Holdings: Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world

Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world:

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Bibliographic Details
Other Authors:	Canadell, Josep G. (Editor), Pataki, Diane E. (Editor), Pitelka, Louis F. (Editor)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	[Berlin, Heidelberg, New York] Springer 2007
Series:	Global Change - The IGBP Series
Subjects:	Wasserkreislauf Umweltveränderung Klimaänderung Kohlenstoffkreislauf Terrestrisches Ökosystem Ökosystem Aufsatzsammlung
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXIV, 336 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
ISBN:	3540327290 9783540327295

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adam_text	Contents 1 Global Ecology, Networks, and Research Synthesis ........................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21st Century ...................................... 2 1.3 Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning ............................. 3 1.4 Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes ............................. 3 1.5 Managing Ecosystem Services ....................................................... 4 1.6 Regions under Stress ................................................................... 4 1.7 The Way Forward ....................................................................... 4 References ............................................................................... 5 Part A Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21 st Century .................................. 7 2 CO2 Fertilization: When, Where, How Much? .................................... 9 2.1 Carbon a Limiting Plant Resource? ................................................. 9 2.2 Long-Term Biomass Responses and Carbon Pools ............................. 10 2.2.1 Time Matters .................................................................. 10 2.2.2 Nutrients and Water Determine Biomass Responses at Elevated CO2 ................................................................ 11 2.2.3 Scaling from Growth to Carbon Pools ................................... 13 2.3 Carbon to Nutrient Ratios and Consumer Responses .......................... 13 2.3.1 The С to N Ratio Widens .................................................... 13 2.3.2 Consequences for Herbivory, Decomposition and Plant Nutrition ........................................................... 14 2.4 Plant Water Relations and Hydrological Implications .........................14 2.5 Stress Resistance under Elevated CO2 ............................................. 16 2.6 Biodiversity Effects May Outweigh Physiology Effects ........................ 16 2.6.1 Hydrology Implications of Elevated CO2 Depend on Species Abundance ........................................................... 16 2.6.2 Biodiversity Effects on Forest Carbon Stocking and Grassland Responses ................................................... 16 2.7 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................... 17 References .............................................................................. 18 3 Ecosystem Responses to Warming and Interacting Global Change Factors .........................................23 3.1 The Multiple Factor Imperative in Global Change Research ..........................................................23 3.2 Ecosystem Responses to Experimental Warming ...............................23 3.2.1 The GCTE-NEWS Synthesis .................................................24 3.2.2 The ITEX Synthesis ...........................................................25 3.2.3 The Harvard Forest Soil Warming Experiment ........................26 Contents 3.3 Temperature and C02 Interactions in Trees: the TACIT Experiment ...............................................................26 3.3.1 Experimental Design .........................................................26 3.3.2 Growth Responses ...........................................................27 3.3.3 Higher-Order Responses ....................................................28 3.3.4 TACIT Summary ..............................................................28 3.4 More Than Two Factors: the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment .....28 3.4.1 Experimental Design .........................................................28 3.4.2 Net Primary Productivity ...................................................29 3.4.3 Community Composition ..................................................29 3.4.4 JRGCE Summary ..............................................................30 3.5 Modeling Temperature, CO2 and N Interactions in Trees and Grass ........30 3.5.1 Global Change Simulations for a California Annual Grassland ........30 3.5.2 Comparing Forest and Grassland with G DAY ..........................32 3.6 Summary and Conclusions ..........................................................33 Acknowledgments .....................................................................34 References ..............................................................................34 4 Insights from Stable Isotopes on the Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Global Carbon Cycle .........................................................37 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................37 4.2 Ecosystem Carbon Cycles ............................................................37 4.3 The Global Carbon Cycle .............................................................40 4.4 Future Directions ......................................................................42 Acknowledgments .....................................................................42 In Memoriam ...........................................................................42 References ..............................................................................43 5 Effects of Urban Land-Use Change on Biogeochemical Cycles ............45 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................45 5.2 Urban Land-Use Change ..............................................................46 5.3 Urban Environmental Factors .......................................................47 5.3.1 Climate and Atmospheric Composition .................................47 5.3.2 Atmospheric and Soil Pollution ............................................49 5.3.3 Introductions of Exotic Species ............................................49 5.4 Disturbance and Management Effects .............................................50 5.4.1 Lawn and Horticultural Management ....................................50 5.4.2 Management Effort ...........................................................51 5.5 Effects of Built Environment ........................................................52 5.6 Assessing Biogeochemical Effects - the Importance of Scale ................54 5.7 