Markedness and language change: the Romani sample
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Mouton de Gruyter
2006
|
| Series: | Empirical approaches to language typology
32 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 475 S. Kt. |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Elšík, Viktor |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Markedness and language change |b the Romani sample |c by Viktor Elšík ; Yaron Matras |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Mouton de Gruyter |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 475 S. |b Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Empirical approaches to language typology |v 32 | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Gemarkeerdheid (taalkunde) |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marque (Linguistique) | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Taalverandering |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tsigane (Langue) - Dialectes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tsigane (Langue) - Marque | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Zigeunertalen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Romani language |x Markedness | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Romani language |x Dialects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Markedness (Linguistics) | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Markiertheit |0 (DE-588)4168917-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Romani |g Sprache |0 (DE-588)4129847-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Markiertheit |0 (DE-588)4168917-3 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Matras, Yaron |d 1963- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)111443431 |4 oth | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Empirical approaches to language typology |v 32 |w (DE-604)BV000707931 |9 32 | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip065/2005036353.html |3 Table of contents | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014767675&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1805069292146786304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
Acknowledgements
.
vii
Tables
.xvi
Illustrations
.xxi
Abbreviations
.xxii
Chapter
1.
Introduction: Markedness and asymmetry in language.
. 1
Chapter2. The Markedness Hypothesis
.7
2.1.
Concepts of markedness
.7
2.1.1.
The structuralist/semiotic approach
.7
2.1.2.
The generative approach
.9
2.1.3.
The typological approach
.10
2.1.4.
The naturalness approach
.13
2.2.
Markedness criteria
.15
2.2.1.
Frequency
.15
2.2.2.
Conceptual complexity
.17
2.2.3.
Structural complexity
.18
2.2.4.
Distribution
.19
2.2.5.
System-dependent criteria
.20
2.2.6.
External criteria
.22
2.3.
Markedness and language change
.22
2.3.1.
The markedness reduction hypothesis
.22
2.3.2.
Typeofchange
.23
2.3.3.
Markedness and language contact
.25
Chapter
3.
Toward a communication-based model of asymmetry
in language
.28
3.1.
Factors involved in the formation of asymmetry
.28
3.2.
Application of the model
.32
3.3.
Criteria for asymmetry
.35
3.3.1.
Complexity
.36
3.3.2.
Erosion
.36
3.3.3.
Differentiation
.37
3.3.4.
Extension
.38
3.3.5.
Extra-categorial distribution
.39
χ
Contents
3.3.6. Exposition.40
3.3.7.
Borrowing
.41
3.3.8.
Interaal
diversity
.43
3.3.9.
Criteria
not included in this study
.43
3.4.
Factors motivating asymmetry
.44
3.4.1.
Topical saliency
.45
3.4.2.
Transparency
.45
3.4.3.
Discourse accessibility
.46
3.4.4.
Egocentricity
.46
3.4.5.
Relevance
.46
3.5.
Concluding remarks
.47
Chapter
4.
The sample: Methodological considerations
.48
4.1.
Sampling in a typological context
.48
4.2.
Dialect sampling in
Romani
.50
4.2.1.
The usefulness of dialect samples
.50
4.2.2.
The challenge of
Romani
.52
4.2.3.
Romani
dialectology
.55
4.3.
Putting typology to work in a dialect sample:
Tne Romani
Morphosyntactic Database (RMS)
.58
4.3.1.
The database tools
.58
4.3.2.
Function to form, form to function
.60
4.3.3.
Data collection procedures
.63
4.4.
Summary: Features and problems of the sample
.65
Chaptero. Early
Romani
.68
5.1.
Lexicon
.69
5.2.
The sound system
.70
5.3.
Nominais
.71
5.3.1.
Case marking and declension classes
.71
5.3.2.
Adjectival modifiers
.73
5.3.3.
Demonstratives and related forms
.75
5.3.4.
Personal pronouns
.76
5.3.5. Interrogatives.77
5.3.6.
Indefinites
.77
5.4.
Verbs
.78
5.4.1.
Valency and loan verb integration
.78
5.4.2.
Inflection classes
.80
Contents xi
5.4.3.
Concord
markers
.81
5.4.4.
Tense,
aspect
and modality
.82
5.5.
Other categories
.83
5.5.1.
Local adverbs
.83
5.5.2.
Prepositions
.83
5.6.
Syntax
.84
Chapter
6.
Number
.85
6.1.
Complexity
.85
6.2.
Erosion
.88
6.3.
Differentiation
.89
6.4.
