Giant metallic deposits: future sources of industrial metals
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin
Springer
2006
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 732 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM |
| ISBN: | 3540330917 9783540330912 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Giant metallic deposits |b future sources of industrial metals |c Peter Laznicka |
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| adam_text | Contents
Explanations, Abbreviations, Units 1
Context 1
Explanations, abbreviations 4
1 Civilization based on metals 7
1.1 Past and present sources of industrial metals 7
1.1.1 Introduction 7
1.1.2 History of metal supplies 7
1.1.3 Present metal supplies 11
1.2 Metal prices 12
1.3 Future metal supplies 15
1.3.1 How much metals will be needed? 15
1.3.2 Reducing demand for new metals 19
1.4 Conclusion: future supplies of metals and giant
deposits 29
2 Data on metallic deposits and magnitude categories:
the giant and world class deposits 35
2.1 Data sources and databases 35
2.2 Giant and world class ore deposits: definition and
characteristics 38
2.3 Dimension, complexity and hierarchy of metallic
deposits 44
2.4 The share of giant metal accumulations in global
metal supplies 47
3 From trace metals to giant deposits 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Extraterrestrial metals and ore formation resulting
from meteorite impact 56
3.3 Lithospheric evolution and gcochemical backgrounds
to metals concentration and accumulation 59
Introduction to Chapters 4 to 14 65
4 Mantle to oceans 71
4.1 The mantle 71
4.1.1 Mantle metallogeny 72
4.2 Oceanic crust, ocean floor 73
VIII Contents
4.2.1 Oceanic spreading ridges 73
4.3 Intraplate volcanic islands, seamounts and plateaux
on oceanic crust 77
4.4 Sea water as source of metals 77
4.5 Ocean floor sediments 78
5 Young island arcs 81
5.1 Island arc metallogeny and giant deposits 82
5.2 Island arc trench components and ore forming
processes 83
5.3 Porphyry Cu Au (Mo) deposits in young island arcs 90
5.4 Epithermal Au (Ag) deposits 94
5.5 Young subaqueous hydrothermal (Fe) Zn Pb Cu
(and Ag,Au Sb,As) deposits (VMS, kuroko type) 97
5.6 Magnetite beach sands 100
6 Andean type margins 101
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Metals fluxing and metallogenesis 104
6.2.1 Ores in predominantly continental sediments 107
6.2.2 Ores in contemporaneous and young subaerial
volcanics 109
6.2.3 Ores in ancient continental margin volcanics,
predominantly andesite 115
6.2.4 Red beds in andean margins 118
6.2.5 Ores in andean margin rhyolites 118
6.3 Epithermal deposits and hot springs 120
6.3.1 Hot spring deposits 121
6.4 High sulfidation epithermal ores 122
6.4.1 Low grade ( bulk ), low sulfide Au Ag deposits 123
6.4.2 Transition to sulfides rich high sulfidation Au Ag
systems 125
6.4.3 Diatreme dome complexes with enargite gold centers
surrounded by pyrite, Zn Pb Ag carbonate
replacements 126
6.4.4 Combined high sulfidation/porphyry Cu Au Ag
systems 129
6.5 Low sulfidation (LS) deposits 131
6.5.1 Au dominated low sulfidation ores 132
6.5.2 Au (Te) Ag alkaline association 135
6.5.3 Bonanza Ag » Au 136
6.5.4 Epithermal to mesothermal Pb, Zn (Cu), Au, Ag
deposits 139
6.5.5 Other epithermal deposits: Mo, W, Bi, U, As, Sb, Te 140
6.5.6 LS deposits as part of a system: other related
