The WTO agreement on safeguards: a commentary
The protection of troubled industries against import surges, called safeguard measures under WTO law, are controversially justified on the basis of economic concerns. This book reviews the economic literature bearing on the soundness of safeguard policies.
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2006
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Oxford commentaries on international law : Oxford commentaries on the GATT/WTO agreements
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | The protection of troubled industries against import surges, called safeguard measures under WTO law, are controversially justified on the basis of economic concerns. This book reviews the economic literature bearing on the soundness of safeguard policies. |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 357 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199277407 0199277400 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The WTO agreement on safeguards |b a commentary |c Alan O. Sykes |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 357 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Oxford commentaries on international law : Oxford commentaries on the GATT/WTO agreements | |
| 520 | 3 | |a The protection of troubled industries against import surges, called safeguard measures under WTO law, are controversially justified on the basis of economic concerns. This book reviews the economic literature bearing on the soundness of safeguard policies. | |
| 610 | 1 | 4 | |a Organisation mondiale du commerce |
| 610 | 2 | 4 | |a World Trade Organization |
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a World Trade Organization |0 (DE-588)2145784-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 4 | |a Commerce extérieur - Réglementation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Importations | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Internationaal handelsrecht |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Protectionisme |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Protectionnisme | |
| 650 | 7 | |a World Trade Organization |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Foreign trade regulation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Imports | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Protectionism | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Außenhandelsrecht |0 (DE-588)4137393-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Protektionismus |0 (DE-588)4127791-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a World Trade Organization |0 (DE-588)2145784-0 |D b |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Außenhandelsrecht |0 (DE-588)4137393-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Protektionismus |0 (DE-588)4127791-0 |D s |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1829470983589724160 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
Preface
ix
Table of WTO Panel and
AB
Reports
xvi
Table of
GA TT/WTO
Documents
xx
Table of Other International Instruments and Legishtion
xxv
List of Abbreviations
xxvii
CHAPTER
1:
THE EVOLUTION OF SAFEGUARD
MEASURES IN THE WTO/GATT SYSTEM:
AN OVERVIEW l
A The Genesis of the Safeguards Concept in the Pre-GATT Eta
2
В
The
GATT
Agreement
5
1
Mechanisms for Adjusting the
GATT
Bargain Over Time
5
2
The Design of Article
XIX 7
С
GATT
Practice Under Article
XIX
and the Rise of
Grey-Area Measures
14
1
Formal Reliance on Article
XIX
During the
GATT
Years
14
2
Safeguards Practice in Context: The
GATT
Dispute Settlement System
15
3
Textual Obsolescence: The "Unforeseen Developments" Clause
17
4
The Causation Conundrum
19
5
Prelude to the Uruguay Round: Grey-Area
Measures and Their Critics
21
D
Introduction to the Safeguards Agreement
26
E
Safeguard Measures to Date in the WTO
30
1
Notified Legislation and Procedures
31
2
Provisional or Definitive Measures Undertaken
31
3
Safeguard Measures in the Dispute Resolution System
32
CHAPTER
2:
ECONOMIC POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS
34
A The Basic Economics of International Trade and Protectionism
35
xii
Contents
В
Basic Economies
of Safeguard Measures: Efficiency
and Distribution
47
1
The Economic Consequences of Safeguard Measures: A First Cut
47
2
Conventional Arguments for Safeguard Measures
50
(a) Restoring Competitiveness
51
(b) Orderly Contraction and Structural Adjustment
52
(c) Equity and Redistribution
56
С
Safeguard Measures from a Political Economy Perspective
59
1
The Domestic Safety Valve Hypothesis
59
2
Safeguard Measures and "Cheating"
61
3
The Contractarian Perspective: Ex Ante vs. Ex Post Protection
64
(a) Some Preliminaries: Basic Lessons from
Public Choice Theory
64
(b) Positive Implications
67
(c) Normative Implications
70
CHAPTER
3:
PRELIMINARY ISSUES IN WTO
SAFEGUARDS DISPUTES: BURDEN OF PROOF,
STANDARD OF REVIEW, AND THE "RECORD"
73
A The Burden of Proof
73
В
The Standard of Review at the Panel Stage: What
Degree of Deference to National Authorities?
