International human rights: problems of law, policy, and practice
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York, NY
Aspen Publ.
2006
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| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. xxxiii-xl) and index |
| Physical Description: | XL, 1176 S. 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 0735555575 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International human rights |b problems of law, policy, and practice |c Richard B. Lillich ... |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b Aspen Publ. |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XL, 1176 S. |c 26 cm | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. xxxiii-xl) and index | ||
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135513266847744 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
PREFACE XXXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXXIII
CHAPTER 1 THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
FROM MORALITY TO LAW: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY 1
CHAPTER 2 GUARANTEEING HUMAN RIGHTS BY TREATY
IS THERE A RIGHT TO A SAFE AND HEALTHY
ENVIRONMENT? 5 5
CHAPTER 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS
THROUGH NON-BINDING INSTRUMENTS
HOW AND WHY DO NEW INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS NORMS EMERGE OTHER THAN BY TREATY? 135
CHAPTER 4 HUMAN RIGHTS IN EXTREMIS
HOW CAN HUMAN RIGHTS BE PROTECTED IN
CIVIL STRIFE AND ARMED CONFLICT? 209
CHAPTER 5 WHO IS OBLIGATED TO PROMOTE AND PROTECT
HUMAN RIGHTS?
OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN THE
NIGER RIVER DELTA 323
CHAPTER 6 DOMESTIC ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
ARE STATES COURTS BOUND TO APPLY
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS? 439
CHAPTER 7 UN MECHANISMS FOR ADDRESSING VIOLATIONS OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
WHAT PETITION AND OTHER PROCEDURES ARE
AVAILABLE FOR IMPLEMENTING HUMAN
RIGHTS STANDARDS? 533
CHAPTER 8 THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
CAN REGIONAL SYSTEMS TO PROTECT HUMAN
RIGHTS BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN UN
MECHANISMS? 617
VLL
VIII SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS
RESPONDING TO DISAPPEARANCES IN ARGENTINA 111
CHAPTER 10 COERCING COMPLIANCE WITH HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS:
SANCTIONS AND ARMED INTERVENTION
CAN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PREVENT
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY THREATENING
OR USING FORCE? 787
CHAPTER 11 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
CAN WE DETER HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY
USING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS? 881
CHAPTER 12 THE PROBLEM OF FACT-FINDING AND EVIDENCE
HOW ARE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
INVESTIGATED? 979
CHAPTER 13 HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY
THE UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONSHIP 1063
INDEX 1165
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE XXXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXXIII
CHAPTER 1 1
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
FROM MORALITY TO LAW: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
I. THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 2
II. THE MOVEMENT TO ABOLISH SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE 3
A. INTRODUCTION 3
B. THE MORAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL EVOLUTION 6
DAVID BRION DAVIS, THE PROBLEM OF SLAVERY IN THE AGE OF 6
REVOLUTION 1770-1823
ROGER ANSTEY, THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AND BRITISH ABOLITION 6
1760-1810
C. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS 8
HOWARD TEMPERLEY, THE IDEOLOGY OF ANTISLAVERY, IN THE ABOLITION 8
OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: ORIGINS AND EFFECTS IN EUROPE,
AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS
JAMES WALVIN, THE PUBLIC CAMPAIGN IN ENGLAND AGAINST SLAVERY, 9
1787-1834
D. THE RHETORIC OF ABOLITION 11
SIMON BOLIVAR, MESSAGE TO THE CONGRESS OF BOLIVIA (MAY 25, 1826) 11
AUDREY A. FISCH, AMERICAN SLAVES IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND: 12
ABOLITIONIST POLITICS IN POPULAR LITERATURE AND CULTURE
FREDERICK DOUGLASS, THE MEANING OF JULY FOURTH FOR THE NEGRO, 13
ROCHESTER, NY (JULY 5, 1852)
E. THE LEGAL EVOLUTION 14
THE CASE OF JAMES SOMMERSETT 14
SUZANNE MIERS, SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE AS INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 23
1890-1939
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 28
III. THE PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 31
A. NATURAL LAW 31
S. JAMES ANAYA, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 31
B. LEGAL POSITIVISM 35
C. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES 35
D. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES 36
HILARY CHARLESWORFH, FEMINIST METHODS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 36
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
E. CULTURAL RELATIVISM 38
AMARTYA SEN, HUMAN RIGHTS AND ASIAN VALUES 39
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 43
IV. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
INSTITUTIONS 46
JOHN P. HUMPHREY, THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE 46
MIDDLE TWENTIETH CENTURY
V. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 53
CHAPTER 2 55
GUARANTEEING HUMAN RIGHTS BY TREATY
IS THERE A RIGHT TO A SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT?
I. THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND HITMAN WEIL-BEING 57
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM, GEO YEARBOOK: AN OVERVIEW OF 57
OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 2004-2005
II. THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH TREATIES 62
A. WHY RIGHTS AND WHY TREATIES? 62
DINAH L. SHELTON, HUMAN RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS, AND THE 62
RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT
OKECHUKWU IBEANU, ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE ILLICIT MOVEMENT AND 64
DUMPING OF TOXIC AND DANGEROUS PRODUCTS AND WASTES ON THE
ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
RICHARD B. BILDER, RETHINKING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: 64
SOME BASIC QUESTIONS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 66
B. HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS IN THE UN CHARTER 67
1. THE CONTENT OF THE CHARTER 67
THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 67
2. INVOCATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS CLAUSES ON THE 68
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES FOR STATES OF THE CONTINUED PRESENCE 69
OF SOUTH AFRICA IN NAMIBIA (SOUTH WEST AFRICA)
EGON SCHWELB, THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AND 70
THE HUMAN RIGHTS CLAUSES OF THE CHARTER
3. THE DOMESTIC STATUS OF THE CHARTER S HUMAN RIGHTS 73
CLAUSES
OSCAR SCHACHTER, THE CHARTER AND THE CONSTITUTION: 73
THE HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS IN AMERICAN LAW
NOTE: U.S. RECOGNITION OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE 76
HUMAN RIGHTS CLAUSES
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 78
C. UN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW-MAKING 79
DINAH L. SHELTON, HUMAN RIGHTS 83
1. COMPLETING THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF RIGHTS 85
LOUIS HENKIN, INTRODUCTION 86
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
2. ISSUE-SPECIFIC HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 87
NOTE: SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 89
3. QUALITY CONTROL 91
STEPHEN P. MARKS, EMERGING HUMAN RIGHTS: A NEW 91
GENERATION FOR THE 1980S?
A. H. ROBERTSON, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD 92
NOTE: UN ACTION 94
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RES. 41/120 94
INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AT 95
THE UNITED NATIONS: NEW STANDARD SETTING
4. THE EVOLUTION OF A CLAIMED RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 96
DINAH L. SHELTON, HUMAN RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS, 96
AND THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT
NOTE: ON THE EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL, REGIONAL, AND 99
NATIONAL STANDARDS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 103
III. ARE HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES DIFFERENT FROM OTHER INTERNATIONAL 105
LEGAL NORMS?
A. INTERPRETATION 106
VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 106
SOERING V. UNITED KINGDOM 107
SELMOUNI V. FRANCE 108
JUAN HUMBERTO SANCHEZ CASE, INTERPRETATION OF THE JUDGMENT 110
ON PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS, MERITS AND REPARATIONS
B. RESERVATIONS 110
VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 111
NOTE: U.S. RESERVATIONS, UNDERSTANDINGS, AND DECLARATIONS TO 113
THE COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: THE 113
ADMINISTRATION S PROPOSED RESERVATIONS, UNDERSTANDINGS
AND DECLARATIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND
POLITICAL RIGHTS
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, ISSUES RELATING TO RESERVATIONS MADE 116
UPON RATIFICATION OR ACCESSION TO THE COVENANT OR THE
OPTIONAL PROTOCOLS THERETO, OR IN RELATION TO DECLARATIONS
UNDER ARTICLE 41 OF THE COVENANT
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS 121
SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE
COVENANT, COMMENTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE REPORT OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, ANNUAL REPORT 123
C. TERMINATION OF TREATIES 129
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, CONTINUITY OF OBLIGATIONS 129
D. ARE HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES SUPERIOR TO OTHER INTERNATIONAL 130
LEGAL REGIMES?
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 131
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 132
X
JJ TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3
155
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS THROUGH NON-BINDING
INSTRUMENTS
HOW AND WHY DO NEW INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS
EMERGE OTHER THAN BY TREATY?
I. INTRODUCTION: THE ROLE OF SOFT LAW IN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW MAKING 136
DINAH L. SHELTON, COMMENTARY AND CONCLUSIONS, IN COMMITMENT AND 137
COMPLIANCE: THE ROLE OF NON-BINDING NORMS IN
THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM
II. THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 143
A. THE MAKING OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION 143
JOHN P. HUMPHREY, THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: 143
ITS HISTORY, IMPACT AND JURIDICAL CHARACTER
B. THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE DECLARATION 146
1. THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 146
EGON SCHWELB, THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION 147
OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW
NOTE: CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 152
2. SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE DECLARATION 153
RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW OF THE 156
UNITED STATES §702
INTERNATIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION, COMMITTEE ON THE 157
ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW, FINAL REPORT ON
THE STATUS OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
NOTE: OTHER UNITED NATIONS AND REGIONAL HUMAN 161
RIGHTS DECLARATIONS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 163
HI. THE EMERGENCE OF NEW HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS: THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS
164
PEOPLES AND MAYA LAND CLAIMS IN SOUTHERN BELIZE
A. THE DEVELOPING RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 164
B. THE ADJUDICATION OF MAYA LAND CLAIMS BY THE 167
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
S. JAMES ANAYA, THE MAYA PETITION TO THE INTER-AMERICAN 168
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: INDIGENOUS LAND AND
RESOURCE RIGHTS, AND THE CONFLICT OVER LOGGING AND OIL IN
SOUTHERN BELIZE
NOTE: THE AWAS TINGNI AND DANN CASES 172
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT 40/04, 176
CASE 12.053 (MAYA INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES OF THE
TOLEDO DISTRICT OF BELIZE)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 182
IV. NORM BUILDING IN RELATED AREAS 183
A. MINORITIES JG3
HURST HANNUM, THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO MINORITIES 184
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, GENERAL COMMENT NO. 23 191
(ART. 27)
B. SELF-DETERMINATION 194
COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, 195
RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION, GENERAL RECOMMENDATION XXI
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 197
V. THE MODEL OR SOFT LAW APPROACH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE AREA 199
A. INTERNATIONAL NORMS GOVERNING THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS 200
B. STATUS OF THE STANDARD MINIMUM RULES 200
C. APPLYING THE MODEL LAW OR SOFT LAW APPROACH TO 201
SPECIFIC SUBJECTS
1. TREATMENT OF PRISONERS 202
2. JUVENILE OFFENDERS 202
3. STANDARDS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 202
NIGEL RODLEY, THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS UNDER 203
INTERNATIONAL LAW
ALFRED HEIJDER, CODES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AGAINST TORTURE 204
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 206
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 206
CHAPTER 4 209
HUMAN RIGHTS IN EXTREMIS
HOW CAN HUMAN RIGHTS BE PROTECTED IN CIVIL STRIFE AND
ARMED CONFLICT?
