Solar activity and earth's climate:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a]
Springer [u.a.]
2006
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | Springer praxis books in environmental sciences
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 316 S. |
| ISBN: | 354030620X 9783540306207 |
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MARC
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | RASMUS E. BENESTAD SOLAR ACTIVITY AND EARTH S CLIMATE SECOND EDITION
PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH IDS PUBLISL CHICHESTER, UK SPRINGER PRAXIS
PUBLISHING PRAXI CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XI PREFACE TO
THE FIRST EDITION XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE SECOND EDITION XV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE FIRST EDITION XVII LIST OF FIGURES XIX LIST OF
TABLES XXV 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THIS BOOK 1 1.2 THE
LAYOUT 5 2 SOLAR OBSERVATIONS 7 2.1 SYNOPSIS 7 2.2 INSTRUMENTS FOR
OBSERVING THE SUN 7 2.2.1 MEASURING THE TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE 8 2.2.2
THERE IS MORE THAN TOTAL IRRADIANCE 8 2.2.3 SPECTROGRAPHY AND
POLARISATION 10 2.3 THE HISTORY OF SOLAR OBSERVATIONS 12 2.3.1 THE
IMPORTANCE OF GOOD OBSERVATIONS 14 2.3.2 CRITERIA FOR GOOD OBSERVATIONS
14 2.4 PALAEO RECORDS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY 17 2.4.1 ISOTOPIC RECORDS 17
2.4.2 GEOMAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS 24 2.5 SPACE-BORNE SOLAR
OBSERVATIONS 25 VI CONTENTS 3 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUN 29 3.1
SYNOPSIS 29 3.2 THE SUN AS A STAR 29 3.2.1 SOLAR SIZE AND MASS 29 3.2.2
THE SOLAR ROTATION 30 3.2.3 THE SOLAR MATERIAL 31 3.2.4 THE SUN S CORE
31 3.2.5 THE PHOTOSPHERE 34 3.2.6 THE CHROMOSPHERE 38 3.2.7 THE CORONA
38 3.2.8 THE SOLAR WIND 39 3.3 THE GENERAL SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD 40 3.3.1
THE DECAY OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 40 3.3.2 THE GEOMAGNETIC-BASED SOLAR MODEL
41 4 SOLAR ACTIVITY 45 4.1 SYNOPSIS 45 4.2 THE UMBRA 48 4.3 THE PENUMBRA
49 4.4 SUNSPOT GROUPS 50 4.4.1 SUNSPOT BRIGHTNESS AND TEMPERATURE 53 4.5
SUNSPOT MODELS 54 4.5.1 DYNAMO ACTION AND MAGNETISM 54 4.5.2 CONVECTIVE
AND HYDRODYNAMICAL SUNSPOT MODELS 58 4.5.3 MAGNETIC COOLING MODELS 58
4.6 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND PREFERRED TIMESCALES 60 4.6.1 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND
THE SUNSPOT CYCLE 60 4.6.2 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 62 4.6.3 WAVELET ANALYSIS
64 4.6.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN PREFERRED TIMESCALES 68 4.7 SUNSPOT GROUPS
AND THEIR MAGNETIC FIELD 69 4.7.1 ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF SOLAR ACTIVITY
70 4.7.2 OBSERVED EAST-WEST ASYMMETRY IN SUNSPOT STATISTICS .... 70 4.8
THE SUNSPOT CYCLE AND TOTAL RADIANCE 72 4.8.1 SUNSPOTS AND THE SOLAR
IRRADIATION 74 4.8.2 SUNSPOT-IRRADIANCE MODELS 75 4.8.3 PREDICTION OF
SUNSPOTS : 83 4.9 FLARES, PROMINENCES, FACULAE, AND CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS
86 4.9.1 FLARES 86 4.9.2 PROMINENCES 86 4.9.3 FACULAE 86 4.9.4
CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS 87 4.9.5 SOLAR BRIGHTENING, SUNSPOTS AND FACULAE 87 5
EARTH S CLIMATE 89 5.1 SYNOPSIS 89 CONTENTS VII 5.2 THE OBSERVATION OF
