Angkor, before and after: a cultural history of the Khmers
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Bangkok
Orchid Press
2004
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [237]-241) and index |
| Physical Description: | xviii, 250 S. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9745240419 0834805391 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Snellgrove, David L. |d 1920-2016 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1055667431 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Angkor, before and after |b a cultural history of the Khmers |c David Snellgrove |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Cultural history of the Khmers |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bangkok |b Orchid Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a xviii, 250 S. |b Ill., Kt. |c 30 cm | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [237]-241) and index | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Khmer (volk) |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Funde | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Temples |z Cambodia |z Angkor (Extinct city) | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Angkor (Extinct city) | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Cambodia |x Antiquities | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Cambodia |x Civilization | |
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| adam_text | Contents
Illustrations vii
Preface/Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 1
Note on Transliteration 5
Chapter 1: The Origins of Khmer Civilization 6
The early inhabitants of South East Asia 6
Indigenous factors 6
Influences from India 10
A note on Indian gods as relevant to Cambodia 11
Chapter 2: Before Angkor 14
Funan 14
The beginnings of Champa 14
WatPhu 15
Angkor Borei: Chenla replaces Funan 19
A note on Snvijaya 22
Isanavarman and his successors 22
The cultural aspects of pre Angkor society 24
Sambor Prei Kuk 25
Other early sites 33
Scarcity of Buddhist remains 41
Chapter 3: Jayavarman II and his immediate Successors 43
Summary 43
Jayavarman II 44
A note on the Devaraja 51
The successors of Jayavarman II 52
The city of Yasodharapura (Angkor) 57
Chapter 4: The Consolidation of Khmer Imperial Power 65
Summary 65
Angkor abandoned for Koh Ker 65
Important temples on the Khorat Plateau including Phnom Rung 68
The rebuilding of Yasodharapura by Rajendravarman II 70
Two more pyramid temples 71
A rare Buddhist temple 74
The reign of Jayavarman V and the founding of Bantay Srei 78
More Brahmanical foundations 81
A renowned Buddhist prelate and his religious foundations 82
Buddhism and the Devaraja cult 84
Suryavarman I 85
vi Angkor—Before and After
Temples in the Battambang area 88
More temples across the Khorat Plateau 93
Udayadityavarman II: local warfare, the founding of Bhadraniketan and the Baphuon,
the construction of the Western Baray 97
Phnom Wan, Phnom Rung and Muang Tarn 99
Harsavarman III, Jayavarman VI and Dharanindravarman I 105
A note on Preah Khan of Kampong Svay 109
Chapter 5: Two great Khmer Kings 121
Siiryavarman II 121
Phimai 121
TaMuen Thorn 123
Other temples on the Khorat Plateau and beyond 125
Temples at Angkor or nearby 136
Angkor Vat 141
Beng Mealea 144
A period of uncertainly and warfare 145
Jayavarman VII 146
Angkor Thorn 146
The Bayon and other temples within the walls 148
Three great temple palaces and other temples outside the walls 154
Sites in the Provinces 163
More warfare 166
The outer territories 168
Bantay Chmar 170
An estimate of Jayavarman VII s reign 171
Chapter 6: The 13th to the 16th Century 175
The last kings of the old order (13th to 14th century) 175
The spread of Theravada Buddhism 178
Retreat to the south 182
Kings of the Theravada period 184
Religious and cultural developments 187
Chapter 7: The 17th to the 19th Century 196
An historical summary 196
Temples and palaces 201
Buddhism and Pali 204
Indigenous works 207
Epilogue: The 19th to 20th Century 212
Endnotes 221
Glossary 234
Bibliography 237
Appendix 242
Index 246
Illustrations
Plates
1. Kong Sangsara and Vutthy by the eastern gopura of Bantay Thorn (Angkor). xvii
2. Taing Joy, Vutthy s younger brother, at the Bayon. xvii
3. Hokpheng, and his wife Devi, Vutthy s daughter, by the Khmer Cultural Centre in Siem Reap. xvii
4. Somneuk, Peter Skilling s Thai assistant, seated by the spout of a somasutra at Narai Jaeng Vaeng. xvii