I. A MOTE IN THE EYE OF FREEDOM: INTERROGATION AT ABU GHRAIB PRISON,
IRAQ 211
DANA PRIEST AND BARTON GELLMAN, U.S. DECRIES ABUSE BUT DEFENDS 212
INTERROGATIONS; STRESS AND DURESS TACTICS USED ON TERRORISM
SUSPECTS HELD IN SECRET OVERSEAS FACILITIES
II. HUMAN RIGHTS IN CIVIL STRIFE AND STATES OF EMERGENCY 216
JOAN FITZPATRICK, HUMAN RIGHTS IN CRISIS, THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR
217
PROTECTING RIGHTS DURING STATES OF EMERGENCY
NOTE: HUMANITARIAN LAW AS A LIMITATION ON THE RIGHT OF DEROGATION: 223
CIVIL STRIFE AND INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT CONTRASTED
NOTE: MONITORING STATES OF EMERGENCY 224
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, STATES OF EMERGENCY (ARTICLE 4) 225
HABEAS CORPUS IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 228
NOTE: LIMITATION CLAUSES 229
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 230
III. THE TRADITIONAL LAW OF WAR: INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT 230
NOTE: HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE CONCERN FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE LAW 230
OF WAR
G.I.A.D. DRAPER, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW OF WAR 231
A. PROTECTING COMBATANTS: THE FIRST THREE 1949 GENEVA CONVENTIONS 233
THIRD GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF 233
PRISONERS OF WAR
X
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V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
U.S. ARMY, LAW OF LAND WARFARE 235
U.S. ARMY, INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION 237
B. PROTECTING CIVILIANS: THE FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION 239
FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS 239
IN TIME OF WAR
C. SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS: PROTOCOL I 241
RICHARD R. BAXTER, MODERNIZING THE LAW OF WAR 242
NOTE: THE IMPACT OF PROTOCOL I 243
PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, 244
AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL
ARMED CONFLICTS (PROTOCOL I)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 247
IV. EXPANDING TRADITIONAL PROTECTIONS: INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS 247
A. COMMON ARTICLE 3: ITS STATUS AND CONTENT 247
DANIEL SMITH, NEW PROTECTIONS FOR VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED 247
CONFLICTS: THE PROPOSED RATIFICATION OF PROTOCOL II BY THE
UNITED STATES
CASE CONCERNING MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES IN AND 249
AGAINST NICARAGUA (NICARAGUA V. UNITED STATES)
B. PROTOCOL II: ITS SCOPE AND CONTENT 250
RICHARD R. BAXTER, MODERNIZING THE LAW OF WAR 250
NOTE: THE U.S. POSITION ON PROTOCOL II 252
NOTE: UN PEACEKEEPING 253
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 253
V. WHERE DOES RESPONSIBILITY LIE FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE LAW OF WAR? 254
IN RE YAMASHITA 255
NOTE: THE TREATMENT OF COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY IN U.S. 258
DOMESTIC LAW
INTERVIEW WITH GUY WOMACK BY CHRIS MATTHEWS 259
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 261
VI. MODERN WARFARE: DISTINGUISHING COMBATANTS FROM CIVILIANS 261
LIEUTENANT DUFFY S STATEMENT 262
MARK BOWDEN, BLACK HAWK DOWN, A STORY OF MODERN WAR 265
NOTE: THE FIRST GULF WAR 266
NOTE: AFGHANISTAN AND THE SECOND GULF WAR 267
VII. THE WAR ON TERROR : EMERGENCY, ARMED CONFLICT, OR BUSINESS 267
AS USUAL?
GEORGE W. BUSH, ADDRESS TO A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS AND TO 268
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
A. PROSECUTING THOSE PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR ILL-TREATMENT AT ABU 269
GHRAIB
1. THE DRAMATIS PERSONAE 269
2. THE LEGAL ARGUMENTS 271
MEMORANDUM FROM ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL JAY S. BYBEE 271
NOTE: SUBSEQUENT U.S. INTERROGATION POLICIES 279
NOTE: SHOULD TORTURE ALWAYS BE PROHIBITED? 281
B. GUANTANAMO AND ILLEGAL COMBATANTS 281
THIRD GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF 282
PRISONERS OF WAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN 284
PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR
MEMORANDUM FROM ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL JAY S. BYBEE 284
SILVIA BORELLI, CASTING LIGHT ON THE LEGAL BLACK HOLE: INTERNATIONAL 292
LAW AND DETENTIONS ABROAD IN THE WAR ON TERROR
MEMORANDUM FROM THE PRESIDENT 294
C. MILITARY COMMISSIONS 296
DETENTION, TREATMENT, AND TRIAL OF CERTAIN NON-CITIZENS IN THE 296
WAR AGAINST TERRORISM
HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD 301
D. RENDITIONS 307
JOAN FITZPATRICK, RENDITION AND TRANSFER IN THE WAR 308
AGAINST TERRORISM: GUANTANAMO AND BEYOND
E. A CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSE 310
H.R. 3038 310
THOMAS M. FRANCK, EDITORIAL COMMENT, CRIMINALS, 315
COMBATANTS, OR WHAT? AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF LAW
IN RESPONDING TO THE THREAT OF TERROR
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 316
VIII. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 319
CHAPTER 5 323
WHO IS OBLIGATED TO PROMOTE AND PROTECT
HUMAN RIGHTS?
OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN THE NIGER RIVER DELTA
I. THE PROBLEM: OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN NIGERIA 325
II. THE OBLIGATIONS OF STATES 326
NOTE: THE AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM 326
CHRISTOF HEYNS, THE AFRICAN REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM: 327
THE AFRICAN CHARTER
A. THE LANGUAGE OF OBLIGATION 334
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, GENERAL COMMENT NO. 31, THE 334
NATURE OF THE GENERAL LEGAL OBLIGATION IMPOSED ON STATES
PARTIES TO THE COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
VELASQUEZ RODRIGUEZ CASE, INTER-AM. CT. H.R 338
ONERYILDIZ V. TURKEY 345
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, GENERAL 353
COMMENT NO. 3, THE NATURE OF STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS
(ART. 2, PARA. 1)
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS ACTION CENTER AND THE CENTER 355
FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS V. NIGERIA
B. BALANCING STATE OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT WITH INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM 364
AND AUTONOMY
BRIIGGEMANN AND SCHEUTEN V. GERMANY 364
OPEN DOOR AND DUBLIN WELL WOMAN V. IRELAND 365
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRETTY V. THE UNITED KINGDOM 567
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS
OV
III. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY ^73
DINAH L. SHELTON, PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD 373
RHODA E. HOWARD-HASSMAN, THE SECOND GREAT TRANSFORMATION: 375
HUMAN RIGHTS LEAPFROGGING IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
A. CODES OF CONDUCT
577
SUB-COMMISSION ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN 379
RIGHTS, NORMS ON THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS AND OTHER BUSINESS ENTERPRISES WITH REGARD
TO HUMAN RIGHTS
REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER ON 382
HUMAN RIGHTS ON THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS AND RELATED BUSINESS ENTERPRISES WITH REGARD
TO HUMAN RIGHTS
B. POTENTIAL DOMESTIC LIABILITY OF CORPORATIONS FOR HUMAN 385
RIGHTS ABUSES
RALPH STEINHARDT, LAYING ONE BANKRUPT CRITIQUE TO REST: SOSA V. 386
ALVAREZ MACHAIN AND THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LITIGATION IN U.S. COURTS
WIWA V. ROYAL DUTCH PETROLEUM CO. AND SHELL TRANSPORT & 387
TRADING CO. P.L.C.
C. A RESPONSE FROM BUSINESS 392
SUSTAINABILITY, THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF LIABILITY: A DIRECTOR S 392
GUIDE TO TRENDS IN CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC LIABILITY
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 394
IV. DO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS? 396
A. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 396
IBRD/WORLD BANK, DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE ROLE 399
OF THE WORLD BANK
KELLY CURRAH ET AL, DOING THE RIGHTS THING? THE WORLD BANK 401
AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY
B. THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 406
ROBERT HOWSE AND MAKAU MUTUA, PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS 406
IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY: CHALLENGES FOR THE WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, TRADE AND LABOUR STANDARDS 409
AGREEMENT REACHED ON WTO WAIVER FOR CONFLICT DIAMONDS 410
UNDER THE KIMBERLEY PROCESS CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR
ROUGH DIAMONDS
REPORT ON THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, 411
LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN SERVICES AND HUMAN RIGHTS
C. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES 413
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, PROTECTION 413
OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY UNDER THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, DECLARATION ON THE TRIPS 416
AGREEMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
COMMISSION HUMAN RIGHTS, THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO THE 417
ENJOYMENT OF THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD OF PHYSICAL AND
MENTAL HEALTH
COMMISSION HUMAN RIGHTS RES. 2005/23, ACCESS TO MEDICATION IN 420
THE CONTEXT OF PANDEMICS SUCH AS HIV/AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS AND
MALARIA
D. PEACEKEEPING 422
REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION ON ITS 56TH SESSION 423
COLUMN LYNCH, U.N. SEXUAL ABUSE ALLEGED IN CONGO, 426
PEACEKEEPERS ACCUSED IN DRAFT REPORT
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL, UN SPECIAL MEASURES FOR 428
PROTECTION FROM SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND SEXUAL ABUSE
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 429
V. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 430
ERICA-IRENE A. DAES, FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER LAW: AN ANALYSIS
OF ARTICLE 29 OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 431
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, COMPILATION OF THE ESSENTIAL ASPECTS OF 435
REPLIES RECEIVED ON THE PRE-DRAFT DECLARATION ON HUMAN SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 437
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 438
CHAPTER 6 439
DOMESTIC ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
ARE STATES COURTS BOUND TO APPLY INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS NORMS?
I. INTRODUCTION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC
LEGAL 440
SYSTEMS
II. U.S. COURTS AND THE RIGHT OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS NOT TO BE EXECUTED
442
A. FINDING THE PARAMETERS OF DOMESTIC LEGAL PROTECTIONS IN LIGHT 442
OF INTERNATIONAL NORMS
ROPER V. SIMMONS 443
HAROLD HONGJU KOH, REVIEW ESSAY: WHY DO NATIONS OBEY 449
INTERNATIONAL LAW
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 452
B. THE APPLICATION OF TREATY PROVISIONS BY DOMESTIC COURTS 453
1. JUDICIAL TREATMENT OF RESERVATIONS TO MULTILATERAL TREATIES 454
DOMINGUES V. STATE OF NEVADA 456
CURTIS A. BRADLEY, THE JUVENILE DEATH PENALTY AND 460
INTERNATIONAL LAW
2. THE DOCTRINE OF (NON) SELF-EXECUTING TREATIES 462
NOTE: THE FUJI CASE 462
SEI FUJII V. STATE 463
THE U.S. DECLARATIONS OF NON-SELF-EXECUTION 466
HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD 469
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 471
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 473
BRIEF FOR THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE OF THE BAR OF ENGLAND 473
AND WALES, HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATES, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH,
AND THE WORLD ORGANIZATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AS AMICI CURIAE
IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS
JOAN FITZPATRICK, THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC COURTS IN ENFORCING 477
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW UNDER THE ALIEN TORT STATUTE * 478
FILARTIGA AND BEYOND
FILARTIGA V. PENA-IRALA 479
SOSA V. ALVAREZ-MACHAIN 485
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 494
NOTE: THE STATE ACTION AND ACT OF STATE DOCTRINES 498
NOTE: FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 500
III. THE JUSTICIABILITY OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS * SOI
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, THE RIGHT TO 502
THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD OF HEALTH
MINISTER OF HEALTH ET AL. V. TREATMENT ACTION CAMPAIGN ET AL. 511
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 526
NOTE: THE USE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN FOREIGN 527
JURISDICTIONS
SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, DECISION ON THE 529
APPLICABILITY BY ORDINARY COURTS OF THE UNIVERSALLY RECOGNIZED
PRINCIPLES AND NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 532
CHAPTER 7 533
UN MECHANISMS FOR ADDRESSING VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
WHAT PETITION AND OTHER PROCEDURES ARE AVAILABLE FOR
IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS?