Extension
.97
6.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.99
6.6.
Exposition
.100
6.7.
Borrowing and internal diversity
.101
Chapter?. Person
.102
7.1.
Complexity
.103
7.2.
Erosion
.108
7.3.
Differentiation
.112
7.4.
Extension
.121
7.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.125
7.6.
Exposition
.133
7.7.
Borrowing
.134
Chapters. Gender
.138
8.1.
Complexity and erosion
.138
8.2.
Differentiation
.140
8.3.
Extension
.141
8.4.
Extracategorial distribution
.143
8.5.
Internal diversity and borrowing
.143
Chapter?). Degree
.145
9.1.
Complexity
.146
9.2.
Differentiation
.148
9.3.
Borrowing and internal diversity
.149
9.4.
Extension
.154
xii
Contents
Chapter
10.
Negation
.156
10.1.
Complexity
.156
10.2.
Differentiation
.158
10.3.
Extension
.158
10.4.
Internal diversity
.159
10.5.
Borrowing
.160
Chapter
11.
Cardinality
.162
11.1.
Complexity
.162
11.2.
Differentiation
.163
11.3.
Extension
.164
11.4.
Internal diversity
.166
11.5.
Borrowing
.170
Chapter
12.
Discreteness
.173
12.1.
Complexity
.174
12.2.
Erosion
.181
12.3.
Differentiation
.182
12.4.
Extension
.183
12.5.
Exposition
.184
12.6.
Internal diversity and borrowing
.184
12.7.
Linear order
.186
Chapter
13.
Tense, aspect, and mood
.188
13.1.
Complexity
.189
13.2.
Erosion
.194
13.3.
Differentiation
.194
13.4.
Extension
.198
13.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.202
13.6.
Borrowing
.202
Chapter
14.
Modality
.203
14.1.
Complexity
.204
14.2.
Differentiation
.207
14.3.
Linear order
.208
14.4.
Borrowing
.209
Chapter
15.
Transitivity
.211
15.1.
Complexity
.211
Contents xiii
15.2. Differentiation.213
15.3.
Extension.
215
15.4. Exposition.216
15.5.
Internal diversity
.216
15.6.
Borrowing
.216
Chapter
16.
Case and case roles
.218
16.1.
Complexity
.220
16.2.
Erosion
.223
16.3.
Differentiation
.224
16.4.
Extension
.229
16.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.230
16.6.
Internal diversity
.232
16.7.
Borrowing
.234
Chapter
17.
Localisation
.239
17.1.
Complexity
.243
17.2.
Erosion
.250
17.3.
Differentiation
.250
17.4.
Extension
.252
17.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.259
17.6.
Internal diversity
.264
17.7.
Borrowing
.267
Chapter
18.
Orientation
.271
18.1.
Extension
.273
18.2.
Exposition
.275
18.3.
Internal diversity and borrowing
.275
18.4.
Complexity
.279
18.5.
Differentiation
.280
Chapter
19.
Indefiniteness
.281
19.1.
Complexity
.283
19.2.
Extension
.284
19.3.
Extracategorial distribution
.285
19.4.
Internal diversity
.286
19.5.
Borrowing
.287
xiv Contents
Chapter
20. Ontological
category
.295
20.1.
Complexity
.297
20.2.
Erosion
.302
20.3.
Differentiation
.303
20.4.
Extension
.304
20.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.305
20.6.
Internal diversity
.308
20.7.
Borrowing
.309
Chapter
21.
Lexicality
.312
21.1.
Complexity
.312
21.2.
Differentiation
.314
21.3.
Extension
.319
21.4.
Borrowing
.320
Chapter
22.
Associativity
.322
Chapter
23.
Chronological compartmentalisation
.324
23.1.
Complexity
.326
23.2.
Differentiation
.327
23.3.
Extension
.327
23.4.
Exposition
.332
23.5.
Borrowing and diversity
.332
Chapter
24.
Criteria for asymmetry and their distribution across
categories
.334
24.1.
Complexity
.334
24.2.
Erosion
.336
24.3.
Differentiation
.337
24.4.
Extension
.339
24.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.340
24.6.
Exposition
.341
24.7.
Internal diversity
.342
24.8.
Borrowing
.343
24.9.
Criteria relevance: Summary
.344
Contents xv
Chapter
25.
Patterns of asymmetry
.347
25.1.
The consistency of value ordering within categories
.347
25.1.1.
General considerations
.347
25.1.2.
Variation in linear order and polarity
.352
25.2.