5. Olivier de Bernon and Peter Skilling with the local priest at Phnom Baset. xviii
6. Excavations at Muang Sima (Khorat): Suthep and his wife Usanee photographing. xviii
7. Admiring a new baby. Vutthy s wife Pang is on the right. xviii
8. Ratna, Vutthy s adopted son, by the outer western wall at Bantay Chmar. xviii
9. A corpse and the remains of funereal offerings. 8
10. The surviving foundations of a Mon shrine at Muang Sima. 8
11. The stone foundations of an early Khmer shrine at Muang Sima. 9
12. An early image of a goddess, probably mid 7 century, from Sambor. 11
13. Aparna, the spouse of Siva. 13
14. Avalokitesvara from Funan, ancient province of Rach gia, Vietnam. 14
15. Wat Phu: general view looking east from the main shrine. 16
16. Wat Phu: the main shrine on a platform cut into the mountain side. 17
17. Rock carvings on the same site: Avalokitesvara flanked by Brahma and Vishnu. 17
18. Ruins at Oup Moens, a short distance down the left bank of the Mekong. 18
19. A mukhalinga, square, with four faces (mukha) and pointed, surviving at Oep Moens. 19
20. Phnom Da, a hilltop at Angkor Borei. 20
21. Asram Maharosei at the foot of a neighbouring summit. 20
22. Harihara from Angkor Borei. 21
23. Sambor Prei Kuk: temples in the south group, S.I and S.2 27
24. An ornamental plaque constructed in brickwork, a typical feature at Sambor Prei Kuk 27
25. The main temple of the central Sambor Prei Kuk group (Cl), remarkable for its well preserved
lintels. 28
26. An octagonal shrine at Sambor Prei Kuk, especially typical of the southern group. 28
27. Temple N.10 at Sambor Prei Kuk: lion headed water spout (somasutra) 29
28. Sambor Prei Kuk: row of decorative medalions, showing a human figure struggling
with a lion. 29
29. Sambor Prei Kuk: frieze of garudas and winged horses. 30
30. Sambor Prei Kuk: decorative device known technically as a kudu, usually an encircled human head. 30
31. An unusual building at Sambor Prei Kuk, built entirely of sandstone. 31
32. The Harihara image from Prasad Andet. 33
33. Prasad Andet near Angkor Thorn, south face. 33
34. Phum Prasad, a 7th century shrine in the grounds of a later Theravada monastery. 33
35. A lintel from Phum Prasad, typical of this early period. 34
36. The main temple group, known as Preah Thiet Thorn at Bantay Prei Nokor. 34
37. A lintel from Preah Thiet Thorn. 35
38. The only other temple of Bantay Prei Nokor. 35
39. Hanche (Kampong Cham Province): early shrine, attributable to Bhavavarman I. 36
40. Kuk Preah Thiet, an unusual shrine at the foot of the Hanche hill. 36
41. Kuk Preah Thiet: doorway. 37
42. Kuk Preah Thiet: one of the kudus which decorate the corners of the tiered roof. 37
43. A lintel, probably from Thala Borivat. 38
vijj Angkor—Before and After
44. A Saivite ascetic (possibly Siva as an ascetic) from the Thala Borivat area. 39
45. A lintel from Sambor which resembles those of Thala Borivat. 39
46. Ak Yum, all that remains of the earliest known pyramid temple in the Angkor area. 40
47. Khao Noi: the central temple of a set of three built on a hill top near Aranyaprathet. 40
48. Buddha from Tuol Preah Theat (Kampong Speu). 41
49. The 7th century inscription carved on the back of this Buddha image. 42
50. The impressive Angkor style bridge at Kampong Kdei. 46
51. A ruined shrine with well preserved lintel just west of the Bakong at Ruluos. 47
52. Phnom Kulen: in quest of remains of Jayavarman IFs ninth century city, buried in the jungle. 48
53. Phnom Kulen: a surviving temple, known as Prasad Thma Tap. 49
54. A more impressive temple known as Aur Paung. 49
55. Phnom Kulen: a thousand lingas carved under water in the sacred Ruisey (Bamboo) Stream. 50
56. Rong Chen, once the centre of Jayavarmam IPs city on Phnom Kulen. 51
57. Trapeang Phong, mid 9th century temple a few kilometres south of the Bakong. 52
58. Trapeang Phong: one of its lintels. 53
59. Bakong, the pyramid temple of Indravarman (877 889) at Hariharalaya. 54
60. Bakong: a well preserved lintel remarkable for its intricacy. 54
61. Preah Ko, dedicated by Indravarman in honour of his parents and certain ancestors. 55
62. Preah Ko: a lintel from one of the front temples. 56
63. Bakheng, the first pyramid temple built at Angkor. 58
64. Phnom Krom. 59
65. Baksei Chamkrong. 62
66. Baksei Chamkrong: an elaborately worked lintel. 62
67. Kravan. 63
68. Kravan: interior of the central shrine showing a 4 armed Vishnu. 63