I. INTRODUCTION S34
II. THE SITUATION IN GREECE: AN EARLY TEST CASE 536
A. RESOLUTION 1503: HIGH EXPECTATIONS 536
B. HISTORICAL NOTE 536
GREECE: JUSTICE IN BLINKERS 538
HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT ON GREECE 539
C. COMMUNICATION ALLEGING VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN GREECE 539
D. THE SUB-COMMISSIONS RESPONSE TO THE COMMUNICATION 541
DISAPPOINTING START TO NEW U.N. PROCEDURE ON HUMAN RIGHTS 541
E. THE REACTION OF THE GREEK REGIME 543
LETTER DATED 12 AUGUST 1973 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE 543
OF GREECE TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE
SECRETARY-GENERAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
F. THE OVERTHROW OF THE GREEK REGIME AND THE SUB-COMMISSION S 545
ROLE THEREIN
STATEMENT BY AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AND THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT 545
MOVEMENT FOR THE UN
III. ANALYZING THE PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS OF RESOLUTION 1503 546
FRANK C. NEWMAN, THE NEW U.N. PROCEDURES FOR HUMAN 546
RIGHTS COMPLAINTS: REFORM, STATUS QUO, OR CHAMBER OF
HORRORS?
PHILIP ALSTON, THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 548
NIGEL S. RODLEY AND DAVID WEISSBRODT, UNITED NATIONS NONTREATY 552
PROCEDURES FOR DEALING WITH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT EXPERT OF THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN 554
RIGHTS [CHARLOTTE ABAKA] ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN
LIBERIA SUBMITTED UNDER THE 1503 PROCEDURE
IV. OTHER UN MECHANISMS FOR INVESTIGATING ALLEGED HUMAN RIGHTS 562
ABUSES
A. PETITION PROCEDURES 562
B. NON-PETITION PROCEDURES 564
PHILIP ALSTON, THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 564
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, 572
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, QUESTION OF ARBITRARY DETENTION 572
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND INDIGENOUS 572
ISSUES
OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, THE WORKING 573
GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION
REPORT OF THE TWELFTH MEETING OF SPECIAL RAPPORTEURS/ 577
REPRESENTATIVES, INDEPENDENT EXPERTS AND CHAIRPERSONS OF
WORKING GROUPS OF THE SPECIAL PROCEDURES OF THE COMMISSION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS AND OF THE ADVISORY SERVICES PROGRAMME
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 579
V. MONITORING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 583
A. MONITORING BODIES 583
B. STATE REPORTING 584
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR 586
HUMAN RIGHTS, EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF HUMAN RIGHTS
MECHANISMS TREATY BODIES
DINAH SHELTON, COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS [PERIODIC REPORTS] 588
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, S 8400-8401 590
C. INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATIONS 592
TOONEN V. AUSTRALIA 592
NOTE: SHOULD THERE BE AN OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE COVENANT ON 599
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS?
D. INTERSTATE COMPLAINTS 600
E. GENERAL COMMENTS 600
F. STRENGTHENING THE TREATY SYSTEM 601
FINAL REPORT ON ENHANCING THE LONG-TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF THE 602
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY SYSTEM
J^J TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL ASSEMBLY RES. 57/202, EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF 609
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS, INCLUDING REPORTING
OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN 612
RIGHTS, EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS
TREATY BODIES
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 615
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 615
CHAPTER 8 617
THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
CAN REGIONAL SYSTEMS TO PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS BE MORE EFFECTIVE
THAN UN MECHANISMS?
I. UNIVERSAL AND REGIONAL NORMS 619
DINAH L. SHELTON, THE PROMISE OF REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEMS 619
II. THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
621
DINAH L. SHELTON, THE BOUNDARIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS JURISDICTION IN 621
EUROPE
A. JURISDICTION 624
NOTE: CIVILIAN DEATHS IN IRAQ 624
BANKOVIC AND OTHERS V. BELGIUM AND OTHERS 626
ISSA AND OTHERS V. TURKEY 635
AL-ADSANI V. UNITED KINGDOM 639
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 647
B. THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS IN THE 648
EUROPEAN CONVENTION: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
HANDYSIDE V. UNITED KINGDOM 649
JERSILD V. DENMARK 660
OTTO-PREMINGER-INSTITUT V. AUSTRIA 674
NOTE: OTHER SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS 681
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 682
C. SEEKING COMPLIANCE WITH EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS 683
1. MONITORING JUDGMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 683
COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS TO SUPERVISE THE 684
EXECUTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COURT S JUDGMENTS
COUNCIL OF EUROPE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 1226 686
(2000), EXECUTION OF JUDGMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY, RESOLUTION 688
1411 (2004), IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN
COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
2. MONITORING OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERS OF THE 690
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS, DECLARATION ON COMPLIANCE WITH 691
COMMITMENTS ACCEPTED BY MEMBER STATES OF THE COUNCIL
OF EUROPE
PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE DECLARATION OF 10 NOVEMBER 692
1994, ON COMPLIANCE WITH COMMITMENTS ACCEPTED BY
MEMBER STATES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE
NOTE: THE CASE OF GEORGIA 693
PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY, GEORGIA S APPLICATION FOR 693
MEMBERSHIP OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE
PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY, RESOLUTION 1257 (2001) OF SEPT. 25, 696
2001: HONOURING OF OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS BY GEORGIA
COMPLIANCE WITH COMMITMENTS AND OBLIGATIONS: THE 699
SITUATION IN GEORGIA
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 701
D. THE PRESENT CRISIS AND THE FUTURE OF THE SYSTEM 701
EXPLANATORY REPORT TO THE [DRAFT] PROTOCOL NO. 14 TO THE 702
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, AMENDING THE CONVENTION S CONTROL
SYSTEM
RESOLUTION (2004) 3, ON JUDGMENTS REVEALING AN UNDERLYING 704
SYSTEMIC PROBLEM
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 705
III. OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE, 706
EUROPEAN UNION, AND ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN
EUROPE
DINAH L. SHELTON, THE BOUNDARIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS JURISDICTION 706
IN EUROPE
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 715
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 7IS
CHAPTER 9 717
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS
RESPONDING TO DISAPPEARANCES IN ARGENTINA
I. HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA 718
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT ON THE 718
SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA
II. EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM IN THE AMERICAS 720
CECELIA MEDINA, THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 721
AND THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: REFLECTIONS ON A
JOINT VENTURE
VJJJJ TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERPRETATION OF THE 724
AMERICAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MAN WITHIN
THE FRAMEWORK OF ARTICLE 64 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS
NOTE: ADVISORY OPINIONS OF THE COURT 730
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 731
III. THE RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM TO DISAPPEARANCES IN ARGENTINA 73 J
A. COUNTRY REPORTS 731
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT ON THE 731
SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA
THOMAS BUERGENTHAL, ROBERT NORRIS, AND DINAH SHELTON, 745
PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS, SELECTED
PROBLEMS
REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA 747
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 749
B. INDIVIDUAL PETITIONS 749
DINAH SHELTON, THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM 749
1. PROVISIONAL MEASURES 753
REGGIARDO TOLOSA CASE, ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE 753
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF NOVEMBER 19,
1993
2. ADMISSIBILITY AND MERITS 756
RES. NO 31/78, CASE 2553, (ARGENTINA), DECISION OF 756
NOV. 18, 1978
ASSOCIATION OF THE BAR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, COMMITTEE ON 759
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS, THE INTER-AMERICAN
COMMISSION: A PROMISE UNFULFILLED
NOTE: THE CONCEPT OF CONTINUING VIOLATIONS 763
BLAKE V. GUATEMALA (PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS) 763
3. FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT 765
REPORT NO. 21/00, CASE 12.059, CARMEN AGUIAR DE LAPACO 765
(ARGENTINA)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 766
C. COMPLIANCE WITH THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE IACHR 768
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, ANNUAL REPORT 769
2004
D. RESOLUTIONS OF OAS POLITICAL BODIES 770
THOMAS BUERGENTHAL, THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM FOR THE 771
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
RESOLUTION OF THE XVII MEETING OF CONSULTATION 771
E. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT 772
REPARATIONS 773
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, GARRIDO AND BAIGORRIA 773
CASE (REPARATIONS) (ART. 63(1) OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 779
IV. THE UNITED STATES AND THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM 780
NOTE: VOTING RIGHTS AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN THE AMERICAS 781
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT 98/03, CASE 781
11.204, STATEHOOD SOLIDARITY COMMITTEE (UNITED STATES)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 785
V. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 785
CHAPTER 10 787
COERCING COMPLIANCE WITH HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS: SANCTIONS AND
ARMED INTERVENTION
CAN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PREVENT HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS BY THREATENING OR USING FORCE?
I. DISASTER IN DARFUR 788
MISSION TO THE SUDAN * THE DARFUR CRISIS, REPORT OF THE 790
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON INTERNALLY DISPLACED
PERSONS, FRANCIS M. DENG
II. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS 793
A. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 793
B. THE UN CHARTER AND SOUTHERN RHODESIA 794
MYERS S. MCDOUGAL AND W. MICHAEL REISMAN, RHODESIA AND THE 796
UNITED NATIONS: THE LAWFULNESS OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN
DEAN ACHESON, THE ARROGANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAWYERS 799
C. MODERN UN SANCTIONS 801
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 661 802
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, THE 804
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND RESPECT FOR
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
UN SUB-COMMISSION ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN 805
RIGHTS, THE ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON
THE ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
THOMAS G. WEISS, SANCTIONS AS A FOREIGN POLICY TOOL: WEIGHING 813
HUMANITARIAN IMPULSES
AUGUST REINISCH, DEVELOPING HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN 814
LAW ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL FOR THE IMPOSITION
OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS
NOTE: REGIONAL OR UNILATERAL SANCTIONS 815
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 817
III. U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS 818
NOTE: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 818
LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE SERVICE, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, THE UNITED NATIONS
818
PARTICIPATION ACT SECTIONS RELATING TO ECONOMIC AND MILITARY ACTION
DIGGS V. SHULTZ 820
KENNETH ROTH, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, THE ROLE 821
OF U.S. SANCTIONS POLICIES IN PROMOTING HUMAN RIGHTS
NOTE: THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY: LOCAL AND STATE-SPONSORED 824
SANCTIONS
CROSBY V. NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE COUNCIL 824
XX
J
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 828
IV. ARMED INTERVENTION 828
A. INTERVENTION BY THE UNITED NATIONS 828
1. SOMALIA 829
SEAN D. MURPHY, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: THE UNITED 829
NATIONS IN AN EVOLVING WORLD ORDER
2. HAITI 832
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 940 833
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1542 835
TODD HOWLAND, OP-ED, IN HAITI, RHETORIC TRUMPS HUMAN 837
RIGHTS
3. THE CONSEQUENCES OF NON-INTERVENTION: RWANDA 838
REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INQUIRY INTO THE ACTIONS OF 838
THE UNITED NATIONS DURING THE 1994 GENOCIDE IN
RWANDA
B. UNILATERAL OR REGIONAL INTERVENTION 846
1. THE CONSEQUENCES OF INTERVENTION: KOSOVO 847
INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON KOSOVO, 847
KOSOVO REPORT
NOTE: THE SECOND GULF WAR 852
C. PROPOSED CRITERIA FOR ARMED INTERVENTION 853
THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT 854
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 864
V. THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO DARFUR 867
ACTING HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS BERTRAND RAMCHARAN, 867
STATEMENT TO THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL
THE CRISIS IN DARFUR, STATEMENT OF SECRETARY OF STATE COLIN POWELL 870
BEFORE THE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE
TRANSCRIPT OF THE CANDIDATES FIRST DEBATE IN THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL 872
CAMPAIGN
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 875
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 877
CHAPTER 11 881
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
CAN WE DETER HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY USING THE CRIMINAL
JUSTICE PROCESS?
