Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Copenhagen
DJØF-Publ.
2003
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| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XV, 404 S. |
| ISBN: | 8757409471 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a López Rodríguez, Ana M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU |c Ana M. López Rodríguez |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Copenhagen |b DJØF-Publ. |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 404 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE I
TABLE OF CONTENTS N
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XN
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE DE-NATIONALIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW 1
1.2 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 3
1.2.1 LEX MERCATORIA 3
1.2.2 CONTRACT LAW HARMONIZATION IN THE EU 5
1.2.3 THESIS 7
1.3 DELIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH 7
1.3.1 SUBSTANTIVE SCOPE 9
1.3.1.1 NOTION OF CROSS-BORDER AGREEMENT 9
1.3.1.2 NOTION OF COMMERCIAL AGREEMENT 10
1.3.2 TERMINOLOGY REMARKS 10
1.3.2.1 CONCEPTS SIMILAR OR ALTERNATIVE TO LEX MERCATORIA 1 0 1.3.2.2
EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 11
1.4 METHOD. 11
1.4.1 RELEVANT LEGAL SOURCES IN CROSS-BORDER COMMERCIAL CONTRACTING 1 1
1.4.2 THE USE OF COMPARATIVE LAW 1 4
1.4.3 THE METHOD OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 1 4
1.5 AIMS OF THE RESEARCH 15
1.6 PLAN 16
PART II
INTERNATIONAL SELF-REGULATION AND LEX MERCATORIA 17
CHAPTER 2 19
THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CROSS-BORDER AGREEMENTS 19 2.1 THE APPLICABLE LAW
19
2.2 PARTY AUTONOMY IN INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS 20
II
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF PARTY AUTONOMY 22
2.2.2 CONFLICTUAL AND MATERIAL AUTONOMY (KOLLISIOMRECHTLICHE AND
MATERIELLRECHTLICHE VERWEISUNG) 23
2.3 APPLICABLE LAW IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 24
2.3.1 FLEXIBLE RULES 25
2.3.2 THE AMERICAN APPROACHES 2 8
2.3.2.1 THE GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST ANALYSIS 29
2.3.2.2 LEFLAR S BETTER RULE OF LAW 3 0
2.4 WHY THE CONFLICTUAL METHOD IS NOT THE MOST ADEQUATE FOR CROSS-
BORDER CONTRACT ADJUDICATION 31
2.4.1 CLASSICAL MECHANISMS OF THE CONFLICTUAL METHOD 3 1 2.4.2 THE
SUPREMACY OF NATIONAL LAW 3 2
2.4.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCALIZATION 32
2.4.2.2 THE APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW 34
I) APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW BY NATIONAL COURTS 3 5
II) THE HOMEWARD TREND 3 8
III) APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW WITH REGARD TO THE PARTIES 39 2.4.2.3
THE CONTENTS OF NATIONAL LAW 3 9
2.5 CONCLUSIONS 41
CHAPTER 3 42
THE SELF-REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 42 3.1 HARMONIZATION OF
COMMERCIAL LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF INTER- GOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION 42
3.1.1 UNIFICATION AND HARMONIZATION OF LAW 43
3.1.2 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 43
3.1.2.1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 44
I) ADVANTAGES 44
II) DISADVANTAGES 45
3.1.2.2 MODEL LAWS 47
I) ADVANTAGES 48
II) DISADVANTAGES 49
3.1.3 CONCLUSIONS 49
3.2 INTERNATIONAL SELF REGULATION 49
3.2.1 DEFINITION, TYPES AND INSTRUMENTS OF SELF-REGULATION 5 0 3.2.2
SELF-REGULATION AS A SPONTANEOUS PROCESS 5 1
3.2.2.1 TRADE USAGES AND CUSTOM 5 1
I) BINDING FORCE OF TRADE USAGES IN DOMESTIC LAW 5 3
II) BINDING FORCE OF TRADE USAGES IN UNIFORM COMMERCIAL LAW 54 III)
BINDING FORCE OF TRADE USAGES IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 5
5
3.2.3 SELF-REGULATION AS A DELIBERATE ENTERPRISE 5 6
3.2.3.1 STANDARD CONTRACTS 5 6
IN
IMAGE 3
BINDING FORCE OF STANDARD CONTRACTS 5 9
3.2.3.2 LEGAL GUIDES 6 1
3.2.3.3 SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS 62
I) SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS BEFORE NATIONAL COURTS 6 3 II)
SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 64
III) PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS 64 3.2.3.4
RULES OF TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 6 5
3.2.3.5 COMBINED TECHNIQUES. STANDARD CLAUSES AND CHOICE OF LAW 66
3.2.3.6 PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUES 67
I) EXTRAJUDICIAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 67
II) INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 67
3.2.4 SELF-REGULATION AS A MIXED PROCESS. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
ARBITRATION 68
3.2.4.1 DELOCALIZED ARBITRATION 69
3.2.4.2 CREATION OF RULES IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 72 I)
PROCEDURAL RULES 72
II) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW TECHNIQUES 7 5
III) CREATION OF SUBSTANTIVE RULES ON INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW...7 9
3.2.4.3 LEGAL VALUE OF ARBITRAL PRECEDENTS 8 1
3.2.4.4 THE CONTRIBUTION OF ARBITRAL PRACTICE TO INTERNATIONAL SELF-