75
С
The "Record" on Review and Related Issues
81
D
The Standard of Review in the Appellate Body
84
CHAPTER
4:
PROCEDURAL OBLIGATIONS
IN THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS
85
A The Committee on Safeguards
85
В
The Procedural Obligations of National Authorities
86
1
Advance Publication and Notification of
Investigative Procedures
87
2
Notification of Investigations
88
3
Due Process Requirements for the Conduct of Investigations
89
4
Publication Requirements Following an Investigation
89
5
Notification Requirements Following an Investigation
or a Decision to Apply a Measure
90
6
Consultation Requirements Prior to Application of a Measure
93
Contents xiii
7
Miscellaneous Notification and Consultation Requirements
96
8
The Issue of Confidential Information
97
CHAPTER
5:
"UNFORESEEN DEVELOPMENTS"
AND "THE EFFECT OF THE
OBLIGATIONS INCURRED"
101
A The Resurrection of Article
XIX(l),
First Clause
102
В
Establishing the "Effect of Obligations Incurred"
106
С
Establishing the Link to "Unforeseen Developments"
108
1
In General
108
2
Factual Issues in Individual Cases 111
CHAPTER
6:
THE INCREASED QUANTITIES
REQUIREMENT
120
A The Baseline Issue During
GATT
121
В
Baselines and "Increased Quantities"
in WTO Disputes to Date
123
С
Summary and Critique
134
CHAPTER
7:
SERIOUS INJURY, THREAT AND
INDUSTRY DEFINITION
137
A Defining the "Industry"
138
1
General Guidance on the Meaning of "Like" and
"Directly Competitive"
139
2
Industry Definition Issues in Safeguard Disputes to Date
142
(a) Imports and Prior Stages of Processing
143
(b) Multiproduct Firms
146
В
"Serious Injury"
148
С
Threat of Serious Injury
151
CHAPTER
8:
THE CAUSATION REQUIREMENT
AND "NON-ATTRIBUTION"
156
A The Economics of "Causation"
158
В
The Causation Test Under U.S. Law
167
1
Determining the "Causal Contribution" of Increased Imports
168
xiv Contents
2
Weighing the Effect of Imports Under the
Substantial Cause Test
170
С
The Causation Test in WTO Case Law
174
1
Korea—Dairy
174
2
Argentina
—
Footwear
175
3
United States—Wheat Gluten
177
4
United States
—
Lamb
181
5
United States
—
Line Pipe
183
6
Chile
—
Agricultural Products
183
7
United States
—
Steel
184
(a) Demonstrating the Causal Link to Imports
184
(b)
Non-
Attribution Analysis
188
8
Summary
189
D
Possible Solutions
190
1
Sweep the Issues Under the Rug
191
2
Focus on the Unforeseen Developments
192
3
Focus on the Import Supply Curve
194
4
Focus on Hypothetical Quantitative Restrictions
201
5
Summary and Implications
208
CHAPTER
9:
PERMISSIBLE MEASURES AND THEIR
DURATION
211
A "To the Extent Necessary"
212
1
Justification for the Measure: The Timing Issue
212
2
Injury Attributable to "Other Factors"
213
3
The Adjustment Issue
216
4
Article
5.1,
Sentence Two
217
В
Selectivity
218
1
Economic Note
218
2
The Core Obligation: Article
2.2 220
3
Selective Quantitative Restrictions
221
4
The Doctrine of Parallelism
226
5
The Ultimate Question: Article
XXIV
and
Selective Safeguards
232
С
Duration and Review
236
1
Limits on Duration
237
2
Progressive Liberalization
238
3
Previously Protected Industries
239
Contents xv
D Provisional
Measures
241
E Spedai
Rules for Developing Countries
242
CHAPTER
10:
COMPENSATION, RETALIATION
AND THE PROHIBITION OF GREY-AREA
MEASURES
245
A The New Rules on Compensation and Retaliation
245
В
The Prohibition of Grey-Area Measures
249
Concluding Remarks
252
References
254
Appendices:
259
Appendix
1:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Article
XIX 261
Appendix
2:
The WTO Agreement on Safeguards
263
Appendix
3:
U.S. National Legisktion (Sections
201-204
of the
Trade Act of
1974,
codified as
19
U.S.
