A health economics primer:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston [u.a.]
Pearson [u.a.]
2006
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| Schriftenreihe: | The Addison-Wesley series in economics
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 363 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0321136691 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A health economics primer |c Shirley Johnson-Lans |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135339680333824 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PREFACE XVII PART ONE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 THE SUBJECT
MATTER OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 3 1 WHY STUDY HEALTH ECONOMICS? 3 2 THE BASIC
ECONOMIC QUESTIONS WHICH EVERY SOCIETY FACES 5 THE PRODUCTION
POSSIBILITY FRONTIER 5 THE POSITIVE VERSUS NORMATIVE APPROACH TO
ECONOMICS 6 3 RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS 7 4 WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT
HEALTH-CARE ECONOMICS? 8 5 MEDICAL CARE VERSUS HEALTH CARE 9 THE EFFECT
OF MEDICAL CARE ON HEALTH 9 6 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS: SOME STYLIZED
FACTS ABOUT HEALTH CARE 11 SUMMARY 16 KEY CONCEPTS 17 RESOURCES 17 PA RT
TWO THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, AND THE INSURANCE MARKET 19
CHAPTER 2 THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH AND THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH CARE 21 1
INTRODUCTION 21 2 INVESTMENT IN HEALTH AS A FORM OF HUMAN CAPITAL 22
GROSSMAN S INVESTMENT MODEL OF HEALTH 23 THE CONSUMPTION MODEL 24
ADDITIONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE INVESTMENT IN HEALTH 25 3 RESEARCH
STUDIES EMPLOYING THE GROSSMAN MODEL 28 CRITIQUES OF THE MODEL 28 4 THE
DEMAND FOR MEDICAL CARE 29 ESTIMATES OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR
MEDICAL CARE 30 TIME COSTS AND TIME-PRICE ELASTICITIES 33 IS MEDICAL
CARE A NORMAL OR SUPERIOR GOOD? 34 SUMMARY 34 KEY CONCEPTS 36 SUGGESTED
READINGS 36 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 36 RESOURCES 36 I/HI
CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 THE NATURE OF HEALTH INSURANCE MARKETS 41 1
INTRODUCTION 41 WHY DO PEOPLE BUY HEALTH INSURANCE? 42 HOW ARE INSURANCE
PREMIUMS SET? 44 2 PROBLEMS FACING HEALTH INSURANCE MARKETS: MORAL
HAZARD AND ADVERSE SELECTION 46 MORAL HAZARD 46 IMPERFECT (ASYMMETRIC)
INFORMATION: THE PROBLEM OF ADVERSE SELECTION 50 3 EMPLOYMENT-BASED
GROUP INSURANCE 52 ADVANTAGES OF EMPLOYMENT-BASED GROUP INSURANCE 52
DOWNSIDE TO EMPLOYMENT-BASED INSURANCE 52 TAX TREATMENT OF
EMPLOYMENT-BASED GROUP HEALTH INSURANCE 53 4 ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR
HEALTH INSURANCE 53 DO CHOICE THEORETIC MODELS APPLY? 53 WHY SHOULD ONE
BE INTERESTED IN DEMAND ELASTICITY FOR HEALTH INSURANCE? 54 HOW IS PRICE
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR HEALTH INSURANCE MEASURED? 54 5 OPTIMAL
INSURANCE CONTRACTS 55 PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMAL INSURANCE CONTRACTS 55
EMPIRICAL WORK ON OPTIMAL INSURANCE CHARACTERISTICS 56 6 EFFECTS OF
HEALTH INSURANCE ON THE CONSUMPTION OF MEDICAL CARE 57 ELASTICITY
ESTIMATES 57 INSURANCE COVERAGE INCREASES THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME COSTS
57 EFFECT OF INSURANCE ON THE SUBSTITUTION OF MEDICAL CARE FOR
ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF HEALTH CARE 58 EFFECT OF THE COMMUNITY S INSURANCE
COVERAGE ON THE MARKET PRICE OF HEALTHCARE 58 7 IS THERE A WELFARE LOSS
ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESS INSURANCE? 60 8 TRENDS IN INSURANCE COVERAGE 61
SUMMARY 62 APPENDIX: GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE PRIVATE HEALTH
INSURANCE MARKET 62 KEY CONCEPTS 63 SUGGESTED READINGS 64 PROBLEMS 64
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 65 RESOURCES 65 CHAPTER 4 THE
EVOLUTION TO MANAGED CARE 69 1 INTRODUCTION 69 WHAT IS MANAGED CARE? 70
THE TRANSITION TO MANAGED CARE: A BRIEF HISTORY MAIN TYPES OF MANAGED
CARE CONTRACTS 71 70 CONTENTS IX 2 INCENTIVE AND STRATEGY DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN INDEMNITY AND MANAGED CARE INSURERS 73 FACTORS AFFECTING
BEHAVIOR OF MANAGED CARE FIRMS 75 3 STUDIES COMPARING HMOS WITH
INDEMNITY PLANS 75 TREATMENT INTENSITY AND PATIENT OUTCOMES 75 PATIENT
OUTCOMES 77 PATIENT SATISFACTION 78 DIFFERENCE IN COST OF HEALTH-CARE
SERVICES IN HMO VERSUS INDEMNITY PLANS 78 4 COMPARISONS BETWEEN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MANAGED CARE PLANS 79 5 CARVE-OUTS: THE CASE OF
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH CARE 79 6 MANAGED CARE VERSUS MANAGED COMPETITION:
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? 81 7 DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MANAGED CARE 82 RATE OF
TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION 82 GROWTH RATES IN COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE 82 SUMMARY