REGULATION 8 3
3.3 CONCLUSIONS 84
CHAPTER 4 85
LEX MERCATORIA 85
4.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 86
4.1.1 THE MEDIEVAL LEX MERCATORIA 86
4.1.2 THE NEW LEX MERCATORIA 8 8
4.1.3 THE OLD AND THE NEW LEX MERCATORIA COMPARED 89 4.2 CONCEPT AND
SOURCES OF LEX MERCATORIA 90
4.2.1 THE CONCEPT OF LEX MERCATORIA 90
4.2.1.1 CONCEPTS OF LEX MERCATORIA BASED ON ITS RELATION WITH NATIONAL
LAW 9 1
4.2.1.2 CONCEPTS OF LEX MERCATORIA BASED ON ITS SUBSTANTIVE QUALITY 92
4.2.2 CONCEPTS SIMILAR OR ALTERNATIVE TO LEX MERCATORIA 94 I) AUTONOMOUS
LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 95
II) ANATIONAL LAW 95
III) COMMERCIAL LAW OF NATIONS 95
IV) INTERNATIONAL TRADE USAGES. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW 96 V)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 96
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI) CONTRAT SANS LOI 97
VII) SACHNORMEN IM KOLLISIONSRECHT 9 7
VIII) AMIABLE COMPOSITION 97
IX) TRANSNATIONAL LAW 9 8
X) LEX MERCATORIA STRICTO SENSU 99
4.2.3 SOURCES OF LEX MERCATORIA 1 00
4.3 THE THEORY OF LEX MERCATORIA 101
4.3.1 THE LEGAL QUALITY OF LEX MERCATORIA 1 02
4.3.2 LEX MERCATORIA AS A LEGAL SYSTEM 1 04
I) COMPLETENESS 1 05
II) STRUCTURED CHARACTER 1 06
III) PREDICTABILITY 107
IV) EVOLVING CHARACTER 1 08
4.3.3 LEX MERCATORIA AS A SUBSTANTIVE METHOD OF ADJUDICATION 1 09 4.4
APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND BY
NATIONAL COURTS 111
4.4.1 LEX MERCATORIA IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 1 12
4.4.1.1 LEX MERCATORIA AS APPLICABLE LAW 1 12
I) CHOICE OF LEX MERCATORIA BY THE PARTIES 1 12
II) APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 1 16 4.4.1.2
APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA ON OTHER GROUNDS 1 21 I) SUBSTANTIVE
TRANSNATIONAL RULES RELATING TO THE EXISTENCE AND THE VALIDITY OF THE
ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 1 21
II) TRANSNATIONAL PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW RULES 1 22
III) SUBSTANTIVE TRANSNATIONAL RULES RELATING TO THE MERITS OF THE
DISPUTE 1 23
IV) TRANSNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY 1 26
V) APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA IN ARBITRATION EX AEQUO ET BONO 128
4.4.2 LEX MERCATORIA AND NATIONAL COURTS 1 29
4.4.2.1 THE APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA BY NATIONAL COURTS .... 129
4.4.2.2 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS BASED ON LEX MERCATORIA 1
35
4.5 CONCLUSIONS 143
CHAPTER 5 145
THE NEW PARADIGM OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW. THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES
OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN
CONTRACT LAW 145
5. / THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 147
5.1.1 SCOPE OF APPLICATION ; 149
5.1.2 STRUCTURE AND CONTENT 1 50
5.1.2.1 STRUCTURE 150
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5.1.2.2 CONTENTS OF THE UP 152
I) FREEDOM OF CONTRACT 1 53
II) OPENNESS TO USAGES 1 54
III) FAVOR CONTRACTUS 1 55
IV) GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING 1 55
V) POLICING AGAINST UNFAIRNESS * 1 57
5.1.2.3 INTERPRETATION AND SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES ....1 58
5.1.3 THE ROLE OF THE UP IN PRACTICE 1 59
5.1.3.1 A MODEL FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATORS 1 59 5.1.3.2
A MEANS OF INTERPRETING AND SUPPLEMENTING EXISTING INTERNATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS 160
5.1.3.3 UP AS MEANS OF INTERPRETING AND SUPPLEMENTING DOMESTIC LAW 164
5.1.3.4 THE UP AS A GUIDE FOR DRAFTING AND NEGOTIATING INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 1 67
5.1.4 THE UP AS THE LAW GOVERNING THE CONTRACT 1 68
5.1.4.1 CHOICE OF THE UP BY THE PARTIES 1 68
I) BEFORE NATIONAL COURTS 1 70
II) INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 1 72
5.1.4.2 INDIRECT APPLICATION OF THE UP 173
I) THE UP APPLIED AS LEX MERCATORIA, GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW OR THE
LIKE 173
II) APPLICATION OF THE UP IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 1 80
III) THE UP AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE APPLICABLE LAW 1 84
5.1.4.3 MANDATORY RULES 1 85
5.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 186
5.2.1 SCOPE OF APPLICATION 1 88
5.2.2. STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS. DIFFERENCES WITH THE UP 1 91 5.2.2.1
STRUCTURE 191
5.2.2.2 CONTENTS. DIFFERENCES WITH THE UP 193
I) GENERAL PROVISIONS 1 96
II) FORMATION 1 96
III) AUTHORITY OF AGENTS 196
IV) VALIDITY 1 96
V) CONTRACT INTERPRETATION 1 97
VI) CONTENTS AND EFFECTS. PERFORMANCE 1 97
VII) NON-PERFORMANCE AND REMEDIES IN GENERAL 1 97
VIII) PARTICULAR REMEDIES FOR NON-PERFORMANCE 1 97
5.2.3 THE ROLE OF THE PECL IN PRACTICE 198
5.2.3.1 CHOICE OF THE PECL BY THE PARTIES 1 98
5.2.3.2 INDIRECT APPLICATION OF THE PECL 2 00
I) APPLICATION OF THE PECL AS LEX MERCATORIA 200
II) APPLICATION OF THE PECL IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 201