Summary and Conclusions ..........................................................55 Acknowledgments .....................................................................56 References ..............................................................................56 6 Saturation of the Terrestrial Carbon Sink ......................................59 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................59 6.2 Location of the Current Terrestrial Carbon Sinks ..............................59 6.3 Dynamics of Processes that Contribute to Carbon Sink Saturation .........60 6.4 Processes Contributing to Terrestrial Carbon Sink Saturation ...............60 6.4.1 Processes Driven by Atmospheric Composition Change .............60 6.4.2 Processes Driven by Climate Change .....................................64 6.4.3 Processes Driven by Land-Use Change and Land Management .......66 6.5 _. Integration and Model Predictions ................................................71 6.6 Summary and Conclusions ..........................................................73 Acknowledgments .....................................................................74 References ..............................................................................74 Contents XI Part В Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning ..........................79 7 Functional Diversity - at the Crossroads between Ecosystem Functioning and Environmental Filters ..............81 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................81 7.2 Environmental Filters Affect FD ....................................................82 7.3 FD effects on Global Change Drivers ..............................................82 7.3.1 The Traits of the Dominants ...............................................82 7.3.2 The Role of Interactions .....................................................87 7.4 Summary and Conclusions ..........................................................89 Acknowledgments .....................................................................89 References ..............................................................................90 8 Linking Plant Invasions to Global Environmental Change ..................93 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................93 8.2 Plant Invasions and Elevated CO2 ...................................................93 8.3 Plant Invasions and Climatic Change ..............................................95 8.4 Plant Invasions and Land Eutrophication ........................................96 8.5 Plant Invasions and Changes in Land Use/Cover ................................97 8.6 Multiple Interactions ..................................................................98 8.7 Summary and Conclusions ..........................................................99 Acknowledgments .....................................................................99 References ..............................................................................99 9 Plant Biodiversity and Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide ......... 103 9.1 Ten Years of GCTE Research: Apprehending Complexity ................... 103 9.1.1 Effects of CO2 on Plant Diversity Through Alterations of the Physical Environment ............................................. 103 9.2 Temporal Variation and Response to Elevated CO2 ........................... 105 9.2.1 Reproductive and Evolutionary Aspects of the Response to Elevated CO2 105 9.2.2 Communities at Equilibrium Versus Dynamic Systems ............ 105 9.3 Biodiversity Loss and Response to Elevated CO2 .............................. 107 9.3.1 Species Diversity and Response to Elevated CO2 ..................... 107 9.3.2 Ecosystem С Fluxes in a Species-Poor World ......................... 108 9.4 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 110 References ............................................................................ Ill 10 Predicting the Ecosystem Consequences of Biodiversity Loss: the Biomerge Framework ........................................................ 113 10.1 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: a Synthesis ....................... 113 10.1.1 Why Biodiversity Matters to Global Change Ecology ............... 113 10.1.2 Linking Change in Biodiversity with Change in Ecosystem Functioning 114 10.1.3 Lessons Learned from Early Debates ................................... 114 10.1.4 What We Have Learned about the Relationship between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function ...................... 115 10.1.5 The Scientific Framework for Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning .............................................. 115 10.2 The BioMERGE Framework ....................................................... 117 10.2.1 The BioMERGE Structural Sub-Framework .......................... 117 10.2.2 The BioMERGE BEF Sub-Framework: an Expansion of the Vitousek-Hooper Framework ................. 117 10.2.3 The BioMERGE Research Implementation Sub-Framework ...... 119 10.3 Discussion: Towards a Large Scale BEF ......................................... 122 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 123 References ............................................................................ 123 XII Contents Parte Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes ........................ 127 11 Plant Species Migration as a Key Uncertainty in Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems: Progress and Challenges ........................................................... 129 ил Introduction .......................................................................... 129 11.2 Will Migration Be Necessary for Species Persistence? ....................... 130 11.2.1 Vegetation -Туре Models ................................................... 131 11.2.2 Species-Based Models ..................................................... 132 11.3 Measurements and Models of Migration Rates ................................ 133 11.4 Linking Migration and Niche Based Models ................................... 134 11.5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 135 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 135 References ............................................................................ 135 12 Understanding Global Fire Dynamics by Classifying and Comparing Spatial Models of Vegetation and Fire ............................................................ 139 12.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 139 12.2 Background ........................................................................... 140 12.3 Model Classification ................................................................ 140 12.4 Model Comparison .................................................................. 141 12.4.1 The Models ................................................................... 