69. Kravan: the shrine with the best surviving lintel, containing three images of Laksmi. 64
70. Kravan: the image of Laksmi in the same shrine. 64
71. Koh Ker: the Great Pyramid. 67
72. Koh Ker: Prasad Neang Khmau. 69
73. Prasad Non Ku on the Khorat Plateau. 70
74. Pre Rup, pyramid temple of Rajendravarman. 73
75. East Mebon, another pyramid temple of Rajendravarman: facade of main shrine. 73
76. Angkor Thom: the so called Kleang, probably intended as palaces for guests. 74
77. Angkor Thom: Sour Prat. One of a row of strange laterite towers. 74
78. Kuk Nokor, an unusual temple, built entirely on laterite. 75
79. Bat Chum, the only surviving Buddhist temple at Angkor before the reign of Jayavarman VII. 75
80. The best preserved of its lintels. 76
81. A section of the inscription on a door post of the southern shrine. 77
82. Bantay Srei: view from the east. 78
83. Bantay Srei: Torana showing Krishna killing his wicked uncle Kamsa. 79
84. Another showing Siva and Uma on Kailas with a defeated Ravana below. 79
85. Another showing Kama (god of love) trying to distract Siva. 80
86. The ruins of Einkosi (Siem Reap) in the later monastery of that same name. 81
87. Phimean akas or Aerial Palace . 82
88. Ta Keo, a pyramid temple built by Jayavarman V. 83
89. Bantay Ampil. 86
90. Bantay Ampil: doorway of the south entrance of the mandapa. 87
91. Phnom Chisor, once a hilltop fortress some 75 kms south of Phnom Penh.. 88
92. Phnom Chisor: some well preserved lintels. 89
93. Baset, some twelve kilometres east of Battambang. 90
94. A doorway on the south side once leading into the central shrine. 90
95. Baset: one of several quite well preserved lintels. 91
Illustrations ix
96. Vat Ek, some eight kilometres north of Battambang. 91
97. Vat Ek: lintel over the entrance to the shrine from the mandapa. 92
98. Banon on its hilltop, 20 kilometres south of Battambang. 92
99. Banon: doorway of the eastern gopura. 92
100. Banon: the five summit towers. 93
101. Steung, view of the three wrecked towers with the new vihara behind. 94
102. Steung: one of several well preserved lintels on what must have been the eastern gopura. 94
103. Preah Vihear: the second courtyard. 95
104. Preah Vihear: the fourth courtyard. 95
105. Preah Vihear: the summit shrine, western section. 96
106. Wat Mahathat, Lopburi. 96
107. Preah Vihear: the summit shrine, eastern section. 97
108. Chau Srei Vibol, a beautiful little temple fortress east of Angkor. 100
109. Phnom Wan: the south wall of the inner courtyard. 101
110. Phnom Wan: Buddha images in the main shrine. 101
111. Phnom Wan, a few kilometres just north of Khorat city. 102 3
112. Phnom Rung, built on a hilltop about 95 km south of Khorat city. View from SW corner. 104
113. Phnom Rung: torana over the east entrance to main shrine, showing Siva as lord of ascetics. 104
114. Phnom Rung: lintel illustrating Vishnu giving birth to Brahma, and above a 10 armed Siva. 105
115. Phnom Rung: Nandin, Siva s bull. 105
116. A general view of Muang Tam. 106 7
117. Muang Tam contains some well preserved lintels. Krishna fighting the naga Kaliya. 108
118. Muang Tam, a view taken in the late evening. 108
119. Muang Tam: lintel of the main shrine, showing Brahma on his geese and the fcd/a mask below. 109
120. Preah Khan of Kampong Svay: the Elephant Temple.. 115
121. A well preserved carving of a naga by the Elephant Temple. 115
122. A view of the lake from the Elephant Temple. 116
123. Preah Khan of Kampong Svay: Preah Thkol. 116
124. A section of carving, a naga, on Preah Thkol. 117
125. Preah Khan of Kampong Svay: Preah Stung. 117
126. A section of carving on the inner wall of Preah Stung. 118
127. Preah Khan: the hamsa bridge. 118
128. Preah Khan: the eastern gopura of the outer enclosure. 119
129. Buddha protected by the hood of the Naga Muc.alinda, from Preah Khan of Kampong Svay. 120
130. Avalokitesvara from Preah Thkol, Preah Khan of Kampong Svay. 120
131. Phimai: front view from the south. 122
132. Phimai: naga balustrade, leading to the south entrance. 123
133. Phimai: lintel over a doorway in the north east corner of the gallery. 124
134. Phimai: a curious carving of a dancing Buddha on a stone in the corner of the
second enclosure. 24
135. Ta Muen Thorn: a temple on the southern Thai border. 125
136. Ta Muen Thorn: the jutting stone regarded as a self produced linga. 125
137. Ta Muen, the nearby dharmasdla. 126
138. Sikhoraphum, a 12th century Khmer temple. 127
