2.3.1.3 ELECTRICAL TERMINALS 32
2.3.1.4 PARALLEL STRINGS 33
2.3.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 34
2.3.2.1 SANDWICH LAMINATION 34
2.3.2.2 FRAMING 34
2.3.2.3 FIXING AND MOUNTING 35
2.4 PROPERTIES OF PV GENERATORS IN OPERATION
CONDITIONS 37
2.5 MOUNTING OF PV MODULES 38
2.6 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 41
2.7 RESEARCH FUNDING FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS 43
XVI CONTENTS
2.8 MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAICS 44
INVERTERS 49
3.1 AUTONOMOUS OPERATION 49
3.2 INVERTERS FOR ELECTRICAL GRID INJECTION 50
3.3 TYPES OF INVERTERS 54
3.3.1 EXTERNAL COMMUTATED INVERTERS 54
3.3.2 SELF COMMUTATED INVERTERS 54
3.3.3 INVERTERS BASED ON PWM 55
3.4 ELECTRICAL GRID CONNECTION 56
3.4.1 VOLTAGE LEVELS OF ELECTRICAL GRIDS 56
3.4.2 BOUNDARY VALUES OF ELECTRICAL GRIDS 56
3.4.3 LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF ELECTRICITY 57
STORAGE 61
4.1 LEAD SULPHIDE ACID BATTERY. 62
4.1.1 PRINCIPLE 62
4.1.2 GASSING 63
4.1.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG) 63
4.1.4 OPERATING TEMPERATURE 64
4.1.5 SELF-DISCHARGE 65
4.1.6 DEEP DISCHARGE 66
4.1.7 SULFATION 67
4.1.8 BATTERY TYPES 67
4.2 OTHER TYPE OF BATTERIES 70
4.2.1 NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERY 70
4.2.2 NICKEL HYDRIDE BATTERIES 71
4.2.3 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 71
4.3 FUEL CELLS 74
4.3.1 PRINCIPLE 74
4.3.2 TYPES OF FUEL CELLS 74
PV-SYSTEMS IN THE TROPICS 77
5.1 PRE-INSTALLATION ISSUES 77
5.1.1 ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLANNING 77
5.1.1.1 DETERMINATION OF LOAD
REQUIREMENTS 77
CONTENTS XVII
5.1.1.2 DYNAMICS OF PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
VS. TIME CONSTRAINS 78
5.1.2 FINANCING 78
5.1.3 IMPORTATION 78
5.1.4 LANGUAGE BARRIERS 79
5.2 TECHNICAL ISSUES 80
5.2.1 MOUNTING 80
5.2.1.1 FIXATION OF PV MODULES 80
5.2.1.2 WIRING OF PV GENERATOR 80
5.2.1.3 THEFT PREVENTION 81
5.2.1.4 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 81
5.2.2 NON-MPP OPERATION OF PV GENERATOR 81
5.2.3 ENERGY STORAGE 82
5.2.3.1 BATTERY TYPES 82
5.2.3.2 NOMINAL VOLTAGE LEVEL 82
5.2.4 POWER CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT 83
5.2.4.1 SWITCHING DEVICES 83
5.2.4.2 VENTILATION 83
5.2.4.3 CHARGE-CONTROLLERS 83
5.3 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 84
5.3.1 POLLUTION & DEGRADATION OF SYSTEM
COMPONENTS 84
5.3.2 MONITORING 84
5.3.3 FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 85
5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS FOR PV IN THE TROPICS. 86
ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR THE SET-UP OF A PV POWER PLANT 87