I. INTRODUCTION 882
II. THE 1973 COUP IN CHILE AND ITS AFTERMATH 883
A. PINOCHET IN POWER 883
B. PINOCHET INDICTED 885
III. EFFORTS TO BRING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS TO BEAR
887
UPON HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATORS
ANTONIO CASSESE, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 888
JOHN CAREY, UN PROTECTION OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 889
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
STEVEN R. RATNER AND JASON S. ABRAMS, ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN 892
RIGHTS ATROCITIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
A. THE YUGOSLAV WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL 894
DIANE ORENTLICHER, YUGOSLAVIA WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL 894
B. THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA 898
CHRISTINA M. CARROLL, AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE AND 898
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR
RWANDA AND THE RWANDAN NATIONAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN DEALING
WITH THE MASS ATROCITIES OF 1994
KINGSLEY CHIEDU MOGHALU, THE EVOLVING ARCHITECTURE OF 900
INTERNATIONAL LAW: IMAGE AND REALITY OF WAR CRIMES
JUSTICE: EXTERNAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA
C. OTHER COUNTRY-SPECIFIC TRIBUNALS 906
NOTE: THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE 906
NOTE: EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS IN CAMBODIA 908
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 909
IV. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 912
PHILIPPE KIRSCH AND VALERIE OOSTERVELD, NEGOTIATING AN INSTITUTION 912
FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY AND THE
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
GLOBAL RIGHTS? [A DEBATE BETWEEN A.C. GRAYLING AND DAVID RIEFF] 917
A. U.S. ATTITUDES TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 924
B. THE UNITED STATES SIGNS AND UNSIGNS THE ICC STATUTE 926
PRESIDENT CLINTON, STATEMENT ON SIGNATURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL 926
CRIMINAL COURT TREATY
LETTER FROM UNDER-SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN R. BOLTON TO THE 928
SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE OF POLITICAL AFFAIRS MARC GROSSMAN, 928
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
COURT
JACK GOLDSMITH, THE SELF-DEFEATING INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL 931
COURT
C. EXEMPTING THE UNITED STATES FROM ICC JURISDICTION 936
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 936
DAVID J. SCHEFFER, ORIGINAL INTENT AT THE GLOBAL CRIMINAL COURT 937
NOTE: THE EARLY WORK OF THE ICC 938
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 939
V. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION 940
MENNO KAMMINGA, LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE EXERCISE OF 941
UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN RESPECT OF GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS
OFFENSES
DIANE ORENTLICHER, WHOSE JUSTICE? RECONCILING UNIVERSAL 949
JURISDICTION WITH DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES
NOTE: THE BELGIAN EXPERIENCE 950
STEVEN R. RATNER, EDITORIAL COMMENT, BELGIUM S WAR CRIMES 951
STATUTE: A POSTMORTEM
CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT OF 11 APRIL 2000 953
(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO V. BELGIUM)
XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS
CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT OF 11 APRIL 2000 (DEMOCRATIC 955
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO V. BELGIUM) (JOINT SEPARATE OPINION OF
JUDGES HIGGINS, KOOIJMANS, AND BUERGENTHAL)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 958
VI. THE PIECEMEAL CONVENTION APPROACH COUPLED WITH DOMESTIC 959
ENFORCEMENT
A. SLAVER) AND APARTHEID 960
B. TORTURE 961
C. TERRORISM 963
D. OTHER TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES 965
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 966
VII. THE EXERCISE OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION UNDER DOMESTIC LAW. AMNESTIES
966
AND PROSECUTIONS
NOTE: HUMAN RIGHTS PROSECUTIONS IN ARGENTINA 966
DIANE ORENTLICHER, SETTLING ACCOUNTS: THE DUTY TO PROSECUTE 968
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF A PRIOR REGIME
NOTE: NON-JUDICIAL ALTERNATIVES 972
ARTHUR ASIIMWE, RWANDA ESTIMATES 1 MILLION FACE GENOCIDE CHARGES 973
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 974
VIII. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 976
CHAPTER 12 979
THE PROBLEM OF FACT-FINDING AND EVIDENCE
HOW ARE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS INVESTIGATED?
I. THE CHALLENGE: TO FIND OUT WHAT IS REALLY HAPPENING 980
II. GATHERING THE FACTS: ALLEGATIONS OF JUDICIAL PERSECUTION OFMAPUCHE
981
LEADERS IN CHILE
A. FACT-FINDING BY NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 981
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, CHILE * THE 981
MAPACHE PEOPLE BETWEEN OBLIVION AND EXCLUSION
DIANE ORENTLICHER, BEARING WITNESS: THE ART AND SCIENCE OF 988
HUMAN RIGHTS FACT-FINDING
HANS THOOLEN AND BERTH VERSTAPPEN, HUMAN RIGHTS MISSIONS: 992
A STUDY OF THE FACT-FINDING PRACTICE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
HURST HANNUM, FACT-FINDING BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL HUMAN 994
RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS
ANDREW F. SMITH, INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT AND THE MEDIA, 995
A CURRICULUM GUIDE: INCUBATOR BABY INCIDENT
B. FACT-FINDING BY THE UN AND OTHER INTER-GOVERNMENTAL 999
ORGANIZATIONS
REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF 999
HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF INDIGENOUS
PEOPLE, MR. RODOLFO STAVENHAGEN (ADDENDUM: MISSION
TO CHILE)
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII
GOVERNMENT OF CHILE, REPORT I * RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 1004
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF INDIGENOUS CHILEANS
REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN MYANMAR, SUBMITTED 1006
BY MR. PAULO SERGIO PINHEIRO, SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR
M. CHERIF BASSIOUNI, APPRAISING UN JUSTICE-RELATED FACT-FINDING 1012
MISSIONS
C. THE NEED FOR GENERAL STANDARDS FOR FACT-FINDING BY 1017
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, TRAINING 1017
MANUAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING
BELGRADE MINIMAL RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR INTERNATIONAL 1025
HUMAN RIGHTS FACT-FINDING MISSIONS
D. FACT-FINDING BY JUDICIAL AND QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES 1027
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, CASE OF THE MAYAGNA 1029
(SUMO) COMMUNITY OF AWAS TINGNI: TRANSCRIPT OF THE
PUBLIC HEARING ON THE MERITS, NOVEMBER 16, 17, AND 18, 2000,
AT THE SEAT OF THE COURT (UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1039
III EVALUATING THE FACTS 1041
A. ADMISSIBILITY AND EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE 1041
THE CASE OF THE MAYAGNA (SUMO) AWAS TINGNI COMMUNITY V. 1042
NICARAGUA
B. THE BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 1044
BERTRAND G. RAMCHARAN, EVIDENCE 1044
VELASQUEZ RODRIGUEZ V. HONDURAS 1047
GANGARAM PANDAY V. SURINAME 1053
BLEIER V. URUGUAY 1054
SEVTAP VEZNEDAROGLU V. TURKEY 1055
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1061
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1062
CHAPTER 13 1063
HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY
THE UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONSHIP
I. HUMAN RIGHTS AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY 1065
KENNETH CMIEL, THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS POLITICS IN THE 1065
UNITED STATES
RICHARD B. BILDER, HUMAN RIGHTS AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: SHORT-TERM 1070
PROSPECTS
A. CONGRESSIONAL ACTION: LAYING THE FOUNDATION 1072
RICHARD B. LILLICH, U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND 1072
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN PRIVATE INVESTORS
ABROAD * PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
B. PRESIDENTIAL HUMAN RIGHTS POLICIES AND THEIR CRITICS, 1975 - 2005
1074
XXV
JI[ TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ALMOST AT THE BEGINNING: PRESIDENT CARTER 1074
CYRUS R. VANCE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY 1075
HENRY A. KISSINGER, CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN 1078
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
U.S. INSTITUTE FOR PEACE, U.S. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY: A 20 1082
YEAR ASSESSMENT
ORVILLE H. SCHELL JR., CARTER ON RIGHTS - A 1086
RE-EVALUATION
2. SELECTIVE RIGHTS, SELECTIVE APPLICATION: THE REAGAN 1087
ADMINISTRATION
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND 1087
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
ART BUCHWALD, MODERATE REPRESSION 1089
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND 1090
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
U.S. INSTITUTE OF PEACE, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PURSUIT OF 1092
PEACE: A 20 YEAR ASSESSMENT
NOTE: KEY DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY UNDER 1095
CARTER AND REAGAN
JEROME J. SHESTACK, AN UNSTEADY FOCUS: THE VULNERABILITIES 1097
OF THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION S HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY
3. TURNING DOWN THE VOLUME: THE FIRST PRESIDENT BUSH 1098
U.S. INSTITUTE FOR PEACE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND PEACE: 1098
A 20 YEAR ASSESSMENT
4. SEARCHING FOR A POLICY: THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION 1102
HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY UNDER THE NEW 1103
ADMINISTRATION, STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE TIMOTHY E.
WIRTH, COUNSELOR, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
JOHN SHATTUCK, HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN ASIA 1104
MARY MCGRORY, HUMAN RIGHTS RETREAT 1107
5. NATIONAL SECURITY, REGIME CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS: 1109
GEORGE W. BUSH
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEMOCRACY, HUMAN 1109
RIGHTS AND LABOR LOME W. CRANER, SUPPORTING
HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY: THE U.S. RECORD
2003-2004
DON FEDER, HUMAN RIGHTS NOT A FOREIGN POLICY 1111
CONCERN
MICHAEL IGNATIEFF, IS THE HUMAN RIGHTS ERA ENDING? 1112
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1114
C. U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND RELATIONS WITH CHINA 1115
1. THE UNITED STATES EVALUATES THE WORLD: THE STATE DEPARTMENT S 1115
ANNUAL REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT, COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN 1115
RIGHTS PRACTICES: CHINA
CHINA LASHES OUT AT HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 1119
INFORMATION OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE 1120
PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, THE HUMAN RIGHTS
RECORD OF THE UNITED STATES IN 2004
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX
2. MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY AT THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION 1124
NOTE VERBALE DATED 14 MARCH 2005 FROM THE 1126
PERMANENT MISSION OF CUBA TO THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE
AT GENEVA ADDRESSED TO THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
3. LINKAGES AND CONDITIONALITY: USING U.S. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL 1129
POWER
REMARKS BY GOV. WILLIAM CLINTON, A VISION FOR 1129
DEMOCRACY
PRESIDENT S NEWS CONFERENCE (MAY 26, 1994) 1130
EDITORIAL, SPEAK LOUDER ON RIGHTS IN CHINA 1134
DIRECTOR OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT S POLICY PLANNING STAFF 1135
RICHARD N. HAASS, CHINA AND THE FUTURE OF
U.S. - CHINA RELATIONS
GEORGE KOUROUS AND TOM BARRY, U.S. CHINA POLICY: 1139
TRADE, AID, AND HUMAN RIGHTS
WILLIAM H. OVERHOLT, BE TOUGHER ON BURMA THAN 1141
CHINA COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1143
II. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICIES OF OTHER STATES 1144
A. THE EUROPEAN UNION 1144
EUROPEAN UNION, GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS DIALOGUES 1146
B. JAPAN 1149
YOZO YOKOTA AND CHIYUKI AOI, JAPAN S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS 1149
HUMAN RIGHTS: UNCERTAIN CHANGES
JAPAN, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, HUMAN RIGHTS PAMPHLET 1159
STATEMENT BY H.E. AMBASSADOR SHIGERU ENDO, DELEGATION OF 1160
JAPAN, ON AGENDA ITEM 9: QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1161
II. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1162
INDEX 1165
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
PREFACE XXXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXXIII
CHAPTER 1 THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
FROM MORALITY TO LAW: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY 1
CHAPTER 2 GUARANTEEING HUMAN RIGHTS BY TREATY
IS THERE A RIGHT TO A SAFE AND HEALTHY
ENVIRONMENT? 5 5
CHAPTER 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS
THROUGH NON-BINDING INSTRUMENTS
HOW AND WHY DO NEW INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS NORMS EMERGE OTHER THAN BY TREATY? 135
CHAPTER 4 HUMAN RIGHTS IN EXTREMIS
HOW CAN HUMAN RIGHTS BE PROTECTED IN
CIVIL STRIFE AND ARMED CONFLICT? 209
CHAPTER 5 WHO IS OBLIGATED TO PROMOTE AND PROTECT
HUMAN RIGHTS?
OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN THE
NIGER RIVER DELTA 323
CHAPTER 6 DOMESTIC ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
ARE STATES' COURTS BOUND TO APPLY
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS? 439
CHAPTER 7 UN MECHANISMS FOR ADDRESSING VIOLATIONS OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
WHAT PETITION AND OTHER PROCEDURES ARE
AVAILABLE FOR IMPLEMENTING HUMAN
RIGHTS STANDARDS? 533
CHAPTER 8 THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
CAN REGIONAL SYSTEMS TO PROTECT HUMAN
RIGHTS BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN UN
MECHANISMS? 617
VLL
VIII SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS
RESPONDING TO DISAPPEARANCES IN ARGENTINA 111
CHAPTER 10 COERCING COMPLIANCE WITH HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS:
SANCTIONS AND ARMED INTERVENTION
CAN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PREVENT
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY THREATENING
OR USING FORCE? 787
CHAPTER 11 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
CAN WE DETER HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY
USING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS? 881
CHAPTER 12 THE PROBLEM OF FACT-FINDING AND EVIDENCE
HOW ARE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
INVESTIGATED? 979
CHAPTER 13 HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY
THE UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONSHIP 1063
INDEX 1165
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE XXXI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXXIII
CHAPTER 1 1
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
FROM MORALITY TO LAW: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
I. THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 2
II. THE MOVEMENT TO ABOLISH SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE 3
A. INTRODUCTION 3
B. THE MORAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL EVOLUTION 6
DAVID BRION DAVIS, THE PROBLEM OF SLAVERY IN THE AGE OF 6
REVOLUTION 1770-1823
ROGER ANSTEY, THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AND BRITISH ABOLITION 6
1760-1810
C. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS 8
HOWARD TEMPERLEY, THE IDEOLOGY OF ANTISLAVERY, IN THE ABOLITION 8
OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: ORIGINS AND EFFECTS IN EUROPE,
AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS
JAMES WALVIN, THE PUBLIC CAMPAIGN IN ENGLAND AGAINST SLAVERY, 9
1787-1834
D. THE RHETORIC OF ABOLITION 11
SIMON BOLIVAR, MESSAGE TO THE CONGRESS OF BOLIVIA (MAY 25, 1826) 11
AUDREY A. FISCH, AMERICAN SLAVES IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND: 12
ABOLITIONIST POLITICS IN POPULAR LITERATURE AND CULTURE
FREDERICK DOUGLASS, THE MEANING OF JULY FOURTH FOR THE NEGRO, 13
ROCHESTER, NY (JULY 5, 1852)
E. THE LEGAL EVOLUTION 14
THE CASE OF JAMES SOMMERSETT 14
SUZANNE MIERS, SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE AS INTERNATIONAL ISSUES 23
1890-1939
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 28
III. THE PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF HUMAN RIGHTS 31
A. NATURAL LAW 31
S. JAMES ANAYA, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 31
B. LEGAL POSITIVISM 35
C. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES 35
D. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES 36
HILARY CHARLESWORFH, FEMINIST METHODS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 36
X
TABLE OF CONTENTS
E. CULTURAL RELATIVISM 38
AMARTYA SEN, HUMAN RIGHTS AND ASIAN VALUES 39
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 43
IV. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
INSTITUTIONS 46
JOHN P. HUMPHREY, THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE 46
MIDDLE TWENTIETH CENTURY
V. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 53
CHAPTER 2 55
GUARANTEEING HUMAN RIGHTS BY TREATY
IS THERE A RIGHT TO A SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT?
I. THE STATE OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT AND HITMAN WEIL-BEING 57
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM, GEO YEARBOOK: AN OVERVIEW OF 57
OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 2004-2005
II. THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH TREATIES 62
A. WHY RIGHTS AND WHY TREATIES? 62
DINAH L. SHELTON, HUMAN RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS, AND THE 62
RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT
OKECHUKWU IBEANU, ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE ILLICIT MOVEMENT AND 64
DUMPING OF TOXIC AND DANGEROUS PRODUCTS AND WASTES ON THE
ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
RICHARD B. BILDER, RETHINKING INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS: 64
SOME BASIC QUESTIONS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 66
B. HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS IN THE UN CHARTER 67
1. THE CONTENT OF THE CHARTER 67
THE UNITED NATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS 67
2. INVOCATION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS CLAUSES ON THE 68
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES FOR STATES OF THE CONTINUED PRESENCE 69
OF SOUTH AFRICA IN NAMIBIA (SOUTH WEST AFRICA)
EGON SCHWELB, THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE AND 70
THE HUMAN RIGHTS CLAUSES OF THE CHARTER
3. THE DOMESTIC STATUS OF THE CHARTER'S HUMAN RIGHTS 73
CLAUSES
OSCAR SCHACHTER, THE CHARTER AND THE CONSTITUTION: 73
THE HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS IN AMERICAN LAW
NOTE: U.S. RECOGNITION OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE 76
HUMAN RIGHTS CLAUSES
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 78
C. UN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW-MAKING 79
DINAH L. SHELTON, HUMAN RIGHTS 83
1. COMPLETING THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF RIGHTS 85
LOUIS HENKIN, INTRODUCTION 86
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
2. ISSUE-SPECIFIC HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 87
NOTE: SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 89
3. QUALITY CONTROL 91
STEPHEN P. MARKS, EMERGING HUMAN RIGHTS: A NEW 91
GENERATION FOR THE 1980S?
A. H. ROBERTSON, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE WORLD 92
NOTE: UN ACTION 94
UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RES. 41/120 94
INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AT 95
THE UNITED NATIONS: NEW STANDARD SETTING
4. THE EVOLUTION OF A CLAIMED RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 96
DINAH L. SHELTON, HUMAN RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS, 96
AND THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT
NOTE: ON THE EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL, REGIONAL, AND 99
NATIONAL STANDARDS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 103
III. ARE HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES DIFFERENT FROM OTHER INTERNATIONAL 105
LEGAL NORMS?
A. INTERPRETATION 106
VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 106
SOERING V. UNITED KINGDOM 107
SELMOUNI V. FRANCE 108
JUAN HUMBERTO SANCHEZ CASE, INTERPRETATION OF THE JUDGMENT 110
ON PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS, MERITS AND REPARATIONS
B. RESERVATIONS 110
VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES 111
NOTE: U.S. RESERVATIONS, UNDERSTANDINGS, AND DECLARATIONS TO 113
THE COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: THE 113
ADMINISTRATION'S PROPOSED RESERVATIONS, UNDERSTANDINGS
AND DECLARATIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND
POLITICAL RIGHTS
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, ISSUES RELATING TO RESERVATIONS MADE 116
UPON RATIFICATION OR ACCESSION TO THE COVENANT OR THE
OPTIONAL PROTOCOLS THERETO, OR IN RELATION TO DECLARATIONS
UNDER ARTICLE 41 OF THE COVENANT
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS 121
SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 40 OF THE
COVENANT, COMMENTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE REPORT OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION, ANNUAL REPORT 123
C. TERMINATION OF TREATIES 129
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, CONTINUITY OF OBLIGATIONS 129
D. ARE HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES SUPERIOR TO OTHER INTERNATIONAL 130
LEGAL REGIMES?
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 131
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 132
X
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CHAPTER 3
155
THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS THROUGH NON-BINDING
INSTRUMENTS
HOW AND WHY DO NEW INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS
EMERGE OTHER THAN BY TREATY?
I. INTRODUCTION: THE ROLE OF SOFT LAW" IN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW MAKING 136
DINAH L. SHELTON, COMMENTARY AND CONCLUSIONS, IN COMMITMENT AND 137
COMPLIANCE: THE ROLE OF NON-BINDING NORMS IN
THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM
II. THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 143
A. THE MAKING OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION 143
JOHN P. HUMPHREY, THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS: 143
ITS HISTORY, IMPACT AND JURIDICAL CHARACTER
B. THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE DECLARATION 146
1. THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 146
EGON SCHWELB, THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION 147
OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW
NOTE: CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 152
2. SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE DECLARATION 153
RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE FOREIGN RELATIONS LAW OF THE 156
UNITED STATES §702
INTERNATIONAL LAW ASSOCIATION, COMMITTEE ON THE 157
ENFORCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW, FINAL REPORT ON
THE STATUS OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
NOTE: OTHER UNITED NATIONS AND REGIONAL HUMAN 161
RIGHTS DECLARATIONS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 163
HI. THE EMERGENCE OF NEW HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS: THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS
164
PEOPLES AND MAYA LAND CLAIMS IN SOUTHERN BELIZE
A. THE DEVELOPING RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 164
B. THE ADJUDICATION OF MAYA LAND CLAIMS BY THE 167
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
S. JAMES ANAYA, THE MAYA PETITION TO THE INTER-AMERICAN 168
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS: INDIGENOUS LAND AND
RESOURCE RIGHTS, AND THE CONFLICT OVER LOGGING AND OIL IN
SOUTHERN BELIZE
NOTE: THE AWAS TINGNI AND DANN CASES 172
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT 40/04, 176
CASE 12.053 (MAYA INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES OF THE
TOLEDO DISTRICT OF BELIZE)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 182
IV. NORM BUILDING IN RELATED AREAS 183
A. MINORITIES JG3
HURST HANNUM, THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO MINORITIES 184
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, GENERAL COMMENT NO. 23 191
(ART. 27)
B. SELF-DETERMINATION 194
COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, 195
RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION, GENERAL RECOMMENDATION XXI
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 197
V. THE MODEL OR "SOFT LAW" APPROACH IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE AREA 199
A. INTERNATIONAL NORMS GOVERNING THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS 200
B. STATUS OF THE STANDARD MINIMUM RULES 200
C. APPLYING THE "MODEL LAW" OR "SOFT LAW" APPROACH TO 201
SPECIFIC SUBJECTS
1. TREATMENT OF PRISONERS 202
2. JUVENILE OFFENDERS 202
3. STANDARDS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 202
NIGEL RODLEY, THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS UNDER 203
INTERNATIONAL LAW
ALFRED HEIJDER, CODES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AGAINST TORTURE 204
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 206
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 206
CHAPTER 4 209
HUMAN RIGHTS IN EXTREMIS
HOW CAN HUMAN RIGHTS BE PROTECTED IN CIVIL STRIFE AND
ARMED CONFLICT?
I. A MOTE IN THE EYE OF FREEDOM: INTERROGATION AT ABU GHRAIB PRISON,
IRAQ 211
DANA PRIEST AND BARTON GELLMAN, U.S. DECRIES ABUSE BUT DEFENDS 212
INTERROGATIONS; "STRESS AND DURESS" TACTICS USED ON TERRORISM
SUSPECTS HELD IN SECRET OVERSEAS FACILITIES
II. HUMAN RIGHTS IN CIVIL STRIFE AND STATES OF EMERGENCY 216
JOAN FITZPATRICK, HUMAN RIGHTS IN CRISIS, THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR
217
PROTECTING RIGHTS DURING STATES OF EMERGENCY
NOTE: HUMANITARIAN LAW AS A LIMITATION ON THE RIGHT OF DEROGATION: 223
CIVIL STRIFE AND INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT CONTRASTED
NOTE: MONITORING STATES OF EMERGENCY 224
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, STATES OF EMERGENCY (ARTICLE 4) 225
HABEAS CORPUS IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 228
NOTE: LIMITATION CLAUSES 229
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 230
III. THE TRADITIONAL LAW OF WAR: INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT 230
NOTE: HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE CONCERN FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE LAW 230
OF WAR
G.I.A.D. DRAPER, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW OF WAR 231
A. PROTECTING COMBATANTS: THE FIRST THREE 1949 GENEVA CONVENTIONS 233
THIRD GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF 233
PRISONERS OF WAR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
U.S. ARMY, LAW OF LAND WARFARE 235
U.S. ARMY, INTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION 237
B. PROTECTING CIVILIANS: THE FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION 239
FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS 239
IN TIME OF WAR
C. SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS: PROTOCOL I 241
RICHARD R. BAXTER, MODERNIZING THE LAW OF WAR 242
NOTE: THE IMPACT OF PROTOCOL I 243
PROTOCOL ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, 244
AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL
ARMED CONFLICTS (PROTOCOL I)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 247
IV. EXPANDING TRADITIONAL PROTECTIONS: INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS 247
A. COMMON ARTICLE 3: ITS STATUS AND CONTENT 247
DANIEL SMITH, NEW PROTECTIONS FOR VICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED 247
CONFLICTS: THE PROPOSED RATIFICATION OF PROTOCOL II BY THE
UNITED STATES
CASE CONCERNING MILITARY AND PARAMILITARY ACTIVITIES IN AND 249
AGAINST NICARAGUA (NICARAGUA V. UNITED STATES)
B. PROTOCOL II: ITS SCOPE AND CONTENT 250
RICHARD R. BAXTER, MODERNIZING THE LAW OF WAR 250
NOTE: THE U.S. POSITION ON PROTOCOL II 252
NOTE: UN PEACEKEEPING 253
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 253
V. WHERE DOES RESPONSIBILITY LIE FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE LAW OF WAR? 254
IN RE YAMASHITA 255
NOTE: THE TREATMENT OF COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY IN U.S. 258
DOMESTIC LAW
INTERVIEW WITH GUY WOMACK BY CHRIS MATTHEWS 259
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 261
VI. MODERN WARFARE: DISTINGUISHING COMBATANTS FROM CIVILIANS 261
LIEUTENANT DUFFY'S STATEMENT 262
MARK BOWDEN, BLACK HAWK DOWN, A STORY OF MODERN WAR 265
NOTE: THE FIRST GULF WAR 266
NOTE: AFGHANISTAN AND THE SECOND GULF WAR 267
VII. THE "WAR ON TERROR": EMERGENCY, ARMED CONFLICT, OR BUSINESS 267
AS USUAL?