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
III) APPLICATION OF THE PECL AS SUBSTITUTE FOR THE APPLICABLE LAW 201
5.2.3.3 OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE PECL 2 02
I) PECL AS A GUIDE FOR DRAFTING CONTRACTS 2 02
II) INTERPRETATION OF NATIONAL LAW IN CONFORMITY WITH EU LEGISLATION 202
III) PECL AS APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTS BETWEEN PRIVATE PARTIES AND PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES AND AS A TOOL FOR THE ECJ 2 02
IV) PECL AS MODEL FOR THE LEGISLATOR 202
5.3 LEGAL QUALITY OF THE UP AND THE PECL 203
5.3.1 THE UP AND THE PECL, NEW SOURCES OF LEX MERCATORIA? 2 03 5.3.2 THE
UP AND PECL AS STANDARD TERMS 2 06
5.3.3 PRIVATIZED LAWMAKING 2 09
5.3.3.1 THE UP AND PECL AS INTERNATIONAL RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW 2
10
5.3.3.2 THE CONCEPT OF CREEPING CODIFICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA 211
5.3.3.3 TRANSNATIONAL LAW DATABASES 2 11
5.4 CONCLUSIONS 212
PART II
HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW IN THE EU 2 14
CHAPTER 6 217
THE LEGAL INTERVENTION OF THE EC ON CONTRACT LAW 217 6.1 LEGAL
INTERVENTION OF THE COMMUNITY ON PRIVATE LAW 218 6.1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF
PRIVATE LAW FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 2 18 6.1.2 LEGAL BASIS FOR EC
INTERVENTION IN THE FIELD OF PRIVATE LAW...2 19 6.2 THE IMPACT OF EC
LEGISLATION ON THE LAW OF CONTRACT 220
6.2.1 LACK OF A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CONTRACT LAW IN EC LEGISLATION 223
6.2.2 THE EROSION OF DOMESTIC CONTRACT LAW 225
6.2.2.1 CONCEPTUAL DIVERGENCES 225
6.2.2.2 MINIMUM HARMONIZATION 227
6.2.2.3 TRANSPOSITION OF CONCEPTS 228
I) EXISTING LEGAL CONCEPTS AFFECTED BY EC LAW 229
II) NEW CONCEPTS 2 29
6.2.2.4 INTERPRETATION OF DOMESTIC CONTRACT LAW IN CONFORMITY WITH EC
LAW 2 30
6.2.2.5 LEGAL CONSTELLATIONS AND NORMATIVE CONFLICTS 2 31 6.3 THE NEED
FOR A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR EC CONTRACT LAW 233 6.3.1 REVIEW AND
RE-FORMULATION OF EXISTING EC LEGISLATION ON CONTRACT LAW 234
VN
IMAGE 7
6.3.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 2 35
CHAPTER 7 2 37
CONTRACT LAW AND THE INTERNAL MARKET 2 37
7.1 OBSTACLES TO THE COMPLETION OF THE INTERNAL MARKET CREATED BY
DISPARATE MANDATORY RULES 238
7.1.1 CONSUMER CONTRACTS 239
7.1.1.1 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTECTION 239
7 1.1.2 THE NEED FOR A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR CONSUMER CONTRACTS 241
7.1.2 BUSINESS TO BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS 244
7.2 OBSTACLES CAUSED BY THE EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT CONTRACT LAWS 247
7.2.1 INCREASED TRANSACTION COSTS 248
7.2.2 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR 251
7.3 THE NEED FOR A COMMON LAW OF CONTRACT TO PROMOTE INTRA- COMMUNITY
TRADE 252
CHAPTER 8 254
A EUROPEAN CONTRACT CODE? 254
8.1 LEGAL BASIS FOR THE ENACTMENT OF A CONTRACT CODE 255
8.1.1 ARTICLES 94 AND 95 ECT 255
8.1.2 ARTICLES 65 AND 67 ECT 257
8.1.3 ARTICLE 308 ECT 2 58
8.1.4 ART. 293 ECT 259
8.1.5 THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY 260
8.2 POTENTIAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ENACTMENT OF A EUROPEAN CONTRACT
CODE AND ITS SCOPE 261
8.2.1 POTENTIAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 261
8.2.1.1 EC DIRECTIVE 261
8.2.1.2 REGULATION 262
8.2.1.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION 262
8.2.1.4 RECOMMENDATION 263
8.2.2 SCOPE 264
8.2.2.1 MATERIAL SCOPE 264
8.2.2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE 265
8.3 FEASIBILITY OF A COMMON LAW OF CONTRACT. 266
8.3.1 SOME PROBLEMATIC ISSUES 266
8.3.1.1. PRE-CONTRACTUAL DEALINGS 266
I) CULPA IN CONTRAHENDO 266
II) DUTY OF DISCLOSURE 267
8.3.1.2 BINDING CHARACTER OF CONTRACTS 268
8.3.1.3 CONTRACTUAL EFFECTS UPON THIRD PARTIES 269
8.3.1.4 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 269
VM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.3.1.5 THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH 2 70
8.3.2 IS THE UNIFICATION OF CONTRACT LAW FEASIBLE? 2 71
8.4 CONTRACT LAW AND CODIFICATION 2 73
8.4.1 CODIFICATION AND NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY 273
8.4.2 THE FLAWS OF CODIFICATION 2 75
8.4.2.1 SUBSTANTIVE QUALITY 2 75
8.4.2.2 KEEPING THE LAW UP-TO-DATE 2 76
8.4.2.3 THE FEATURES OF THE CODE 277
8.5 THE SOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS 2 78
8.5.1 CONFLICT SITUATIONS ACROSS LEGAL CULTURES 2 79
8.5.2 THE SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PRIVATE LAW 2 80
8.5.3 DO CULTURE AND SOCIOLOGY REALLY MATTER? 2 81
8.6 CONCLUSIONS 2 83
CHAPTER 9 2 85
HARMONIZATION OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW BY NON-LEGISLATIVE MEANS 2 85
9.1 THE COSTS OF LEGISLATIVE HARMONIZATION 287
9.1.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 2 87
9.1.2 NOTION OF OPTIONAL HARMONIZATION 2 88
9.2 HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW IN THE EU BY MARKET FORCES 2 88 9.2.1