EARTH S CLIMATE 91 5.2.1 INSTRUMENTAL DATA 91 5.2.2 UPPER AIR DATA 99
5.2.3 EARTH-OBSERVING SATELLITES AND SPACE-BORNE UV MEASUREMENTS 99
5.2.4 OBSERVATION OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES 106 5.2.5 PALAEO DATA -
PROXY DATA 106 5.2.6 CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS 109 5.3 BASIC CLIMATE
PHYSICS 110 5.3.1 MASS CONSERVATION 110 5.3.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION ILL
5.3.3 MOMENTUM CONSERVATION 114 5.3.4 EFFECTS OF EARTH S ROTATION 115
5.3.5 CHARGE CONSERVATION 116 5.4 EARTH S ENERGY BUDGET 117 5.4.1
VARIATIONS IN SOLAR OUTPUT AND TERRESTRIAL TEMPERATURE. . . 117 5.4.2
VARIATION IN INSOLATION 119 5.4.3 THE NATURAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT 120 5.5
THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF EARTH S CLIMATE 122 5.5.1 THE ATMOSPHERE 122
5.5.2 THE OCEANS 130 5.5.3 THE CRYOSPHERE 135 5.5.4 THE BIOSPHERE 139
5.6 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS 140 5.6.1 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN FEEDBACK 141 5.6.2
WATER VAPOUR FEEDBACK 142 5.6.3 ICE- AND SNOW-ALBEDO FEEDBACK 143 5.6.4
CLOUD FEEDBACK 144 5.6.5 BIOCHEMICAL FEEDBACK 145 5.7 THE OTHER PLANETS
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM 145 5.7.1 THE SIGNATURE OF SOLAR VARIABILITY FROM
OTHER PLANETS ... 145 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND THE STRATOSPHERE 149 6.1
SYNOPSIS 149 6.2 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND UV EMISSION 150 6.3 THE ROLE OF
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE 151 6.3.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 151 6.4 THE OZONE
HOLE 153 6.4.1 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN SOLAR ACTIVITY AND
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE 153 6.5 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN THE QBO AND
SOLAR ACTIVITY 157 6.5.1 INTRODUCTION 157 6.5.2 SUNSPOTS AND THE QBO 157
6.6 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN THE AO AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 159 6.6.1
INTRODUCTION 159 VIII CONTENTS 6.6.2 A CONNECTION BETWEEN SOLAR ACTIVITY
AND THE AO 159 6.7 CRITICISM OF SOLAR-STRATOSPHERE HYPOTHESES 160 6.8
VOLCANOES 161 7 SOLAR MAGNETISM AND EARTH S CLIMATE 165 7.1 SYNOPSIS 165
7.2 NORTHERN LIGHTS AND THE SOLAR CYCLE 166 7.2.1 INTRODUCTION 166 7.3
EARTH S MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS 166 7.3.1 GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 166
7.3.2 THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD AND SOLAR WIND 167 7.3.3 THE MAGNETIC FIELD
OF OTHER PLANETS 168 7.3.4 THE VAN ALLEN BELTS 168 7.4 CHARGING
MECHANISMS 168 7.4.1 LIGHTNING 168 7.4.2 THE ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELD
168 7.4.3 COSMIC RAYS 169 7.4.4 INTERACTION BETWEEN COSMIC RAYS AND THE
AIR 169 7.5 AIRGLOW, SPRITES AND ELVES 170 7.6 A HISTORICAL NOTE ON THE
AURORA: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS 171 7.6.1 EARLY SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTATION
171 7.6.2 THE AURORA AND GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES 171 7.6.3 THE
DISCOVERY OF DAY-SIDE AND NIGHT-SIDE AURORAS 172 7.6.4 CHARGED PARTICLES
AND THE AURORA 172 7.6.5 THE NORTHERN LIGHTS AND THE WEATHER 172 7.6.6
THE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE SOLAR CYCLE ... 172 7.7 THE