GEORGE W. BUSH, ADDRESS TO A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS AND TO 268
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
A. PROSECUTING THOSE PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR ILL-TREATMENT AT ABU 269
GHRAIB
1. THE DRAMATIS PERSONAE 269
2. THE LEGAL ARGUMENTS 271
MEMORANDUM FROM ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL JAY S. BYBEE 271
NOTE: SUBSEQUENT U.S. INTERROGATION POLICIES 279
NOTE: SHOULD TORTURE ALWAYS BE PROHIBITED? 281
B. GUANTANAMO AND "ILLEGAL COMBATANTS" 281
THIRD GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF 282
PRISONERS OF WAR
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
FOURTH GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN 284
PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR
MEMORANDUM FROM ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL JAY S. BYBEE 284
SILVIA BORELLI, CASTING LIGHT ON THE LEGAL BLACK HOLE: INTERNATIONAL 292
LAW AND DETENTIONS ABROAD IN THE "WAR ON TERROR"
MEMORANDUM FROM THE PRESIDENT 294
C. MILITARY COMMISSIONS 296
DETENTION, TREATMENT, AND TRIAL OF CERTAIN NON-CITIZENS IN THE 296
WAR AGAINST TERRORISM
HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD 301
D. RENDITIONS 307
JOAN FITZPATRICK, RENDITION AND TRANSFER IN THE WAR 308
AGAINST TERRORISM: GUANTANAMO AND BEYOND
E. A CONGRESSIONAL RESPONSE 310
H.R. 3038 310
THOMAS M. FRANCK, EDITORIAL COMMENT, "CRIMINALS, 315
COMBATANTS, OR WHAT? AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF LAW
IN RESPONDING TO THE THREAT OF TERROR"
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 316
VIII. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 319
CHAPTER 5 323
WHO IS OBLIGATED TO PROMOTE AND PROTECT
HUMAN RIGHTS?
OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN THE NIGER RIVER DELTA
I. THE PROBLEM: OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN NIGERIA 325
II. THE OBLIGATIONS OF STATES 326
NOTE: THE AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM 326
CHRISTOF HEYNS, THE AFRICAN REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM: 327
THE AFRICAN CHARTER
A. THE LANGUAGE OF OBLIGATION 334
HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE, GENERAL COMMENT NO. 31, THE 334
NATURE OF THE GENERAL LEGAL OBLIGATION IMPOSED ON STATES
PARTIES TO THE COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
VELASQUEZ RODRIGUEZ CASE, INTER-AM. CT. H.R 338
ONERYILDIZ V. TURKEY 345
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, GENERAL 353
COMMENT NO. 3, THE NATURE OF STATES PARTIES OBLIGATIONS
(ART. 2, PARA. 1)
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS ACTION CENTER AND THE CENTER 355
FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS V. NIGERIA
B. BALANCING STATE OBLIGATIONS TO PROTECT WITH INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM 364
AND AUTONOMY
BRIIGGEMANN AND SCHEUTEN V. GERMANY 364
OPEN DOOR AND DUBLIN WELL WOMAN V. IRELAND 365
* TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRETTY V. THE UNITED KINGDOM 567
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS '
OV
III. CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY ^73
DINAH L. SHELTON, PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD 373
RHODA E. HOWARD-HASSMAN, THE SECOND GREAT TRANSFORMATION: 375
HUMAN RIGHTS LEAPFROGGING IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
A. CODES OF CONDUCT
577
SUB-COMMISSION ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN 379
RIGHTS, NORMS ON THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS AND OTHER BUSINESS ENTERPRISES WITH REGARD
TO HUMAN RIGHTS
REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER ON 382
HUMAN RIGHTS ON THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRANSNATIONAL
CORPORATIONS AND RELATED BUSINESS ENTERPRISES WITH REGARD
TO HUMAN RIGHTS
B. POTENTIAL DOMESTIC LIABILITY OF CORPORATIONS FOR HUMAN 385
RIGHTS ABUSES
RALPH STEINHARDT, LAYING ONE BANKRUPT CRITIQUE TO REST: SOSA V. 386
ALVAREZ MACHAIN AND THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LITIGATION IN U.S. COURTS
WIWA V. ROYAL DUTCH PETROLEUM CO. AND SHELL TRANSPORT & 387
TRADING CO. P.L.C.
C. A RESPONSE FROM BUSINESS 392
SUSTAINABILITY, THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF LIABILITY: A DIRECTOR'S 392
GUIDE TO TRENDS IN CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC LIABILITY
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 394
IV. DO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS? 396
A. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 396
IBRD/WORLD BANK, DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE ROLE 399
OF THE WORLD BANK
KELLY CURRAH ET AL, DOING THE RIGHTS THING? THE WORLD BANK 401
AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY
B. THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 406
ROBERT HOWSE AND MAKAU MUTUA, PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS 406
IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY: CHALLENGES FOR THE WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, TRADE AND LABOUR STANDARDS 409
AGREEMENT REACHED ON WTO WAIVER FOR "CONFLICT DIAMONDS" 410
UNDER THE KIMBERLEY PROCESS CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR
ROUGH DIAMONDS
REPORT ON THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, 411
LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN SERVICES AND HUMAN RIGHTS
C. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES 413
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, PROTECTION 413
OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY UNDER THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, DECLARATION ON THE TRIPS 416
AGREEMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
COMMISSION HUMAN RIGHTS, THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO THE 417
ENJOYMENT OF THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD OF PHYSICAL AND
MENTAL HEALTH
COMMISSION HUMAN RIGHTS RES. 2005/23, ACCESS TO MEDICATION IN 420
THE CONTEXT OF PANDEMICS SUCH AS HIV/AIDS, TUBERCULOSIS AND
MALARIA
D. PEACEKEEPING 422
REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION ON ITS 56TH SESSION 423
COLUMN LYNCH, U.N. SEXUAL ABUSE ALLEGED IN CONGO, 426
PEACEKEEPERS ACCUSED IN DRAFT REPORT
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL, UN SPECIAL MEASURES FOR 428
PROTECTION FROM SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND SEXUAL ABUSE
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 429
V. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF INDIVIDUALS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 430
ERICA-IRENE A. DAES, FREEDOM OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER LAW: AN ANALYSIS
OF ARTICLE 29 OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 431
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, COMPILATION OF THE ESSENTIAL ASPECTS OF 435
REPLIES RECEIVED ON THE PRE-DRAFT DECLARATION ON HUMAN SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 437
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 438
CHAPTER 6 439
DOMESTIC ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
ARE STATES' COURTS BOUND TO APPLY INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS NORMS?
I. INTRODUCTION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC
LEGAL 440
SYSTEMS
II. U.S. COURTS AND THE RIGHT OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS NOT TO BE EXECUTED
442
A. FINDING THE PARAMETERS OF DOMESTIC LEGAL PROTECTIONS IN LIGHT 442
OF INTERNATIONAL NORMS
ROPER V. SIMMONS 443
HAROLD HONGJU KOH, REVIEW ESSAY: WHY DO NATIONS OBEY 449
INTERNATIONAL LAW
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 452
B. THE APPLICATION OF TREATY PROVISIONS BY DOMESTIC COURTS 453
1. JUDICIAL TREATMENT OF RESERVATIONS TO MULTILATERAL TREATIES 454
DOMINGUES V. STATE OF NEVADA 456
CURTIS A. BRADLEY, THE JUVENILE DEATH PENALTY AND 460
INTERNATIONAL LAW
2. THE DOCTRINE OF (NON) SELF-EXECUTING TREATIES 462
NOTE: THE FUJI CASE 462
SEI FUJII V. STATE 463
THE U.S. DECLARATIONS OF NON-SELF-EXECUTION 466
HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD 469
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 471
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 473
BRIEF FOR THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE OF THE BAR OF ENGLAND 473
AND WALES, HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATES, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH,
AND THE WORLD ORGANIZATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AS AMICI CURIAE
IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS
JOAN FITZPATRICK, THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC COURTS IN ENFORCING 477
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW UNDER THE ALIEN TORT STATUTE * 478
FILARTIGA AND BEYOND
FILARTIGA V. PENA-IRALA 479
SOSA V. ALVAREZ-MACHAIN 485
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 494
NOTE: THE STATE ACTION AND ACT OF STATE DOCTRINES 498
NOTE: FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 500
III. THE JUSTICIABILITY OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS * SOI
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, THE RIGHT TO 502
THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD OF HEALTH
MINISTER OF HEALTH ET AL. V. TREATMENT ACTION CAMPAIGN ET AL. 511
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 526
NOTE: THE USE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW IN FOREIGN 527
JURISDICTIONS
SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, DECISION ON THE 529
APPLICABILITY BY ORDINARY COURTS OF THE UNIVERSALLY RECOGNIZED
PRINCIPLES AND NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 532
CHAPTER 7 533
UN MECHANISMS FOR ADDRESSING VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
WHAT PETITION AND OTHER PROCEDURES ARE AVAILABLE FOR
IMPLEMENTING HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS?
I. INTRODUCTION S34
II. THE SITUATION IN GREECE: AN EARLY TEST CASE 536
A. RESOLUTION 1503: HIGH EXPECTATIONS 536
B. HISTORICAL NOTE 536
GREECE: JUSTICE IN BLINKERS 538
HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT ON GREECE 539
C. COMMUNICATION ALLEGING VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN GREECE 539
D. THE SUB-COMMISSIONS RESPONSE TO THE COMMUNICATION 541
DISAPPOINTING START TO NEW U.N. PROCEDURE ON HUMAN RIGHTS 541
E. THE REACTION OF THE GREEK REGIME 543
LETTER DATED 12 AUGUST 1973 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE 543
OF GREECE TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE
SECRETARY-GENERAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
F. THE OVERTHROW OF THE GREEK REGIME AND THE SUB-COMMISSION'S 545
ROLE THEREIN
STATEMENT BY AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AND THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT 545
MOVEMENT FOR THE UN
III. ANALYZING THE PROCEDURES AND PROBLEMS OF RESOLUTION 1503 546
FRANK C. NEWMAN, THE NEW U.N. PROCEDURES FOR HUMAN 546
RIGHTS COMPLAINTS: REFORM, STATUS QUO, OR CHAMBER OF
HORRORS?