COMPETITION BETWEEN LEGAL ORDERS 2 89
9.2.2 TRANSACTION COSTS AND GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES 2 93 9.2.3 CONCLUSIONS
2 97
9.3 LEGAL SCHOLARLY AND HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW IN THE EU ...2 97
9.3.1 PRIVATIZED HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW 297
9.3.1.1 THE PAVIA GROUP ON A EUROPEAN CONTRACT CODE 2 98 9.3.1.2 THE
TRENTO COMMON CORE APPROACH TO EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW 299
9.3.1.3 THE STUDY GROUP ON A EUROPEAN CIVIL CODE 3 01 9.3.1.4 THE
COMMISSION ON EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 3 03 9.3.1.5 RE-BIRTH OF A EUROPEAN
IUS COMMUNE 3 03
9.3.1.6 ASSESSMENT: CULTIVATORS VERSUS CODIFIERS 3 05 9.3.2 DEVELOPMENT
OF A COMMON EUROPEAN LEGAL CULTURE 3 06 9.3.2.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A
COMMON LEGAL CULTURE AND LEGAL UNIFORMITY 306
9.3.2.2 TOWARDS A COMMON EUROPEAN LEGAL CULTURE 3 07 I) LEGAL RESEARCH 3
08
II) LEGAL EDUCATION 3 08
III) A COMMON EUROPEAN LEGAL METHOD 3 09
9.3.2.3 A COMMON LEGAL CULTURE AS INDISPENSABLE FOUNDATION FOR A
EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 3 10
9.3.3 A EUROPEAN RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACT LAW 3 11
IX
IMAGE 9
9.3.3.1 THE AMERICAN RESTATEMENTS 3 11
9.3.3.2 VIABILITY OF A EUROPEAN RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACT LAW..3 13 I) THE
USE OF COMPARATIVE MATERIAL IN EUROPEAN COURTS 3 14 II) LIMITS OF A
EUROPEAN RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACT LAW 3 16 9.3.4 A EUROPEAN UNIFORM
CONTRACT CODE 318
9.3.4.1 THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 318
9.3.4.2 A EUROPEAN UNIFORM CONTRACT CODE AS A MODEL FOR THE NATIONAL
LEGISLATOR : 3 19
9.3.4.3 A 16 TH MODEL 3 19
9.3.5 ASSESSMENT: THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN SCHOLARLY IN THE
HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW 320
9.4 TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LITIGATION IN THE
EU 321
9.4.1 CHOICE OF THE PECL AS GOVERNING LAW TO INTRA-COMMUNITY
TRANSACTIONS 321
9.4.1.1 PIL ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING AN AMENDMENT OF ART. 3.1 ROME
CONVENTION 322
I) THE POSSIBILITY OF DEPECAGE 3 22
II) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFLICT AND SUBSTANTIVE AUTONOMY 323
III) PARAMOUNT CLAUSES 324
IV) THE SAFEGUARD OF ART. 7 ROME CONVENTION 326
9.4.1.2 OTHER REASONS FOR REVISITING ART. 3.1 ROME CONVENTION 327
9.4.1.3 THE ROME CONVENTION AFTER THE TREATY OF AMSTERDAM .3 27 9.4.1.4
FEW REMARKS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE PECL AS GOVERNING LAW 329
I) EXPRESS CHOICE OF THE PECL 3 29
II) SHOULD THE PARTIES BE ALLOWED TO REFER TO THE UP OR THE LIKE? 329
III) APPLICATION OF NATIONAL CONTRACT RULES . 3 30
IV) COMMON RULES ON CONTRACT FORMATION 3 30
9.4.2 APPLICATION OF THE PECL IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 3 30 9.4.3
OPENING A WINDOW TO COMMERCIAL REALITY 3 32
9.4.4 THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN JUDICIARY 3 33
9.4.5 A EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW DATABASE 3 35
9.4.6 ADVANTAGES OF A SUBSTANTIVE APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT
ADJUDICATION 336
9.5 CONCLUSIONS 337
CHAPTER 10 3 40
SUMMATION AND FINAL REMARKS 340
10.1 LEX MERCATORIA: ACADEMIC FANTASY OR REALITY? 340
10.1.1 LEX MERCATORIA AS APPLICABLE LAW TO CROSS-BORDER AGREEMENTS 341
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.1.2 APPLICATION OFLEX MERCATORIA ON OTHER GROUNDS 3 41 10.1.3
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS BASED ON LEX MERCATORIA 3 42
10.1.4 LEX MERCATORIA AS ARBITRATOR-MADE LAW 3 42
10.2 THE UP AND PECL: NEW SOURCES OFLEX MERCATORIA? 3 42 10.2.1 THE UP
AND PECL AS APPLICABLE LAW 3 43
10.2.1.1 MANDATORY RULES 3 44
10.2.1.2 GAP FILLING 3 44
10.2.2 THE PRINCIPLES AND THE NEW PARADIGM OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW
345
10.3 WHY HARMONIZE CONTRACT LAW IN THE ELF? 345
10.3.1 THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING EC LEGISLATION ON CONTRACTS..3 46
10.3.2 REMOVAL OF THE OBSTACLES HINDERING THE INTERNAL MARKET 3 47
10.3.2.1 CONSUMER CONTRACTS 3 48
10.3.2.2 BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS 3 49
I) DISPARATE MANDATORY RULES 3 49
II) THE CO-EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT CONTRACT LAWS 3 50
10.4 TO WHICH EXTENT SHOULD THE COMMUNITY INTERVENE? 351 10.4.1 CONTRACT
LAW AND BUSINESS EXPECTATIONS 3 52
10.4.2 THE SEARCH FOR LESS INTERFERING MEANS OF PROMOTING INTRA-
COMMUNITY TRADE 3 53
10.4.2.1 TOWARDS A REVISION OF THE 1980 ROME CONVENTION 3 54 10.4.2.2
CREATION OF INFORMATION CHANNELS 3 55
70.5 FINAL REMARKS 3 56
DANSK RESUME 3 57
LEX MERCATORIA 3 57
HARMONISERING AF AFTALERETTEN I EU 3 58
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 61
TABLE OF ARBITRAL AWARDS 3 92
TABLE OF COURT DECISIONS 3 96
GLOSSARY 400
XI
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| adam_txt |