AURORA AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 173 7.7.1 THE THEORY OF DAY-SIDE AURORAS 173
7.7.2 THE THEORY OF NIGHT-SIDE AURORAS 173 7.7.3 THE AURORA AND THE
GEOMAGNETIC FIELD 173 7.7.4 AURORA ACTIVITY 175 7.8 HISTORICAL CLIMATE
INFORMATION FROM AURORA OBSERVATIONS 176 7.8.1 AURORA AND THE MAUNDER
MINIMUM 176 7.8.2 THE LITTLE ICE AGE AND AURORA ACTIVITY 176 7.8.3 THE
MAGNITUDE AND EXTENT OF THE LITTLE ICE AGE 177 7.9 THE MAUNDER MINIMUM
AND THE QUIET-SUN THEORY , 177 7.10 MAGNETIC FIELDS, COSMIC RAYS AND
CLOUD COVER 179 7.10.1 THE COSMIC RAY AND SULPHATE HYPOTHESIS 179 7.10.2
THE ELECTRO-FREEZING HYPOTHESIS 179 7.10.3 THE GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS AND
THE CLIMATE 180 7.10.4 LOW AND HIGH CLOUDS 180 7.10.5 THE HYPOTHESIS ON
COSMIC RAYS AND CLOUD DROPLET FORMATION 182 7.10.6 CRITICISM OF
SVENSMARK S HYPOTHESIS 186 7.11 THE MAUNDER MINIMUM 191 CONTENTS IX
7.11.1 THE WEAKNESS OF COMPARISONS WITH SUN-LIKE STARS. . . . 193 7.12
THE INFLUENCE OF CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS 194 7.12.1 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND
LIGHTNING 195 7.12.2 THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD AND OCEANIC CURRENTS 196
7.12.3 THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD AND SEA LEVEL PRESSURE 196 A REVIEW OF
SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL STUDIES 197 8.1 SYNOPSIS 197 8.2 A BRIEF HISTORICAL
NOTE ON SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL LINKS 199 8.2.1 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF SUNSPOTS
AND HYPOTHESISED LINKS WITH EARTH S CLIMATE 199 8.3 RECENT STATISTICS ON
SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL LINKS 208 8.3.1 A RENAISSANCE FOR SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL
LINKS 208 8.4 RECENT WORK AND HYPOTHESES 209 8.4.1 BASIC STATISTICAL
CONCEPTS 209 8.4.2 LINEAR TRENDS 212 8.4.3 CORRELATION 213 8.4.4
CORRELATION AND DE-TRENDING THE DATA 215 8.4.5 CORRELATION AND FILTERING
THE DATA 216 8.4.6 AUTOCORRELATION AND LAG-CORRELATION 220 8.4.7 MONTE
CARLO SIMULATIONS 223 8.4.8 THE SOLAR CYCLE LENGTH AND TERRESTRIAL
TEMPERATURE 226 8.4.9 CONSIDERATIONS ON SOLAR CYCLE LENGTHS 230 8.4.10
CORRELATION STUDIES AND PITFALLS 232 8.5 VALIDATION OF PREDICTIONS 234
8.6 TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE STUDIES 240 8.6.1 THE LITTLE ICE AGE AND
TSI 240 8.7 COMPARISONS WITH STELLAR STUDIES 245 8.7.1 THE LIFE CYCLE OF
A STAR 245 8.7.2 INFERRING THE SOLAR EVOLUTION FROM STELLAR STUDIES 246
8.7.3 THE SNOWBALL EARTH EFFECT 247 8.8 IS THERE A RELATION BETWEEN
SUNSPOTS AND RAINFALL? 248 8.9 REQUIREMENTS OF SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL
HYPOTHESES 248 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND REGIONAL CLIMATE VARIATIONS 251 9.1
SYNOPSIS 251 9.2 EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 252
9.2.1 HOW SOLAR ACTIVITY MAY PHYSICALLY AFFECT ENSO 260 9.3 THE ROLE OF
SOLAR ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON SYSTEM . . 265 9.3.1 THE
MONSOON 265 9.3.2 RELATION TO SUNSPOTS 266 9.4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC
OSCILLATION AND SUNSPOTS 266 9.4.1 HOW MAY THE NAO BE AFFECTED BY SOLAR
ACTIVITY? 267 9.5 THE GULF STREAM AND SUNSPOTS 269 9.6 PACIFIC DECADAL
OSCILLATION AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 271 9.7 LAND-SEA CONTRASTS 273 X CONTENTS
9.8 OTHER EXTERNAL CLIMATE FORCINGS 274 9.8.1 THE ANTHROPOGENIC