С
paras
2251-54)
Til
Appendix
4:
EC Legishtion (Council Regulation
(EC) No
3285/94
of
22
December
1994) 293
Appendix
5:
National Legisktion Notified to the Committee
on Safeguards
309
Appendix
6:
Safeguard Measures Notified to the Committee on
Safeguards Since the Inception of the WTO
313
Appendix
7:
Active Safeguard Investigations and Existing
Safeguard Measures in Pkce as of November
3, 2005 334
Index
339 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
ix
Table of WTO Panel and
AB
Reports
xvi
Table of
GA TT/WTO
Documents
xx
Table of Other International Instruments and Legishtion
xxv
List of Abbreviations
xxvii
CHAPTER
1:
THE EVOLUTION OF SAFEGUARD
MEASURES IN THE WTO/GATT SYSTEM:
AN OVERVIEW l
A The Genesis of the Safeguards Concept in the Pre-GATT Eta
2
В
The
GATT
Agreement
5
1
Mechanisms for Adjusting the
GATT
Bargain Over Time
5
2
The Design of Article
XIX 7
С
GATT
Practice Under Article
XIX
and the Rise of
Grey-Area Measures
14
1
Formal Reliance on Article
XIX
During the
GATT
Years
14
2
Safeguards Practice in Context: The
GATT
Dispute Settlement System
15
3
Textual Obsolescence: The "Unforeseen Developments" Clause
17
4
The Causation Conundrum
19
5
Prelude to the Uruguay Round: Grey-Area
Measures and Their Critics
21
D
Introduction to the Safeguards Agreement
26
E
Safeguard Measures to Date in the WTO
30
1
Notified Legislation and Procedures
31
2
Provisional or Definitive Measures Undertaken
31
3
Safeguard Measures in the Dispute Resolution System
32
CHAPTER
2:
ECONOMIC POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS
34
A The Basic Economics of International Trade and Protectionism
35
xii
Contents
В
Basic Economies
of Safeguard Measures: Efficiency
and Distribution
47
1
The Economic Consequences of Safeguard Measures: A First Cut
47
2
Conventional Arguments for Safeguard Measures
50
(a) Restoring Competitiveness
51
(b) Orderly Contraction and Structural Adjustment
52
(c) Equity and Redistribution
56
С
Safeguard Measures from a Political Economy Perspective
59
1
The Domestic Safety Valve Hypothesis
59
2
Safeguard Measures and "Cheating"
61
3
The Contractarian Perspective: Ex Ante vs. Ex Post Protection
64
(a) Some Preliminaries: Basic Lessons from
Public Choice Theory
64
(b) Positive Implications
67
(c) Normative Implications
70
CHAPTER
3:
PRELIMINARY ISSUES IN WTO
SAFEGUARDS DISPUTES: BURDEN OF PROOF,
STANDARD OF REVIEW, AND THE "RECORD"
73
A The Burden of Proof
73
В
The Standard of Review at the Panel Stage: What
Degree of Deference to National Authorities?
75
С
The "Record" on Review and Related Issues
81
D
The Standard of Review in the Appellate Body
84
CHAPTER
4:
PROCEDURAL OBLIGATIONS
IN THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS
85
A The Committee on Safeguards
85
В
The Procedural Obligations of National Authorities
86
1
Advance Publication and Notification of
Investigative Procedures
87
2
Notification of Investigations
88
3
Due Process Requirements for the Conduct of Investigations
89
4
Publication Requirements Following an Investigation
89
5
Notification Requirements Following an Investigation
or a Decision to Apply a Measure
90
6
Consultation Requirements Prior to Application of a Measure
93
Contents xiii
7
Miscellaneous Notification and Consultation Requirements
96
8
The Issue of Confidential Information
97
CHAPTER
5:
"UNFORESEEN DEVELOPMENTS"
AND "THE EFFECT OF THE
OBLIGATIONS INCURRED"
101
A The Resurrection of Article
XIX(l),
First Clause
102
В
Establishing the "Effect of Obligations Incurred"
106
С
Establishing the Link to "Unforeseen Developments"
108
1
In General
108
2
Factual Issues in Individual Cases 111
CHAPTER
6:
THE INCREASED QUANTITIES
REQUIREMENT
120
A The Baseline Issue During
GATT
121
В
Baselines and "Increased Quantities"
in WTO Disputes to Date
123
С
Summary and Critique
134
CHAPTER
7:
SERIOUS INJURY, THREAT AND
INDUSTRY DEFINITION
137
A Defining the "Industry"
138
1
General Guidance on the Meaning of "Like" and
"Directly Competitive"
139
2
Industry Definition Issues in Safeguard Disputes to Date
142
(a) Imports and Prior Stages of Processing
143
(b) Multiproduct Firms
146
В
"Serious Injury"
148
С
Threat of Serious Injury
151
CHAPTER
8:
THE CAUSATION REQUIREMENT
AND "NON-ATTRIBUTION"
156
A The Economics of "Causation"
158
В
The Causation Test Under U.S. Law
167
1
Determining the "Causal Contribution" of Increased Imports
168
xiv Contents
2
Weighing the Effect of Imports Under the
Substantial Cause Test
170
С
The Causation Test in WTO Case Law
174
1
Korea—Dairy
174
2
Argentina
—
Footwear
175
3
United States—Wheat Gluten
177
4
United States
—
Lamb
181
5
United States
—
Line Pipe
183
6
Chile
—
Agricultural Products
183
7
United States
—
Steel
184
(a) Demonstrating the Causal Link to Imports
184
(b)
Non-
Attribution Analysis
188
8
Summary
189
D
Possible Solutions
190
1
Sweep the Issues Under the Rug
191
2
Focus on the Unforeseen Developments
192
3
Focus on the Import Supply Curve
194
4
Focus on Hypothetical Quantitative Restrictions
201
5
Summary and Implications
208
CHAPTER
9:
PERMISSIBLE MEASURES AND THEIR
DURATION
211
A "To the Extent Necessary"
212
1
Justification for the Measure: The Timing Issue
212
2
Injury Attributable to "Other Factors"
213
3
The Adjustment Issue
216
4
Article
5.1,
Sentence Two
217
В
Selectivity
218
1
Economic Note
218
2
The Core Obligation: Article
2.2 220
3
Selective Quantitative Restrictions
221
4
The Doctrine of Parallelism
226
5
The Ultimate Question: Article
XXIV
and
Selective Safeguards
232
С
Duration and Review
236
1
Limits on Duration