Clusters of asymmetry criteria
.355
25.2.1.
Predictions of the Markedness Hypothesis and
'well-behaved categories'
.355
25.2.2.
Correlating criteria: Types of clusters
.362
25.2.5.
The position of borrowing
.370
Chapter
26.
Conceptual motivations for asymmetry
.377
26.1.
Iconic motivations for linear ordering
.377
26.1.1.
Quantity
.377
26.1.2.
Immediacy
.379
26.1.3.
Prominence
.380
26.1.4.
Truth and simplicity
.381
26.1.5.
Transparency
.382
26.2.
Global and local motivations
.382
26.2.1.
Exposition
.383
26.2.2.
Extension, distribution, and erosion
.384
26.2.3.
Borrowing
.385
26.3.
Conflicting hierarchies and conflict resolution
.387
26.3.1.
Conflict domains
.388
26.3.2.
Conflict categories
.390
26.3.3.
Conflictpairs
.398
26.4.
Motivations for asymmetry: Concluding remarks
.404
Chapter
27.
Concluding remarks
.406
Appendix
:
Sample dialects
.410
Notes
.425
References
.441
Index of authors
.455
Index of
Romani
dialects
.458
Index of geographical names
.463
Index of subjects
.465 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Acknowledgements
.
vii
Tables
.xvi
Illustrations
.xxi
Abbreviations
.xxii
Chapter
1.
Introduction: Markedness and asymmetry in language.
. 1
Chapter2. The Markedness Hypothesis
.7
2.1.
Concepts of markedness
.7
2.1.1.
The structuralist/semiotic approach
.7
2.1.2.
The generative approach
.9
2.1.3.
The typological approach
.10
2.1.4.
The naturalness approach
.13
2.2.
Markedness criteria
.15
2.2.1.
Frequency
.15
2.2.2.
Conceptual complexity
.17
2.2.3.
Structural complexity
.18
2.2.4.
Distribution
.19
2.2.5.
System-dependent criteria
.20
2.2.6.
External criteria
.22
2.3.
Markedness and language change
.22
2.3.1.
The markedness reduction hypothesis
.22
2.3.2.
Typeofchange
.23
2.3.3.
Markedness and language contact
.25
Chapter
3.
Toward a communication-based model of asymmetry
in language
.28
3.1.
Factors involved in the formation of asymmetry
.28
3.2.
Application of the model
.32
3.3.
Criteria for asymmetry
.35
3.3.1.
Complexity
.36
3.3.2.
Erosion
.36
3.3.3.
Differentiation
.37
3.3.4.
Extension
.38
3.3.5.
Extra-categorial distribution
.39
χ
Contents
3.3.6. Exposition.40
3.3.7.
Borrowing
.41
3.3.8.
Interaal
diversity
.43
3.3.9.
Criteria
not included in this study
.43
3.4.
Factors motivating asymmetry
.44
3.4.1.
Topical saliency
.45
3.4.2.
Transparency
.45
3.4.3.
Discourse accessibility
.46
3.4.4.
Egocentricity
.46
3.4.5.
Relevance
.46
3.5.
Concluding remarks
.47
Chapter
4.
The sample: Methodological considerations
.48
4.1.
Sampling in a typological context
.48
4.2.
Dialect sampling in
Romani
.50
4.2.1.
The usefulness of dialect samples
.50
4.2.2.
The challenge of
Romani
.52
4.2.3.
Romani
dialectology
.55
4.3.
Putting typology to work in a dialect sample:
Tne Romani
Morphosyntactic Database (RMS)
.58
4.3.1.
The database tools
.58
4.3.2.
Function to form, form to function
.60
4.3.3.
Data collection procedures
.63
4.4.
Summary: Features and problems of the sample
.65
Chaptero. Early
Romani
.68
5.1.
Lexicon
.69
5.2.
The sound system
.70
5.3.
Nominais
.71
5.3.1.
Case marking and declension classes
.71
5.3.2.
Adjectival modifiers
.73
5.3.3.
Demonstratives and related forms
.75
5.3.4.
Personal pronouns
.76
5.3.5. Interrogatives.77
5.3.6.
Indefinites
.77
5.4.
Verbs
.78
5.4.1.
Valency and loan verb integration
.78
5.4.2.
Inflection classes
.80
Contents xi
5.4.3.
Concord
markers
.81
5.4.4.
Tense,
aspect
and modality
.82
5.5.
Other categories
.83
5.5.1.
Local adverbs
.83
5.5.2.
Prepositions
.83
5.6.
Syntax
.84
Chapter
6.