PERTURBATION TO THE NATURAL BALANCE. . 274 9.8.2 ORBITAL PARAMETERS 275
9.8.3 THE MOON 276 9.8.4 METEORITE IMPACTS 276 10 SYNTHESIS 277 11
APPENDIX 281 BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 EXERCISES 299 INDEX 309
|
| adam_txt |
RASMUS E. BENESTAD SOLAR ACTIVITY AND EARTH'S CLIMATE SECOND EDITION
PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH IDS PUBLISL CHICHESTER, UK SPRINGER PRAXIS
PUBLISHING PRAXI CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XI PREFACE TO
THE FIRST EDITION XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE SECOND EDITION XV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO THE FIRST EDITION XVII LIST OF FIGURES XIX LIST OF
TABLES XXV 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THIS BOOK 1 1.2 THE
LAYOUT 5 2 SOLAR OBSERVATIONS 7 2.1 SYNOPSIS 7 2.2 INSTRUMENTS FOR
OBSERVING THE SUN 7 2.2.1 MEASURING THE TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE 8 2.2.2
THERE IS MORE THAN TOTAL IRRADIANCE 8 2.2.3 SPECTROGRAPHY AND
POLARISATION 10 2.3 THE HISTORY OF SOLAR OBSERVATIONS 12 2.3.1 THE
IMPORTANCE OF GOOD OBSERVATIONS 14 2.3.2 CRITERIA FOR GOOD OBSERVATIONS
14 2.4 PALAEO RECORDS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY 17 2.4.1 ISOTOPIC RECORDS 17
2.4.2 GEOMAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS 24 2.5 SPACE-BORNE SOLAR
OBSERVATIONS 25 VI CONTENTS 3 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUN 29 3.1
SYNOPSIS 29 3.2 THE SUN AS A STAR 29 3.2.1 SOLAR SIZE AND MASS 29 3.2.2
THE SOLAR ROTATION 30 3.2.3 THE SOLAR MATERIAL 31 3.2.4 THE SUN'S CORE
31 3.2.5 THE PHOTOSPHERE 34 3.2.6 THE CHROMOSPHERE 38 3.2.7 THE CORONA
38 3.2.8 THE SOLAR WIND 39 3.3 THE GENERAL SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELD 40 3.3.1
THE DECAY OF MAGNETIC FIELDS 40 3.3.2 THE GEOMAGNETIC-BASED SOLAR MODEL
41 4 SOLAR ACTIVITY 45 4.1 SYNOPSIS 45 4.2 THE UMBRA 48 4.3 THE PENUMBRA
49 4.4 SUNSPOT GROUPS 50 4.4.1 SUNSPOT BRIGHTNESS AND TEMPERATURE 53 4.5
SUNSPOT MODELS 54 4.5.1 DYNAMO ACTION AND MAGNETISM 54 4.5.2 CONVECTIVE
AND HYDRODYNAMICAL SUNSPOT MODELS 58 4.5.3 MAGNETIC COOLING MODELS 58
4.6 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND PREFERRED TIMESCALES 60 4.6.1 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND
THE SUNSPOT CYCLE 60 4.6.2 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 62 4.6.3 WAVELET ANALYSIS
64 4.6.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN PREFERRED TIMESCALES 68 4.7 SUNSPOT GROUPS
AND THEIR MAGNETIC FIELD 69 4.7.1 ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF SOLAR ACTIVITY
70 4.7.2 OBSERVED EAST-WEST ASYMMETRY IN SUNSPOT STATISTICS . 70 4.8
THE SUNSPOT CYCLE AND TOTAL RADIANCE 72 4.8.1 SUNSPOTS AND THE SOLAR
IRRADIATION 74 4.8.2 SUNSPOT-IRRADIANCE MODELS 75 4.8.3 PREDICTION OF
SUNSPOTS :" 83 4.9 FLARES, PROMINENCES, FACULAE, AND CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS
86 4.9.1 FLARES 86 4.9.2 PROMINENCES 86 4.9.3 FACULAE 86 4.9.4
CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS 87 4.9.5 SOLAR BRIGHTENING, SUNSPOTS AND FACULAE 87 5
EARTH'S CLIMATE 89 5.1 SYNOPSIS 89 CONTENTS VII 5.2 THE OBSERVATION OF
EARTH'S CLIMATE 91 5.2.1 INSTRUMENTAL DATA 91 5.2.2 UPPER AIR DATA 99
5.2.3 EARTH-OBSERVING SATELLITES AND SPACE-BORNE UV MEASUREMENTS 99
5.2.4 OBSERVATION OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES 106 5.2.5 PALAEO DATA -