PHILIP ALSTON, THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 548
NIGEL S. RODLEY AND DAVID WEISSBRODT, UNITED NATIONS NONTREATY 552
PROCEDURES FOR DEALING WITH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT EXPERT OF THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN 554
RIGHTS [CHARLOTTE ABAKA] ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN
LIBERIA SUBMITTED UNDER THE 1503 PROCEDURE
IV. OTHER UN MECHANISMS FOR INVESTIGATING ALLEGED HUMAN RIGHTS 562
ABUSES
A. PETITION PROCEDURES 562
B. NON-PETITION PROCEDURES 564
PHILIP ALSTON, THE COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 564
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, 572
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, QUESTION OF ARBITRARY DETENTION 572
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND INDIGENOUS 572
ISSUES
OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, THE WORKING 573
GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION
REPORT OF THE TWELFTH MEETING OF SPECIAL RAPPORTEURS/ 577
REPRESENTATIVES, INDEPENDENT EXPERTS AND CHAIRPERSONS OF
WORKING GROUPS OF THE SPECIAL PROCEDURES OF THE COMMISSION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS AND OF THE ADVISORY SERVICES PROGRAMME
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 579
V. MONITORING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UN HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES 583
A. MONITORING BODIES 583
B. STATE REPORTING 584
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR 586
HUMAN RIGHTS, EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF HUMAN RIGHTS
MECHANISMS TREATY BODIES
DINAH SHELTON, COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS [PERIODIC REPORTS] 588
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, S 8400-8401 590
C. INDIVIDUAL COMMUNICATIONS 592
TOONEN V. AUSTRALIA 592
NOTE: SHOULD THERE BE AN OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE COVENANT ON 599
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS?
D. INTERSTATE COMPLAINTS 600
E. GENERAL COMMENTS 600
F. STRENGTHENING THE TREATY SYSTEM 601
FINAL REPORT ON ENHANCING THE LONG-TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF THE 602
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY SYSTEM
J^J TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL ASSEMBLY RES. 57/202, EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF 609
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS, INCLUDING REPORTING
OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN 612
RIGHTS, EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS
TREATY BODIES
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 615
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 615
CHAPTER 8 617
THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
CAN REGIONAL SYSTEMS TO PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS BE MORE EFFECTIVE
THAN UN MECHANISMS?
I. UNIVERSAL AND REGIONAL NORMS 619
DINAH L. SHELTON, THE PROMISE OF REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEMS 619
II. THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
621
DINAH L. SHELTON, THE BOUNDARIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS JURISDICTION IN 621
EUROPE
A. JURISDICTION 624
NOTE: CIVILIAN DEATHS IN IRAQ 624
BANKOVIC AND OTHERS V. BELGIUM AND OTHERS 626
ISSA AND OTHERS V. TURKEY 635
AL-ADSANI V. UNITED KINGDOM 639
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 647
B. THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS IN THE 648
EUROPEAN CONVENTION: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
HANDYSIDE V. UNITED KINGDOM 649
JERSILD V. DENMARK 660
OTTO-PREMINGER-INSTITUT V. AUSTRIA 674
NOTE: OTHER SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS 681
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 682
C. SEEKING COMPLIANCE WITH EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS 683
1. MONITORING JUDGMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 683
COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS TO SUPERVISE THE 684
EXECUTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COURT'S JUDGMENTS
COUNCIL OF EUROPE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 1226 686
(2000), EXECUTION OF JUDGMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS
COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY, RESOLUTION 688
1411 (2004), IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN
COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
2. MONITORING OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERS OF THE 690
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS, DECLARATION ON COMPLIANCE WITH 691
COMMITMENTS ACCEPTED BY MEMBER STATES OF THE COUNCIL
OF EUROPE
PROCEDURE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE DECLARATION OF 10 NOVEMBER 692
1994, ON COMPLIANCE WITH COMMITMENTS ACCEPTED BY
MEMBER STATES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE
NOTE: THE CASE OF GEORGIA 693
PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY, GEORGIA'S APPLICATION FOR 693
MEMBERSHIP OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE
PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY, RESOLUTION 1257 (2001) OF SEPT. 25, 696
2001: HONOURING OF OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS BY GEORGIA
COMPLIANCE WITH COMMITMENTS AND OBLIGATIONS: THE 699
SITUATION IN GEORGIA
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 701
D. THE PRESENT CRISIS AND THE FUTURE OF THE SYSTEM 701
EXPLANATORY REPORT TO THE [DRAFT] PROTOCOL NO. 14 TO THE 702
CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND
FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, AMENDING THE CONVENTION'S CONTROL
SYSTEM
RESOLUTION (2004) 3, ON JUDGMENTS REVEALING AN UNDERLYING 704
SYSTEMIC PROBLEM
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 705
III. OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE, 706
EUROPEAN UNION, AND ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN
EUROPE
DINAH L. SHELTON, THE BOUNDARIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS JURISDICTION 706
IN EUROPE
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 715
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 7IS
CHAPTER 9 717
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS
RESPONDING TO DISAPPEARANCES IN ARGENTINA
I. HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA 718
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT ON THE 718
SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA
II. EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM IN THE AMERICAS 720
CECELIA MEDINA, THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 721
AND THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: REFLECTIONS ON A
JOINT VENTURE
VJJJJ TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, INTERPRETATION OF THE 724
AMERICAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF MAN WITHIN
THE FRAMEWORK OF ARTICLE 64 OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS
NOTE: ADVISORY OPINIONS OF THE COURT 730
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 731
III. THE RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM TO DISAPPEARANCES IN ARGENTINA 73 J
A. COUNTRY REPORTS 731
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT ON THE 731
SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA
THOMAS BUERGENTHAL, ROBERT NORRIS, AND DINAH SHELTON, 745
PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS, SELECTED
PROBLEMS
REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ARGENTINA 747
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 749
B. INDIVIDUAL PETITIONS 749
DINAH SHELTON, THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM 749
1. PROVISIONAL MEASURES 753
REGGIARDO TOLOSA CASE, ORDER OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE 753
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS OF NOVEMBER 19,
1993
2. ADMISSIBILITY AND MERITS 756
RES. NO 31/78, CASE 2553, (ARGENTINA), DECISION OF 756
NOV. 18, 1978
ASSOCIATION OF THE BAR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, COMMITTEE ON 759
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS, THE INTER-AMERICAN
COMMISSION: A PROMISE UNFULFILLED
NOTE: THE CONCEPT OF CONTINUING VIOLATIONS 763
BLAKE V. GUATEMALA (PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS) 763
3. FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT 765
REPORT NO. 21/00, CASE 12.059, CARMEN AGUIAR DE LAPACO 765
(ARGENTINA)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 766
C. COMPLIANCE WITH THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE IACHR 768
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, ANNUAL REPORT 769
2004
D. RESOLUTIONS OF OAS POLITICAL BODIES 770
THOMAS BUERGENTHAL, THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM FOR THE 771
PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
RESOLUTION OF THE XVII MEETING OF CONSULTATION 771
E. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT 772
REPARATIONS 773
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, GARRIDO AND BAIGORRIA 773
CASE (REPARATIONS) (ART. 63(1) OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON
HUMAN RIGHTS)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 779
IV. THE UNITED STATES AND THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM 780
NOTE: VOTING RIGHTS AND SELF-DETERMINATION IN THE AMERICAS 781
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII
INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, REPORT 98/03, CASE 781
11.204, STATEHOOD SOLIDARITY COMMITTEE (UNITED STATES)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 785
V. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 785
CHAPTER 10 787
COERCING COMPLIANCE WITH HUMAN RIGHTS NORMS: SANCTIONS AND
ARMED INTERVENTION
CAN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY PREVENT HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS BY THREATENING OR USING FORCE?
I. DISASTER IN DARFUR 788
MISSION TO THE SUDAN * THE DARFUR CRISIS, REPORT OF THE 790
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON INTERNALLY DISPLACED
PERSONS, FRANCIS M. DENG
II. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS 793
A. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 793
B. THE UN CHARTER AND SOUTHERN RHODESIA 794
MYERS S. MCDOUGAL AND W. MICHAEL REISMAN, RHODESIA AND THE 796
UNITED NATIONS: THE LAWFULNESS OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN
DEAN ACHESON, THE ARROGANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAWYERS 799
C. MODERN UN SANCTIONS 801
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 661 802
COMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, THE 804
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND RESPECT FOR
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
UN SUB-COMMISSION ON THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN 805
RIGHTS, THE ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON
THE ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
THOMAS G. WEISS, SANCTIONS AS A FOREIGN POLICY TOOL: WEIGHING 813
HUMANITARIAN IMPULSES
AUGUST REINISCH, DEVELOPING HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN 814
LAW ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL FOR THE IMPOSITION
OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS
NOTE: REGIONAL OR UNILATERAL SANCTIONS 815
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 817
III. U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS 818
NOTE: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 818
LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE SERVICE, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, THE UNITED NATIONS
818
PARTICIPATION ACT SECTIONS RELATING TO ECONOMIC AND MILITARY ACTION
DIGGS V. SHULTZ 820
KENNETH ROTH, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, THE ROLE 821
OF U.S. SANCTIONS POLICIES IN PROMOTING HUMAN RIGHTS
NOTE: THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY: LOCAL AND STATE-SPONSORED 824
SANCTIONS
CROSBY V. NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE COUNCIL 824
XX
J
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 828
IV. ARMED INTERVENTION 828
A. INTERVENTION BY THE UNITED NATIONS 828
1. SOMALIA 829
SEAN D. MURPHY, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: THE UNITED 829
NATIONS IN AN EVOLVING WORLD ORDER
2. HAITI 832
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 940 833
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1542 835
TODD HOWLAND, OP-ED, IN HAITI, RHETORIC TRUMPS HUMAN 837
RIGHTS
3. THE CONSEQUENCES OF NON-INTERVENTION: RWANDA 838
REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INQUIRY INTO THE ACTIONS OF 838
THE UNITED NATIONS DURING THE 1994 GENOCIDE IN
RWANDA
B. UNILATERAL OR REGIONAL INTERVENTION 846
1. THE CONSEQUENCES OF INTERVENTION: KOSOVO 847
INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON KOSOVO, 847
KOSOVO REPORT
NOTE: THE SECOND GULF WAR 852
C. PROPOSED CRITERIA FOR ARMED INTERVENTION 853
THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT 854
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 864
V. THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO DARFUR 867
ACTING HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS BERTRAND RAMCHARAN, 867
STATEMENT TO THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL
THE CRISIS IN DARFUR, STATEMENT OF SECRETARY OF STATE COLIN POWELL 870
BEFORE THE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE
TRANSCRIPT OF THE CANDIDATES FIRST DEBATE IN THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL 872
CAMPAIGN
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 875
VI. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 877
CHAPTER 11 881
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
CAN WE DETER HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY USING THE CRIMINAL
JUSTICE PROCESS?