139. Another view of Sikhoraphum temple. 127
140. Sikhoraphum: lintel over the main shine. • 28
141. Prasad Ban Pluang. 28
142. Prasad Kamphaeng Yai: facing view of the three main shrines. 129
143. Prasad Kamphaeng Yai: stone facing of the northern library 129
144. Prasad Kamphaeng Yai: an ancient Buddha image, well plastered in gold by the faithful. 130
145. Nang ram, an ll h to 12th century Buddhist temple north of Phimai. 131
146. Nang ram: the well preserved dharmasdla. 31
x Angkor—Before and After
147. Nang ram: lintels. 132
148. Puoi Noi, some 135 kms north of Khorat. 132
149. Puoi Noi: the frontage of the three main shrines. 133
150. Puoi Noi: torana of a shine of the south east corner of the complex. 133
151. Puoi Noi: lintel of the central shrine. 134
152. Ku Suan Taeng, a conventional set of three brick built shrines. 134
153. Prasad Ku Kasin, alias Suwannaphum. 135
154. Prasad Ku Kasin: one of the surviving lintels showing Indra on his elephant. 136
155. Narai Jaeng Vaeng at Sakhon Nakon. 136
156. Narai Jaeng Vaeng: image of dancing Siva on a torana. 137
157. Angkor Thorn: Thammonon. 137
158. Angkor Thorn: Preah Pithu. 138
159. Preah Pithu: section of a frieze of 37 Buddhas. 138
160. Bantay Samre, certainly the best preserved of the fortress temples in the Angkor area. 139
161. Bantay Samre: the interior section of the western gopura. 140
162. Bantay Samre: an inner entrance way from the east, north doorway. 140
163. Bantay Samre: torana above the corresponding south doorway. 140
164. Angkor Vat as seen from NW corner. 141
165. Angkor Vat: view of the main southern courtyard taken from the central tower. 142
166. Angkor Vat: apsaras on the south west corner of the central tower. 142
167. Angkor Vat: carved stone panel of Sfiryavarman II. 143
168. Angkor Vat: carved stone panel showing the entourage of the Syam (Thai) ruler. 143
169. Beng Mealea: a ruined fortress temple some 50 kilometres east of Angkor. 144
170. Beng Mealea: another view of ornamental stonework amidst jungle on the south side. 145
171. Angkor Thorn: the royal terrace in front of the palace grounds. 147
172. Angkor Thorn: entrance to the palace grounds on the east side. 147
173. Angkor Thorn: figures on the wall of Yama. 148
174. The Bayon: general view. 149
175. Carvings of the upper terrace. 150
176. Stone carving from the outer wall of Bayon, illustrating the war between the Khmers
and the Chams. 151
177. The Bayon: a related scene showing food and refreshment brought for the advancing troops. 151
178. The Bayon: a religious ceremony. 152
179. Preah Palilay: the surviving naga railings. 153
180. Preah Palilay: a repaired Buddha image in a new shrine in front of the gopura. 153
181. Preah Pralilay: Buddha in the earth witness posture of east side of the gopura. 154
182. Sra Srang, a beautiful artificial lake to the east of Bantay Kdei. 155
183. The bridge leading over the moat to the south gateway of Angkor Thorn. 155
184. Preah Khan: frontal view across the moat by the northern gopura. 156
185. Preah Khan: view from above of the towers of the inner enclosure. 158 9
186. Ta Prohm: the Great Goddess Prajnaparamita, Perfection of Wisdom . 160
187. A torana showing a dancing Siva placed along the way east to west through Preah Khan. 160
188. Ta Prohm: a view of its originally neglected condition. 161
189. Bantay Kdei: view of the towers taken across the moat. 161
190. The western gopura of Ta Som. 162
191. Bantay Thorn on the northern outskirts of Angkor Thorn. 163
192. Bantay Thorn: torana over a small entry to the left of the gopura. 164
193. Bantay Thorn: another torana over a doorway in the main courtyard. 164
194. Vat Nokor: general view from the west. 165
195. Vat Nokor: one of several well preserved toranas. 165
Illustrations xi
196. Vat Nokor: the inside of the later vihara. 166
197. Ta Prohm of Bati (Kandal Province). 167
198. Ta Prohm of Bati: carving of 4 armed Avalokitesvara on the south upper wall of the main shrine. 167
199. A good example of a hospital chapel at Preah Khan (Angkor). 169
200. The eastern entrance of Muang Singh. 169
201. Bantay Chmar in its ruined condition. 170
202. Bantay Chmar: frieze of dancing figures decorating the east end of the main building. 170
203. Bantay Chmar: lintel of 4 headed Brahma. 171
204. Bantay Chmar: one of a row of life size carvings of thousand armed Avalokitesvara. 172
205. Bantay Chmar. A sporting scene of a man fighting with a lion. 173