83 KEY CONCEPTS 84 SUGGESTED READINGS 84 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND
REVIEW 84 RESOURCES 85 CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL INSURANCE IN THE UNITED STATES:
MEDICARE AND MEDICAID 89 1 INTRODUCTION 89 2 SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE
COVERAGE FOR THE ELDERLY: MEDICARE 90 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM
INSTITUTED IN 1965 90 FINANCING OF MEDICARE 92 MEDICARE COST-CONTAINMENT
MEASURES: REFORMS IN PAYMENTS TO PROVIDERS 92 MEDICARE MANAGED CARE 94
THE MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG, IMPROVEMENT AND MODERNIZATION ACT OF
2003: MEDICARE PART D 96 3 SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE FOR THE POOR AND THE
DISABLED: MEDICAID 98 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM 98 CHANGES IN
LEGISLATION, 1984 TO 1990 99 IMPACT OF WELFARE REFORM ON MEDICAID 99
MEDICAID MANAGED CARE 101 4 OTHER SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS 102 STATE
CHILDREN S HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM (SCHIP) 102 PROGRAMS OF THE VETERANS
ADMINISTRATION (VA) AND CIVILIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL PROGRAM FOR THE
UNIFORMED SERVICES (CHAMPUS) 103 SUMMARY 103 KEY CONCEPTS 105 CONTENTS
SUGGESTED READINGS 105 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW RESOURCES 106
106 PA RT T H R E E THE PROVIDERS OF HEALTH CARE: PHYSICIANS, NURSES,
AND HOSPITALS 109 CHAPTER 6 PHYSICIAN S AND NURSES AS INPUTS INTO THE
PRODUCTION OF HEALTH CARE 111 1 INTRODUCTION 111 PHYSICIANS 112 2
UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICIANS MARKET 112 THE REQUIREMENTS FOR BECOMING A
PHYSICIAN I12 3 POST-WORLD WAR II SHORTAGE OF PHYSICIANS 113 HEALTH
PLANNERS EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICIAN SUPPLY 113 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE
PHYSICIAN SHORTAGE 113 POLICY RESPONSES TO THE SHORTAGE 115 4 CHOICE
OF FIELD OF SPECIALIZATION 117 USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO ALTER THE
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSICIANS 117 PUBLIC POLICY TO CHANGE INCENTIVES 118
INCENTIVES PROVIDED BY THE PRIVATE INSURANCE MARKET 118 HAS CHANGING THE
INCENTIVES MADE A DIFFERENCE? 118 5 SUPPLY OF PHYSICIAN SERVICES 120
UTILITY FUNCTIONS AND PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS 120 6 PROJECTIONS ABOUT
SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF PHYSICIANS: VIEWS OF ECONOMISTS AND HEALTH PLANNERS
122 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF NURSES 123 7 UNDERSTANDING THE NURSES MARKET
123 8 HAS THERE BEEN A CHRONIC SHORTAGE OF NURSES? 124 HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW: 1980 TO THE PRESENT 125 IS THE MARKET FOR NURSES A MONOPSONY?
127 9 PROJECTIONS ABOUT FUTURE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR NURSES SERVICES
130 SUMMARY 131 APPENDIX: EARNINGS DIFFERENCES BY SELECTED SPECIALTIES
132 KEY CONCEPTS 133 SUGGESTED READINGS 133 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND
REVIEW 133 RESOURCES 134 CHAPTER 7 PHYSICIANS AS PROVIDERS OF HEALTH
CARE 1 INTRODUCTION 137 PHYSICIAN AGENCY 138 2 MARKET FOR PHYSICIANS
SERVICES 139 137 CONTENTS XI MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 139 PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 140 DO PHYSICIANS BEHAVE ALTRUISTICALLY? 142 3 NEW MODEL
OF PHYSICIAN BEHAVIOR: PHYSICIANS AS QUANTITY SETTERS 144 4 HYPOTHESIS
OF PHYSICIAN-INDUCED DEMAND 145 THE MODEL 145 EMPIRICAL STUDIES OFPID
146 5 PHYSICIAN BEHAVIOR IN THE AGE OF MANAGED CARE 148 EFFECTS OF
ALTERNATIVE REIMBURSEMENT METHODS: CAPITATION, SALARY, OR REVENUE
SHARING 149 6 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE AND THE PRACTICE OF DEFENSIVE MEDICINE
150 THE PRACTICE OF DEFENSIVE MEDICINE 151 DOES LIABILITY INSURANCE
AFFECT PHYSICIANS LIKELIHOOD OF NEGLIGENCE? 152 SUMMARY 153 KEY
CONCEPTS 153 SUGGESTED READINGS 153 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW
154 RESOURCES 154 CHAPTER 8 HOSPITALS 157 1 INTRODUCTION 157 2 HOSPITAL
OWNERSHIP: DOES IT MAKE A DIFFERENCE? 158 FACTS ABOUT HOSPITAL OWNERSHIP
158 BEHAVIOR OF HOSPITAL DECISION MAKERS: SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE MODELS 159
FINDINGS OF STUDIES COMPARING FOR-PROFIT AND NON-PROFIT HOSPITALS 162 3
MARKET STRUCTURE 164 DEFINING HOSPITAL MARKETS 164 MEASURING MARKET
CONCENTRATION 164 EFFECT OF COMPETITION ON THE PRICE OF HOSPITAL
SERVICES 165 4 ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT 168 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR
HOSPITALS 168 GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF HOSPITALS 169 5 PRICE
DISCRIMINATION IN THE CONTEMPORARY HOSPITAL MARKET 172 FORMS OF PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 171 DO HOSPITALS ENGAGE IN COST SHIFTING? 172 6 ROLE OF