IMAGE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE I
TABLE OF CONTENTS N
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XN
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE DE-NATIONALIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW 1
1.2 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 3
1.2.1 LEX MERCATORIA 3
1.2.2 CONTRACT LAW HARMONIZATION IN THE EU 5
1.2.3 THESIS 7
1.3 DELIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH 7
1.3.1 SUBSTANTIVE SCOPE 9
1.3.1.1 NOTION OF CROSS-BORDER AGREEMENT 9
1.3.1.2 NOTION OF COMMERCIAL AGREEMENT 10
1.3.2 TERMINOLOGY REMARKS 10
1.3.2.1 CONCEPTS SIMILAR OR ALTERNATIVE TO LEX MERCATORIA 1 0 1.3.2.2
EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 11
1.4 METHOD. 11
1.4.1 RELEVANT LEGAL SOURCES IN CROSS-BORDER COMMERCIAL CONTRACTING 1 1
1.4.2 THE USE OF COMPARATIVE LAW 1 4
1.4.3 THE METHOD OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 1 4
1.5 AIMS OF THE RESEARCH 15
1.6 PLAN 16
PART II
INTERNATIONAL SELF-REGULATION AND LEX MERCATORIA 17
CHAPTER 2 19
THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CROSS-BORDER AGREEMENTS 19 2.1 THE APPLICABLE LAW
19
2.2 PARTY AUTONOMY IN INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS 20
II
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF PARTY AUTONOMY 22
2.2.2 CONFLICTUAL AND MATERIAL AUTONOMY (KOLLISIOMRECHTLICHE AND
MATERIELLRECHTLICHE VERWEISUNG) 23
2.3 APPLICABLE LAW IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 24
2.3.1 FLEXIBLE RULES 25
2.3.2 THE AMERICAN APPROACHES 2 8
2.3.2.1 THE GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST ANALYSIS 29
2.3.2.2 LEFLAR'S BETTER RULE OF LAW 3 0
2.4 WHY THE CONFLICTUAL METHOD IS NOT THE MOST ADEQUATE FOR CROSS-
BORDER CONTRACT ADJUDICATION 31
2.4.1 CLASSICAL MECHANISMS OF THE CONFLICTUAL METHOD 3 1 2.4.2 THE
SUPREMACY OF NATIONAL LAW 3 2
2.4.2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCALIZATION 32
2.4.2.2 THE APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW 34
I) APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW BY NATIONAL COURTS 3 5
II) THE HOMEWARD TREND 3 8
III) APPLICATION OF FOREIGN LAW WITH REGARD TO THE PARTIES 39 2.4.2.3
THE CONTENTS OF NATIONAL LAW 3 9
2.5 CONCLUSIONS 41
CHAPTER 3 42
THE SELF-REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 42 3.1 HARMONIZATION OF
COMMERCIAL LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF INTER- GOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION 42
3.1.1 UNIFICATION AND HARMONIZATION OF LAW 43
3.1.2 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 43
3.1.2.1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 44
I) ADVANTAGES 44
II) DISADVANTAGES 45
3.1.2.2 MODEL LAWS 47
I) ADVANTAGES 48
II) DISADVANTAGES 49
3.1.3 CONCLUSIONS 49
3.2 INTERNATIONAL SELF REGULATION 49
3.2.1 DEFINITION, TYPES AND INSTRUMENTS OF SELF-REGULATION 5 0 3.2.2
SELF-REGULATION AS A SPONTANEOUS PROCESS 5 1
3.2.2.1 TRADE USAGES AND CUSTOM 5 1
I) BINDING FORCE OF TRADE USAGES IN DOMESTIC LAW 5 3
II) BINDING FORCE OF TRADE USAGES IN UNIFORM COMMERCIAL LAW 54 III)
BINDING FORCE OF TRADE USAGES IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 5
5
3.2.3 SELF-REGULATION AS A DELIBERATE ENTERPRISE 5 6
3.2.3.1 STANDARD CONTRACTS 5 6
IN
IMAGE 3
BINDING FORCE OF STANDARD CONTRACTS 5 9
3.2.3.2 LEGAL GUIDES 6 1
3.2.3.3 SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS 62
I) SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS BEFORE NATIONAL COURTS 6 3 II)
SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 64
III) PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-REGULATORY CONTRACTS 64 3.2.3.4
RULES OF TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 6 5
3.2.3.5 COMBINED TECHNIQUES. STANDARD CLAUSES AND CHOICE OF LAW 66
3.2.3.6 PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUES 67
I) EXTRAJUDICIAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 67
II) INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 67
3.2.4 SELF-REGULATION AS A MIXED PROCESS. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL
ARBITRATION 68
3.2.4.1 DELOCALIZED ARBITRATION 69
3.2.4.2 CREATION OF RULES IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 72 I)
PROCEDURAL RULES 72
II) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW TECHNIQUES 7 5
III) CREATION OF SUBSTANTIVE RULES ON INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW.7 9
3.2.4.3 LEGAL VALUE OF ARBITRAL PRECEDENTS 8 1
3.2.4.4 THE CONTRIBUTION OF ARBITRAL PRACTICE TO INTERNATIONAL SELF-
REGULATION 8 3
3.3 CONCLUSIONS 84
CHAPTER 4 85
LEX MERCATORIA 85
4.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 86
4.1.1 THE MEDIEVAL LEX MERCATORIA 86
4.1.2 THE NEW LEX MERCATORIA 8 8
4.1.3 THE "OLD" AND THE "NEW" LEX MERCATORIA COMPARED 89 4.2 CONCEPT AND
SOURCES OF LEX MERCATORIA 90
4.2.1 THE CONCEPT OF LEX MERCATORIA 90
4.2.1.1 CONCEPTS OF LEX MERCATORIA BASED ON ITS RELATION WITH NATIONAL
LAW 9 1
4.2.1.2 CONCEPTS OF LEX MERCATORIA BASED ON ITS SUBSTANTIVE QUALITY 92