mineralization? 142
6.5.7 Bolivian type porphyry Sn bonanza Ag composite
association 143
6.6 Carlin type micron size Au (As, Hg, Sb) deposits 147
6.6.1 Invisible gold in the Great Basin 149
6.6.2 Carlin type gold outside the U.S.A 152
Contents IX
7 Cordilleran granitoids 153
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Metallogeny 154
7.3 Porphyry deposits 157
7.3.1 General and calc alkaline 157
7.3.2 Breccias in porphyry systems 159
7.3.3 Evolution of mineralized calc alkaline porphyry
systems, alterations, ores 164
7.3.4 Alkaline (diorite model) porphyry Cu 165
7.3.5 Combined porphyry Cu (Mo, Au) skarn deposits 168
7.3.6 Precambrian porphyry style Cu, Mo, Au deposits 171
7.3.7 Supergene modification of porphyry deposits 171
7.3.8 Porphyry Cu: global distribution and deposit
descriptions 180
7.4 Stockwork molybdenum deposits 199
7.4.1 Differentiated monzogranite Mo suite 200
7.4.2 High silica rhyolite suite (Climax type) 201
7.4.3 Stockwork Mo in the alkaline rift association 204
7.4.4 Precambrian stockwork Mo giants 204
7.4.5 Mo dominated skarn deposits 205
7.5 Stockwork, vein and skarn Mo W Bi 207
7.6 Scheelite skarn deposits 209
7.7 Cordilleran Pb Zn Ag (Sb) deposits 212
7.7.1 High temperature Zn, Pb, Ag replacements in
carbonates 212
7.7.2 Mesothermal Pb Zn Ag (Sb) veins 218
7.8 Hydrothermal Fe, Mn, Sb, Sn, B, U, Th deposits in,
and associated with, Cordilleran granitoids 220
8 Volcano sedimentary orogens 225
8.1 Introduction 225
8.1.1 Growth and evolution of composite eugeoclinal
orogens as exemplified by the Canadian Cordillera 227
8.2 Ophiolite allochthons, melanges and alpine
serpentinites 229
8.3 Oceanic successions 233
8.4 Mafic and bimodal marine volcanic sedimentary
successions 235
8.4.1 VMS deposits 235
8.4.2 Sedimentary rocks hosted Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb ores 242
8.4.3 Au Ag deposits 243
8.5 Differentiated mafic ultramafic intrusions (Alaska
Urals type) 243
8.6 Calc alkaline and shoshonitic volcanic sedimentary
successions 245
8.7 Sundry metallic ores 249
9 Precambrian greenstone granite terrains 252
9.1 Introduction 252
X Contents
9.1.1 Abitibi Subprovince (greenstone belt), Canadian
Shield 253
9.2 Komatiite association andNi ores 256
9.3 Early Proterozoic paleo ophiolites 260
9.4 Mafic and bimodal greenstone sequences: Fe ores
and Cu Zn VMS deposits
9.4.1 Mafic (meta basalt) sequences and banded iron
formations 262
9.4.2 VMS deposits in bimodal and sequentially
differentiated volcanic sedimentary sequences 264
9.5 Granitoid plutons and older Precambrian
porphyry deposits 272
9.6 (Syn)orogenic hydrothermal Au (As, Sb, Cu) in
greenstone terrains 273
9.7 Synorogenic Cu (U, Ni, Au, Ag) deposits
overprinting greenstone belts 290
9.8 Ores in late orogenic sedimentary rocks in
greenstone belts 292
10 Intracratonic orogens, granites, hydrothermal deposits 295
10.1 Introduction 295
10.1.1. Granitoids in orogenic setting 296
10.2 Massif anorthosite association: Fe Ti V and Ni Cu
deposits 303
10.3 Ores closely associated with granites 305
10.3.1 Rare metals pegmatites 305
10.3.2 Zr, Nb, Ta, Y, REE, Th, Be association in peralkaline
granites 310
10.3.3. Uraniferous leucogranites, aplites, pegmatites 312
10.3.4 Granite related wolframite deposits (Jiangxi type) 313
10.3.5 Granite related tin deposits 315
10.3.6 Cassiterite regoliths and placers 321