"PROXY DATA" 106 5.2.6 CLIMATE OBSERVATIONS 109 5.3 BASIC CLIMATE
PHYSICS 110 5.3.1 MASS CONSERVATION 110 5.3.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION ILL
5.3.3 MOMENTUM CONSERVATION 114 5.3.4 EFFECTS OF EARTH'S ROTATION 115
5.3.5 CHARGE CONSERVATION 116 5.4 EARTH'S ENERGY BUDGET 117 5.4.1
VARIATIONS IN SOLAR OUTPUT AND TERRESTRIAL TEMPERATURE. . . 117 5.4.2
VARIATION IN INSOLATION 119 5.4.3 THE NATURAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT 120 5.5
THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF EARTH'S CLIMATE 122 5.5.1 THE ATMOSPHERE 122
5.5.2 THE OCEANS 130 5.5.3 THE CRYOSPHERE 135 5.5.4 THE BIOSPHERE 139
5.6 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS 140 5.6.1 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN FEEDBACK 141 5.6.2
WATER VAPOUR FEEDBACK 142 5.6.3 ICE- AND SNOW-ALBEDO FEEDBACK 143 5.6.4
CLOUD FEEDBACK 144 5.6.5 BIOCHEMICAL FEEDBACK 145 5.7 THE OTHER PLANETS
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM 145 5.7.1 THE SIGNATURE OF SOLAR VARIABILITY FROM
OTHER PLANETS . 145 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND THE STRATOSPHERE 149 6.1
SYNOPSIS 149 6.2 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND UV EMISSION 150 6.3 THE ROLE OF
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE 151 6.3.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 151 6.4 THE "OZONE
HOLE" 153 6.4.1 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN SOLAR ACTIVITY AND
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE 153 6.5 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN THE QBO AND
SOLAR ACTIVITY 157 6.5.1 INTRODUCTION 157 6.5.2 SUNSPOTS AND THE QBO 157
6.6 THE THEORY OF A LINK BETWEEN THE AO AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 159 6.6.1
INTRODUCTION 159 VIII CONTENTS 6.6.2 A CONNECTION BETWEEN SOLAR ACTIVITY
AND THE AO 159 6.7 CRITICISM OF SOLAR-STRATOSPHERE HYPOTHESES 160 6.8
VOLCANOES 161 7 SOLAR MAGNETISM AND EARTH'S CLIMATE 165 7.1 SYNOPSIS 165
7.2 NORTHERN LIGHTS AND THE SOLAR CYCLE 166 7.2.1 INTRODUCTION 166 7.3
EARTH'S MAGNETIC AND ELECTRIC FIELDS 166 7.3.1 GEOMAGNETIC STORMS 166
7.3.2 THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD AND SOLAR WIND 167 7.3.3 THE MAGNETIC FIELD
OF OTHER PLANETS 168 7.3.4 THE VAN ALLEN BELTS 168 7.4 CHARGING
MECHANISMS 168 7.4.1 LIGHTNING 168 7.4.2 THE ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELD
168 7.4.3 COSMIC RAYS 169 7.4.4 INTERACTION BETWEEN COSMIC RAYS AND THE
AIR 169 7.5 AIRGLOW, SPRITES AND ELVES 170 7.6 A HISTORICAL NOTE ON THE
AURORA: THEORY AND OBSERVATIONS 171 7.6.1 EARLY SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTATION
171 7.6.2 THE AURORA AND GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES 171 7.6.3 THE
DISCOVERY OF DAY-SIDE AND NIGHT-SIDE AURORAS 172 7.6.4 CHARGED PARTICLES
AND THE AURORA 172 7.6.5 THE NORTHERN LIGHTS AND THE WEATHER 172 7.6.6
THE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE SOLAR CYCLE . 172 7.7 THE
AURORA AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 173 7.7.1 THE THEORY OF DAY-SIDE AURORAS 173
7.7.2 THE THEORY OF NIGHT-SIDE AURORAS 173 7.7.3 THE AURORA AND THE
GEOMAGNETIC FIELD 173 7.7.4 AURORA ACTIVITY 175 7.8 HISTORICAL CLIMATE
INFORMATION FROM AURORA OBSERVATIONS 176 7.8.1 AURORA AND THE MAUNDER
MINIMUM 176 7.8.2 THE "LITTLE ICE AGE" AND AURORA ACTIVITY 176 7.8.3 THE