4.2.2 CONCEPTS SIMILAR OR ALTERNATIVE TO LEX MERCATORIA 94 I) AUTONOMOUS
LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 95
II) ANATIONAL LAW 95
III) COMMERCIAL LAW OF NATIONS 95
IV) INTERNATIONAL TRADE USAGES. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW 96 V)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 96
IV
IMAGE 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VI) CONTRAT SANS LOI 97
VII) SACHNORMEN IM KOLLISIONSRECHT 9 7
VIII) AMIABLE COMPOSITION 97
IX) TRANSNATIONAL LAW 9 8
X) LEX MERCATORIA STRICTO SENSU 99
4.2.3 SOURCES OF LEX MERCATORIA 1 00
4.3 THE THEORY OF LEX MERCATORIA 101
4.3.1 THE LEGAL QUALITY OF LEX MERCATORIA 1 02
4.3.2 LEX MERCATORIA AS A LEGAL SYSTEM 1 04
I) COMPLETENESS 1 05
II) STRUCTURED CHARACTER 1 06
III) PREDICTABILITY 107
IV) EVOLVING CHARACTER 1 08
4.3.3 LEX MERCATORIA AS A SUBSTANTIVE METHOD OF ADJUDICATION 1 09 4.4
APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND BY
NATIONAL COURTS 111
4.4.1 LEX MERCATORIA IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 1 12
4.4.1.1 LEX MERCATORIA AS APPLICABLE LAW 1 12
I) CHOICE OF LEX MERCATORIA BY THE PARTIES 1 12
II) APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 1 16 4.4.1.2
APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA ON OTHER GROUNDS 1 21 I) SUBSTANTIVE
TRANSNATIONAL RULES RELATING TO THE EXISTENCE AND THE VALIDITY OF THE
ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 1 21
II) TRANSNATIONAL PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW RULES 1 22
III) SUBSTANTIVE TRANSNATIONAL RULES RELATING TO THE MERITS OF THE
DISPUTE 1 23
IV) TRANSNATIONAL PUBLIC POLICY 1 26
V) APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA IN ARBITRATION EX AEQUO ET BONO 128
4.4.2 LEX MERCATORIA AND NATIONAL COURTS 1 29
4.4.2.1 THE APPLICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA BY NATIONAL COURTS . 129
4.4.2.2 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS BASED ON LEX MERCATORIA 1
35
4.5 CONCLUSIONS 143
CHAPTER 5 145
THE NEW PARADIGM OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW. THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES
OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS AND THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN
CONTRACT LAW 145
5. / THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 147
5.1.1 SCOPE OF APPLICATION ; 149
5.1.2 STRUCTURE AND CONTENT 1 50
5.1.2.1 STRUCTURE 150
IMAGE 5
5.1.2.2 CONTENTS OF THE UP 152
I) FREEDOM OF CONTRACT 1 53
II) OPENNESS TO USAGES 1 54
III) FAVOR CONTRACTUS 1 55
IV) GOOD FAITH AND FAIR DEALING 1 55
V) POLICING AGAINST UNFAIRNESS * 1 57
5.1.2.3 INTERPRETATION AND SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLES .1 58
5.1.3 THE ROLE OF THE UP IN PRACTICE 1 59
5.1.3.1 A MODEL FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATORS 1 59 5.1.3.2
A MEANS OF INTERPRETING AND SUPPLEMENTING EXISTING INTERNATIONAL
INSTRUMENTS 160
5.1.3.3 UP AS MEANS OF INTERPRETING AND SUPPLEMENTING DOMESTIC LAW 164
5.1.3.4 THE UP AS A GUIDE FOR DRAFTING AND NEGOTIATING INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 1 67
5.1.4 THE UP AS THE LAW GOVERNING THE CONTRACT 1 68
5.1.4.1 CHOICE OF THE UP BY THE PARTIES 1 68
I) BEFORE NATIONAL COURTS 1 70
II) INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 1 72
5.1.4.2 "INDIRECT" APPLICATION OF THE UP 173
I) THE UP APPLIED AS LEX MERCATORIA, GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW OR THE
LIKE 173
II) APPLICATION OF THE UP IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 1 80
III) THE UP AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE APPLICABLE LAW 1 84
5.1.4.3 MANDATORY RULES 1 85
5.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 186
5.2.1 SCOPE OF APPLICATION 1 88
5.2.2. STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS. DIFFERENCES WITH THE UP 1 91 5.2.2.1
STRUCTURE 191
5.2.2.2 CONTENTS. DIFFERENCES WITH THE UP 193
I) GENERAL PROVISIONS 1 96
II) FORMATION 1 96
III) AUTHORITY OF AGENTS 196
IV) VALIDITY 1 96
V) CONTRACT INTERPRETATION 1 97
VI) CONTENTS AND EFFECTS. PERFORMANCE 1 97
VII) NON-PERFORMANCE AND REMEDIES IN GENERAL 1 97
VIII) PARTICULAR REMEDIES FOR NON-PERFORMANCE 1 97
5.2.3 THE ROLE OF THE PECL IN PRACTICE 198
5.2.3.1 CHOICE OF THE PECL BY THE PARTIES 1 98
5.2.3.2 "INDIRECT" APPLICATION OF THE PECL 2 00
I) APPLICATION OF THE PECL AS LEX MERCATORIA 200
II) APPLICATION OF THE PECL IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 201
VI
IMAGE 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
III) APPLICATION OF THE PECL AS SUBSTITUTE FOR THE APPLICABLE LAW 201
5.2.3.3 OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE PECL 2 02
I) PECL AS A GUIDE FOR DRAFTING CONTRACTS 2 02
II) INTERPRETATION OF NATIONAL LAW IN CONFORMITY WITH EU LEGISLATION 202
III) PECL AS APPLICABLE TO CONTRACTS BETWEEN PRIVATE PARTIES AND PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES AND AS A TOOL FOR THE ECJ 2 02
IV) PECL AS MODEL FOR THE LEGISLATOR 202
5.3 LEGAL QUALITY OF THE UP AND THE PECL 203