206. Hevajra, bronze, 12th 13th century. 174
207. The last Khmer stone temple built at Angkor, Mangalartha Temple, dated 1295. 175
208. Wat Sri Sawi, Sukhotai. 179
209. Sima (Buddhist boundary stone) carved in Mon style, Phnom Kulen. 181
210. Sima (Buddhist boundary stone) carved in Mon style, Phnom Kulen. 181
211. Effigy of a Buddhist religious teacher portrayed as a forest hermit. 181
212. Effigy of an arhat at the hilltop monastery (Vat Choat nyien) in Kampong Saom. 182
213. A typical 14th century shrine with tower in Ayuthaya. 183
214. Vat Bo, Buddha images carved in wood. 189
215. Vat Bo, a seated Buddha made of copper alloy with hollow interior. 190
216. Vat Bo, a small Buddha image (38 cms in height) probably older than the 16th century. 191
217. The west side of the Baphuon transformed into an enormous Buddha in the lying posture. 194
218. Vat Athvea in Siem Reap, built probably as a Buddhist temple in the early 13lh century. 194
219. The roof of a modern shrine at Vat Athvea. 195
220. A modern Buddhist monastery at the site of the Bakong. 195
221. A stone temple at Oudong. 203
222. Repaired stupas at Oudong. 203
223. A broken stone image of a lying Buddha on a hilltop in Oudong. 203
224. Vat Unnalom, Phnom Penh. 204
225. Two monks and the decorated walls of Vat Bakong. 208
226. Scene from the Vessantara jataka, as painted at Vat Bakong. 209
227. Scene from the Vessantara jataka, as painted at Vat Bakong. 209
228. Vat Bo in Siem Reap. 210
229. Scene from the Ramayana epic as painted on the internal walls of Vat Bo. 211
230. Scene from the Ramayana epic as painted on the internal walls of Vat Bo. 211
231. Monks blessing offerings of rice presented by villagers. 216
232. A wood carver at work. 216
233. Ancient eaves carved in wood at Vat Bodhi Bantay Chey 216
234. A legless beggar. 216
235. A procession of monks going to a ceremony near the Bayon. 218
236. A group of small stupas in Vat Bodhi Bantay Chey near Siem Reap. 218
237. Recent paintings on the roof of a crematorium. 218
238. A white elephant bearing a small stupa in grounds of Vat Aranya Sokor. 218
239. A village house. 218
240. Schoolboys at play in their school grounds at Ban Bir near Prakonchai (Thailand)
where there happens to be a Khmer 13* century hospital chapel. 218
241. A group of monks as tourists at Phimai. 219
242. A view of Phimai across the lake. 220
243. A picnic in the grounds of Angkor. 220
xii Angkor—Before and After
Maps
Map 1. Before Angkor. 3
Map 2. The Malay peninsula and some of its archaeological sites. 15
Map 3. Khmer sites in the Angkor period. 45
Map 4. Plan of Angkor. 60 61
Map 5. Archaeological map of the ancient route between Damdek and Kampong Kdei. Ill
Map 6. Archaeological map of the ancient route between Angkor and Preah Khan. 111
Map 7. General plan of Preah Khan of Kampong Svai. 112
Map 8. Preah Khan: plan of the 1st enclosure. 113
Map 9. Preah Khan: plan of the 3rd enclosure. 114
Map 10. Present day Cambodia. 213
Figures
Figure 1. Sambor Prei Kuk: building No. Cl. 31
Figure 2. Sambor Prei Kuk: facade of Building No. Cl. 32
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| adam_txt |
Contents
Illustrations vii
Preface/Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 1
Note on Transliteration 5
Chapter 1: The Origins of Khmer Civilization 6
The early inhabitants of South East Asia 6
Indigenous factors 6
Influences from India 10
A note on Indian gods as relevant to Cambodia 11
Chapter 2: Before Angkor 14
Funan 14
The beginnings of Champa 14
WatPhu 15
Angkor Borei: Chenla replaces Funan 19
A note on Snvijaya 22
Isanavarman and his successors 22
The cultural aspects of pre Angkor society 24
Sambor Prei Kuk 25
Other early sites 33
Scarcity of Buddhist remains 41
Chapter 3: Jayavarman II and his immediate Successors 43
Summary 43
Jayavarman II 44
A note on the Devaraja 51
The successors of Jayavarman II 52
The city of Yasodharapura (Angkor) 57
Chapter 4: The Consolidation of Khmer Imperial Power 65
Summary 65
Angkor abandoned for Koh Ker 65
Important temples on the Khorat Plateau including Phnom Rung 68
The rebuilding of Yasodharapura by Rajendravarman II 70
Two more pyramid temples 71
A rare Buddhist temple 74
The reign of Jayavarman V and the founding of Bantay Srei 78
More Brahmanical foundations 81
A renowned Buddhist prelate and his religious foundations 82
Buddhism and the Devaraja cult 84
Suryavarman I 85