10.3.7 Multi metal zoned Sn, Mo, W, Bi, Be, Pb, Zn skarn
greisen vein systems 323
10.3.8 Hydrothermal U deposits 327
10.4 Mesothermal gold 331
10.4.1 Intrusion ( granite ) related Au veins, stockworks,
disseminations
10.4.2 Gold skarns 333
10.4.3 Transition of granite related to (syn)orogenic Au
deposits 335
10.5 Dominantly orogenic Au deposits 339
10.5.1 (Syn)orogenic gold veins and stockworks 339
10.6 Gold placers 346
10.7 (Syn)orogenic Sb and Hg deposits 349
10.7.1 Antimony deposits 349
10.7.2 Mercury deposits 355
10.8 Pb, Zn, Ag veins and replacements 358
Contents XI
11. Proterozoic Intracratonic Orogens and Basins:
Extension, Sedimentation, Magmatism 367
11.1 Introduction 367
11.2 Metallogeny and giant deposits 369
11.3 Proterozoic Pb Zn Ag sedex deposits 374
11.4 Strata controlled Proterozoic copper deposits in
(meta)sedimentary rocks 377
11.5 Au and U in quartz rich conglomerate (Witwatersrand
type) 385
11.6 Fe in Superior type banded iron formations (BIF) 394
11.7 Fe (BIF) and Mn in diamictites 403
11.8 Bedded and residual Mn deposits 406
11.9 Miscellaneous, complex Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, V, Ag, Ge
Ga, (U) sulfide deposits 409
11.10 Oxidic (nonsulfide) Zn and Pb deposits 411
11.11 Unconformity uranium deposits 412
11.12 Hydrothermal Fe oxide deposits with Cu, or U, or Au,
or REE (Olympic Dam type) 415
12 Rifts, paleo rifts, rifted margins, mantle plumes,
anorogenic and alkaline magmatism 425
12.1 Introduction 425
12.2 Young rifts, hydrothermal activity 428
12.3 Mantle plumes, continental breakup, rifted continental
margins 430
12.3.1 Hot spots and mantle plumes 430
12.3.2 Rifted (Atlantic type) continental margins 430
12.3.3 Intraplate and rift margin mafic to bimodal
magmatism 432
12.4 Plateau (flood) basalts 434
12.4.1 Ni Cu sulfide deposits in intrusions associated with
plateau basalt provinces 434
12.4.2 Lateritic bauxite on basalt 439
12.5 Diabase, gabbro, rare peridotite dikes and sills 440
12.6 Bushveld style layered intrusions 443
12.7 Sudbury complex Ni, Cu, Co, PGE, Ontario: an enigma.455
12.8 Alkaline magmatic association 459
12.8.1 Introduction 459
12.8.2 Alkaline metallogeny and giant deposits 461
12.8.3 Alkaline volcanic and subvolcanic centers 462
12.8.4 Nepheline syenite dominated intrusions 463
12.8.5 Alkaline pyroxene nepheline series and alkaline
ultramafics 467
12.9 Carbonatites 470
13 Sedimentary associations and regolith
13.1 Introduction 480
13.2 Marine elastics 481
13.2.1 Ore formation 482
XII Contents
13.2.2 Detrital (clastic) ores: coastal and shelf heavy
mineral sands and paleoplacers of Fe, Ti, Zr, REE, Th 484
13.3 Combined clastic and chemical bedded sedimentary
deposits 487
13.3.1 Participate (oolitic) ironstones 487
13.3.2 Bedded Mn deposits (Phanerozoic) 490
13.3.3 Mineralized carbonaceous pelites ( black shales ) 492
13.3.4 Phosphorite black shale association 497
13.3.5 Cu, Ag (Pb, Zn, Au, PGE) associated with reduced
marine units above redbeds (Kupferschiefer or
copper shale type) 500
13.3.6 Sedex Pb Zn Ag deposits in basinal shale
near carbonate platform 503
13.4 Marine carbonates and evaporites 509
13.4.1 Introduction 509
13.4.2 Warm current (Florida type) phosphorites and
their uranium enrichment 512
13.4.3 Bedded Mn deposits in basinal (reduced)
carboantes 513
13.4.4. Low temperature Zn Pb deposits in carbonates 513