CHARITY IN THE MODERN HOSPITAL 172 SUMMARY 174 KEY CONCEPTS 174
SUGGESTED READINGS 175 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 175 RESOURCES
176 XTI CONTENTS PART FOUR EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE, AND THE BIO- PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 181 CHAPTER 9 COST-BENEFIT
AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS 183 1 INTRODUCTION 183 2 COST-BENEFIT
ANALYSIS 184 METHODS OF DETERMINING VALUES FOR BENEFITS 186 3
COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS 188 COST-EFFECTIVENESS
ANALYSIS 188 COST- UTILITY ANALYSIS 189 4 CAN COST-EFFECTIVENESS
ANALYSIS BE CONVERTED INTO COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS? 191 USE OF THRESHOLDS
OF ACCEPTABILITY 191 5 PROBLEMS THAT MUST BE ADDRESSED IN IMPLEMENTING
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS 192 WHOSE UTILITY FUNCTIONS SHOULD BE USED
IN DECISION MAKING? 192 NONINDEPENDENCE OF VALUE OF HEALTH AND WEALTH
AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 193 HOW IS INEQUALITY IN HEALTH TO BE TREATED?
194 SHOULD INCREMENTAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS TAKE ACCOUNT OF FIXED
COSTS? 195 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN ESTABLISHING VALUES IN
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS 196 SUMMARY 197 APPENDIX: SOME UNDERLYING
WELFARE CONSIDERATIONS 198 KEY CONCEPTS 200 SUGGESTED READINGS 200
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 200 RESOURCES 201 CHAPTER 10 THE
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH CARE 203 1 INTRODUCTION 203 2 PROCESS OF
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 204 WHAT IS INNOVATION AND WHAT PROMOTES IT? 204
ROLE OF PATENTS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 205 REASONS FOR THE
SUCCESS OF U.S. FIRMS IN INNOVATION 206 3 DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY 207
FACTORS PROMOTING THE DIFFUSION OFTECHNOLOGY 207 4 RELATING
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TO COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE 208 HOW IS THE
CONTRIBUTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE MEASURED? 208 COST-INCREASING
VERSUS COST-SAVING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 208 USE OF INCREMENTAL
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS AND COST- UTILITY ANALYSIS 210 PRODUCTIVE
EFFICIENCY 211 CONTENTS XIII 5 USE OF PRICE INDICES TO MEASURE THE RATE
OFLNCREASE IN PRICES OF MEDICAL CARE 212 MEDICAL CARE COMPONENTS OF THE
PRODUCER AND CONSUMER PRICE INDICES 212 SUMMARY 215 KEY CONCEPTS 215
SUGGESTED READINGS 215 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 216 RESOURCES
216 CHAPTER 11 THE ECONOMICS OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS 219 1 INTRODUCTION
219 WHAT IS THE BIO-PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY? 220 IMPORTANCE OF
PHARMACEUTICALS IN HEALTH CARE 220 2 MARKET STRUCTURE 221 HOW
CONCENTRATED IS THE INDUSTRY? 221 COMPETITION AT THE PRODUCT LEVEL:
WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-PATIENT COMPETITION 221 EFFECT OF FIRM SIZE ON R&D
PRODUCTIVITY 222 3 GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
IN THE UNITED STATES 222 REGULATION BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
222 LIBERALIZATION OF THE FDA PROCESS 223 REQUIREMENT OF PRESCRIPTIONS
(RX) 225 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF REGULATION 226 EFFECTS OF REGULATION
ON PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS SUCCESS IN WORLD MARKETS 227 4 DEMAND FOR
PHARMACEUTICALS 227 EFFECTS OF INCREASED INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS 227 EFFECT OF DIRECT MARKETING TO CONSUMERS 228 5
PRICING ISSUES 228 PRICE DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN BRAND-NAME AND GENERIC
DRUGS 228 DISCOUNTING OF DRUGS TO THIRD-PARTY PAYERS 229 PRICE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTRIES 230 6 PROFITABILITY OF THE U.S.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 231 7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE GLOBALIZATION
OF THE BIOTECH AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES 233 TRIPS AGREEMENT 233
SUMMARY 234 KEY CONCEPTS 235 SUGGESTED READINGS 235 QUESTIONS FOR
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 236 RESOURCES 237 XIV CONTENTS PART FIVE
COMPARATIVE SYSTEMS AND PUBLIC POLICY 241 CHAPTER 12 COMPARATIVE
HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS 243 1 INTRODUCTION 243 HEALTH CARE IN CANADA,
GERMANY, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM 244 2 CANADIAN HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM 244
HISTORY 244 STRUCTURE 244 CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE 246 3 GERMAN
HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM 248 HISTORY 248 STRUCTURE 249 REFORMS OF THE 1990S
250 CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE 251 4 UNITED KINGDOM: THE NATIONAL HEALTH