6.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS 87
6.1.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF THE MODEL CASES 87
6.1.2 EQUIVALENT PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION .
. 89
6.2 PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION 89
6.2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF A DEPOSIT 89
6.2.2 RELEASE (EXPLOITATION) 90
6.2.3 TRANSPORT 91
6.2.4 PREPARATION FOR PRODUCTION 92
6.2.5 CONSTRUCTION WORK AND BUILDINGS 93
6.3 DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMPTION AT THE PRODUCTION
PROCESS 94
XVIII CONTENTS
6.4 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELLS 95
6.4.1 PRODUCTION OF TECHNICAL SILICON (MG-SI) 95
6.4.2 METALLURGICAL-GRADE SILICON (MG-SI)
TO SEMICONDUCTOR-GRADE POLY-SILICON (EG-SI). .95
6.4.3 PRODUCTION OF SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE SILICON 96
6.4.4 SEMICONDUCTOR-GRADE SILICON TO
MULTI-CRYSTALLINE SILICON 97
6.4.5 PRODUCTION OF SILICON WAFERS (SINGLE- AND
MULTI-CRYSTALLINE) 98
6.4.6 SINGLE-CRYSTAL WAFERS TO SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE
SOLAR CELLS 100
6.4.7 MULTI-CRYSTALLINE WAFERS TO MULTI-CRYSTALLINE
SOLAR CELLS 101
6.4.8 PRODUCTION OF AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELLS. . 102
6.4.9 PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELLS MADE OF OTHER
SEMICONDUCTORS 102
6.5 PRODUCTION OF PV MODULES 105
6.5.1 LAMINATION PROCESS 106
6.5.1.1 INTEGRATED LAMINATOR 106
6.5.1.2 "PASSING-THROUGH" LAMINATOR 108
6.5.2 PRODUCTION OF "ENCAPSULATED" PV MODULES
. . . 110
6.5.3 PRODUCTION OF "LAMINATED"PV MODULES 110
6.5.4 ELECTRICAL POWER CONDITIONING IL
L
6.5.5 SUPPORT STRUCTURE 112
6.6 INSTALLATION AND TAKING INTO OPERATION 113
6.6.1 TRANSPORT 114
6.6.2 INSTALLATION 114
6.6.3 SETTING INTO OPERATION 114
6.7 OPERATION EXPENSES 115
6.7.1 CLEANING 115
6.7.2 MAINTENANCE 115
6.7.3 USE OF LAND 116
6.8 DISMANTLING 116
6.8.1 DISMANTLING 116
6.8.2 TRANSPORT 116
CONTENTS XIX
ENERG
Y YIEL
D 117
7.1 MODE
L TO DETERMIN
E THE CEL
L REACHIN
G IRRADIANC
E 117
7.1.1 SUN'
S POSITIO
N RELATIV
E TO EARTH'
S SURFACE
. .
. 117
7.1.2 WA
Y OF SUN'
S IRRADIANC
E THROUG
H TH
E EARTH'
S
ATMOSPHER
E 121
7.1.2.
1 SOLA
R CONSTAN
T 121
7.1.2.
3 DIREC
T IRRADIANC
E 124
7.1.2.
4 DIFFUSE IRRADIANC
E 124
7.1.2.
5 ALBED
O 128
7.1.2.
6 ANGULA
R DISTRIBUTIO
N OF YEARL
Y
IRRADIANC
E IN CENTRA
L EUROP
E 128
7.1.
3 OPTICA
L MODE
L OF MODUL
E ENCAPSULATIO
N 129
7.1.3.
1 OPTICAL INTERFACE AT BOUNDAR
Y LAYERS .
. .13
1
7.1.3.
2 OPTICA
L TRANSMITTANC
E OF A PLAN
E SLAB.
. .13
4
7.1.3.
3 INTERNA
L TRANSMISSIO
N AND REFLECTION . . 136
7.1.3.
4 TRANSMITTANC
E THROUG
H TW
O SLABS .
. 137
7.1.3.
5 TRANSMITTANC
E THROUG
H THREE SLABS .14
0
7.1.3.
6 OPTICA
L TRANSMITTANC
E
THROUG
H M SLABS 141
7.1.3.
7 SIMULATIO
N RESULT
S 142
7.2.1 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T 147
7.2.1.