13.4.5 Discordant (vein) Zn Pb orebodies of
MVT affiliation 522
13.4.6 Stratabound cinnabar deposits in carbonates 522
13.4.7 Metallic ores in karst on carbonates 523
13.5 Marine evaporites and metallic ores 525
13.6 Hydrocarbons as a source of metals 526
13.7 Regolith and continental sediments 528
13.7.1 Introduction 528
13.7.2 Glaciation and ores in glaciogenic (cryogenic)
materials and structures, related talus and glacio
fluvial deposits 529
13.7.3 Humid tropical regoliths 529
13.7.4 Supergene Cu ores and leaching/reprecipitation
profiles 538
13.7.5 Paleo regoliths, paleosols and basal sequences at
unconformities 541
13.7.6 Humid alluvial environments: placer deposits 542
13.7.7 Lakes and lacustrine sequences 544
13.7.8 Arid regoliths and sediments 545
13.7.9 Sandstone dominated continental sequences: gray
and red 548
13.7.10 Metals recoverable from coal 549
13.7.11 Infiltrations from meteoric waters: sandstone U (V)
deposits 550
13.7.12 Cu sandstone deposits in red and gray (varicolored)
beds 555
13.7.13 Sandstone Pb (Zn) deposits 556
13.8 Anthropogenic metal sources 559
14 Higher grade metamorphic associations 561
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Metallogeny 563
14.3 High grade associations and ores 565
Contents XIII
14.4 High grade metamorphosed banded iron formations
(BIF) 567
14.5 Pb Zn Ag sulfide orebodies in gneiss » marble,
Ca Mg Mn silicates: Broken Hill type 568
14.6 Zn, Pb sulfide orebodies in marble and Ca Mg
silicates, and Zn Mn oxide orebodies in marble 571
14.7 Zn, Cu, Pb sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist, marble
(meta VMS?) 574
14.8 Disseminated Cu sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist
and marble 576
14.9 Scheelite, uraniferous phosphates, magnesite,
borates in marble and Ca Mg silicate gneiss 577
14.10 High grade metamorphic mafic (ultramafic)
associations 579
14.11 Structures subjected to retrograde metamorphism
and metasomatism 584
15 Giant deposits in geological context 589
15.1 Origin of the giant deposits 589
15.1.1. Genetic coding and ore varieties 590
15.1.2 Giant deposits and their genetic and host rock
associations 598
15.2 Giant metallic deposits: geotectonic setting 605
15.3 Giant metal accumulations in geological time 606
15.4 Why giants are so big and are where they are? 610
16 Giant deposits: industry, economics, politics 613
16.1 Historical background 613
16.2 Giant deposits and corporations 616
16.3 Giants economics 620
17 Finding or acquiring giant deposits 628
17.1 Introduction 628
17.2 History of discovery of giant ore deposits/districts 631
17.3 Acquiring giant deposits for tomorrow 640
17.3.1 Acquisition of an existing deposit 641
17.3.2. International risk assessment 642
17.3.3 Acquiring giants : geology perspective 646
References 649
Locality index 707
Subject index 719
XIV Contents
CD ROM (attached):
Supplementary materials to accompany the book Giant Metallic
Deposits and Future Sources of Industrial Metals
Peter Laznicka (2006)
README
This CD ROM contains materials that supplement the text, presented in
my book Giant Metallic Deposits , that would be impractical or too
costly to have in the book itself. There are two parts: 1) a database, and 2)
selection of 79 rock/ore inventory diagrams, interspersed as black and
white figures throughout the book, here repeated in color.