vi Angkor—Before and After
Temples in the Battambang area 88
More temples across the Khorat Plateau 93
Udayadityavarman II: local warfare, the founding of Bhadraniketan and the Baphuon,
the construction of the Western Baray 97
Phnom Wan, Phnom Rung and Muang Tarn 99
Harsavarman III, Jayavarman VI and Dharanindravarman I 105
A note on Preah Khan of Kampong Svay 109
Chapter 5: Two great Khmer Kings 121
Siiryavarman II 121
Phimai 121
TaMuen Thorn 123
Other temples on the Khorat Plateau and beyond 125
Temples at Angkor or nearby 136
Angkor Vat 141
Beng Mealea 144
A period of uncertainly and warfare 145
Jayavarman VII 146
Angkor Thorn 146
The Bayon and other temples within the walls 148
Three great temple palaces and other temples outside the walls 154
Sites in the Provinces 163
More warfare 166
The outer territories 168
Bantay Chmar 170
An estimate of Jayavarman VII 's reign 171
Chapter 6: The 13th to the 16th Century 175
The last kings of the 'old order' (13th to 14th century) 175
The spread of Theravada Buddhism 178
Retreat to the south 182
Kings of the Theravada period 184
Religious and cultural developments 187
Chapter 7: The 17th to the 19th Century 196
An historical summary 196
Temples and palaces 201
Buddhism and Pali 204
Indigenous works 207
Epilogue: The 19th to 20th Century 212
Endnotes 221
Glossary 234
Bibliography 237
Appendix 242
Index 246
Illustrations
Plates
1. Kong Sangsara and Vutthy by the eastern gopura of Bantay Thorn (Angkor). xvii
2. Taing Joy, Vutthy's younger brother, at the Bayon. xvii
3. Hokpheng, and his wife Devi, Vutthy's daughter, by the Khmer Cultural Centre in Siem Reap. xvii
4. Somneuk, Peter Skilling's Thai assistant, seated by the spout of a somasutra at Narai Jaeng Vaeng. xvii
5. Olivier de Bernon and Peter Skilling with the local priest at Phnom Baset. xviii
6. Excavations at Muang Sima (Khorat): Suthep and his wife Usanee photographing. xviii
7. Admiring a new baby. Vutthy's wife Pang is on the right. xviii
8. Ratna, Vutthy's adopted son, by the outer western wall at Bantay Chmar. xviii
9. A corpse and the remains of funereal offerings. 8
10. The surviving foundations of a Mon shrine at Muang Sima. 8
11. The stone foundations of an early Khmer shrine at Muang Sima. 9
12. An early image of a goddess, probably mid 7 century, from Sambor. 11
13. Aparna, the spouse of Siva. 13
14. Avalokitesvara from Funan, ancient province of Rach gia, Vietnam. 14
15. Wat Phu: general view looking east from the main shrine. 16
16. Wat Phu: the main shrine on a platform cut into the mountain side. 17
17. Rock carvings on the same site: Avalokitesvara flanked by Brahma and Vishnu. 17
18. Ruins at Oup Moens, a short distance down the left bank of the Mekong. 18
19. A mukhalinga, square, with four faces (mukha) and pointed, surviving at Oep Moens. 19
20. Phnom Da, a hilltop at Angkor Borei. 20
21. Asram Maharosei at the foot of a neighbouring summit. 20
22. Harihara from Angkor Borei. 21
23. Sambor Prei Kuk: temples in the south group, S.I and S.2 27
24. An ornamental plaque constructed in brickwork, a typical feature at Sambor Prei Kuk 27
25. The main temple of the central Sambor Prei Kuk group (Cl), remarkable for its well preserved
lintels. 28
26. An octagonal shrine at Sambor Prei Kuk, especially typical of the southern group. 28
27. Temple N.10 at Sambor Prei Kuk: lion headed water spout (somasutra) 29
28. Sambor Prei Kuk: row of decorative medalions, showing a human figure struggling
with a lion. 29
29. Sambor Prei Kuk: frieze of garudas and winged horses. 30
30. Sambor Prei Kuk: decorative device known technically as a kudu, usually an encircled human head. 30
31. An unusual building at Sambor Prei Kuk, built entirely of sandstone. 31
32. The Harihara image from Prasad Andet. 33
33. Prasad Andet near Angkor Thorn, south face. 33
34. Phum Prasad, a 7th century shrine in the grounds of a later Theravada monastery. 33
35. A lintel from Phum Prasad, typical of this early period. 34
36. The main temple group, known as Preah Thiet Thorn at Bantay Prei Nokor. 34
37. A lintel from Preah Thiet Thorn. 35
38. The only other temple of Bantay Prei Nokor. 35
39. Hanche (Kampong Cham Province): early shrine, attributable to Bhavavarman I. 36
40. Kuk Preah Thiet, an unusual shrine at the foot of the Hanche hill. 36
41. Kuk Preah Thiet: doorway. 37
42. Kuk Preah Thiet: one of the kudus which decorate the corners of the tiered roof. 37
43. A lintel, probably from Thala Borivat. 38