SERVICE (NHS) 252 STRUCTURE OF THE NHS 252 REFORMS OF THE 1990S 253
CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE 255 5 COMPARATIVE CAPACITY OF HEALTH-CARE
SERVICES, EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH CARE, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES 256 SUMMARY
256 A CASE STUDY OF HEALTH CARE IN A DEVELOPING NATION 258 6 INDIA 258
OVERVIEW 258 PUBLIC HEALTH CARE IN INDIA 259 PRIVATE AND NONGOVERNMENTAL
HEALTH- CARE FACILITIES 261 EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON INDIAN HEALTH 262
SUMMARY 262 KEY CONCEPTS 263 SUGGESTED READINGS 263 QUESTIONS FOR
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 263 RESOURCES 263 CHAPTER 13 HEALTH CARE: A GLOBAL
PERSPECTIVE 267 1 INTRODUCTION 267 GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES 268
GLOBAL CAUSES OF DISABILITY AND DEATH 268 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES 269 2 ECONOMICS OF IMMUNIZATION AND PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES 270 PREVENTION VERSUS TREATMENT OF DISEASE 270 CONTENTS XV
ECONOMICS OFVACCINATIONS 271 EMERGENCE OF MULTIPLE-DRUG-RESISTANT
DISEASES (MDRS) 273 ECONOMICS OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATMENT OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 276 3 COMBATING THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC 277
BACKGROUND 277 CASE STUDIES OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OFANTI-RETROVIRAL
DRUGS 280 SUMMARY 282 4 DEMAND FOR MEDICAL CARE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS:
INCOME AND PRICE EFFECTS 283 IS MEDICAL CARE A SUPERIOR GOOD IN
DEVELOPING NATIONS? 283 ESTIMATES OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR
MEDICAL CARE 283 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 283 PRICE-ELASTICITY ESTIMATES FOR
LOW- AND HIGH-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS 284 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF
FINDINGS 285 APPENDIX: BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 KEY CONCEPTS 288 SUGGESTED
READINGS 288 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 289 RESOURCES 289
CHAPTER 14 THE HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM OF THE UNITED STATES: WHERE DO WE GO
NEXT? 293 1 INTRODUCTION 293 DEMAND VERSUS NEED 294 EVALUATING
EFFICIENCY VERSUS EQUITY 295 2 TH E RISING COST OF MEDICAL CARE 296
INCREASES IN HEALTH-CARE COSTS ARE A WIDESPREAD PROBLEM 296
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE COST OF MEDICAL CARE 296 THE EFFICIENCY
ISSUE: THE ROLE OF MARKET IMPERFECTIONS 297 OTHER TYPES OF INEFFICIENCY
299 SHORT MENU OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
U.S. HEALTH- CARE SYSTEM 300 3 ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE: ALTERNATIVE PLANS
FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH-CARE COVERAGE 302 BACKGROUND 302 STATE INITIATIVES
303 NATIONAL OPTION 1: NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE: EXPANDING MEDICARE 305
NATIONAL OPTION 2: MANDATED EMPLOYER-PROVIDED HEALTH INSURANCE 307
NATIONAL OPTION 3: MANDATED INDIVIDUAL INSURANCE 308 HOW DOES MANAGED
COMPETITION FIT INTO THE PICTURE? 308 SUMMARY 308 KEY CONCEPTS 309 XVR
CONTENTS SUGGESTED READINGS 310 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 310
RESOURCES 311 APPENDIX 1 BRIEF REVIEW OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS AND TOOLS OF
ANALYSIS 315 1 MODEL OF AN ECONOMY 315 CLOSED ECONOMY 315 OPEN ECONOMY
315 2 OPPORTUNITY COST 316 3 WHO ARE THE MAIN ACTORS IN THE ECONOMY? 317
THE CONSUMER 317 THE FIRM 320 4 EQUILIBRIUM 323 5 ELASTICITY CONCEPTS
325 PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND (OR SUPPLY) 325 CROSS-PRICE ELASTICITY OF
DEMAND 326 INCOME ELASTICITY 326 INCOME AND SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS 326 6
MARKET STRUCTURE 327 PERFECT COMPETITION 327 MONOPOLY 329 MONOPOLISTIC
COMPETITION 332 OLIGOPOLY 333 7 DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN FACTOR MARKETS 334
LABOR MARKETS 334 CAPITAL MARKETS 337 8 DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF PUBLIC
GOODS 338 APPENDIX 2 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES 341 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION 341 2 INFERENCES
FROM SAMPLE TO POPULATION 342 3 TEST FOR DIFFERENCE IN MEANS 343 4
CORRELATION ANALYSIS 344 5 LINEAR REGRESSION 344 6 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
347 7 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS 347 8 DISCRETE CHOICE ANALYSIS
348 INDEX 351
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS PREFACE XVII PART ONE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 THE SUBJECT
MATTER OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 3 1 WHY STUDY HEALTH ECONOMICS? 3 2 THE BASIC
ECONOMIC QUESTIONS WHICH EVERY SOCIETY FACES 5 THE PRODUCTION
POSSIBILITY FRONTIER 5 THE POSITIVE VERSUS NORMATIVE APPROACH TO