CONTENTS
Note: the CD ROM has an independent page numbering
Part 1, Database GiantdepShort
Introduction 2
Explanations 2
Table 1, organized by book page numbers 4
Table 2, organized by metals and localities 25
Table 3, organized by localities (deposits, areas) 46
Part 2, Total Metallogeny Geosites (book figures in color)
Introduction 67
Directory of Geosites organized by book Chapter and Figure
numbers 67
Directory of Geosites organized by the G numbers (as in
Total Metallogeny) 69
Geosites (Figures) pages: total 79 71
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Explanations, Abbreviations, Units 1
Context 1
Explanations, abbreviations 4
1 Civilization based on metals 7
1.1 Past and present sources of industrial metals 7
1.1.1 Introduction 7
1.1.2 History of metal supplies 7
1.1.3 Present metal supplies 11
1.2 Metal prices 12
1.3 Future metal supplies 15
1.3.1 How much metals will be needed? 15
1.3.2 Reducing demand for "new" metals 19
1.4 Conclusion: future supplies of metals and giant
deposits 29
2 Data on metallic deposits and magnitude categories:
the giant and world class deposits 35
2.1 Data sources and databases 35
2.2 Giant and world class ore deposits: definition and
characteristics 38
2.3 Dimension, complexity and hierarchy of metallic
deposits 44
2.4 The share of "giant" metal accumulations in global
metal supplies 47
3 From trace metals to giant deposits 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Extraterrestrial metals and ore formation resulting
from meteorite impact 56
3.3 Lithospheric evolution and gcochemical backgrounds
to metals concentration and accumulation 59
Introduction to Chapters 4 to 14 65
4 Mantle to oceans 71
4.1 The mantle 71
4.1.1 Mantle metallogeny 72
4.2 Oceanic crust, ocean floor 73
VIII Contents
4.2.1 Oceanic spreading ridges 73
4.3 Intraplate volcanic islands, seamounts and plateaux
on oceanic crust 77
4.4 Sea water as source of metals 77
4.5 Ocean floor sediments 78
5 Young island arcs 81
5.1 Island arc metallogeny and giant deposits 82
5.2 Island arc trench components and ore forming
processes 83
5.3 Porphyry Cu Au (Mo) deposits in young island arcs 90
5.4 Epithermal Au (Ag) deposits 94
5.5 Young subaqueous hydrothermal (Fe) Zn Pb Cu
(and Ag,Au Sb,As) deposits (VMS, kuroko type) 97
5.6 Magnetite beach sands 100
6 Andean type margins 101
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Metals fluxing and metallogenesis 104
6.2.1 Ores in predominantly continental sediments 107
6.2.2 Ores in contemporaneous and "young" subaerial
volcanics 109
6.2.3 Ores in ancient continental margin volcanics,
predominantly andesite 115
6.2.4 "Red beds" in andean margins 118
6.2.5 Ores in andean margin rhyolites 118
6.3 Epithermal deposits and hot springs 120
6.3.1 Hot spring deposits 121
6.4 High sulfidation epithermal ores 122
6.4.1 Low grade ("bulk"), low sulfide Au Ag deposits 123
6.4.2 Transition to sulfides rich high sulfidation Au Ag
systems 125
6.4.3 Diatreme dome complexes with enargite gold centers
surrounded by pyrite, Zn Pb Ag carbonate
replacements 126
6.4.4 Combined high sulfidation/porphyry Cu Au Ag
systems 129
6.5 Low sulfidation (LS) deposits 131
6.5.1 Au dominated low sulfidation ores 132
6.5.2 Au (Te) Ag alkaline association 135
6.5.3 Bonanza Ag » Au 136
6.5.4 Epithermal to mesothermal Pb, Zn (Cu), Au, Ag
deposits 139
6.5.5 Other epithermal deposits: Mo, W, Bi, U, As, Sb, Te 140
6.5.6 LS deposits as part of a system: other related
mineralization? 142
6.5.7 "Bolivian type" porphyry Sn bonanza Ag composite
association 143
6.6 Carlin type micron size Au (As, Hg, Sb) deposits 147
6.6.1 "Invisible gold" in the Great Basin 149
6.6.2 "Carlin type" gold outside the U.S.A 152
Contents IX
7 Cordilleran granitoids 153
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Metallogeny 154
7.3 Porphyry deposits 157
7.3.1 General and calc alkaline 157
7.3.2 Breccias in porphyry systems 159
7.3.3 Evolution of mineralized calc alkaline "porphyry"
systems, alterations, ores 164