MAGNITUDE AND EXTENT OF THE "LITTLE ICE AGE" 177 7.9 THE MAUNDER MINIMUM
AND THE QUIET-SUN THEORY , 177 7.10 MAGNETIC FIELDS, COSMIC RAYS AND
CLOUD COVER 179 7.10.1 THE COSMIC RAY AND SULPHATE HYPOTHESIS 179 7.10.2
THE ELECTRO-FREEZING HYPOTHESIS 179 7.10.3 THE GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS AND
THE CLIMATE 180 7.10.4 LOW AND HIGH CLOUDS 180 7.10.5 THE HYPOTHESIS ON
COSMIC RAYS AND CLOUD DROPLET FORMATION 182 7.10.6 CRITICISM OF
SVENSMARK'S HYPOTHESIS 186 7.11 THE MAUNDER MINIMUM 191 CONTENTS IX
7.11.1 THE WEAKNESS OF COMPARISONS WITH "SUN-LIKE" STARS. . . . 193 7.12
THE INFLUENCE OF CORPUSCULAR CLOUDS 194 7.12.1 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND
LIGHTNING 195 7.12.2 THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD AND OCEANIC CURRENTS 196
7.12.3 THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD AND SEA LEVEL PRESSURE 196 A REVIEW OF
SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL STUDIES 197 8.1 SYNOPSIS 197 8.2 A BRIEF HISTORICAL
NOTE ON SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL LINKS 199 8.2.1 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF SUNSPOTS
AND HYPOTHESISED LINKS WITH EARTH'S CLIMATE 199 8.3 RECENT STATISTICS ON
SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL LINKS 208 8.3.1 A RENAISSANCE FOR SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL
LINKS 208 8.4 RECENT WORK AND HYPOTHESES 209 8.4.1 BASIC STATISTICAL
CONCEPTS 209 8.4.2 LINEAR TRENDS 212 8.4.3 CORRELATION 213 8.4.4
CORRELATION AND DE-TRENDING THE DATA 215 8.4.5 CORRELATION AND FILTERING
THE DATA 216 8.4.6 AUTOCORRELATION AND LAG-CORRELATION 220 8.4.7 MONTE
CARLO SIMULATIONS 223 8.4.8 THE SOLAR CYCLE LENGTH AND TERRESTRIAL
TEMPERATURE 226 8.4.9 CONSIDERATIONS ON SOLAR CYCLE LENGTHS 230 8.4.10
CORRELATION STUDIES AND PITFALLS 232 8.5 VALIDATION OF PREDICTIONS 234
8.6 TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIANCE STUDIES 240 8.6.1 THE "LITTLE ICE AGE" AND
TSI 240 8.7 COMPARISONS WITH STELLAR STUDIES 245 8.7.1 THE LIFE CYCLE OF
A STAR 245 8.7.2 INFERRING THE SOLAR EVOLUTION FROM STELLAR STUDIES 246
8.7.3 THE "SNOWBALL EARTH" EFFECT 247 8.8 IS THERE A RELATION BETWEEN
SUNSPOTS AND RAINFALL? 248 8.9 REQUIREMENTS OF SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL
HYPOTHESES 248 SOLAR ACTIVITY AND REGIONAL CLIMATE VARIATIONS 251 9.1
SYNOPSIS 251 9.2 EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 252
9.2.1 HOW SOLAR ACTIVITY MAY PHYSICALLY AFFECT ENSO 260 9.3 THE ROLE OF
SOLAR ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTH ASIAN MONSOON SYSTEM . . 265 9.3.1 THE
MONSOON 265 9.3.2 RELATION TO SUNSPOTS 266 9.4 THE NORTH ATLANTIC
OSCILLATION AND SUNSPOTS 266 9.4.1 HOW MAY THE NAO BE AFFECTED BY SOLAR
ACTIVITY? 267 9.5 THE GULF STREAM AND SUNSPOTS 269 9.6 PACIFIC DECADAL
OSCILLATION AND SOLAR ACTIVITY 271 9.7 LAND-SEA CONTRASTS 273 X CONTENTS
9.8 OTHER EXTERNAL CLIMATE FORCINGS 274 9.8.1 THE ANTHROPOGENIC
PERTURBATION TO THE NATURAL BALANCE. . 274 9.8.2 ORBITAL PARAMETERS 275
9.8.3 THE MOON 276 9.8.4 METEORITE IMPACTS 276 10 SYNTHESIS 277 11
APPENDIX 281 BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 EXERCISES 299 INDEX 309 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Benestad, Rasmus E. |
| author_facet | Benestad, Rasmus E. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Benestad, Rasmus E. |
