EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Antwerp [u.a.]
Maklu
2005
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 280 S. |
| ISBN: | 9046600068 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice |c [IRCP, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University]. Ed. by Gert Vermeulen |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1820135398167281664 |
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| adam_text |
EU STANDARDS IN WITNESS PROTECTION AND COLLABOI ATION WITH JUSTICE
EDITED BY PROF. DR. GERT VERMEULEN PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN COMMISSION
(JAI/2004/AGIS/077) MAKLU ANTWERP/APELDOORA CONTENTS CONTENTS
I.BACKGROUND 13 II. METHODOLOGY 17 III. EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL
LEGISLATION 19 A. WITNESS PROTECTION 19 1. INTRODUCTION 19 2. EUROPEAN
LEGISLATION 22 A. INTRODUCTION 22 B. EUROPEAN UNION 24 I. RESOLUTION ON
THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZED
CRIME 24 II. RESOLUTION ON INDIVIDUALS WHO COOPERATE WITH THE JUDICIAL
PROCESS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 25 III.
STRATEGY FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM ON PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIME (MILLENNIUM STRATEGY) 25 IV. LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS 26 C. COUNCIL OF EUROPE
28 I. RECOMMENDATION (97) 13 CONCERNING THE INTIMIDATION OF WITNESSES
AND THE RIGHTS OF DEFENSE 28 II. RECOMMENDATION (2001) 11 CONCERNING
GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANISED CRIME 29 III.
RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS 30 IV. COMMITTEE
OF EXPERTS ON THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND PENTITI IN RELATION TO
ACTS OF TERRORISM 30 V. COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE PROTECTION OF
WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 32 VI. RECOMMENDATION (2005) 9
ON THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS OF JUSTICE 32 VII.
RULINGS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS 37 3. INTERNATIONAL
LEGISLATION 50 A. INTRODUCTION 50 B. UN CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL
ORGANISED CRIME (UNTOC) 51 C. INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS 53 I.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA 54
II. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA 59 III. INTERNATIONAL
CRIMINAL COURT 62 B. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 65 1. INTRODUCTION 65 2.
EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION 67 A. EUROPEAN UNION 67 I.
RESOLUTION ON INDIVIDUALS WHO COOPERATE WITH THE JUDICIAL PROCESS IN THE
FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 67 CONTENTS II. REPORTS ON
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOLUTION ON INDIVIDUALS WHO COOPERATE WITH
THE JUDICIAL PROCESS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME 68 III.
STRATEGY FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM ON PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIME (MILLENNIUM STRATEGY) 71 IV. LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS CONCERNING COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 71 B. COUNCIL OFEUROPE
72 I. RECOMMENDATION (97) 13 CONCERNING INTIMIDATION OF WITNESSES AND
THE RIGHTS OF DEFENCE 72 II. CRIMINAL LAW CONVENTION ON CORRUPTION 73
III. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC
OF LATVIA ON CO-OPERATION IN PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND VICTIMS 73 IV.
RECOMMENDATION (2005) 9 ON THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS
OFJUSTICE 73 C. UNITED NATIONS: CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL
ORGANISED CRIME (UNTOC) 74 3. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 74 A. RELEVANT
LEGISLATION 75 B. RELEVANT CASE LAW 77 IV. COMPARATIVE STUDY 79 A.
ITALY: LEGISLATION 79 L.METHODOLOGY 79 2. INTRODUCTION 79 3.
COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 82 A. APPLICABLE NORMS 82 B. CONDITIONAL
FRAMEWORK 83 C. JUDICIAL BENEFITS 83 D. PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 84 I.
PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 84 II. ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES 84 III. GUARANTEES
FOR THE COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE AND THE PROTECTED WITNESS 85 IV.
GUARANTEES FOR THE OTHER PARTIES 85 E. OBLIGATIONS FOR THE COLLABORATOR
WITHJUSTICE 86 I. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 86 II. TESTIMONY 86 III.
SANCTIONS 86 IV. RECIDIVISM 87 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 87 I.