7.3.4 Alkaline (diorite model) porphyry Cu 165
7.3.5 Combined porphyry Cu (Mo, Au) skarn deposits 168
7.3.6 Precambrian porphyry style Cu, Mo, Au deposits 171
7.3.7 Supergene modification of porphyry deposits 171
7.3.8 Porphyry Cu: global distribution and deposit
descriptions 180
7.4 Stockwork molybdenum deposits 199
7.4.1 Differentiated monzogranite Mo suite 200
7.4.2 High silica rhyolite suite (Climax type) 201
7.4.3 Stockwork Mo in the alkaline "rift" association 204
7.4.4 Precambrian stockwork Mo "giants" 204
7.4.5 Mo dominated skarn deposits 205
7.5 Stockwork, vein and skarn Mo W Bi 207
7.6 Scheelite skarn deposits 209
7.7 Cordilleran Pb Zn Ag (Sb) deposits 212
7.7.1 High temperature Zn, Pb, Ag replacements in
carbonates 212
7.7.2 Mesothermal Pb Zn Ag (Sb) veins 218
7.8 Hydrothermal Fe, Mn, Sb, Sn, B, U, Th deposits in,
and associated with, Cordilleran granitoids 220
8 Volcano sedimentary orogens 225
8.1 Introduction 225
8.1.1 Growth and evolution of composite eugeoclinal
orogens as exemplified by the Canadian Cordillera 227
8.2 Ophiolite allochthons, melanges and alpine
serpentinites 229
8.3 Oceanic successions 233
8.4 Mafic and bimodal marine volcanic sedimentary
successions 235
8.4.1 VMS deposits 235
8.4.2 Sedimentary rocks hosted Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb ores 242
8.4.3 Au Ag deposits 243
8.5 Differentiated mafic ultramafic intrusions (Alaska
Urals type) 243
8.6 Calc alkaline and shoshonitic volcanic sedimentary
successions 245
8.7 Sundry metallic ores 249
9 Precambrian greenstone granite terrains 252
9.1 Introduction 252
X Contents
9.1.1 Abitibi Subprovince (greenstone belt), Canadian
Shield 253
9.2 Komatiite association andNi ores 256
9.3 Early Proterozoic paleo ophiolites 260
9.4 Mafic and bimodal greenstone sequences: Fe ores
and Cu Zn VMS deposits
9.4.1 Mafic (meta basalt) sequences and banded iron
formations 262
9.4.2 VMS deposits in bimodal and sequentially
differentiated volcanic sedimentary sequences 264
9.5 Granitoid plutons and older Precambrian
"porphyry" deposits 272
9.6 (Syn)orogenic hydrothermal Au (As, Sb, Cu) in
greenstone terrains 273
9.7 Synorogenic Cu (U, Ni, Au, Ag) deposits
overprinting greenstone belts 290
9.8 Ores in late orogenic sedimentary rocks in
greenstone belts 292
10 Intracratonic orogens, granites, hydrothermal deposits 295
10.1 Introduction 295
10.1.1. Granitoids in orogenic setting 296
10.2 Massif anorthosite association: Fe Ti V and Ni Cu
deposits 303
10.3 Ores closely associated with granites 305
10.3.1 Rare metals pegmatites 305
10.3.2 Zr, Nb, Ta, Y, REE, Th, Be association in peralkaline
granites 310
10.3.3. Uraniferous leucogranites, aplites, pegmatites 312
10.3.4 Granite related wolframite deposits (Jiangxi type) 313
10.3.5 Granite related tin deposits 315
10.3.6 Cassiterite regoliths and placers 321
10.3.7 Multi metal zoned Sn, Mo, W, Bi, Be, Pb, Zn skarn
greisen vein systems 323
10.3.8 Hydrothermal U deposits 327
10.4 Mesothermal gold 331
10.4.1 Intrusion ("granite") related Au veins, stockworks,
disseminations
10.4.2 Gold skarns 333
10.4.3 Transition of granite related to (syn)orogenic Au
deposits 335
10.5 Dominantly orogenic Au deposits 339
10.5.1 (Syn)orogenic gold veins and stockworks 339
10.6 Gold placers 346
10.7 (Syn)orogenic Sb and Hg deposits 349
10.7.1 Antimony deposits 349
10.7.2 Mercury deposits 355
10.8 Pb, Zn, Ag veins and replacements 358
Contents XI
11. Proterozoic Intracratonic Orogens and Basins:
Extension, Sedimentation, Magmatism 367
11.1 Introduction 367
11.2 Metallogeny and giant deposits 369
11.3 Proterozoic Pb Zn Ag "sedex" deposits 374
11.4 Strata controlled Proterozoic copper deposits in
(meta)sedimentary rocks 377
11.5 Au and U in quartz rich conglomerate (Witwatersrand
type) 385
11.6 Fe in Superior type banded iron formations (BIF) 394
11.7 Fe (BIF) and Mn in diamictites 403
11.8 Bedded and residual Mn deposits 406
11.9 Miscellaneous, complex Zn, Pb, Cu, Co, V, Ag, Ge
Ga, (U) sulfide deposits 409
11.10 Oxidic (nonsulfide) Zn and Pb deposits 411