Number
.85
6.1.
Complexity
.85
6.2.
Erosion
.88
6.3.
Differentiation
.89
6.4.
Extension
.97
6.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.99
6.6.
Exposition
.100
6.7.
Borrowing and internal diversity
.101
Chapter?. Person
.102
7.1.
Complexity
.103
7.2.
Erosion
.108
7.3.
Differentiation
.112
7.4.
Extension
.121
7.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.125
7.6.
Exposition
.133
7.7.
Borrowing
.134
Chapters. Gender
.138
8.1.
Complexity and erosion
.138
8.2.
Differentiation
.140
8.3.
Extension
.141
8.4.
Extracategorial distribution
.143
8.5.
Internal diversity and borrowing
.143
Chapter?). Degree
.145
9.1.
Complexity
.146
9.2.
Differentiation
.148
9.3.
Borrowing and internal diversity
.149
9.4.
Extension
.154
xii
Contents
Chapter
10.
Negation
.156
10.1.
Complexity
.156
10.2.
Differentiation
.158
10.3.
Extension
.158
10.4.
Internal diversity
.159
10.5.
Borrowing
.160
Chapter
11.
Cardinality
.162
11.1.
Complexity
.162
11.2.
Differentiation
.163
11.3.
Extension
.164
11.4.
Internal diversity
.166
11.5.
Borrowing
.170
Chapter
12.
Discreteness
.173
12.1.
Complexity
.174
12.2.
Erosion
.181
12.3.
Differentiation
.182
12.4.
Extension
.183
12.5.
Exposition
.184
12.6.
Internal diversity and borrowing
.184
12.7.
Linear order
.186
Chapter
13.
Tense, aspect, and mood
.188
13.1.
Complexity
.189
13.2.
Erosion
.194
13.3.
Differentiation
.194
13.4.
Extension
.198
13.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.202
13.6.
Borrowing
.202
Chapter
14.
Modality
.203
14.1.
Complexity
.204
14.2.
Differentiation
.207
14.3.
Linear order
.208
14.4.
Borrowing
.209
Chapter
15.
Transitivity
.211
15.1.
Complexity
.211
Contents xiii
15.2. Differentiation.213
15.3.
Extension.
215
15.4. Exposition.216
15.5.
Internal diversity
.216
15.6.
Borrowing
.216
Chapter
16.
Case and case roles
.218
16.1.
Complexity
.220
16.2.
Erosion
.223
16.3.
Differentiation
.224
16.4.
Extension
.229
16.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.230
16.6.
Internal diversity
.232
16.7.
Borrowing
.234
Chapter
17.
Localisation
.239
17.1.
Complexity
.243
17.2.
Erosion
.250
17.3.
Differentiation
.250
17.4.
Extension
.252
17.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.259
17.6.
Internal diversity
.264
17.7.
Borrowing
.267
Chapter
18.
Orientation
.271
18.1.
Extension
.273
18.2.
Exposition
.275
18.3.
Internal diversity and borrowing
.275
18.4.
Complexity
.279
18.5.
Differentiation
.280
Chapter
19.
Indefiniteness
.281
19.1.
Complexity
.283
19.2.
Extension
.284
19.3.
Extracategorial distribution
.285
19.4.
Internal diversity
.286
19.5.
Borrowing
.287
xiv Contents
Chapter
20. Ontological
category
.295
20.1.
Complexity
.297
20.2.
Erosion
.302
20.3.
Differentiation
.303
20.4.
Extension
.304
20.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.305
20.6.
Internal diversity
.308
20.7.
Borrowing
.309
Chapter
21.
Lexicality
.312
21.1.
Complexity
.312
21.2.
Differentiation
.314
21.3.
Extension
.319
21.4.
Borrowing
.320
Chapter
22.
Associativity
.322
Chapter
23.
Chronological compartmentalisation
.324
23.1.
Complexity
.326
23.2.
Differentiation
.327
23.3.
Extension
.327
23.4.
Exposition
.332
23.5.
Borrowing and diversity
.332
Chapter
24.
Criteria for asymmetry and their distribution across
categories
.334
24.1.
Complexity
.334
24.2.
Erosion
.336
24.3.
Differentiation
.337
24.4.
Extension
.339
24.5.
Extracategorial distribution
.340
24.6.
Exposition
.341
24.7.
Internal diversity
.342
24.8.
Borrowing
.343
24.9.
Criteria relevance: Summary
.344
Contents xv
Chapter
25.
Patterns of asymmetry
.347
25.1.