ECONOMICS 6 3 RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS 7 4 WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT
HEALTH-CARE ECONOMICS? 8 5 MEDICAL CARE VERSUS HEALTH CARE 9 THE EFFECT
OF MEDICAL CARE ON HEALTH 9 6 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS: SOME STYLIZED
FACTS ABOUT HEALTH CARE 11 SUMMARY 16 KEY CONCEPTS 17 RESOURCES 17 PA RT
TWO THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH, HEALTH CARE, AND THE INSURANCE MARKET 19
CHAPTER 2 THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH AND THE DEMAND FOR HEALTH CARE 21 1
INTRODUCTION 21 2 INVESTMENT IN HEALTH AS A FORM OF HUMAN CAPITAL 22
GROSSMAN'S INVESTMENT MODEL OF HEALTH 23 THE CONSUMPTION MODEL 24
ADDITIONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE INVESTMENT IN HEALTH 25 3 RESEARCH
STUDIES EMPLOYING THE GROSSMAN MODEL 28 CRITIQUES OF THE MODEL 28 4 THE
DEMAND FOR MEDICAL CARE 29 ESTIMATES OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR
MEDICAL CARE 30 TIME COSTS AND TIME-PRICE ELASTICITIES 33 IS MEDICAL
CARE A NORMAL OR SUPERIOR GOOD? 34 SUMMARY 34 KEY CONCEPTS 36 SUGGESTED
READINGS 36 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 36 RESOURCES 36 I/HI
CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 THE NATURE OF HEALTH INSURANCE MARKETS 41 1
INTRODUCTION 41 WHY DO PEOPLE BUY HEALTH INSURANCE? 42 HOW ARE INSURANCE
PREMIUMS SET? 44 2 PROBLEMS FACING HEALTH INSURANCE MARKETS: MORAL
HAZARD AND ADVERSE SELECTION 46 MORAL HAZARD 46 IMPERFECT (ASYMMETRIC)
INFORMATION: THE PROBLEM OF ADVERSE SELECTION 50 3 EMPLOYMENT-BASED
GROUP INSURANCE 52 ADVANTAGES OF EMPLOYMENT-BASED GROUP INSURANCE 52
DOWNSIDE TO EMPLOYMENT-BASED INSURANCE 52 TAX TREATMENT OF
EMPLOYMENT-BASED GROUP HEALTH INSURANCE 53 4 ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR
HEALTH INSURANCE 53 DO CHOICE THEORETIC MODELS APPLY? 53 WHY SHOULD ONE
BE INTERESTED IN DEMAND ELASTICITY FOR HEALTH INSURANCE? 54 HOW IS PRICE
ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR HEALTH INSURANCE MEASURED? 54 5 OPTIMAL
INSURANCE CONTRACTS 55 PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMAL INSURANCE CONTRACTS 55
EMPIRICAL WORK ON OPTIMAL INSURANCE CHARACTERISTICS 56 6 EFFECTS OF
HEALTH INSURANCE ON THE CONSUMPTION OF MEDICAL CARE 57 ELASTICITY
ESTIMATES 57 INSURANCE COVERAGE INCREASES THE IMPORTANCE OF TIME COSTS
57 EFFECT OF INSURANCE ON THE SUBSTITUTION OF MEDICAL CARE FOR
ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF HEALTH CARE 58 EFFECT OF THE COMMUNITY'S INSURANCE
COVERAGE ON THE MARKET PRICE OF HEALTHCARE 58 7 IS THERE A WELFARE LOSS
ASSOCIATED WITH "EXCESS" INSURANCE? 60 8 TRENDS IN INSURANCE COVERAGE 61
SUMMARY 62 APPENDIX: GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE PRIVATE HEALTH
INSURANCE MARKET 62 KEY CONCEPTS 63 SUGGESTED READINGS 64 PROBLEMS 64
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 65 RESOURCES 65 CHAPTER 4 THE
EVOLUTION TO MANAGED CARE 69 1 INTRODUCTION 69 WHAT IS MANAGED CARE? 70
THE TRANSITION TO MANAGED CARE: A BRIEF HISTORY MAIN TYPES OF MANAGED
CARE CONTRACTS 71 70 CONTENTS IX 2 INCENTIVE AND STRATEGY DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN INDEMNITY AND MANAGED CARE INSURERS 73 FACTORS AFFECTING
BEHAVIOR OF MANAGED CARE FIRMS 75 3 STUDIES COMPARING HMOS WITH
INDEMNITY PLANS 75 TREATMENT INTENSITY AND PATIENT OUTCOMES 75 PATIENT
OUTCOMES 77 PATIENT SATISFACTION 78 DIFFERENCE IN COST OF HEALTH-CARE
SERVICES IN HMO VERSUS INDEMNITY PLANS 78 4 COMPARISONS BETWEEN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MANAGED CARE PLANS 79 5 CARVE-OUTS: THE CASE OF
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH CARE 79 6 MANAGED CARE VERSUS MANAGED COMPETITION:
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? 81 7 DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MANAGED CARE 82 RATE OF
TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION 82 GROWTH RATES IN COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE 82 SUMMARY
83 KEY CONCEPTS 84 SUGGESTED READINGS 84 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND
REVIEW 84 RESOURCES 85 CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL INSURANCE IN THE UNITED STATES:
MEDICARE AND MEDICAID 89 1 INTRODUCTION 89 2 SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE
COVERAGE FOR THE ELDERLY: MEDICARE 90 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM
INSTITUTED IN 1965 90 FINANCING OF MEDICARE 92 MEDICARE COST-CONTAINMENT
MEASURES: REFORMS IN PAYMENTS TO PROVIDERS 92 MEDICARE MANAGED CARE 94
THE MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG, IMPROVEMENT AND MODERNIZATION ACT OF
2003: MEDICARE PART D 96 3 SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE FOR THE POOR AND THE
DISABLED: MEDICAID 98 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM 98 CHANGES IN
LEGISLATION, 1984 TO 1990 99 IMPACT OF WELFARE REFORM ON MEDICAID 99