11.11 Unconformity uranium deposits 412
11.12 Hydrothermal Fe oxide deposits with Cu, or U, or Au,
or REE (Olympic Dam type) 415
12 Rifts, paleo rifts, rifted margins, mantle plumes,
anorogenic and alkaline magmatism 425
12.1 Introduction 425
12.2 Young rifts, hydrothermal activity 428
12.3 Mantle plumes, continental breakup, rifted continental
margins 430
12.3.1 Hot spots and mantle plumes 430
12.3.2 Rifted (Atlantic type) continental margins 430
12.3.3 Intraplate and rift margin mafic to bimodal
magmatism 432
12.4 Plateau (flood) basalts 434
12.4.1 Ni Cu sulfide deposits in intrusions associated with
plateau basalt provinces 434
12.4.2 Lateritic bauxite on basalt 439
12.5 Diabase, gabbro, rare peridotite dikes and sills 440
12.6 Bushveld style layered intrusions 443
12.7 Sudbury complex Ni, Cu, Co, PGE, Ontario: an enigma.455
12.8 Alkaline magmatic association 459
12.8.1 Introduction 459
12.8.2 Alkaline metallogeny and giant deposits 461
12.8.3 Alkaline volcanic and subvolcanic centers 462
12.8.4 Nepheline syenite dominated intrusions 463
12.8.5 Alkaline pyroxene nepheline series and alkaline
ultramafics 467
12.9 Carbonatites 470
13 Sedimentary associations and regolith
13.1 Introduction 480
13.2 Marine elastics 481
13.2.1 Ore formation 482
XII Contents
13.2.2 Detrital (clastic) ores: coastal and shelf heavy
mineral sands and paleoplacers of Fe, Ti, Zr, REE, Th 484
13.3 Combined clastic and chemical bedded sedimentary
deposits 487
13.3.1 Participate (oolitic) ironstones 487
13.3.2 Bedded Mn deposits (Phanerozoic) 490
13.3.3 Mineralized carbonaceous pelites ("black shales") 492
13.3.4 Phosphorite black shale association 497
13.3.5 Cu, Ag (Pb, Zn, Au, PGE) associated with reduced
marine units above "redbeds" (Kupferschiefer or
copper shale type) 500
13.3.6 Sedex Pb Zn Ag deposits in basinal shale
near carbonate platform 503
13.4 Marine carbonates and evaporites 509
13.4.1 Introduction 509
13.4.2 Warm current (Florida type) phosphorites and
their uranium enrichment 512
13.4.3 Bedded Mn deposits in "basinal" (reduced)
carboantes 513
13.4.4. Low temperature Zn Pb deposits in carbonates 513
13.4.5 Discordant (vein) Zn Pb orebodies of
"MVT affiliation" 522
13.4.6 Stratabound cinnabar deposits in carbonates 522
13.4.7 Metallic ores in karst on carbonates 523
13.5 Marine evaporites and metallic ores 525
13.6 Hydrocarbons as a source of metals 526
13.7 Regolith and continental sediments 528
13.7.1 Introduction 528
13.7.2 Glaciation and ores in glaciogenic (cryogenic)
materials and structures, related talus and glacio
fluvial deposits 529
13.7.3 Humid tropical regoliths 529
13.7.4 Supergene Cu ores and leaching/reprecipitation
profiles 538
13.7.5 Paleo regoliths, paleosols and basal sequences at
unconformities 541
13.7.6 Humid alluvial environments: placer deposits 542
13.7.7 Lakes and lacustrine sequences 544
13.7.8 Arid regoliths and sediments 545
13.7.9 Sandstone dominated continental sequences: "gray"
and "red" 548
13.7.10 Metals recoverable from coal 549
13.7.11 Infiltrations from meteoric waters: "sandstone U (V)"
deposits 550
13.7.12 Cu sandstone deposits in red and gray (varicolored)
beds 555
13.7.13 Sandstone Pb (Zn) deposits 556
13.8 Anthropogenic metal sources 559
14 Higher grade metamorphic associations 561
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Metallogeny 563
14.3 High grade associations and ores 565
Contents XIII
14.4 High grade metamorphosed banded iron formations
(BIF) 567
14.5 Pb Zn Ag sulfide orebodies in gneiss » marble,
Ca Mg Mn silicates: Broken Hill type 568
14.6 Zn, Pb sulfide orebodies in marble and Ca Mg
silicates, and Zn Mn oxide orebodies in marble 571
14.7 Zn, Cu, Pb sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist, marble
(meta VMS?) 574
14.8 Disseminated Cu sulfide deposits in gneiss, schist
and marble 576
14.9 Scheelite, uraniferous phosphates, magnesite,
borates in marble and Ca Mg silicate gneiss 577
14.10 High grade metamorphic mafic (ultramafic)
associations 579