1 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T BY SKY AN
D GROUN
D
RADIATIO
N 147
7.2.1.
2 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T BY AMBIEN
T
TEMPERATUR
E 148
7.2.1.
3 HEA
T FLOW INPU
T BY IRRADIANC
E 148
7.2.2 HEA
T TRANSFE
R INSID
E A MODUL
E 150
7.2.2.
1 DIMENSIONA
L LAYOU
T OF THE THERMA
L
MODE
L 150
7.2.2.
2 STATIONAR
Y HEA
T FLO
W IN TH
E MODULE.
. 151
7.2.2.
3 NON-STEADY-STAT
E HEA
T FLO
W IN TH
E
MODUL
E 152
7.2.3 HEA
T DISSIPATIO
N 153
7.2.3.
2 DETERMINATIO
N OF SKY TEMPERATURE
. . . 156
7.2.3.
3 HEA
T DISSIPATIO
N BY NATURAL
CONVECTIO
N 157
7.2.3.
4 HEAT DISSIPATION BY FORCED CONVECTION. . .160
XX CONTENTS
7.2.3.5 HEAT TRANSFER FOR SUPERPOSITION OF
NATURAL AND FORCED CONVECTION 161
7.2.4 MODEL CALCULATION 163
7.2.5 VALIDATION OF THERMAL MODELING 164
7.3 ELECTRICAL MODELING 166
7.3.1 CURRENT 166
7.3.2 OTHER ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS 167
7.4 PV GRID INJECTION 168
7.4.1 MODELING OF INVERTERS 168
7.4.2 LIMITING FACTORS FOR THE DESIGN OF PV
POWER PLANTS 169
7.5 SYSTEM LAYOUTS 170
7.6 ELECTRICAL YIELD OF A REFERENCE SYSTEM 172
8 ENERGY INPUT BY DUMPING AND RECYCLING 173
8.1 SEPARATION OF MATERIALS 173
8.2 ENERGY INPUT BY RECYCLING 174
9 TOTAL ENERGY BALANCE 177
9.1 COMMUTATED ENERGY EXPENSE 177
9.2 MODELS FOR ENERGY BALANCES 178
9.3 INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS 179
9.4 PROCESS CHAIN ANALYSIS 180
9.5 CO
2
REDUCING EFFECTS BY THE USE OF PV 182
9.5.1 SPECIFIC EMISSION BALANCE 183
9.5.2 EFFECT OF PV ON REDUCTION OF CO
2
EMISSIONS
IN GERMANY 184
9.5.3 VARIATION OF LOCATION 186
10 OPTIMIZATION 191
10.1 IMPROVEMENT OF IRRADIANCE ON A SOLAR CELL 192
10.1.1 IMPROVEMENT OF IRRADIANCE BY TRACKING
THE SUN 192
10.1.2 IMPROVEMENT OF CELL IRRADIANCE BY REDUCTION
OF OPTICAL REFLECTION 192
10.1.2.1 STRUCTURING OF THE PV MODULE
SURFACE 193
10.1.2.2 SELECTIVE STRUCTURING 193
10.1.2.3 IMPROVED MATCHING OF THE REFRACTIVE
CONTENTS XXI
INDICES OF THE MODULE ENCAPSULATION
LAYERS 196
10.1.2.4 ADDITIONAL ANTI-REFLECTIVE COATING. .
. 197
10.2 REDUCTION OF EXPENSES FOR MOUNTING 198
10.3 SUBSTITUTION OF BUILDING COMPONENTS 199
10.3.1 SOLAR ROOF TILES 199
10.3.2 SOLAR FACADES 201
10.4 THERMAL ENHANCEMENT OF PV MODULES 203
10.4.1 REAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURES UNDER
TROPICAL CONDITIONS 203
10.4.2 PRELIMINARY WORK FOR THE REDUCTION OF
TEMPERATURES IN PV MODULES 205
10.4.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A THERMALLY IMPROVED
PROTOTYPE 205
10.4.5 CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MEASUREMENT
OF TEPVIS IN AFRICA 208
10.4.6 THE INTEGRATED SOLAR HOME SYSTEM (I-SHS).
. 211
10.4.6.1 COMPOSITION OF THE SYSTEM 211
10.4.6.3 BENEFITS OF THE I-SHS 215
10.4.6.4 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 216
11 SUMMARY 217
12 APPENDIX 221
12.1 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 221
12.2 TABLES 229
LITERATURE 259 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Krauter, Stefan C. W. |
| author_facet | Krauter, Stefan C. W. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Krauter, Stefan C. W. |
| author_variant | s c w k scw scwk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021729762 |
| classification_rvk | ZP 3730 |
| classification_tum | ERG 940f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)181527265 (DE-599)BVBBV021729762 |
| discipline | Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Energietechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Energietechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021729762 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:26:01Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540313458 3540313451 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014943286 |
| oclc_num | 181527265 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-573 DE-703 DE-92 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 DE-1043 DE-523 DE-1102 |
| owner_facet | DE-573 DE-703 DE-92 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 DE-1043 DE-523 DE-1102 |