| author_variant | r e b re reb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021686819 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QB524 |
| callnumber-raw | QB524 |
| callnumber-search | QB524 |
| callnumber-sort | QB 3524 |
| callnumber-subject | QB - Astronomy |
| classification_rvk | AR 23100 US 6100 US 6200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)65166624 (DE-599)BVBBV021686819 |
| dewey-full | 551.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.6 |
| dewey-search | 551.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.6 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Allgemeines Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Geologie / Paläontologie Allgemeines Physik |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021686819 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:13:10Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:41:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 354030620X 9783540306207 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014900937 |
| oclc_num | 65166624 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-1046 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-1046 |
| physical | XXVI, 316 S. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Springer praxis books in environmental sciences |
| spelling | Benestad, Rasmus E. Verfasser aut Solar activity and earth's climate Rasmus E. Benestad 2. ed. Berlin [u.a] Springer [u.a.] 2006 XXVI, 316 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer praxis books in environmental sciences Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Solar activity Environmental aspects Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Sonnenaktivität (DE-588)4181821-0 gnd rswk-swf Sonnenaktivität (DE-588)4181821-0 s Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 s DE-604 Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014900937&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Benestad, Rasmus E. Solar activity and earth's climate Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Solar activity Environmental aspects Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Sonnenaktivität (DE-588)4181821-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031170-3 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4181821-0 |
| title | Solar activity and earth's climate |
| title_auth | Solar activity and earth's climate |
| title_exact_search | Solar activity and earth's climate |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Solar activity and earth's climate |
| title_full | Solar activity and earth's climate Rasmus E. Benestad |
| title_fullStr | Solar activity and earth's climate Rasmus E. Benestad |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solar activity and earth's climate Rasmus E. Benestad |
| title_short | Solar activity and earth's climate |
| title_sort | solar activity and earth s climate |
| topic | Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Solar activity Environmental aspects Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Sonnenaktivität (DE-588)4181821-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Solar activity Environmental aspects Klima Sonnenaktivität |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014900937&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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