237
2
Progressive Liberalization
238
3
Previously Protected Industries
239
Contents xv
D Provisional
Measures
241
E Spedai
Rules for Developing Countries
242
CHAPTER
10:
COMPENSATION, RETALIATION
AND THE PROHIBITION OF GREY-AREA
MEASURES
245
A The New Rules on Compensation and Retaliation
245
В
The Prohibition of Grey-Area Measures
249
Concluding Remarks
252
References
254
Appendices:
259
Appendix
1:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Article
XIX 261
Appendix
2:
The WTO Agreement on Safeguards
263
Appendix
3:
U.S. National Legisktion (Sections
201-204
of the
Trade Act of
1974,
codified as
19
U.S.
С
paras
2251-54)
Til
Appendix
4:
EC Legishtion (Council Regulation
(EC) No
3285/94
of
22
December
1994) 293
Appendix
5:
National Legisktion Notified to the Committee
on Safeguards
309
Appendix
6:
Safeguard Measures Notified to the Committee on
Safeguards Since the Inception of the WTO
313
Appendix
7:
Active Safeguard Investigations and Existing
Safeguard Measures in Pkce as of November
3, 2005 334
Index
339 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Sykes, A. O. 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130009652 |
| author_facet | Sykes, A. O. 1954- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sykes, A. O. 1954- |
| author_variant | a o s ao aos |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021676089 |
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| callnumber-label | K4610 |
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| callnumber-subject | K - General Law |
| classification_rvk | PR 2353 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)67374441 (DE-599)BVBBV021676089 |
| dewey-full | 343.087 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 343 - Military, tax, trade & industrial law |
| dewey-raw | 343.087 |
| dewey-search | 343.087 |
| dewey-sort | 3343.087 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021676089 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:10:07Z |
| indexdate | 2025-04-15T12:18:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199277407 0199277400 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014890374 |
| oclc_num | 67374441 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-N2 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-N2 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-188 |
| physical | XXVI, 357 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Oxford commentaries on international law : Oxford commentaries on the GATT/WTO agreements |
| spelling | Sykes, A. O. 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)130009652 aut The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary Alan O. Sykes 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2006 XXVI, 357 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford commentaries on international law : Oxford commentaries on the GATT/WTO agreements The protection of troubled industries against import surges, called safeguard measures under WTO law, are controversially justified on the basis of economic concerns. This book reviews the economic literature bearing on the soundness of safeguard policies. Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd rswk-swf Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Importations Internationaal handelsrecht gtt Protectionisme gtt Protectionnisme World Trade Organization gtt Foreign trade regulation Imports Protectionism Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd rswk-swf Protektionismus (DE-588)4127791-0 gnd rswk-swf World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 b Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 s Protektionismus (DE-588)4127791-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014890374&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sykes, A. O. 1954- The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Importations Internationaal handelsrecht gtt Protectionisme gtt Protectionnisme World Trade Organization gtt Foreign trade regulation Imports Protectionism Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd Protektionismus (DE-588)4127791-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2145784-0 (DE-588)4137393-5 (DE-588)4127791-0 |
| title | The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary |
| title_auth | The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary |
| title_exact_search | The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary |
| title_full | The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary Alan O. Sykes |
| title_fullStr | The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary Alan O. Sykes |
| title_full_unstemmed | The WTO agreement on safeguards a commentary Alan O. Sykes |
| title_short | The WTO agreement on safeguards |
| title_sort | the wto agreement on safeguards a commentary |
| title_sub | a commentary |
| topic | Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Importations Internationaal handelsrecht gtt Protectionisme gtt Protectionnisme World Trade Organization gtt Foreign trade regulation Imports Protectionism Außenhandelsrecht (DE-588)4137393-5 gnd Protektionismus (DE-588)4127791-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Importations Internationaal handelsrecht Protectionisme Protectionnisme Foreign trade regulation Imports Protectionism Außenhandelsrecht Protektionismus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014890374&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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