| physical | XXI, 271 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Krauter, Stefan C. W. Verfasser aut Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables Stefan C. W. Krauter Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York Springer 2006 XXI, 271 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverz. S. 259 - 271 Mathematisches Modell Greenhouse gas mitigation Mathematical models Photovoltaic power generation Solar energy Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd rswk-swf Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd rswk-swf Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd rswk-swf Energietechnische Anlage (DE-588)4196531-0 gnd rswk-swf Generator (DE-588)4020119-3 gnd rswk-swf Energiebilanz (DE-588)4133113-8 gnd rswk-swf Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 s Generator (DE-588)4020119-3 s Energietechnische Anlage (DE-588)4196531-0 s Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 s Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 s Energiebilanz (DE-588)4133113-8 s DE-604 http://www.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tocs/17908027X.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2753935&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014943286&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Krauter, Stefan C. W. Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables Mathematisches Modell Greenhouse gas mitigation Mathematical models Photovoltaic power generation Solar energy Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd Energietechnische Anlage (DE-588)4196531-0 gnd Generator (DE-588)4020119-3 gnd Energiebilanz (DE-588)4133113-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164507-8 (DE-588)4113432-1 (DE-588)4121476-6 (DE-588)4196531-0 (DE-588)4020119-3 (DE-588)4133113-8 |
| title | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables |
| title_auth | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables |
| title_exact_search | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables |
| title_full | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables Stefan C. W. Krauter |
| title_fullStr | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables Stefan C. W. Krauter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables Stefan C. W. Krauter |
| title_short | Solar electric power generation - photovoltaic energy systems |
| title_sort | solar electric power generation photovoltaic energy systems modeling of optical and thermal performance electrical yield energy balance effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with 60 tables |
| title_sub | modeling of optical and thermal performance, electrical yield, energy balance, effect on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions ; with 60 tables |
| topic | Mathematisches Modell Greenhouse gas mitigation Mathematical models Photovoltaic power generation Solar energy Kohlendioxidemission (DE-588)4164507-8 gnd Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd Fotovoltaik (DE-588)4121476-6 gnd Energietechnische Anlage (DE-588)4196531-0 gnd Generator (DE-588)4020119-3 gnd Energiebilanz (DE-588)4133113-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mathematisches Modell Greenhouse gas mitigation Mathematical models Photovoltaic power generation Solar energy Kohlendioxidemission Emissionsverringerung Fotovoltaik Energietechnische Anlage Generator Energiebilanz |
| url | http://www.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/tocs/17908027X.pdf http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2753935&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014943286&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krauterstefancw solarelectricpowergenerationphotovoltaicenergysystemsmodelingofopticalandthermalperformanceelectricalyieldenergybalanceeffectonreductionofgreenhousegasemissionswith60tables |
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