vijj Angkor—Before and After
44. A Saivite ascetic (possibly Siva as an ascetic) from the Thala Borivat area. 39
45. A lintel from Sambor which resembles those of Thala Borivat. 39
46. Ak Yum, all that remains of the earliest known pyramid temple in the Angkor area. 40
47. Khao Noi: the central temple of a set of three built on a hill top near Aranyaprathet. 40
48. Buddha from Tuol Preah Theat (Kampong Speu). 41
49. The 7th century inscription carved on the back of this Buddha image. 42
50. The impressive Angkor style bridge at Kampong Kdei. 46
51. A ruined shrine with well preserved lintel just west of the Bakong at Ruluos. 47
52. Phnom Kulen: in quest of remains of Jayavarman IFs ninth century city, buried in the jungle. 48
53. Phnom Kulen: a surviving temple, known as Prasad Thma Tap. 49
54. A more impressive temple known as Aur Paung. 49
55. Phnom Kulen: 'a thousand lingas' carved under water in the sacred Ruisey (Bamboo) Stream. 50
56. Rong Chen, once the centre of Jayavarmam IPs city on Phnom Kulen. 51
57. Trapeang Phong, mid 9th century temple a few kilometres south of the Bakong. 52
58. Trapeang Phong: one of its lintels. 53
59. Bakong, the pyramid temple of Indravarman (877 889) at Hariharalaya. 54
60. Bakong: a well preserved lintel remarkable for its intricacy. 54
61. Preah Ko, dedicated by Indravarman in honour of his parents and certain ancestors. 55
62. Preah Ko: a lintel from one of the front temples. 56
63. Bakheng, the first pyramid temple built at Angkor. 58
64. Phnom Krom. 59
65. Baksei Chamkrong. 62
66. Baksei Chamkrong: an elaborately worked lintel. 62
67. Kravan. 63
68. Kravan: interior of the central shrine showing a 4 armed Vishnu. 63
69. Kravan: the shrine with the best surviving lintel, containing three images of Laksmi. 64
70. Kravan: the image of Laksmi in the same shrine. 64
71. Koh Ker: the Great Pyramid. 67
72. Koh Ker: Prasad Neang Khmau. 69
73. Prasad Non Ku on the Khorat Plateau. 70
74. Pre Rup, pyramid temple of Rajendravarman. 73
75. East Mebon, another pyramid temple of Rajendravarman: facade of main shrine. 73
76. Angkor Thom: the so called Kleang, probably intended as palaces for guests. 74
77. Angkor Thom: Sour Prat. One of a row of strange laterite towers. 74
78. Kuk Nokor, an unusual temple, built entirely on laterite. 75
79. Bat Chum, the only surviving Buddhist temple at Angkor before the reign of Jayavarman VII. 75
80. The best preserved of its lintels. 76
81. A section of the inscription on a door post of the southern shrine. 77
82. Bantay Srei: view from the east. 78
83. Bantay Srei: Torana showing Krishna killing his wicked uncle Kamsa. 79
84. Another showing Siva and Uma on Kailas with a defeated Ravana below. 79
85. Another showing Kama (god of love) trying to distract Siva. 80
86. The ruins of Einkosi (Siem Reap) in the later monastery of that same name. 81
87. Phimean akas or 'Aerial Palace'. 82
88. Ta Keo, a pyramid temple built by Jayavarman V. 83
89. Bantay Ampil. 86
90. Bantay Ampil: doorway of the south entrance of the mandapa. 87
91. Phnom Chisor, once a hilltop fortress some 75 kms south of Phnom Penh. 88
92. Phnom Chisor: some well preserved lintels. 89
93. Baset, some twelve kilometres east of Battambang. 90
94. A doorway on the south side once leading into the central shrine. 90
95. Baset: one of several quite well preserved lintels. 91
Illustrations ix
96. Vat Ek, some eight kilometres north of Battambang. 91
97. Vat Ek: lintel over the entrance to the shrine from the mandapa. 92
98. Banon on its hilltop, 20 kilometres south of Battambang. 92
99. Banon: doorway of the eastern gopura. 92
100. Banon: the five summit towers. 93
101. Steung, view of the three wrecked towers with the new vihara behind. 94
102. Steung: one of several well preserved lintels on what must have been the eastern gopura. 94
103. Preah Vihear: the second courtyard. 95
104. Preah Vihear: the fourth courtyard. 95
105. Preah Vihear: the summit shrine, western section. 96
106. Wat Mahathat, Lopburi. 96
107. Preah Vihear: the summit shrine, eastern section. 97
108. Chau Srei Vibol, a beautiful little temple fortress east of Angkor. 100
109. Phnom Wan: the south wall of the inner courtyard. 101
110. Phnom Wan: Buddha images in the main shrine. 101
111. Phnom Wan, a few kilometres just north of Khorat city. 102 3
112. Phnom Rung, built on a hilltop about 95 km south of Khorat city. View from SW corner. 104