141 12.4.2 The Comparison Design .................................................. 143 12.5 Results and Discussion ............................................................. 144 12.5.1 Model Classification ....................................................... 144 12.5.2 Model Comparison ......................................................... 145 12.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 145 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 146 References ............................................................................ 146 13 Plant Functional Types: Are We Getting Any Closer to the Holy Grail? ............................... 149 13.1 In Search of the Holy Grail ........................................................ 149 13.2 Individual Plant Structure and Function ........................................ 149 13.3 Traits and Environmental Gradients ............................................. 152 13.3.1 Plant Functional Response to Mineral Resource Availability ............................................ 152 13.3.2 Plant Functional Response to Disturbance ............................ 152 13.3.3 Projecting Changes in Plant Functional Traits in Response to Global Change ........................................... 154 13.4 Scaling from Individual Plants to Communities: from Response Traits to Community Assembly .............................. 155 13.5 Scaling from Communities to Ecosystems: from Response Traits to Effect Traits ............................................ 156 13.6 So, Are We Getting Closer to the Holy Grail? Scaling beyond Ecosystems ....................................................... 157 13.6.1 Plant Functional Traits and Landscape Dynamics ................... 157 13.6.2 Regional to Global Models - Revisiting the Early Functional Classifications ....................... 157 13.6.3 Validation: the Contribution of Paleo-Data ........................... 158 13.7 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 159 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 159 References ............................................................................ 159 Contents XIII 14 Spatial Nonlinearities: Cascading Effects in the Earth System .......... 165 14.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 165 14.2 Conceptual Framework ............................................................ 166 14.3 Insights to Global Change Issues .................................................. 166 14.3.1 Historical Example: the Dust Bowl of the 1930s ...................... 166 14.3.2 Wildfire ....................................................................... 168 14.3.3 Invasive Species and Desertification ................................... 171 14.4 Forecasting Spatial Nonlinearities and Catastrophic Events ............... 172 14.5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 173 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 173 References ............................................................................ 173 15 Dynamic Global Vegetation Modeling: Quantifying Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Large-Scale Environmental Change ........................................ 175 15.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 175 15.2 Historical Antecedents and Development of DGVMs ....................... 175 15.2.1 Plant Geography ............................................................ 176 15.2.2 Plant Physiology and Biogeochemistry ................................ 176 15.2.3 Vegetation Dynamics ...................................................... 177 15.2.4 Biophysics ................................................................... 177 15.2.5 Human Intervention ....................................................... 178 15.3 Principles and Construction of DGVMs ........................................ 178 15.3.1 Model Architecture ........................................................ 178 15.3.2 Net Primary Production ................................................... 179 15.3.3 Plant Growth and Vegetation Dynamics ............................... 179 15.3.4 Hydrology .................................................................... 180 15.3.5 Soil Organic Matter Transformations .................................. 180 15.3.6 Nitrogen (N) Cycling ....................................................... 180 15.3.7 Disturbance .................................................................. 180 15.4 Evaluating DGVMS .................................................................. 181 15.4.1 Net Primary Production ................................................... 181 15.4.2 Remotely Sensed Greenness and Vegetation Composition ...... 181 15.4.3 Atmospheric CO2 Concentration ........................................ 181 15.4.4 Runoff ......................................................................... 182 15.4.5 CO2 and Water Flux Measurements ..................................... 182 15.5 Examples of Applications of DGVMS ........................................... 182 15.5.1 Holocene Changes in Atmospheric CO2 ............................... 182 15.5.2 Boreal Greening and the Contemporary Carbon Balance ....... 182 15.5.3 The Pinatubo Effect ........................................................ 183 15.5.4 Future Carbon Balance Projections ..................................... 183 15.5.5 Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to Future Climate Change ................ 183 15.5.6 Effects of Land-Use Change on the Carbon Cycle .................... 185 15.6 Some Perspectives and Research Needs ........................................ 185 15.6.1 Comparison with Field Experiments ................................... 185 15.6.2 Plant Functional Types .................................................... 185 15.6.3 The Nitrogen Cycle ......................................................... 185 15.6.4 Plant Dispersal and Migration ........................................... 186 15.6.5 Wetlands ...................................................................... 186 15.6.6 Multiple Nutrient Limitations ........................................... 186 15.6.7 Agriculture and Forestry .................................................. 186 15.6.8 Grazers and Pests ........................................................... 186 15.6.9 Biogenic Emissions of Trace Gases and Aerosol Precursors ...... 187 15.7 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 187 References ............................................................................ 187 XIV Contents Part D Managing Ecosystem Services .................................................. 193 16 Wheat Production Systems and Global Climate Change ................. 195 16.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 195 16.2 Global Atmospheric Change, Climate and Yields .............................. 197 16.3 Impacts on Wheat Productivity .................................................. 