CONTENT OF THE MEMORANDUM 87 II. CONDITIONS 88 III. SANCTIONS 88 IV.
GUARANTEES 89 G. TESTIMONY 89 I. INFORMATION VS EVIDENCE AND LEGAL
CONTROL 89 CONTENTS II. USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA 89 H. INTERNATIONAL
ASPECTS 89 I. MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DECISIONS GRANTING BENEFITS
TO COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 89 II. MUTUAL ACCEPTANCE OR RECOGNITION OF
INFORMATION OR EVIDENCE OBTAINED ABROAD BY A COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE 90
4. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 90 A. APPLICABLE NORMS 91 B. CONDITIONAL
FRAMEWORK 91 C. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES 91 I. ORDINARY
PROTECTIVE MEASURES 91 II. EXTRAORDINARY PROTECTIVE MEASURES 92 D.
PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 94 E. OBLIGATIONS 94 F. MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING 94 G. TESTIMONY 94 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 94 5.
PROCEDURAL PROTECTION: ANONYMITY 94 A. APPLICABLE NORMS 94 B.
CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 95 C. TYPOLOGY OF ANONYMITY 95 D. PROCEDURES AND
LIMITS 95 E. OBLIGATIONS 95 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 96 G.
TESTIMONY AND EVIDENTIAL VALUE 96 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 96 6.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 96 A. ITALIAN SITUATION 96 B. PROPOSAIS
FOR EU LEGISLATIVE ACTION 97 B. ITALY: SURVEY 100 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
100 2. INTRODUCTION 101 3. QUESTIONS ASKED 101 4. METHODOLOGY 105 5.
RESULTS OF THE SURVEY 106 A. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 106 I. CRITERIA
TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHILE GRANTING THE STATUS OF COLLABORATOR WITH
JUSTICEOR PROTECTED WITNESS 106 II. EFFECTS OF RECEIVING PROCEDURAL
BENEFITS AND REASONS FOR THE WILLINGNESS TO COOPERATE 106 III. BALANCING
OF INTERESTS IN GIVEN BENEFITS TO COLLABORATORS WITH JUSTICE 107 IV.
PRACTICAL LIMITS TO GRATING BENEFITS 107 V. REFUSING TO GIVE TESTIMONY
107 VI. TYPESOF INTIMIDATION RECEIVED 108 VII. RECIDIVISM 108 CONTENTS
VIII. INFLUENCE OF COLLABORATION ON THE LEVEL OF TRUST BETWEEN CRIMINALS
108 IX. IMMORALITY IN COOPERATING WITH COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 108 X.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COLLABORATIONS 109 XI. CASES OF COLLABORATORS
WITHJUSTICE AND PROTECTED WITNESSES 109 XII. SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES
AND RELATED GUIDELINES 109 B. PROTECTION IN GENERAL 109 I. CRITERIA FOR
PROTECTION 110 II. MORE EFFECTIVE MEASURES 110 III. MEASURES THAT
COULD/SHOULD BE CHANGED 110 IV. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIO-RELATED MEASURE 111
V. USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL INSTRUMENTS 111 VI. RELATIVES UNDER PROTECTION
111 VII. COOPERATION BETWEEN AUTHORITIES 112 VIII. WITHDRAWAL OF
PROTECTION 112 IX. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERIAL AUTHORITIES AND
FOR PROTECTED WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 112 X.
REIMBURSEMENT TO THE STATE IN CASE OF NON-RESPECT OF THE RULES. 113 XI.
SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED GUIDELINES 113 C. CHANGE OF
IDENTITY 114 I. GRANT OF CHANGE OF IDENTITY AND PROCEDURES FOLLOWED 114
II. RESPONSIBILITY FOR PREVIOUS IDENTITY 114 III. IDENTITY DOCUMENTS
ISSUED 114 IV. ADAPTATION OF PREVIOUS RIGHT AND DUTIES FOR WITNESSES AND
FOR THIRD PARTIES 114 V. CHANGE OF IDENTITY AS A TEMPORARY MEASURE 115
VI. PRACTICAL LIMITS OF THE CHANGE OF IDENTITY 115 VII. CASES 115 VIII.
SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED GUIDELINES 115 D. RELOCATION 116
I. GRANT FOR RELOCATION 116 II. PRACTICAL ACTIONS FOR RELOCATION 116
III. CONSEQUENCES FOR RELOCATION 116 IV. FINANCIAL IMPLICATION FOR
PUBLIC MANAGERIAL AUTHORITIES AND FOR WITNESS 117 V. CASES 117 VI.
SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED GUIDELINES 117 E. ANONYMITY 117
F. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 118 I. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE JUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 118 II. BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS OF
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 118 III. RESPECT OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES
BETWEEN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 118 IV. ADOPTION OF EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
118 V. REIMBURSEMENT 119 VI. SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED
GUIDELINES 119 C. LITHUANIA: LEGISLATION 120 CONTENTS L.METHODOLOGY 120
2. INTRODUCTION: 'TO PREVENT WITNESSES FROM BECOMING VICTIMS.' 120 A.
OVERVIEW 120 B. HISTORICAL ISSUES 122 3. DEFINITIONS 124 A. PROTECTED
WITNESS 124 B. ANONYMOUS WITNESS 127 C. COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE 127 4.
COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 129 A. LEGISLATION 129 B. BENEFITS 131 C.
PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 131 D. OBLIGATIONS 133 E. MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING 133 F. VALUE OF TESTIMONIES 134 G. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS
135 5. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 136 A. LEGISLATION 136 B. PROCEDURAL
FRAMEWORK 137 C. PHYSICAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES 138 D. PROCEDURES AND
LIMITS 140 E. OBLIGATIONS 141 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 141 G.
VALUE OF TESTIMONIES 141 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 144 6. PROCEDURAL
PROTECTION 146 A. LEGISLATION 146 B. PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK 147 C.
TYPOLOGY OF ANONYMITY 149 D. PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 149 E. OBLIGATIONS
152 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 152 G. VALUE OF TESTIMONIES 153 H.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 155 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 155 D.
LITHUANIA: SURVEY 160 1. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 160 2. PROTECTION 164
3. CHANGE OF IDENTITY 168 4. RELOCATION 171 5. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 172
6. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 175 E. BELGIUM: LEGISLATION 181
L.METHODOLOGY 181 2. INTRODUCTION 181 A. OVERVIEW 181 B. HISTORICAL
ISSUES 181 CONTENTS C. DEFINITIONS 182 3. COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 185
A. LEGISLATION 185 B. CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 185 C. BENEFITS 186 I. ON
THE LEVEL OF THE PROSECUTION 186 II. B. ON THE LEVEL OF PUNISHMENT 188
III. C. ON THE LEVEL OF THE EXECUTION OF PUNISHMENT 191 D. LIMITS 191 I.
PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 191 II. ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES 193 III. GUARANTEES
FOR THE COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 193 IV. RIGHTS OF OTHER PARTIES 194 E.
OBLIGATIONS FOR THE COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE 194 F. MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING 194 G. EVIDENTIAL VALUE 195 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 195
4. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 197 A. IN GENERAL 197 B. COMPETENT
AUTHORITIES 198 C. CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 198 D. PROTECTIVE MEASURES 199
I. RELOCATION 200 II. CHANGE OF IDENTITY 200 E. PROCEDURE 201 F.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 204 5. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 204 A. IN GENERAL 204
B. COMPETENT AUTHORITY 205 C. CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 205 D. PROCEDURE 206
E. ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES 208 I. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE 208 II. IMPARTIAL
MAGISTRATE 209 III. RIGHT TO CHALLENGE AND QUESTION THE WITNESS 209 F.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 210 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 212 A. IN
GENERAL 212 B. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 213 I. LEGAL INSTRUMENT 213 II.