MEDICAID MANAGED CARE 101 4 OTHER SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS 102 STATE
CHILDREN'S HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM (SCHIP) 102 PROGRAMS OF THE VETERANS
ADMINISTRATION (VA) AND CIVILIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL PROGRAM FOR THE
UNIFORMED SERVICES (CHAMPUS) 103 SUMMARY 103 KEY CONCEPTS 105 CONTENTS
SUGGESTED READINGS 105 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW RESOURCES 106
106 PA RT T H R E E THE PROVIDERS OF HEALTH CARE: PHYSICIANS, NURSES,
AND HOSPITALS 109 CHAPTER 6 PHYSICIAN S AND NURSES AS INPUTS INTO THE
PRODUCTION OF HEALTH CARE 111 1 INTRODUCTION 111 PHYSICIANS 112 2
UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICIANS' MARKET 112 THE REQUIREMENTS FOR BECOMING A
PHYSICIAN I12 3 POST-WORLD WAR II SHORTAGE OF PHYSICIANS 113 HEALTH
PLANNERS EVALUATION OF THE PHYSICIAN SUPPLY 113 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE
"PHYSICIAN SHORTAGE" 113 POLICY RESPONSES TO THE SHORTAGE 115 4 CHOICE
OF FIELD OF SPECIALIZATION 117 USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO ALTER THE
DISTRIBUTION OF PHYSICIANS 117 PUBLIC POLICY TO CHANGE INCENTIVES 118
INCENTIVES PROVIDED BY THE PRIVATE INSURANCE MARKET 118 HAS CHANGING THE
INCENTIVES MADE A DIFFERENCE? 118 5 SUPPLY OF PHYSICIAN SERVICES 120
UTILITY FUNCTIONS AND PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS 120 6 PROJECTIONS ABOUT
SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF PHYSICIANS: VIEWS OF ECONOMISTS AND HEALTH PLANNERS
122 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF NURSES 123 7 UNDERSTANDING THE NURSES'MARKET
123 8 HAS THERE BEEN A CHRONIC SHORTAGE OF NURSES? 124 HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW: 1980 TO THE PRESENT 125 IS THE MARKET FOR NURSES A MONOPSONY?
127 9 PROJECTIONS ABOUT FUTURE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR NURSES' SERVICES
130 SUMMARY 131 APPENDIX: EARNINGS DIFFERENCES BY SELECTED SPECIALTIES
132 KEY CONCEPTS 133 SUGGESTED READINGS 133 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND
REVIEW 133 RESOURCES 134 CHAPTER 7 PHYSICIANS AS PROVIDERS OF HEALTH
CARE 1 INTRODUCTION 137 PHYSICIAN AGENCY 138 2 MARKET FOR PHYSICIANS'
SERVICES 139 137 CONTENTS XI MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 139 PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 140 DO PHYSICIANS BEHAVE ALTRUISTICALLY? 142 3 NEW MODEL
OF PHYSICIAN BEHAVIOR: PHYSICIANS AS QUANTITY SETTERS 144 4 HYPOTHESIS
OF PHYSICIAN-INDUCED DEMAND 145 THE MODEL 145 EMPIRICAL STUDIES OFPID
146 5 PHYSICIAN BEHAVIOR IN THE AGE OF MANAGED CARE 148 EFFECTS OF
ALTERNATIVE REIMBURSEMENT METHODS: CAPITATION, SALARY, OR REVENUE
SHARING 149 6 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE AND THE PRACTICE OF DEFENSIVE MEDICINE
150 THE PRACTICE OF DEFENSIVE MEDICINE 151 DOES LIABILITY INSURANCE
AFFECT PHYSICIANS' LIKELIHOOD OF NEGLIGENCE? 152 SUMMARY 153 KEY
CONCEPTS 153 SUGGESTED READINGS 153 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW
154 RESOURCES 154 CHAPTER 8 HOSPITALS 157 1 INTRODUCTION 157 2 HOSPITAL
OWNERSHIP: DOES IT MAKE A DIFFERENCE? 158 FACTS ABOUT HOSPITAL OWNERSHIP
158 BEHAVIOR OF HOSPITAL DECISION MAKERS: SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE MODELS 159
FINDINGS OF STUDIES COMPARING FOR-PROFIT AND NON-PROFIT HOSPITALS 162 3
MARKET STRUCTURE 164 DEFINING HOSPITAL MARKETS 164 MEASURING MARKET
CONCENTRATION 164 EFFECT OF COMPETITION ON THE PRICE OF HOSPITAL
SERVICES 165 4 ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT 168 GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR
HOSPITALS 168 GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF HOSPITALS 169 5 PRICE
DISCRIMINATION IN THE CONTEMPORARY HOSPITAL MARKET 172 FORMS OF PRICE
DISCRIMINATION 171 DO HOSPITALS ENGAGE IN COST SHIFTING? 172 6 ROLE OF
CHARITY IN THE MODERN HOSPITAL 172 SUMMARY 174 KEY CONCEPTS 174
SUGGESTED READINGS 175 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 175 RESOURCES
176 XTI CONTENTS PART FOUR EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE, AND THE BIO- PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 181 CHAPTER 9 COST-BENEFIT
AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS 183 1 INTRODUCTION 183 2 COST-BENEFIT
ANALYSIS 184 METHODS OF DETERMINING VALUES FOR BENEFITS 186 3
COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS 188 COST-EFFECTIVENESS
ANALYSIS 188 COST- UTILITY ANALYSIS 189 4 CAN COST-EFFECTIVENESS
ANALYSIS BE CONVERTED INTO COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS? 191 USE OF THRESHOLDS
OF ACCEPTABILITY 191 5 PROBLEMS THAT MUST BE ADDRESSED IN IMPLEMENTING
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS 192 WHOSE UTILITY FUNCTIONS SHOULD BE USED
IN DECISION MAKING? 192 NONINDEPENDENCE OF VALUE OF HEALTH AND WEALTH
AND CONSUMPTION PATTERNS 193 HOW IS INEQUALITY IN HEALTH TO BE TREATED?