199 16.4 Addressing the Yield Gap .......................................................... 200 16.5 The Protein Gap ..................................................................... 200 16.6 The Rice-Wheat System ............................................................ 201 16.7 The Effect of Climate Change on the Rice-Wheat System ................... 202 16.8 The Contribution of the Rice-Wheat System to Climate Change .......... 202 16.9 Carbon Dioxide ...................................................................... 203 16.10 Methane ............................................................................... 203 16.11 Nitrous Oxide ........................................................................ 204 16.12 Comparative Greenhouse Gas Budgets for Rice-Wheat Farming Systems ................................................ 204 16.13 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 207 References ............................................................................ 208 17 Pests Under Global Change - Meeting Your Future Landlords? ........ 211 17.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 211 17.2 Methods ............................................................................... 211 17.2.1 IPCC Processes .............................................................. 211 17.2.2 Monitoring, Benchmarks and Indicators for Measuring Impacts ... 212 17.2.3 Estimating Impacts ......................................................... 213 17.3 Impacts ................................................................................ 216 17.3.1 Atmospheric CO2 and Climate ........................................... 216 17.3.2 Land Use, Land Cover and Biodiversity ................................ 219 17.3.3 Trade and Travel ............................................................ 219 17.4 Adaptation ............................................................................ 220 17.4.1 Natural Adaptations ........................................................ 220 17.4.2 Adaptive Management Options .......................................... 220 17.4.3 Adaptation of Control Measures in Response to Global Change .... 221 17.4.4 Threats to Sustainability of Adaptation Options ..................... 221 17.5 Vulnerability .......................................................................... 222 17.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 222 References ............................................................................ 223 18 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in Agricultural Soils ............... 227 18.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 227 18.1.1 Soil Carbon and Carbon Dioxide ........................................ 227 18.1.2 Trade-Offs between GHGs in Agriculture ............................. 227 18.2 What Is Meant by GHG Mitigation Potential? ................................. 229 18.3 Regional Case Studies ............................................................... 230 18.3.1 Sustainable Soil Management in the Moscow Region to Enhance Soil Carbon .................................................... 230 18.3.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential in the US ........................ 231 18.4 Carbon Sequestration in the Future ............................................. 232 18.5 Win-Win Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Agricultural Soils ................................................................. 232 18.6 Future Challenges .................................................................... 233 18.6.1 Improving Carbon Sequestration ....................................... 233 18.6.2 Monitoring Soil Carbon Sequestration ................................. 233 18.7 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 234 References ............................................................................ 235 Contents XV 19 Carbon and Water Tradeoffs ¡η Conversions to Forests and Shrublands ................................... 237 19.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 237 19.2 Afforestation ......................................................................... 237 19.2.1 Afforestation: Carbon Storage Potential ............................... 237 19.2.2 Afforestation: Evapotranspiration and Water Yield ................. 238 19.2.3 Afforestation: Potential Atmospheric Feedbacks .................... 239 19.3 Woody Encroachment and Agriculture ......................................... 240 19.3.1 Grassland Conversions with Woody Plant Encroachment and Agriculture ............................................................. 240 19.3.2 Processes Controlling Soil С Storage: Grassland Vs. Woodland ................................................... 241 19.3.3 Uncertainties in Water and Carbon Balances with Woody Plant Encroachment ....................................... 242 19.4 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 243 References ............................................................................ 244 20 Natural and Human Dimensions of Land Degradation in Drylands: Causes and Consequences ....................................................... 247 20.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 247 20.2 Drylands, Desertification, Drivers, and Scales .................................. 247 20.2.1 Distribution of People and Land-Cover Types ....................... 247 20.2.2 Defining Land Degradation and Desertification ..................... 248 20.2.3 What Drives Land Degradation and Desertification? ............... 249 20.2.4 Estimating the Extent of Desertification ............................... 249 20.2.5 Consequences of Desertification ........................................ 250 20.2.6 Scale and Hierarchy ........................................................ 251 20.3 Joint GCTE-LUCC Desertification Initiative ................................... 252 20.3.1 Dahlem Desertification Paradigm ...................................... 252 20.3.2 Initiatives to Test the Dahlem Desertification Paradigm ........... 253 20.4 Management of Desertified Drylands ........................................... 254 20.4.1 Avoidance .................................................................... 254 20.4.2 Monitoring ................................................................... 254 20.4.3 Restoration ................................................................... 254 20.5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 255 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 255 References ............................................................................ 255 Part E Regions under Stress ............................................................... 259 21 Southeast Asian Fire Regimes and Land Development Policy .......... 261 21.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 261 21.2 Underlying Causes of Land Fires ................................................. 