MUTUAL RECOGNITION AND ASSISTANCE 214 C. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 215
I. LEGAL INSTRUMENT 215 II. MUTUAL RECOGNITION AND ASSISTANCE 216 D.
COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 216 I. LEGAL INSTRUMENT 216 II. MUTUAL
RECOGNITION AND ASSISTANCE 217 10 CONTENTS F. BELGIUM: SURVEY 218 1.
INTERVIEWEES 218 2. QUESTIONNAIRE 218 3. RESULTS 219 G. CONCLUDING
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 233 1. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 233 2.
NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 234 3. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 236 V. PROPOSALS
FOR EU LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE IN THE AREA OF WITNESS PROTECTION AND
COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 239 A. INTRODUCTION 239 L.GOAL 239 2.
STRUCTURE 239 3.SCOPE 240 4. COMPETENT AUTHORITY 240 5. EVIDENTIAL VALUE
241 6. RIGHTS OF THE DEFENSE 241 7. SUBSIDIARITY 241 8. WRITTEN
AGREEMENT 242 9. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 242 10. INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS 242 B. PROPOSAL FOR A FRAMEWORK DECISION CONCERNING
ANONYMOUS WITNESSES. 244 C. PROPOSAL FOR A FRAMEWORK DECISION
CONCERNING COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 251 D. PROPOSAL FOR A FRAMEWORK
DECISION CONCERNING PROTECTED WITNESSES 258 VI. APPENDICES 269 A.
CHECKLIST 269 B. QUESTIONNAIRE 276 11 |
| adam_txt |
EU STANDARDS IN WITNESS PROTECTION AND COLLABOI ATION WITH JUSTICE
EDITED BY PROF. DR. GERT VERMEULEN PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN COMMISSION
(JAI/2004/AGIS/077) MAKLU ANTWERP/APELDOORA CONTENTS CONTENTS
I.BACKGROUND 13 II. METHODOLOGY 17 III. EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL
LEGISLATION 19 A. WITNESS PROTECTION 19 1. INTRODUCTION 19 2. EUROPEAN
LEGISLATION 22 A. INTRODUCTION 22 B. EUROPEAN UNION 24 I. RESOLUTION ON
THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZED
CRIME 24 II. RESOLUTION ON INDIVIDUALS WHO COOPERATE WITH THE JUDICIAL
PROCESS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 25 III.
STRATEGY FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM ON PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIME (MILLENNIUM STRATEGY) 25 IV. LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS 26 C. COUNCIL OF EUROPE
28 I. RECOMMENDATION (97) 13 CONCERNING THE INTIMIDATION OF WITNESSES
AND THE RIGHTS OF DEFENSE 28 II. RECOMMENDATION (2001) 11 CONCERNING
GUIDING PRINCIPLES ON THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANISED CRIME 29 III.
RECOMMENDATIONS RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS 30 IV. COMMITTEE
OF EXPERTS ON THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND PENTITI IN RELATION TO
ACTS OF TERRORISM 30 V. COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE PROTECTION OF
WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 32 VI. RECOMMENDATION (2005) 9
ON THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS OF JUSTICE 32 VII.
RULINGS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS 37 3. INTERNATIONAL
LEGISLATION 50 A. INTRODUCTION 50 B. UN CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL
ORGANISED CRIME (UNTOC) 51 C. INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS 53 I.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA 54
II. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA 59 III. INTERNATIONAL
CRIMINAL COURT 62 B. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 65 1. INTRODUCTION 65 2.
EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION 67 A. EUROPEAN UNION 67 I.
RESOLUTION ON INDIVIDUALS WHO COOPERATE WITH THE JUDICIAL PROCESS IN THE
FIGHT AGAINST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME 67 CONTENTS II. REPORTS ON
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOLUTION ON INDIVIDUALS WHO COOPERATE WITH
THE JUDICIAL PROCESS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME 68 III.
STRATEGY FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM ON PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIME (MILLENNIUM STRATEGY) 71 IV. LEGAL
INSTRUMENTS CONCERNING COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 71 B. COUNCIL OFEUROPE
72 I. RECOMMENDATION (97) 13 CONCERNING INTIMIDATION OF WITNESSES AND
THE RIGHTS OF DEFENCE 72 II. CRIMINAL LAW CONVENTION ON CORRUPTION 73
III. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC
OF LATVIA ON CO-OPERATION IN PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND VICTIMS 73 IV.