5.3.1 THE UP AND THE PECL, NEW SOURCES OF LEX MERCATORIA? 2 03 5.3.2 THE
UP AND PECL AS STANDARD TERMS 2 06
5.3.3 PRIVATIZED LAWMAKING 2 09
5.3.3.1 THE UP AND PECL AS INTERNATIONAL RESTATEMENTS OF CONTRACT LAW 2
10
5.3.3.2 THE CONCEPT OF CREEPING CODIFICATION OF LEX MERCATORIA 211
5.3.3.3 TRANSNATIONAL LAW DATABASES 2 11
5.4 CONCLUSIONS 212
PART II
HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW IN THE EU 2 14
CHAPTER 6 217
THE LEGAL INTERVENTION OF THE EC ON CONTRACT LAW 217 6.1 LEGAL
INTERVENTION OF THE COMMUNITY ON PRIVATE LAW 218 6.1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF
PRIVATE LAW FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 2 18 6.1.2 LEGAL BASIS FOR EC
INTERVENTION IN THE FIELD OF PRIVATE LAW.2 19 6.2 THE IMPACT OF EC
LEGISLATION ON THE LAW OF CONTRACT 220
6.2.1 LACK OF A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CONTRACT LAW IN EC LEGISLATION 223
6.2.2 THE EROSION OF DOMESTIC CONTRACT LAW 225
6.2.2.1 CONCEPTUAL DIVERGENCES 225
6.2.2.2 MINIMUM HARMONIZATION 227
6.2.2.3 TRANSPOSITION OF CONCEPTS 228
I) EXISTING LEGAL CONCEPTS AFFECTED BY EC LAW 229
II) NEW CONCEPTS 2 29
6.2.2.4 INTERPRETATION OF DOMESTIC CONTRACT LAW IN CONFORMITY WITH EC
LAW 2 30
6.2.2.5 LEGAL CONSTELLATIONS AND NORMATIVE CONFLICTS 2 31 6.3 THE NEED
FOR A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR EC CONTRACT LAW 233 6.3.1 REVIEW AND
RE-FORMULATION OF EXISTING EC LEGISLATION ON CONTRACT LAW 234
VN
IMAGE 7
6.3.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 2 35
CHAPTER 7 2 37
CONTRACT LAW AND THE INTERNAL MARKET 2 37
7.1 OBSTACLES TO THE COMPLETION OF THE INTERNAL MARKET CREATED BY
DISPARATE MANDATORY RULES 238
7.1.1 CONSUMER CONTRACTS 239
7.1.1.1 DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTECTION 239
7 1.1.2 THE NEED FOR A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR CONSUMER CONTRACTS 241
7.1.2 BUSINESS TO BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS 244
7.2 OBSTACLES CAUSED BY THE EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT CONTRACT LAWS 247
7.2.1 INCREASED TRANSACTION COSTS 248
7.2.2 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR 251
7.3 THE NEED FOR A COMMON LAW OF CONTRACT TO PROMOTE INTRA- COMMUNITY
TRADE 252
CHAPTER 8 254
A EUROPEAN CONTRACT CODE? 254
8.1 LEGAL BASIS FOR THE ENACTMENT OF A CONTRACT CODE 255
8.1.1 ARTICLES 94 AND 95 ECT 255
8.1.2 ARTICLES 65 AND 67 ECT 257
8.1.3 ARTICLE 308 ECT 2 58
8.1.4 ART. 293 ECT 259
8.1.5 THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY 260
8.2 POTENTIAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ENACTMENT OF A EUROPEAN CONTRACT
CODE AND ITS SCOPE 261
8.2.1 POTENTIAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 261
8.2.1.1 EC DIRECTIVE 261
8.2.1.2 REGULATION 262
8.2.1.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION 262
8.2.1.4 RECOMMENDATION 263
8.2.2 SCOPE 264
8.2.2.1 MATERIAL SCOPE 264
8.2.2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE 265
8.3 FEASIBILITY OF A COMMON LAW OF CONTRACT. 266
8.3.1 SOME PROBLEMATIC ISSUES 266
8.3.1.1. PRE-CONTRACTUAL DEALINGS 266
I) CULPA IN CONTRAHENDO 266
II) DUTY OF DISCLOSURE 267
8.3.1.2 BINDING CHARACTER OF CONTRACTS 268
8.3.1.3 CONTRACTUAL EFFECTS UPON THIRD PARTIES 269
8.3.1.4 SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 269
VM
IMAGE 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.3.1.5 THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH 2 70
8.3.2 IS THE UNIFICATION OF CONTRACT LAW FEASIBLE? 2 71
8.4 CONTRACT LAW AND CODIFICATION 2 73
8.4.1 CODIFICATION AND NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY 273
8.4.2 THE FLAWS OF CODIFICATION 2 75
8.4.2.1 SUBSTANTIVE QUALITY 2 75
8.4.2.2 KEEPING THE LAW UP-TO-DATE 2 76
8.4.2.3 THE FEATURES OF THE CODE 277
8.5 THE SOCIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS 2 78
8.5.1 CONFLICT SITUATIONS ACROSS LEGAL CULTURES 2 79
8.5.2 THE SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PRIVATE LAW 2 80
8.5.3 DO CULTURE AND SOCIOLOGY REALLY MATTER? 2 81
8.6 CONCLUSIONS 2 83
CHAPTER 9 2 85
HARMONIZATION OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW BY NON-LEGISLATIVE MEANS 2 85
9.1 THE COSTS OF LEGISLATIVE HARMONIZATION 287
9.1.1 THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY 2 87
9.1.2 NOTION OF OPTIONAL HARMONIZATION 2 88
9.2 HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW IN THE EU BY MARKET FORCES 2 88 9.2.1
COMPETITION BETWEEN LEGAL ORDERS 2 89
9.2.2 TRANSACTION COSTS AND GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES 2 93 9.2.3 CONCLUSIONS
2 97
9.3 LEGAL SCHOLARLY AND HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW IN THE EU .2 97
9.3.1 "PRIVATIZED" HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW 297
9.3.1.1 THE PAVIA GROUP ON A EUROPEAN CONTRACT CODE 2 98 9.3.1.2 THE
TRENTO COMMON CORE APPROACH TO EUROPEAN PRIVATE LAW 299
9.3.1.3 THE STUDY GROUP ON A EUROPEAN CIVIL CODE 3 01 9.3.1.4 THE
COMMISSION ON EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 3 03 9.3.1.5 RE-BIRTH OF A EUROPEAN