194 SHOULD INCREMENTAL COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS TAKE ACCOUNT OF FIXED
COSTS? 195 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS IN ESTABLISHING VALUES IN
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS 196 SUMMARY 197 APPENDIX: SOME UNDERLYING
WELFARE CONSIDERATIONS 198 KEY CONCEPTS 200 SUGGESTED READINGS 200
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 200 RESOURCES 201 CHAPTER 10 THE
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH CARE 203 1 INTRODUCTION 203 2 PROCESS OF
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 204 WHAT IS INNOVATION AND WHAT PROMOTES IT? 204
ROLE OF PATENTS: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 205 REASONS FOR THE
SUCCESS OF U.S. FIRMS IN INNOVATION 206 3 DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY 207
FACTORS PROMOTING THE DIFFUSION OFTECHNOLOGY 207 4 RELATING
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE TO COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE 208 HOW IS THE
CONTRIBUTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE MEASURED? 208 COST-INCREASING
VERSUS COST-SAVING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 208 USE OF INCREMENTAL
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS AND COST- UTILITY ANALYSIS 210 PRODUCTIVE
EFFICIENCY 211 CONTENTS XIII 5 USE OF PRICE INDICES TO MEASURE THE RATE
OFLNCREASE IN PRICES OF MEDICAL CARE 212 MEDICAL CARE COMPONENTS OF THE
PRODUCER AND CONSUMER PRICE INDICES 212 SUMMARY 215 KEY CONCEPTS 215
SUGGESTED READINGS 215 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 216 RESOURCES
216 CHAPTER 11 THE ECONOMICS OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS 219 1 INTRODUCTION
219 WHAT IS THE BIO-PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY? 220 IMPORTANCE OF
PHARMACEUTICALS IN HEALTH CARE 220 2 MARKET STRUCTURE 221 HOW
CONCENTRATED IS THE INDUSTRY? 221 COMPETITION AT THE PRODUCT LEVEL:
WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-PATIENT COMPETITION 221 EFFECT OF FIRM SIZE ON R&D
PRODUCTIVITY 222 3 GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
IN THE UNITED STATES 222 REGULATION BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
222 LIBERALIZATION OF THE FDA PROCESS 223 REQUIREMENT OF PRESCRIPTIONS
(RX) 225 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF REGULATION 226 EFFECTS OF REGULATION
ON PHARMACEUTICAL FIRMS' SUCCESS IN WORLD MARKETS 227 4 DEMAND FOR
PHARMACEUTICALS 227 EFFECTS OF INCREASED INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR
PRESCRIPTION DRUGS 227 EFFECT OF DIRECT MARKETING TO CONSUMERS 228 5
PRICING ISSUES 228 PRICE DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN BRAND-NAME AND GENERIC
DRUGS 228 DISCOUNTING OF DRUGS TO THIRD-PARTY PAYERS 229 PRICE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTRIES 230 6 PROFITABILITY OF THE U.S.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY 231 7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE GLOBALIZATION
OF THE BIOTECH AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES 233 TRIPS AGREEMENT 233
SUMMARY 234 KEY CONCEPTS 235 SUGGESTED READINGS 235 QUESTIONS FOR
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 236 RESOURCES 237 XIV CONTENTS PART FIVE
COMPARATIVE SYSTEMS AND PUBLIC POLICY 241 CHAPTER 12 COMPARATIVE
HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS 243 1 INTRODUCTION 243 HEALTH CARE IN CANADA,
GERMANY, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM 244 2 CANADIAN HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM 244
HISTORY 244 STRUCTURE 244 CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE 246 3 GERMAN
HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM 248 HISTORY 248 STRUCTURE 249 REFORMS OF THE 1990S
250 CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE 251 4 UNITED KINGDOM: THE NATIONAL HEALTH
SERVICE (NHS) 252 STRUCTURE OF 'THE NHS 252 REFORMS OF THE 1990S 253
CAPACITY AND PERFORMANCE 255 5 COMPARATIVE CAPACITY OF HEALTH-CARE
SERVICES, EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH CARE, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES 256 SUMMARY
256 A CASE STUDY OF HEALTH CARE IN A DEVELOPING NATION 258 6 INDIA 258
OVERVIEW 258 PUBLIC HEALTH CARE IN INDIA 259 PRIVATE AND NONGOVERNMENTAL
HEALTH- CARE FACILITIES 261 EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON INDIAN HEALTH 262
SUMMARY 262 KEY CONCEPTS 263 SUGGESTED READINGS 263 QUESTIONS FOR
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 263 RESOURCES 263 CHAPTER 13 HEALTH CARE: A GLOBAL
PERSPECTIVE 267 1 INTRODUCTION 267 GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES 268
GLOBAL CAUSES OF DISABILITY AND DEATH 268 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES 269 2 ECONOMICS OF IMMUNIZATION AND PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES 270 PREVENTION VERSUS TREATMENT OF DISEASE 270 CONTENTS XV
ECONOMICS OFVACCINATIONS 271 EMERGENCE OF MULTIPLE-DRUG-RESISTANT
DISEASES (MDRS) 273 ECONOMICS OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT FOR TREATMENT OF
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 276 3 COMBATING THE HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC 277