RECOMMENDATION (2005) 9 ON THE PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS
OFJUSTICE 73 C. UNITED NATIONS: CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL
ORGANISED CRIME (UNTOC) 74 3. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 74 A. RELEVANT
LEGISLATION 75 B. RELEVANT CASE LAW 77 IV. COMPARATIVE STUDY 79 A.
ITALY: LEGISLATION 79 L.METHODOLOGY 79 2. INTRODUCTION 79 3.
COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 82 A. APPLICABLE NORMS 82 B. CONDITIONAL
FRAMEWORK 83 C. JUDICIAL BENEFITS 83 D. PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 84 I.
PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 84 II. ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES 84 III. GUARANTEES
FOR THE COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE AND THE PROTECTED WITNESS 85 IV.
GUARANTEES FOR THE OTHER PARTIES 85 E. OBLIGATIONS FOR THE COLLABORATOR
WITHJUSTICE 86 I. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 86 II. TESTIMONY 86 III.
SANCTIONS 86 IV. RECIDIVISM 87 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 87 I.
CONTENT OF THE MEMORANDUM 87 II. CONDITIONS 88 III. SANCTIONS 88 IV.
GUARANTEES 89 G. TESTIMONY 89 I. INFORMATION VS EVIDENCE AND LEGAL
CONTROL 89 CONTENTS II. USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA 89 H. INTERNATIONAL
ASPECTS 89 I. MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DECISIONS GRANTING BENEFITS
TO COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 89 II. MUTUAL ACCEPTANCE OR RECOGNITION OF
INFORMATION OR EVIDENCE OBTAINED ABROAD BY A COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE 90
4. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 90 A. APPLICABLE NORMS 91 B. CONDITIONAL
FRAMEWORK 91 C. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES 91 I. ORDINARY
PROTECTIVE MEASURES 91 II. EXTRAORDINARY PROTECTIVE MEASURES 92 D.
PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 94 E. OBLIGATIONS 94 F. MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING 94 G. TESTIMONY 94 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 94 5.
PROCEDURAL PROTECTION: ANONYMITY 94 A. APPLICABLE NORMS 94 B.
CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 95 C. TYPOLOGY OF ANONYMITY 95 D. PROCEDURES AND
LIMITS 95 E. OBLIGATIONS 95 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 96 G.
TESTIMONY AND EVIDENTIAL VALUE 96 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 96 6.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 96 A. ITALIAN SITUATION 96 B. PROPOSAIS
FOR EU LEGISLATIVE ACTION 97 B. ITALY: SURVEY 100 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
100 2. INTRODUCTION 101 3. QUESTIONS ASKED 101 4. METHODOLOGY 105 5.
RESULTS OF THE SURVEY 106 A. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 106 I. CRITERIA
TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION WHILE GRANTING THE STATUS OF COLLABORATOR WITH
JUSTICEOR PROTECTED WITNESS 106 II. EFFECTS OF RECEIVING PROCEDURAL
BENEFITS AND REASONS FOR THE WILLINGNESS TO COOPERATE 106 III. BALANCING
OF INTERESTS IN GIVEN BENEFITS TO COLLABORATORS WITH JUSTICE 107 IV.
PRACTICAL LIMITS TO GRATING BENEFITS 107 V. REFUSING TO GIVE TESTIMONY
107 VI. TYPESOF INTIMIDATION RECEIVED 108 VII. RECIDIVISM 108 CONTENTS
VIII. INFLUENCE OF COLLABORATION ON THE LEVEL OF TRUST BETWEEN CRIMINALS
108 IX. IMMORALITY IN COOPERATING WITH COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 108 X.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COLLABORATIONS 109 XI. CASES OF COLLABORATORS
WITHJUSTICE AND PROTECTED WITNESSES 109 XII. SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES
AND RELATED GUIDELINES 109 B. PROTECTION IN GENERAL 109 I. CRITERIA FOR
PROTECTION 110 II. MORE EFFECTIVE MEASURES 110 III. MEASURES THAT
COULD/SHOULD BE CHANGED 110 IV. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIO-RELATED MEASURE 111
V. USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL INSTRUMENTS 111 VI. RELATIVES UNDER PROTECTION
111 VII. COOPERATION BETWEEN AUTHORITIES 112 VIII. WITHDRAWAL OF
PROTECTION 112 IX. ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERIAL AUTHORITIES AND
FOR PROTECTED WITNESSES AND COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 112 X.