262 21.2.1 Explaining Fire Occurrence .............................................. 262 21.2.2 Land Development Policies ............................................... 262 21.2.3 Land Management Practices ............................................. 263 21.2.4 Property Rights and Conflicts ............................................ 265 21.3 Landscape, Regional and Global Interactions .................................. 265 21.3.1 Ecosystem Dynamics ...................................................... 265 21.3.2 Regional Haze Episodes ................................................... 266 21.3.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................... 266 21.3.4 Interactions with Climate Variability and Change ................... 267 21.4 Human Well-Being .................................................................. 267 21.4.1 Economic and Health Impacts ........................................... 267 21.4.2 Livelihoods ................................................................... 267 XVI Contents 21.5 Informed Decision-Making and Better Governance ......................... 268 21.5.1 Role of Expertise ............................................................ 268 21.5.2 Regional Cooperation ..................................................... 269 21.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 269 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 270 References ............................................................................ 270 22 Global Change Impacts on Agroecosystems of Eastern China .......... 273 22.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 273 22.2 Chinese Terrestrial Transects ..................................................... 274 22.3 Physiological and Plant Responses to Multiple Global Change Forcing .. 275 22.4 Productivity and Its Responses to Global Change ............................. 276 22.5 Carbon Budget and Its Responses to Global Change ......................... 278 22.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 282 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 282 References ............................................................................ 282 23 Terrestrial Ecosystems in Monsoon Asia: Scaling up from Shoot Module to Watershed ............................... 285 23.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 285 23.2 Responses of Plant Communities to the Global Change: Scaling from Leaf to Landscape Through Individual Plant .................. 285 23.2.1 Competition among Individual Plants in Even-Aged Monospecific Stands at Elevated CO2 ................. 286 23.2.2 Shoot-Module-Based Simulator As a Tool of Individual Tree Response .............................................. 288 23.2.3 Modeling the Shift of Forest Zonation ................................. 289 23.3 Carbon Budget at the Forest Watershed Scale ................................. 289 23.3.1 Carbon Exchange between Atmosphere-Forest-Stream Boundaries . 290 23.3.2 Transport of Dissolved Organic Carbon Associated with Dissolved Nitrogen from Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems ...... 290 23.3.3 Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon at the Interface of Stream and Lake Ecosystems ......................................... 291 23.4 Carbon Budget and Functions of the Lake Biwa Ecosystem ................ 292 23.4.1 Carbon Budget in the Lake ............................................... 292 23.4.2 Metabolism in the Lake Sediments ..................................... 293 23.4.3 Terrestrial Environment and Function of Lake Ecosystems ....... 293 23.5 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 294 References ............................................................................ 294 24 Responses of High Latitude Ecosystems to Global Change: Potential Consequences for the Climate System ........................... 297 24.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 297 24.2 Recent Changes in Climate, Disturbance Regimes, and Land Cover ...... 297 24.3 Responses of Radiatively Active Gases .......................................... 300 24.3.1 General Issues ............................................................... 300 24.3.2 Responses of CO2 Exchange to Climatic Change ..................... 300 24.3.3 Responses of CH4 Exchange to Climatic Change ..................... 302 24.3.4 Responses to Changes in Disturbance and Land Cover ............. 303 24.4 Responses of Water and Energy Exchange ...................................... 304 24.4.1 General Issues ............................................................... 304 24.4.2 Responses to Changes in Climate, Disturbance, and Land Cover .... 304 24.5 Delivery of Freshwater to the Arctic Ocean .................................... 305 24.5.1 General Issues ............................................................... 305 24.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 305 References ............................................................................ 306 Contents XVII Part F Future Directions: the Global Land Project .................................. 311 25 The Future Research Challenge: the Global Land Project ................ 313 25.1 Introduction .......................................................................... 313 25.2 Research Objectives ................................................................. 314 25.3 Emergent Concepts ................................................................. 315 25.3.1 Land-Use Decision Making and Adaptive Management ............ 315 25.3.2 Ecosystem Services ......................................................... 316 25.3.3 Vulnerability and Sustainability Science ............................... 316 25.4 Research Framework ............................................................... 317 25.4.1 Theme 1: Dynamics of Land System .................................... 317 25.4.2 Theme 2: Consequences of Land-System Change .................... 318 25.4.3 Theme 3: Integrating Analysis and Modeling for Land Sustainability .................................................... 318 25.5 Implementation Strategy ........................................................... 319 25.6 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................ 320 References ............................................................................ 321 Index ................................................................................... 323