The consistency of value ordering within categories
.347
25.1.1.
General considerations
.347
25.1.2.
Variation in linear order and polarity
.352
25.2.
Clusters of asymmetry criteria
.355
25.2.1.
Predictions of the Markedness Hypothesis and
'well-behaved categories'
.355
25.2.2.
Correlating criteria: Types of clusters
.362
25.2.5.
The position of borrowing
.370
Chapter
26.
Conceptual motivations for asymmetry
.377
26.1.
Iconic motivations for linear ordering
.377
26.1.1.
Quantity
.377
26.1.2.
Immediacy
.379
26.1.3.
Prominence
.380
26.1.4.
Truth and simplicity
.381
26.1.5.
Transparency
.382
26.2.
Global and local motivations
.382
26.2.1.
Exposition
.383
26.2.2.
Extension, distribution, and erosion
.384
26.2.3.
Borrowing
.385
26.3.
Conflicting hierarchies and conflict resolution
.387
26.3.1.
Conflict domains
.388
26.3.2.
Conflict categories
.390
26.3.3.
Conflictpairs
.398
26.4.
Motivations for asymmetry: Concluding remarks
.404
Chapter
27.
Concluding remarks
.406
Appendix
:
Sample dialects
.410
Notes
.425
References
.441
Index of authors
.455
Index of
Romani
dialects
.458
Index of geographical names
.463
Index of subjects
.465 |
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| author | Elšík, Viktor |
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| id | DE-604.BV021551618 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:31:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:03:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2005036353 |
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| series | Empirical approaches to language typology |
| series2 | Empirical approaches to language typology |
| spelling | Elšík, Viktor Verfasser aut Markedness and language change the Romani sample by Viktor Elšík ; Yaron Matras Berlin [u.a.] Mouton de Gruyter 2006 XXIII, 475 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Empirical approaches to language typology 32 Gemarkeerdheid (taalkunde) gtt Marque (Linguistique) Taalverandering gtt Tsigane (Langue) - Dialectes Tsigane (Langue) - Marque Zigeunertalen gtt Romani language Markedness Romani language Dialects Markedness (Linguistics) Romani Sprache (DE-588)4129847-0 gnd rswk-swf Markiertheit (DE-588)4168917-3 gnd rswk-swf Romani Sprache (DE-588)4129847-0 s Markiertheit (DE-588)4168917-3 s DE-604 Matras, Yaron 1963- Sonstige (DE-588)111443431 oth Empirical approaches to language typology 32 (DE-604)BV000707931 32 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip065/2005036353.html Table of contents Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014767675&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Elšík, Viktor Markedness and language change the Romani sample Empirical approaches to language typology Gemarkeerdheid (taalkunde) gtt Marque (Linguistique) Taalverandering gtt Tsigane (Langue) - Dialectes Tsigane (Langue) - Marque Zigeunertalen gtt Romani language Markedness Romani language Dialects Markedness (Linguistics) Romani Sprache (DE-588)4129847-0 gnd Markiertheit (DE-588)4168917-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129847-0 (DE-588)4168917-3 |
| title | Markedness and language change the Romani sample |
| title_auth | Markedness and language change the Romani sample |
| title_exact_search | Markedness and language change the Romani sample |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Markedness and language change the Romani sample |
| title_full | Markedness and language change the Romani sample by Viktor Elšík ; Yaron Matras |
| title_fullStr | Markedness and language change the Romani sample by Viktor Elšík ; Yaron Matras |
| title_full_unstemmed | Markedness and language change the Romani sample by Viktor Elšík ; Yaron Matras |
| title_short | Markedness and language change |
| title_sort | markedness and language change the romani sample |
| title_sub | the Romani sample |
| topic | Gemarkeerdheid (taalkunde) gtt Marque (Linguistique) Taalverandering gtt Tsigane (Langue) - Dialectes Tsigane (Langue) - Marque Zigeunertalen gtt Romani language Markedness Romani language Dialects Markedness (Linguistics) Romani Sprache (DE-588)4129847-0 gnd Markiertheit (DE-588)4168917-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gemarkeerdheid (taalkunde) Marque (Linguistique) Taalverandering Tsigane (Langue) - Dialectes Tsigane (Langue) - Marque Zigeunertalen Romani language Markedness Romani language Dialects Markedness (Linguistics) Romani Sprache Markiertheit |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip065/2005036353.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014767675&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000707931 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT elsikviktor markednessandlanguagechangetheromanisample AT matrasyaron markednessandlanguagechangetheromanisample |