REIMBURSEMENT TO THE STATE IN CASE OF NON-RESPECT OF THE RULES. 113 XI.
SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED GUIDELINES 113 C. CHANGE OF
IDENTITY 114 I. GRANT OF CHANGE OF IDENTITY AND PROCEDURES FOLLOWED 114
II. RESPONSIBILITY FOR PREVIOUS IDENTITY 114 III. IDENTITY DOCUMENTS
ISSUED 114 IV. ADAPTATION OF PREVIOUS RIGHT AND DUTIES FOR WITNESSES AND
FOR THIRD PARTIES 114 V. CHANGE OF IDENTITY AS A TEMPORARY MEASURE 115
VI. PRACTICAL LIMITS OF THE CHANGE OF IDENTITY 115 VII. CASES 115 VIII.
SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED GUIDELINES 115 D. RELOCATION 116
I. GRANT FOR RELOCATION 116 II. PRACTICAL ACTIONS FOR RELOCATION 116
III. CONSEQUENCES FOR RELOCATION 116 IV. FINANCIAL IMPLICATION FOR
PUBLIC MANAGERIAL AUTHORITIES AND FOR WITNESS 117 V. CASES 117 VI.
SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED GUIDELINES 117 E. ANONYMITY 117
F. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 118 I. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE JUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 118 II. BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS OF
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 118 III. RESPECT OF PROTECTIVE MEASURES
BETWEEN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 118 IV. ADOPTION OF EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
118 V. REIMBURSEMENT 119 VI. SUMMARY: ITALIAN PRACTICES AND RELATED
GUIDELINES 119 C. LITHUANIA: LEGISLATION 120 CONTENTS L.METHODOLOGY 120
2. INTRODUCTION: 'TO PREVENT WITNESSES FROM BECOMING VICTIMS.' 120 A.
OVERVIEW 120 B. HISTORICAL ISSUES 122 3. DEFINITIONS 124 A. PROTECTED
WITNESS 124 B. ANONYMOUS WITNESS 127 C. COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE 127 4.
COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 129 A. LEGISLATION 129 B. BENEFITS 131 C.
PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 131 D. OBLIGATIONS 133 E. MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING 133 F. VALUE OF TESTIMONIES 134 G. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS
135 5. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 136 A. LEGISLATION 136 B. PROCEDURAL
FRAMEWORK 137 C. PHYSICAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES 138 D. PROCEDURES AND
LIMITS 140 E. OBLIGATIONS 141 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 141 G.
VALUE OF TESTIMONIES 141 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 144 6. PROCEDURAL
PROTECTION 146 A. LEGISLATION 146 B. PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK 147 C.
TYPOLOGY OF ANONYMITY 149 D. PROCEDURES AND LIMITS 149 E. OBLIGATIONS
152 F. MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 152 G. VALUE OF TESTIMONIES 153 H.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 155 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 155 D.
LITHUANIA: SURVEY 160 1. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 160 2. PROTECTION 164
3. CHANGE OF IDENTITY 168 4. RELOCATION 171 5. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 172
6. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 175 E. BELGIUM: LEGISLATION 181
L.METHODOLOGY 181 2. INTRODUCTION 181 A. OVERVIEW 181 B. HISTORICAL
ISSUES 181 CONTENTS C. DEFINITIONS 182 3. COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 185
A. LEGISLATION 185 B. CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 185 C. BENEFITS 186 I. ON
THE LEVEL OF THE PROSECUTION 186 II. B. ON THE LEVEL OF PUNISHMENT 188
III. C. ON THE LEVEL OF THE EXECUTION OF PUNISHMENT 191 D. LIMITS 191 I.
PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES 191 II. ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES 193 III. GUARANTEES
FOR THE COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 193 IV. RIGHTS OF OTHER PARTIES 194 E.