I. INTRODUCTION 882
II. THE 1973 COUP IN CHILE AND ITS AFTERMATH 883
A. PINOCHET IN POWER 883
B. PINOCHET INDICTED 885
III. EFFORTS TO BRING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESS TO BEAR
887
UPON HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATORS
ANTONIO CASSESE, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW 888
JOHN CAREY, UN PROTECTION OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 889
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
STEVEN R. RATNER AND JASON S. ABRAMS, ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN 892
RIGHTS ATROCITIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
A. THE YUGOSLAV WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL 894
DIANE ORENTLICHER, YUGOSLAVIA WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL 894
B. THE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA 898
CHRISTINA M. CARROLL, AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE AND 898
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR
RWANDA AND THE RWANDAN NATIONAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN DEALING
WITH THE MASS ATROCITIES OF 1994
KINGSLEY CHIEDU MOGHALU, THE EVOLVING ARCHITECTURE OF 900
INTERNATIONAL LAW: IMAGE AND REALITY OF WAR CRIMES
JUSTICE: EXTERNAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA
C. OTHER COUNTRY-SPECIFIC TRIBUNALS 906
NOTE: THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE 906
NOTE: "EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS" IN CAMBODIA 908
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 909
IV. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 912
PHILIPPE KIRSCH AND VALERIE OOSTERVELD, NEGOTIATING AN INSTITUTION 912
FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY AND THE
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
GLOBAL RIGHTS? [A DEBATE BETWEEN A.C. GRAYLING AND DAVID RIEFF] 917
A. U.S. ATTITUDES TOWARD AN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 924
B. THE UNITED STATES SIGNS AND "UNSIGNS" THE ICC STATUTE 926
PRESIDENT CLINTON, STATEMENT ON SIGNATURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL 926
CRIMINAL COURT TREATY
LETTER FROM UNDER-SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN R. BOLTON TO THE 928
SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS
UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE OF POLITICAL AFFAIRS MARC GROSSMAN, 928
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL
COURT
JACK GOLDSMITH, THE SELF-DEFEATING INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL 931
COURT
C. EXEMPTING THE UNITED STATES FROM ICC JURISDICTION 936
STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT 936
DAVID J. SCHEFFER, ORIGINAL INTENT AT THE GLOBAL CRIMINAL COURT 937
NOTE: THE EARLY WORK OF THE ICC 938
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 939
V. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION 940
MENNO KAMMINGA, LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE EXERCISE OF 941
UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN RESPECT OF GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS
OFFENSES
DIANE ORENTLICHER, WHOSE JUSTICE? RECONCILING UNIVERSAL 949
JURISDICTION WITH DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES
NOTE: THE BELGIAN EXPERIENCE 950
STEVEN R. RATNER, EDITORIAL COMMENT, BELGIUM'S WAR CRIMES 951
STATUTE: A POSTMORTEM
CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT OF 11 APRIL 2000 953
(DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO V. BELGIUM)
XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS
CASE CONCERNING THE ARREST WARRANT OF 11 APRIL 2000 (DEMOCRATIC 955
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO V. BELGIUM) (JOINT SEPARATE OPINION OF
JUDGES HIGGINS, KOOIJMANS, AND BUERGENTHAL)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 958
VI. THE "PIECEMEAL" CONVENTION APPROACH COUPLED WITH DOMESTIC 959
ENFORCEMENT
A. SLAVER)' AND APARTHEID 960
B. TORTURE 961
C. TERRORISM 963
D. OTHER TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES 965
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 966
VII. THE EXERCISE OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION UNDER DOMESTIC LAW. AMNESTIES
966
AND PROSECUTIONS
NOTE: HUMAN RIGHTS PROSECUTIONS IN ARGENTINA 966
DIANE ORENTLICHER, SETTLING ACCOUNTS: THE DUTY TO PROSECUTE 968
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS OF A PRIOR REGIME
NOTE: NON-JUDICIAL ALTERNATIVES 972
ARTHUR ASIIMWE, RWANDA ESTIMATES 1 MILLION FACE GENOCIDE CHARGES 973
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 974
VIII. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 976
CHAPTER 12 979
THE PROBLEM OF FACT-FINDING AND EVIDENCE
HOW ARE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS INVESTIGATED?
I. THE CHALLENGE: TO FIND OUT WHAT IS REALLY HAPPENING 980
II. GATHERING THE FACTS: ALLEGATIONS OF JUDICIAL PERSECUTION OFMAPUCHE
981
LEADERS IN CHILE
A. FACT-FINDING BY NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 981
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, CHILE * THE 981
MAPACHE PEOPLE BETWEEN OBLIVION AND EXCLUSION
DIANE ORENTLICHER, BEARING WITNESS: THE ART AND SCIENCE OF 988
HUMAN RIGHTS FACT-FINDING
HANS THOOLEN AND BERTH VERSTAPPEN, HUMAN RIGHTS MISSIONS: 992
A STUDY OF THE FACT-FINDING PRACTICE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
HURST HANNUM, FACT-FINDING BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL HUMAN 994
RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS
ANDREW F. SMITH, INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT AND THE MEDIA, 995
A CURRICULUM GUIDE: INCUBATOR BABY INCIDENT
B. FACT-FINDING BY THE UN AND OTHER INTER-GOVERNMENTAL 999
ORGANIZATIONS
REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF 999
HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF INDIGENOUS
PEOPLE, MR. RODOLFO STAVENHAGEN (ADDENDUM: MISSION
TO CHILE)
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII
GOVERNMENT OF CHILE, REPORT I * RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 1004
SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS OF INDIGENOUS CHILEANS
REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN MYANMAR, SUBMITTED 1006
BY MR. PAULO SERGIO PINHEIRO, SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR
M. CHERIF BASSIOUNI, APPRAISING UN JUSTICE-RELATED FACT-FINDING 1012
MISSIONS
C. THE NEED FOR GENERAL STANDARDS FOR FACT-FINDING BY 1017
INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, TRAINING 1017
MANUAL ON HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING
BELGRADE MINIMAL RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR INTERNATIONAL 1025
HUMAN RIGHTS FACT-FINDING MISSIONS
D. FACT-FINDING BY JUDICIAL AND QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES 1027
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, CASE OF THE MAYAGNA 1029
(SUMO) COMMUNITY OF AWAS TINGNI: TRANSCRIPT OF THE
PUBLIC HEARING ON THE MERITS, NOVEMBER 16, 17, AND 18, 2000,
AT THE SEAT OF THE COURT (UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION)
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1039
III EVALUATING THE FACTS 1041
A. ADMISSIBILITY AND EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE 1041
THE CASE OF THE MAYAGNA (SUMO) AWAS TINGNI COMMUNITY V. 1042
NICARAGUA
B. THE BURDEN AND STANDARD OF PROOF 1044
BERTRAND G. RAMCHARAN, EVIDENCE 1044
VELASQUEZ RODRIGUEZ V. HONDURAS 1047
GANGARAM PANDAY V. SURINAME 1053
BLEIER V. URUGUAY 1054
SEVTAP VEZNEDAROGLU V. TURKEY 1055
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1061
IV. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1062
CHAPTER 13 1063
HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY
THE UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONSHIP
I. HUMAN RIGHTS AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY 1065
KENNETH CMIEL, THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS POLITICS IN THE 1065
UNITED STATES
RICHARD B. BILDER, HUMAN RIGHTS AND U.S. FOREIGN POLICY: SHORT-TERM 1070
PROSPECTS
A. CONGRESSIONAL ACTION: LAYING THE FOUNDATION 1072
RICHARD B. LILLICH, U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND 1072
FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN PRIVATE INVESTORS
ABROAD * PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
B. PRESIDENTIAL HUMAN RIGHTS POLICIES AND THEIR CRITICS, 1975 - 2005
1074
XXV
JI[ TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ALMOST AT THE BEGINNING: PRESIDENT CARTER 1074
CYRUS R. VANCE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND FOREIGN POLICY 1075
HENRY A. KISSINGER, CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN 1078
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
U.S. INSTITUTE FOR PEACE, U.S. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY: A 20 1082
YEAR ASSESSMENT
ORVILLE H. SCHELL JR., CARTER ON RIGHTS - A 1086
RE-EVALUATION
2. SELECTIVE RIGHTS, SELECTIVE APPLICATION: THE REAGAN 1087
ADMINISTRATION
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND 1087
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
ART BUCHWALD, MODERATE REPRESSION 1089
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS, HUMAN RIGHTS AND 1090
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
U.S. INSTITUTE OF PEACE, HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE PURSUIT OF 1092
PEACE: A 20 YEAR ASSESSMENT
NOTE: KEY DIFFERENCES IN HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY UNDER 1095
CARTER AND REAGAN
JEROME J. SHESTACK, AN UNSTEADY FOCUS: THE VULNERABILITIES 1097
OF THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION'S HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY
3. TURNING DOWN THE VOLUME: THE FIRST PRESIDENT BUSH 1098
U.S. INSTITUTE FOR PEACE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND PEACE: 1098
A 20 YEAR ASSESSMENT
4. SEARCHING FOR A POLICY: THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION 1102
HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY UNDER THE NEW 1103
ADMINISTRATION, STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE TIMOTHY E.
WIRTH, COUNSELOR, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
JOHN SHATTUCK, HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY IN ASIA 1104
MARY MCGRORY, HUMAN RIGHTS RETREAT 1107
5. NATIONAL SECURITY, REGIME CHANGE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS: 1109
GEORGE W. BUSH
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR DEMOCRACY, HUMAN 1109
RIGHTS AND LABOR LOME W. CRANER, SUPPORTING
HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY: THE U.S. RECORD
2003-2004
DON FEDER, HUMAN RIGHTS NOT A FOREIGN POLICY 1111
CONCERN
MICHAEL IGNATIEFF, IS THE HUMAN RIGHTS ERA ENDING? 1112
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1114
C. U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND RELATIONS WITH CHINA 1115
1. THE UNITED STATES EVALUATES THE WORLD: THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S 1115
ANNUAL REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT, COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN 1115
RIGHTS PRACTICES: CHINA
CHINA LASHES OUT AT HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 1119
INFORMATION OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF THE 1120
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, THE HUMAN RIGHTS
RECORD OF THE UNITED STATES IN 2004
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX
2. MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY AT THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION 1124
NOTE VERBALE DATED 14 MARCH 2005 FROM THE 1126
PERMANENT MISSION OF CUBA TO THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE
AT GENEVA ADDRESSED TO THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
3. LINKAGES AND CONDITIONALITY: USING U.S. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL 1129
POWER
REMARKS BY GOV. WILLIAM CLINTON, A VISION FOR 1129
DEMOCRACY
PRESIDENT'S NEWS CONFERENCE (MAY 26, 1994) 1130
EDITORIAL, SPEAK LOUDER ON RIGHTS IN CHINA 1134
DIRECTOR OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S POLICY PLANNING STAFF 1135
RICHARD N. HAASS, CHINA AND THE FUTURE OF
U.S. - CHINA RELATIONS
GEORGE KOUROUS AND TOM BARRY, U.S. CHINA POLICY: 1139
TRADE, AID, AND HUMAN RIGHTS
WILLIAM H. OVERHOLT, BE TOUGHER ON BURMA THAN 1141
CHINA COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1143
II. HUMAN RIGHTS POLICIES OF OTHER STATES 1144
A. THE EUROPEAN UNION 1144
EUROPEAN UNION, GUIDELINES ON HUMAN RIGHTS DIALOGUES 1146
B. JAPAN 1149
YOZO YOKOTA AND CHIYUKI AOI, JAPAN'S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS 1149
HUMAN RIGHTS: UNCERTAIN CHANGES
JAPAN, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, HUMAN RIGHTS PAMPHLET 1159
STATEMENT BY H.E. AMBASSADOR SHIGERU ENDO, DELEGATION OF 1160
JAPAN, ON AGENDA ITEM 9: QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN
RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD
COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1161
II. FINAL COMMENTS AND QUESTIONS 1162
INDEX 1165 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:13:39Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:41:42Z |
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| spelling | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice Richard B. Lillich ... 4. ed. New York, NY Aspen Publ. 2006 XL, 1176 S. 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. xxxiii-xl) and index Direito internacional larpcal Direitos humanos larpcal Menschenrecht Human rights Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd rswk-swf Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 s Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s 1\p DE-604 Lillich, Richard B. 1933-1996 Sonstige (DE-588)133632164 oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip068/2006005709.html Table of contents SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014902481&sequence=000007&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice Direito internacional larpcal Direitos humanos larpcal Menschenrecht Human rights Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4063693-8 |
| title | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice |
| title_auth | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice |
| title_exact_search | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice |
| title_exact_search_txtP | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice |
| title_full | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice Richard B. Lillich ... |
| title_fullStr | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice Richard B. Lillich ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | International human rights problems of law, policy, and practice Richard B. Lillich ... |
| title_short | International human rights |
| title_sort | international human rights problems of law policy and practice |
| title_sub | problems of law, policy, and practice |
| topic | Direito internacional larpcal Direitos humanos larpcal Menschenrecht Human rights Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Völkerrecht (DE-588)4063693-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Direito internacional Direitos humanos Menschenrecht Human rights Völkerrecht |
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