adam_txt	Contents 1 Global Ecology, Networks, and Research Synthesis . 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21st Century . 2 1.3 Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning . 3 1.4 Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes . 3 1.5 Managing Ecosystem Services . 4 1.6 Regions under Stress . 4 1.7 The Way Forward . 4 References . 5 Part A Carbon and Water Cycles in the 21 st Century . 7 2 CO2 Fertilization: When, Where, How Much? . 9 2.1 Carbon a Limiting Plant Resource? . 9 2.2 Long-Term Biomass Responses and Carbon Pools . 10 2.2.1 Time Matters . 10 2.2.2 Nutrients and Water Determine Biomass Responses at Elevated CO2 . 11 2.2.3 Scaling from Growth to Carbon Pools . 13 2.3 Carbon to Nutrient Ratios and Consumer Responses . 13 2.3.1 The С to N Ratio Widens . 13 2.3.2 Consequences for Herbivory, Decomposition and Plant Nutrition . 14 2.4 Plant Water Relations and Hydrological Implications .14 2.5 Stress Resistance under Elevated CO2 . 16 2.6 Biodiversity Effects May Outweigh Physiology Effects . 16 2.6.1 Hydrology Implications of Elevated CO2 Depend on Species Abundance . 16 2.6.2 Biodiversity Effects on Forest Carbon Stocking and Grassland Responses . 16 2.7 Summary and Conclusions . 17 References . 18 3 Ecosystem Responses to Warming and Interacting Global Change Factors .23 3.1 The Multiple Factor Imperative in Global Change Research .23 3.2 Ecosystem Responses to Experimental Warming .23 3.2.1 The GCTE-NEWS Synthesis .24 3.2.2 The ITEX Synthesis .25 3.2.3 The Harvard Forest Soil Warming Experiment .26 Contents 3.3 Temperature and C02 Interactions in Trees: the TACIT Experiment .26 3.3.1 Experimental Design .26 3.3.2 Growth Responses .27 3.3.3 Higher-Order Responses .28 3.3.4 TACIT Summary .28 3.4 More Than Two Factors: the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment .28 3.4.1 Experimental Design .28 3.4.2 Net Primary Productivity .29 3.4.3 Community Composition .29 3.4.4 JRGCE Summary .30 3.5 Modeling Temperature, CO2 and N Interactions in Trees and Grass .30 3.5.1 Global Change Simulations for a California Annual Grassland .30 3.5.2 Comparing Forest and Grassland with G'DAY .32 3.6 Summary and Conclusions .33 Acknowledgments .34 References .34 4 Insights from Stable Isotopes on the Role of Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Global Carbon Cycle .37 4.1 Introduction .37 4.2 Ecosystem Carbon Cycles .37 4.3 The Global Carbon Cycle .40 4.4 Future Directions .42 Acknowledgments .42 In Memoriam .42 References .43 5 Effects of Urban Land-Use Change on Biogeochemical Cycles .45 5.1 Introduction .45 5.2 Urban Land-Use Change .46 5.3 Urban Environmental Factors .47 5.3.1 Climate and Atmospheric Composition .47 5.3.2 Atmospheric and Soil Pollution .49 5.3.3 Introductions of Exotic Species .49 5.4 Disturbance and Management Effects .50 5.4.1 Lawn and Horticultural Management .50 5.4.2 Management Effort .51 5.5 Effects of Built Environment .52 5.6 Assessing Biogeochemical Effects - the Importance of Scale .54 5.7 Summary and Conclusions .55 Acknowledgments .56 References .56 6 Saturation of the Terrestrial Carbon Sink .59 6.1 Introduction .59 6.2 Location of the Current Terrestrial Carbon Sinks .59 6.3 Dynamics of Processes that Contribute to Carbon Sink Saturation .60 6.4 Processes Contributing to Terrestrial Carbon Sink Saturation .60 6.4.1 Processes Driven by Atmospheric Composition Change .60 6.4.2 Processes Driven by Climate Change .64 6.4.3 Processes Driven by Land-Use Change and Land Management .66 6.5 _. Integration and Model Predictions .71 6.6 Summary and Conclusions .73 Acknowledgments .74 References .74 Contents XI Part В Changing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning .79 7 Functional Diversity - at the Crossroads between Ecosystem Functioning and Environmental Filters .81 7.1 Introduction .81 7.2 Environmental Filters Affect FD .82 7.3 FD effects on Global Change Drivers .82 7.3.1 The Traits of the Dominants .82 7.3.2 The Role of Interactions .87 7.4 Summary and Conclusions .89 Acknowledgments .89 References .90 8 Linking Plant Invasions to Global Environmental Change .93 8.1 Introduction .93 8.2 Plant Invasions and Elevated CO2 .93 8.3 Plant Invasions and Climatic Change .95 8.4 Plant Invasions and Land Eutrophication .96 8.5 Plant Invasions and Changes in Land Use/Cover .97 8.6 Multiple Interactions .98 8.7 Summary and Conclusions .99 Acknowledgments .99 References .99 9 Plant Biodiversity and Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide . 103 9.1 Ten Years of GCTE Research: Apprehending Complexity . 103 9.1.1 Effects of CO2 on Plant Diversity Through Alterations of the Physical Environment . 103 9.2 Temporal Variation and Response to Elevated CO2 . 105 9.2.1 Reproductive and Evolutionary Aspects of the Response to Elevated CO2 105 9.2.2 Communities at Equilibrium Versus Dynamic Systems . 105 9.3 Biodiversity Loss and Response to Elevated CO2 . 107 9.3.1 Species Diversity and Response to Elevated CO2 . 107 9.3.2 Ecosystem С Fluxes in a Species-Poor World . 108 9.4 Summary and Conclusions . 110 References . Ill 10 Predicting the Ecosystem Consequences of Biodiversity Loss: the Biomerge Framework . 113 10.1 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: a Synthesis . 113 10.1.1 Why Biodiversity Matters to Global Change Ecology . 113 10.1.2 Linking Change in Biodiversity with Change in Ecosystem Functioning 114 10.1.3 Lessons Learned from Early Debates . 114 10.1.4 What We Have Learned about the Relationship between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function . 115 10.1.5 The Scientific Framework for Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning . 115 10.2 The BioMERGE Framework . 117 10.2.1 The BioMERGE Structural Sub-Framework . 117 10.2.2 The BioMERGE BEF Sub-Framework: an Expansion of the Vitousek-Hooper Framework . 117 10.2.3 The BioMERGE Research Implementation Sub-Framework . 119 10.3 Discussion: Towards a Large Scale BEF . 122 Acknowledgments . 123 References . 123 XII Contents Parte Landscapes under Changing Disturbance Regimes . 127 11 Plant Species Migration as a Key Uncertainty in Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems: Progress and Challenges . 129 ил Introduction . 129 11.2 Will Migration Be Necessary for Species Persistence? . 130 11.2.1 Vegetation -Туре Models . 131 11.2.2 Species-Based Models . 132 11.3 Measurements and Models of Migration Rates . 133 11.4 Linking Migration and Niche Based Models . 134 11.5 Summary and Conclusions . 135 Acknowledgments . 135 References . 135 12 Understanding Global Fire Dynamics by Classifying and Comparing Spatial Models of Vegetation and Fire . 139 12.1 Introduction . 139 12.2 Background . 140 12.3 Model Classification . 140 12.4 Model Comparison . 141 12.4.1 The Models . 141 12.4.2 The Comparison Design . 143 12.5 Results and Discussion . 144 12.5.1 Model Classification . 144 12.5.2 Model Comparison . 145 12.6 Summary and Conclusions . 145 Acknowledgments . 146 References . 146 13 Plant Functional Types: Are We Getting Any Closer to the Holy Grail? . 149 13.1 In Search of the Holy Grail . 149 13.2 Individual Plant Structure and Function . 149 13.3 Traits and Environmental Gradients . 152 13.3.1 Plant Functional Response to Mineral Resource Availability . 152 13.3.2 Plant Functional Response to Disturbance . 152 13.3.3 Projecting Changes in Plant Functional Traits in Response to Global Change . 