14.11 Structures subjected to retrograde metamorphism
and metasomatism 584
15 Giant deposits in geological context 589
15.1 Origin of the giant deposits 589
15.1.1. Genetic coding and ore varieties 590
15.1.2 Giant deposits and their genetic and host rock
associations 598
15.2 Giant metallic deposits: geotectonic setting 605
15.3 Giant metal accumulations in geological time 606
15.4 Why "giants" are so big and are where they are? 610
16 Giant deposits: industry, economics, politics 613
16.1 Historical background 613
16.2 Giant deposits and corporations 616
16.3 Giants' economics 620
17 Finding or acquiring giant deposits 628
17.1 Introduction 628
17.2 History of discovery of giant ore deposits/districts 631
17.3 Acquiring giant deposits for tomorrow 640
17.3.1 Acquisition of an existing deposit 641
17.3.2. International risk assessment 642
17.3.3 Acquiring "giants": geology perspective 646
References 649
Locality index 707
Subject index 719
XIV Contents
CD ROM (attached):
Supplementary materials to accompany the book Giant Metallic
Deposits and Future Sources of Industrial Metals
Peter Laznicka (2006)
README
This CD ROM contains materials that supplement the text, presented in
my book "Giant Metallic Deposits", that would be impractical or too
costly to have in the book itself. There are two parts: 1) a database, and 2)
selection of 79 rock/ore inventory diagrams, interspersed as black and
white figures throughout the book, here repeated in color.
CONTENTS
Note: the CD ROM has an independent page numbering
Part 1, Database GiantdepShort
Introduction 2
Explanations 2
Table 1, organized by book page numbers 4
Table 2, organized by metals and localities 25
Table 3, organized by localities (deposits, areas) 46
Part 2, Total Metallogeny Geosites (book figures in color)
Introduction 67
Directory of Geosites organized by book Chapter and Figure
numbers 67
Directory of Geosites organized by the "G" numbers (as in
Total Metallogeny) 69
Geosites (Figures) pages: total 79 71 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:56:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:40:19Z |
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| spelling | Laznicka, Peter Verfasser aut Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals Peter Laznicka Berlin Springer 2006 XIV, 732 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ore deposits Ores Metallogenese (DE-588)4122281-7 gnd rswk-swf Lagerstättenkunde (DE-588)4140085-9 gnd rswk-swf Erzlagerstätte (DE-588)4015501-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Erzlagerstätte (DE-588)4015501-8 s Metallogenese (DE-588)4122281-7 s Lagerstättenkunde (DE-588)4140085-9 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014844528&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Laznicka, Peter Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals Ore deposits Ores Metallogenese (DE-588)4122281-7 gnd Lagerstättenkunde (DE-588)4140085-9 gnd Erzlagerstätte (DE-588)4015501-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4122281-7 (DE-588)4140085-9 (DE-588)4015501-8 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals |
| title_auth | Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals |
| title_exact_search | Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals |
| title_full | Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals Peter Laznicka |
| title_fullStr | Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals Peter Laznicka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals Peter Laznicka |
| title_short | Giant metallic deposits |
| title_sort | giant metallic deposits future sources of industrial metals |
| title_sub | future sources of industrial metals |
| topic | Ore deposits Ores Metallogenese (DE-588)4122281-7 gnd Lagerstättenkunde (DE-588)4140085-9 gnd Erzlagerstätte (DE-588)4015501-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ore deposits Ores Metallogenese Lagerstättenkunde Erzlagerstätte Lehrbuch |
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