IUS COMMUNE 3 03
9.3.1.6 ASSESSMENT: CULTIVATORS VERSUS CODIFIERS 3 05 9.3.2 DEVELOPMENT
OF A COMMON EUROPEAN LEGAL CULTURE 3 06 9.3.2.1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A
COMMON LEGAL CULTURE AND LEGAL UNIFORMITY 306
9.3.2.2 TOWARDS A COMMON EUROPEAN LEGAL CULTURE 3 07 I) LEGAL RESEARCH 3
08
II) LEGAL EDUCATION 3 08
III) A COMMON EUROPEAN LEGAL METHOD 3 09
9.3.2.3 A COMMON LEGAL CULTURE AS INDISPENSABLE FOUNDATION FOR A
EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 3 10
9.3.3 A EUROPEAN RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACT LAW 3 11
IX
IMAGE 9
9.3.3.1 THE AMERICAN RESTATEMENTS 3 11
9.3.3.2 VIABILITY OF A EUROPEAN RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACT LAW.3 13 I) THE
USE OF COMPARATIVE MATERIAL IN EUROPEAN COURTS 3 14 II) LIMITS OF A
EUROPEAN RESTATEMENT OF CONTRACT LAW 3 16 9.3.4 A EUROPEAN UNIFORM
CONTRACT CODE 318
9.3.4.1 THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 318
9.3.4.2 A EUROPEAN UNIFORM CONTRACT CODE AS A MODEL FOR THE NATIONAL
LEGISLATOR : 3 19
9.3.4.3 A 16 TH MODEL 3 19
9.3.5 ASSESSMENT: THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN SCHOLARLY IN THE
HARMONIZATION OF CONTRACT LAW 320
9.4 TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LITIGATION IN THE
EU 321
9.4.1 CHOICE OF THE PECL AS GOVERNING LAW TO INTRA-COMMUNITY
TRANSACTIONS 321
9.4.1.1 PIL ARGUMENTS SUPPORTING AN AMENDMENT OF ART. 3.1 ROME
CONVENTION 322
I) THE POSSIBILITY OF DEPECAGE 3 22
II) THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFLICT AND SUBSTANTIVE AUTONOMY 323
III) PARAMOUNT CLAUSES 324
IV) THE SAFEGUARD OF ART. 7 ROME CONVENTION 326
9.4.1.2 OTHER REASONS FOR REVISITING ART. 3.1 ROME CONVENTION 327
9.4.1.3 THE ROME CONVENTION AFTER THE TREATY OF AMSTERDAM .3 27 9.4.1.4
FEW REMARKS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE PECL AS GOVERNING LAW 329
I) EXPRESS CHOICE OF THE PECL 3 29
II) SHOULD THE PARTIES BE ALLOWED TO REFER TO THE UP OR THE LIKE? 329
III) APPLICATION OF NATIONAL CONTRACT RULES '. 3 30
IV) COMMON RULES ON CONTRACT FORMATION 3 30
9.4.2 APPLICATION OF THE PECL IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE 3 30 9.4.3
OPENING A WINDOW TO COMMERCIAL REALITY 3 32
9.4.4 THE ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN JUDICIARY 3 33
9.4.5 A EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW DATABASE 3 35
9.4.6 ADVANTAGES OF A SUBSTANTIVE APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT
ADJUDICATION 336
9.5 CONCLUSIONS 337
CHAPTER 10 3 40
SUMMATION AND FINAL REMARKS 340
10.1 LEX MERCATORIA: ACADEMIC FANTASY OR REALITY? 340
10.1.1 LEX MERCATORIA AS APPLICABLE LAW TO CROSS-BORDER AGREEMENTS 341
IMAGE 10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10.1.2 APPLICATION OFLEX MERCATORIA ON OTHER GROUNDS 3 41 10.1.3
RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF AWARDS BASED ON LEX MERCATORIA 3 42
10.1.4 LEX MERCATORIA AS ARBITRATOR-MADE LAW 3 42
10.2 THE UP AND PECL: NEW SOURCES OFLEX MERCATORIA? 3 42 10.2.1 THE UP
AND PECL AS APPLICABLE LAW 3 43
10.2.1.1 MANDATORY RULES 3 44
10.2.1.2 GAP FILLING 3 44
10.2.2 THE PRINCIPLES AND THE NEW PARADIGM OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT LAW
345
10.3 WHY HARMONIZE CONTRACT LAW IN THE ELF? 345
10.3.1 THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING EC LEGISLATION ON CONTRACTS.3 46
10.3.2 REMOVAL OF THE OBSTACLES HINDERING THE INTERNAL MARKET 3 47
10.3.2.1 CONSUMER CONTRACTS 3 48
10.3.2.2 BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS 3 49
I) DISPARATE MANDATORY RULES 3 49
II) THE CO-EXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT CONTRACT LAWS 3 50
10.4 TO WHICH EXTENT SHOULD THE COMMUNITY INTERVENE? 351 10.4.1 CONTRACT
LAW AND BUSINESS EXPECTATIONS 3 52
10.4.2 THE SEARCH FOR LESS INTERFERING MEANS OF PROMOTING INTRA-
COMMUNITY TRADE 3 53
10.4.2.1 TOWARDS A REVISION OF THE 1980 ROME CONVENTION 3 54 10.4.2.2
CREATION OF INFORMATION CHANNELS 3 55
70.5 FINAL REMARKS 3 56
DANSK RESUME 3 57
LEX MERCATORIA 3 57
HARMONISERING AF AFTALERETTEN I EU 3 58
BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 61
TABLE OF ARBITRAL AWARDS 3 92
TABLE OF COURT DECISIONS 3 96
GLOSSARY 400
XI |
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| spellingShingle | López Rodríguez, Ana M. Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU |
| title | Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU |
| title_auth | Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU |
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| title_full | Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU Ana M. López Rodríguez |
| title_fullStr | Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU Ana M. López Rodríguez |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU Ana M. López Rodríguez |
| title_short | Lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the EU |
| title_sort | lex mercatoria and harmonization of contract law in the eu |
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