BACKGROUND 277 CASE STUDIES OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OFANTI-RETROVIRAL
DRUGS 280 SUMMARY 282 4 DEMAND FOR MEDICAL CARE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS:
INCOME AND PRICE EFFECTS 283 IS MEDICAL CARE A SUPERIOR GOOD IN
DEVELOPING NATIONS? 283 ESTIMATES OF PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR
MEDICAL CARE 283 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 283 PRICE-ELASTICITY ESTIMATES FOR
LOW- AND HIGH-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS 284 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF
FINDINGS 285 APPENDIX: BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 KEY CONCEPTS 288 SUGGESTED
READINGS 288 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 289 RESOURCES 289
CHAPTER 14 THE HEALTH-CARE SYSTEM OF THE UNITED STATES: WHERE DO WE GO
NEXT? 293 1 INTRODUCTION 293 DEMAND VERSUS NEED 294 EVALUATING
"EFFICIENCY VERSUS EQUITY" 295 2 TH E RISING COST OF MEDICAL CARE 296
INCREASES IN HEALTH-CARE COSTS ARE A WIDESPREAD PROBLEM 296
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE COST OF MEDICAL CARE 296 THE EFFICIENCY
ISSUE: THE ROLE OF MARKET IMPERFECTIONS 297 OTHER TYPES OF INEFFICIENCY
299 SHORT MENU OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE
U.S. HEALTH- CARE SYSTEM 300 3 ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE: ALTERNATIVE PLANS
FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH-CARE COVERAGE 302 BACKGROUND 302 STATE INITIATIVES
303 NATIONAL OPTION 1: NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE: EXPANDING MEDICARE 305
NATIONAL OPTION 2: MANDATED EMPLOYER-PROVIDED HEALTH INSURANCE 307
NATIONAL OPTION 3: MANDATED INDIVIDUAL INSURANCE 308 HOW DOES MANAGED
COMPETITION FIT INTO THE PICTURE? 308 SUMMARY 308 KEY CONCEPTS 309 XVR
CONTENTS SUGGESTED READINGS 310 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AND REVIEW 310
RESOURCES 311 APPENDIX 1 BRIEF REVIEW OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS AND TOOLS OF
ANALYSIS 315 1 MODEL OF AN ECONOMY 315 CLOSED ECONOMY 315 OPEN ECONOMY
315 2 OPPORTUNITY COST 316 3 WHO ARE THE MAIN ACTORS IN THE ECONOMY? 317
THE CONSUMER 317 THE FIRM 320 4 EQUILIBRIUM 323 5 ELASTICITY CONCEPTS
325 PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND (OR SUPPLY) 325 CROSS-PRICE ELASTICITY OF
DEMAND 326 INCOME ELASTICITY 326 INCOME AND SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS 326 6
MARKET STRUCTURE 327 PERFECT COMPETITION 327 MONOPOLY 329 MONOPOLISTIC
COMPETITION 332 OLIGOPOLY 333 7 DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN FACTOR MARKETS 334
LABOR MARKETS 334 CAPITAL MARKETS 337 8 DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF PUBLIC
GOODS 338 APPENDIX 2 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES 341 1
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION 341 2 INFERENCES
FROM SAMPLE TO POPULATION 342 3 TEST FOR DIFFERENCE IN MEANS 343 4
CORRELATION ANALYSIS 344 5 LINEAR REGRESSION 344 6 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
347 7 MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS 347 8 DISCRETE CHOICE ANALYSIS
348 INDEX 351 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:38:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:38:56Z |
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| spelling | Johnson-Lans, Shirley Verfasser aut A health economics primer Shirley Johnson-Lans Boston [u.a.] Pearson [u.a.] 2006 XX, 363 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Addison-Wesley series in economics Medical economics Economics, Medical Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 gnd rswk-swf Gesundheitsökonomie (DE-588)4130935-2 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Gesundheitsökonomie (DE-588)4130935-2 s Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 s b DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip055/2004030285.html Table of contents SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014788230&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Johnson-Lans, Shirley A health economics primer Medical economics Economics, Medical Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 gnd Gesundheitsökonomie (DE-588)4130935-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059787-8 (DE-588)4130935-2 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | A health economics primer |
| title_auth | A health economics primer |
| title_exact_search | A health economics primer |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A health economics primer |
| title_full | A health economics primer Shirley Johnson-Lans |
| title_fullStr | A health economics primer Shirley Johnson-Lans |
| title_full_unstemmed | A health economics primer Shirley Johnson-Lans |
| title_short | A health economics primer |
| title_sort | a health economics primer |
| topic | Medical economics Economics, Medical Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 gnd Gesundheitsökonomie (DE-588)4130935-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Medical economics Economics, Medical Theorie Gesundheitsökonomie USA |
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