OBLIGATIONS FOR THE COLLABORATOR WITHJUSTICE 194 F. MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING 194 G. EVIDENTIAL VALUE 195 H. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 195
4. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 197 A. IN GENERAL 197 B. COMPETENT
AUTHORITIES 198 C. CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 198 D. PROTECTIVE MEASURES 199
I. RELOCATION 200 II. CHANGE OF IDENTITY 200 E. PROCEDURE 201 F.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 204 5. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 204 A. IN GENERAL 204
B. COMPETENT AUTHORITY 205 C. CONDITIONAL FRAMEWORK 205 D. PROCEDURE 206
E. ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES 208 I. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE 208 II. IMPARTIAL
MAGISTRATE 209 III. RIGHT TO CHALLENGE AND QUESTION THE WITNESS 209 F.
INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 210 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 212 A. IN
GENERAL 212 B. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 213 I. LEGAL INSTRUMENT 213 II.
MUTUAL RECOGNITION AND ASSISTANCE 214 C. NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 215
I. LEGAL INSTRUMENT 215 II. MUTUAL RECOGNITION AND ASSISTANCE 216 D.
COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 216 I. LEGAL INSTRUMENT 216 II. MUTUAL
RECOGNITION AND ASSISTANCE 217 10 CONTENTS F. BELGIUM: SURVEY 218 1.
INTERVIEWEES 218 2. QUESTIONNAIRE 218 3. RESULTS 219 G. CONCLUDING
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 233 1. COLLABORATION WITHJUSTICE 233 2.
NON-PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 234 3. PROCEDURAL PROTECTION 236 V. PROPOSALS
FOR EU LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVE IN THE AREA OF WITNESS PROTECTION AND
COLLABORATION WITH JUSTICE 239 A. INTRODUCTION 239 L.GOAL 239 2.
STRUCTURE 239 3.SCOPE 240 4. COMPETENT AUTHORITY 240 5. EVIDENTIAL VALUE
241 6. RIGHTS OF THE DEFENSE 241 7. SUBSIDIARITY 241 8. WRITTEN
AGREEMENT 242 9. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 242 10. INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS 242 B. PROPOSAL FOR A FRAMEWORK DECISION CONCERNING
ANONYMOUS WITNESSES. 244 C. PROPOSAL FOR A FRAMEWORK DECISION
CONCERNING COLLABORATORS WITHJUSTICE 251 D. PROPOSAL FOR A FRAMEWORK
DECISION CONCERNING PROTECTED WITNESSES 258 VI. APPENDICES 269 A.
CHECKLIST 269 B. QUESTIONNAIRE 276 11 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:46:39Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:13:01Z |
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| spelling | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice [IRCP, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University]. Ed. by Gert Vermeulen Antwerp [u.a.] Maklu 2005 280 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Zeugenschutz (DE-588)4456298-6 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Zeugenschutz (DE-588)4456298-6 s DE-604 Vermeulen, Gert Sonstige (DE-588)140039414 oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014813102&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Zeugenschutz (DE-588)4456298-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4456298-6 |
| title | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice |
| title_auth | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice |
| title_exact_search | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice |
| title_exact_search_txtP | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice |
| title_full | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice [IRCP, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University]. Ed. by Gert Vermeulen |
| title_fullStr | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice [IRCP, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University]. Ed. by Gert Vermeulen |
| title_full_unstemmed | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice [IRCP, Institute for International Research on Criminal Policy, Ghent University]. Ed. by Gert Vermeulen |
| title_short | EU standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice |
| title_sort | eu standards in witness protection and collaboration with justice |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Zeugenschutz (DE-588)4456298-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Zeugenschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014813102&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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