154 13.4 Scaling from Individual Plants to Communities: from Response Traits to Community Assembly . 155 13.5 Scaling from Communities to Ecosystems: from Response Traits to Effect Traits . 156 13.6 So, Are We Getting Closer to the Holy Grail? Scaling beyond Ecosystems . 157 13.6.1 Plant Functional Traits and Landscape Dynamics . 157 13.6.2 Regional to Global Models - Revisiting the Early Functional Classifications . 157 13.6.3 Validation: the Contribution of Paleo-Data . 158 13.7 Summary and Conclusions . 159 Acknowledgments . 159 References . 159 Contents XIII 14 Spatial Nonlinearities: Cascading Effects in the Earth System . 165 14.1 Introduction . 165 14.2 Conceptual Framework . 166 14.3 Insights to Global Change Issues . 166 14.3.1 Historical Example: the Dust Bowl of the 1930s . 166 14.3.2 Wildfire . 168 14.3.3 Invasive Species and Desertification . 171 14.4 Forecasting Spatial Nonlinearities and Catastrophic Events . 172 14.5 Summary and Conclusions . 173 Acknowledgments . 173 References . 173 15 Dynamic Global Vegetation Modeling: Quantifying Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Large-Scale Environmental Change . 175 15.1 Introduction . 175 15.2 Historical Antecedents and Development of DGVMs . 175 15.2.1 Plant Geography . 176 15.2.2 Plant Physiology and Biogeochemistry . 176 15.2.3 Vegetation Dynamics . 177 15.2.4 Biophysics . 177 15.2.5 Human Intervention . 178 15.3 Principles and Construction of DGVMs . 178 15.3.1 Model Architecture . 178 15.3.2 Net Primary Production . 179 15.3.3 Plant Growth and Vegetation Dynamics . 179 15.3.4 Hydrology . 180 15.3.5 Soil Organic Matter Transformations . 180 15.3.6 Nitrogen (N) Cycling . 180 15.3.7 Disturbance . 180 15.4 Evaluating DGVMS . 181 15.4.1 Net Primary Production . 181 15.4.2 Remotely Sensed "Greenness" and Vegetation Composition . 181 15.4.3 Atmospheric CO2 Concentration . 181 15.4.4 Runoff . 182 15.4.5 CO2 and Water Flux Measurements . 182 15.5 Examples of Applications of DGVMS . 182 15.5.1 Holocene Changes in Atmospheric CO2 . 182 15.5.2 Boreal "Greening" and the Contemporary Carbon Balance . 182 15.5.3 The Pinatubo Effect . 183 15.5.4 Future Carbon Balance Projections . 183 15.5.5 Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks to Future Climate Change . 183 15.5.6 Effects of Land-Use Change on the Carbon Cycle . 185 15.6 Some Perspectives and Research Needs . 185 15.6.1 Comparison with Field Experiments . 185 15.6.2 Plant Functional Types . 185 15.6.3 The Nitrogen Cycle . 185 15.6.4 Plant Dispersal and Migration . 186 15.6.5 Wetlands . 186 15.6.6 Multiple Nutrient Limitations . 186 15.6.7 Agriculture and Forestry . 186 15.6.8 Grazers and Pests . 186 15.6.9 Biogenic Emissions of Trace Gases and Aerosol Precursors . 187 15.7 Summary and Conclusions . 187 References . 187 XIV Contents Part D Managing Ecosystem Services . 193 16 Wheat Production Systems and Global Climate Change . 195 16.1 Introduction . 195 16.2 Global Atmospheric Change, Climate and Yields . 197 16.3 Impacts on Wheat Productivity . 199 16.4 Addressing the Yield Gap . 200 16.5 The Protein Gap . 200 16.6 The Rice-Wheat System . 201 16.7 The Effect of Climate Change on the Rice-Wheat System . 202 16.8 The Contribution of the Rice-Wheat System to Climate Change . 202 16.9 Carbon Dioxide . 203 16.10 Methane . 203 16.11 Nitrous Oxide . 204 16.12 Comparative Greenhouse Gas Budgets for Rice-Wheat Farming Systems . 204 16.13 Summary and Conclusions . 207 References . 208 17 Pests Under Global Change - Meeting Your Future Landlords? . 211 17.1 Introduction . 211 17.2 Methods . 211 17.2.1 IPCC Processes . 211 17.2.2 Monitoring, Benchmarks and Indicators for Measuring Impacts . 212 17.2.3 Estimating Impacts . 213 17.3 Impacts . 216 17.3.1 Atmospheric CO2 and Climate . 216 17.3.2 Land Use, Land Cover and Biodiversity . 219 17.3.3 Trade and Travel . 219 17.4 Adaptation . 220 17.4.1 Natural Adaptations . 220 17.4.2 Adaptive Management Options . 220 17.4.3 Adaptation of Control Measures in Response to Global Change . 221 17.4.4 Threats to Sustainability of Adaptation Options . 221 17.5 Vulnerability . 222 17.6 Summary and Conclusions . 222 References . 223 18 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in Agricultural Soils . 227 18.1 Introduction . 227 18.1.1 Soil Carbon and Carbon Dioxide . 227 18.1.2 Trade-Offs between GHGs in Agriculture . 227 18.2 What Is Meant by GHG Mitigation Potential? . 229 18.3 Regional Case Studies . 230 18.3.1 Sustainable Soil Management in the Moscow Region to Enhance Soil Carbon . 230 18.3.2 Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential in the US . 231 18.4 Carbon Sequestration in the Future . 232 18.5 Win-Win Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation by Agricultural Soils . 232 18.6 Future Challenges . 233 18.6.1 Improving Carbon Sequestration . 233 18.6.2 Monitoring Soil Carbon Sequestration . 233 18.7 Summary and Conclusions . 234 References . 235 Contents XV 19 Carbon and Water Tradeoffs ¡η Conversions to Forests and Shrublands . 237 19.1 Introduction . 237 19.2 Afforestation . 237 19.2.1 Afforestation: Carbon Storage Potential . 237 19.2.2 Afforestation: Evapotranspiration and Water Yield . 238 19.2.3 Afforestation: Potential Atmospheric Feedbacks . 239 19.3 Woody Encroachment and Agriculture . 240 19.3.1 Grassland Conversions with Woody Plant Encroachment and Agriculture . 240 19.3.2 Processes Controlling Soil С Storage: Grassland Vs. Woodland . 241 19.3.3 Uncertainties in Water and Carbon Balances with Woody Plant Encroachment . 242 19.4 Summary and Conclusions . 243 References . 244 20 Natural and Human Dimensions of Land Degradation in Drylands: Causes and Consequences . 247 20.1 Introduction . 247 20.2 Drylands, Desertification, Drivers, and Scales . 247 20.2.1 Distribution of People and Land-Cover Types . 247 20.2.2 Defining Land Degradation and Desertification . 248 20.2.3 What Drives Land Degradation and Desertification? . 249 20.2.4 Estimating the Extent of Desertification . 249 20.2.5 Consequences of Desertification . 250 20.2.6 Scale and Hierarchy . 251 20.3 Joint GCTE-LUCC Desertification Initiative . 252 20.3.1 Dahlem Desertification Paradigm . 252 20.3.2 Initiatives to Test the Dahlem Desertification Paradigm . 253 20.4 Management of Desertified Drylands . 254 20.4.1 Avoidance . 254 20.4.2 Monitoring . 254 20.4.3 Restoration . 254 20.5 Summary and Conclusions . 255 Acknowledgments . 255 References . 255 Part E Regions under Stress . 259 21 Southeast Asian Fire Regimes and Land Development Policy . 261 21.1 Introduction . 261 21.2 Underlying Causes of Land Fires . 262 21.2.1 Explaining Fire Occurrence . 262 21.2.2 Land Development Policies . 262 21.2.3 Land Management Practices . 263 21.2.4 Property Rights and Conflicts . 265 21.3 Landscape, Regional and Global Interactions . 265 21.3.1 Ecosystem Dynamics . 265 21.3.2 Regional Haze Episodes . 266 21.3.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions . 266 21.3.4 Interactions with Climate Variability and Change . 267 21.4 Human Well-Being . 267 21.4.1 Economic and Health Impacts . 267 21.4.2 Livelihoods . 267 XVI Contents 21.5 Informed Decision-Making and Better Governance . 268 21.5.1 Role of Expertise . 268 21.5.2 Regional Cooperation . 269 21.6 Summary and Conclusions . 269 Acknowledgments . 270 References . 270 22 Global Change Impacts on Agroecosystems of Eastern China . 273 22.1 Introduction . 273 22.2 Chinese Terrestrial Transects . 274 22.3 Physiological and Plant Responses to Multiple Global Change Forcing . 275 22.4 Productivity and Its Responses to Global Change . 276 22.5 Carbon Budget and Its Responses to Global Change . 278 22.6 Summary and Conclusions . 282 Acknowledgments . 282 References . 282 23 Terrestrial Ecosystems in Monsoon Asia: Scaling up from Shoot Module to Watershed . 285 23.1 Introduction . 285 23.2 Responses of Plant Communities to the Global Change: Scaling from Leaf to Landscape Through Individual Plant . 285 23.2.1 Competition among Individual Plants in Even-Aged Monospecific Stands at Elevated CO2 . 286 23.2.2 Shoot-Module-Based Simulator As a Tool of Individual Tree Response . 288 23.2.3 Modeling the Shift of Forest Zonation . 289 23.3 Carbon Budget at the Forest Watershed Scale . 289 23.3.1 Carbon Exchange between Atmosphere-Forest-Stream Boundaries . 290 23.3.2 Transport of Dissolved Organic Carbon Associated with Dissolved Nitrogen from Terrestrial to Aquatic Ecosystems . 290 23.3.3 Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Carbon at the Interface of Stream and Lake Ecosystems . 291 23.4 Carbon Budget and Functions of the Lake Biwa Ecosystem . 292 23.4.1 Carbon Budget in the Lake . 292 23.4.2 Metabolism in the Lake Sediments . 293 23.4.3 Terrestrial Environment and Function of Lake Ecosystems . 293 23.5 Summary and Conclusions . 294 References . 294 24 Responses of High Latitude Ecosystems to Global Change: Potential Consequences for the Climate System . 297 24.1 Introduction . 297 24.2 Recent Changes in Climate, Disturbance Regimes, and Land Cover . 297 24.3 Responses of Radiatively Active Gases . 300 24.3.1 General Issues . 300 24.3.2 Responses of CO2 Exchange to Climatic Change . 300 24.3.3 Responses of CH4 Exchange to Climatic Change . 302 24.3.4 Responses to Changes in Disturbance and Land Cover . 303 24.4 Responses of Water and Energy Exchange . 304 24.4.1 General Issues . 304 24.4.2 Responses to Changes in Climate, Disturbance, and Land Cover . 304 24.5 Delivery of Freshwater to the Arctic Ocean . 305 24.5.1 General Issues . 305 24.6 Summary and Conclusions . 305 References . 306 Contents XVII Part F Future Directions: the Global Land Project . 311 25 The Future Research Challenge: the Global Land Project . 313 25.1 Introduction . 313 25.2 Research Objectives . 314 25.3 Emergent Concepts . 315 25.3.1 Land-Use Decision Making and Adaptive Management . 315 25.3.2 Ecosystem Services . 316 25.3.3 Vulnerability and Sustainability Science . 316 25.4 Research Framework . 317 25.4.1 Theme 1: Dynamics of Land System . 317 25.4.2 Theme 2: Consequences of Land-System Change . 318 25.4.3 Theme 3: Integrating Analysis and Modeling for Land Sustainability . 318 25.5 Implementation Strategy . 319 25.6 Summary and Conclusions . 320 References . 321 Index . 323
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genre	(DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content
genre_facet	Aufsatzsammlung
id	DE-604.BV021557638
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T14:33:39Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T20:38:35Z
institution	BVB
isbn	3540327290 9783540327295
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014773631
oclc_num	615332507
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-384 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-703 DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-83 DE-11 DE-188
owner_facet	DE-384 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-703 DE-12 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-83 DE-11 DE-188
physical	XXIV, 336 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
publishDate	2007
publishDateSearch	2007
publishDateSort	2007
publisher	Springer
record_format	marc
series2	Global Change - The IGBP Series
spelling	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world Josep G. Canadell, Diane E. Pataki, Louis F. Pitelka (Eds.) [Berlin, Heidelberg, New York] Springer 2007 XXIV, 336 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Global Change - The IGBP Series Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 gnd rswk-swf Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd rswk-swf Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 s Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 s DE-604 Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 s Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 s b DE-604 Canadell, Josep G. edt Pataki, Diane E. edt Pitelka, Louis F. edt Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014773631&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 gnd Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4189218-5 (DE-588)4304982-5 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4164552-2 (DE-588)4309007-2 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4143413-4
title	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world
title_auth	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world
title_exact_search	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world
title_exact_search_txtP	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world
title_full	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world Josep G. Canadell, Diane E. Pataki, Louis F. Pitelka (Eds.)
title_fullStr	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world Josep G. Canadell, Diane E. Pataki, Louis F. Pitelka (Eds.)
title_full_unstemmed	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world Josep G. Canadell, Diane E. Pataki, Louis F. Pitelka (Eds.)
title_short	Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world
title_sort	terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world
topic	Wasserkreislauf (DE-588)4189218-5 gnd Umweltveränderung (DE-588)4304982-5 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Kohlenstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4164552-2 gnd Terrestrisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4309007-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd
topic_facet	Wasserkreislauf Umweltveränderung Klimaänderung Kohlenstoffkreislauf Terrestrisches Ökosystem Ökosystem Aufsatzsammlung
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014773631&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT canadelljosepg terrestrialecosystemsinachangingworld AT patakidianee terrestrialecosystemsinachangingworld AT pitelkalouisf terrestrialecosystemsinachangingworld

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