113. Phnom Rung: torana over the east entrance to main shrine, showing Siva as lord of ascetics. 104
114. Phnom Rung: lintel illustrating Vishnu giving birth to Brahma, and above a 10 armed Siva. 105
115. Phnom Rung: Nandin, Siva's bull. 105
116. A general view of Muang Tam. 106 7
117. Muang Tam contains some well preserved lintels. Krishna fighting the naga Kaliya. 108
118. Muang Tam, a view taken in the late evening. 108
119. Muang Tam: lintel of the main shrine, showing Brahma on his geese and the fcd/a mask below. 109
120. Preah Khan of Kampong Svay: the Elephant Temple. 115
121. A well preserved carving of a naga by the Elephant Temple. 115
122. A view of the lake from the Elephant Temple. 116
123. Preah Khan of Kampong Svay: Preah Thkol. 116
124. A section of carving, a naga, on Preah Thkol. 117
125. Preah Khan of Kampong Svay: Preah Stung. 117
126. A section of carving on the inner wall of Preah Stung. 118
127. Preah Khan: the hamsa bridge. 118
128. Preah Khan: the eastern gopura of the outer enclosure. 119
129. Buddha protected by the hood of the Naga Muc.alinda, from Preah Khan of Kampong Svay. 120
130. Avalokitesvara from Preah Thkol, Preah Khan of Kampong Svay. 120
131. Phimai: front view from the south. 122
132. Phimai: naga balustrade, leading to the south entrance. 123
133. Phimai: lintel over a doorway in the north east corner of the gallery. 124
134. Phimai: a curious carving of a dancing Buddha on a stone in the corner of the
second enclosure. ' 24
135. Ta Muen Thorn: a temple on the southern Thai border. 125
136. Ta Muen Thorn: the jutting stone regarded as a self produced linga. 125
137. Ta Muen, the nearby dharmasdla. 126
138. Sikhoraphum, a 12th century Khmer temple. 127
139. Another view of Sikhoraphum temple. 127
140. Sikhoraphum: lintel over the main shine. • 28
141. Prasad Ban Pluang. ' 28
142. Prasad Kamphaeng Yai: facing view of the three main shrines. 129
143. Prasad Kamphaeng Yai: stone facing of the northern library 129
144. Prasad Kamphaeng Yai: an ancient Buddha image, well plastered in gold by the faithful. 130
145. Nang ram, an ll'h to 12th century Buddhist temple north of Phimai. 131
146. Nang ram: the well preserved dharmasdla. '31
x Angkor—Before and After
147. Nang ram: lintels. 132
148. Puoi Noi, some 135 kms north of Khorat. 132
149. Puoi Noi: the frontage of the three main shrines. 133
150. Puoi Noi: torana of a shine of the south east corner of the complex. 133
151. Puoi Noi: lintel of the central shrine. 134
152. Ku Suan Taeng, a conventional set of three brick built shrines. 134
153. Prasad Ku Kasin, alias Suwannaphum. 135
154. Prasad Ku Kasin: one of the surviving lintels showing Indra on his elephant. 136
155. Narai Jaeng Vaeng at Sakhon Nakon. 136
156. Narai Jaeng Vaeng: image of dancing Siva on a torana. 137
157. Angkor Thorn: Thammonon. 137
158. Angkor Thorn: Preah Pithu. 138
159. Preah Pithu: section of a frieze of 37 Buddhas. 138
160. Bantay Samre, certainly the best preserved of the fortress temples in the Angkor area. 139
161. Bantay Samre: the interior section of the western gopura. 140
162. Bantay Samre: an inner entrance way from the east, north doorway. 140
163. Bantay Samre: torana above the corresponding south doorway. 140
164. Angkor Vat as seen from NW corner. 141
165. Angkor Vat: view of the main southern courtyard taken from the central tower. 142
166. Angkor Vat: apsaras on the south west corner of the central tower. 142
167. Angkor Vat: carved stone panel of Sfiryavarman II. 143
168. Angkor Vat: carved stone panel showing the entourage of the Syam (Thai) ruler. 143
169. Beng Mealea: a ruined fortress temple some 50 kilometres east of Angkor. 144
170. Beng Mealea: another view of ornamental stonework amidst jungle on the south side. 145
171. Angkor Thorn: the royal terrace in front of the palace grounds. 147
172. Angkor Thorn: entrance to the palace grounds on the east side. 147
173. Angkor Thorn: figures on the wall of Yama. 148
174. The Bayon: general view. 149
175. Carvings of the upper terrace. 150
176. Stone carving from the outer wall of Bayon, illustrating the war between the Khmers
and the Chams. 151
177. The Bayon: a related scene showing food and refreshment brought for the advancing troops. 151
178. The Bayon: a religious ceremony. 152
179. Preah Palilay: the surviving naga railings. 153
180. Preah Palilay: a repaired Buddha image in a new shrine in front of the gopura. 153
181. Preah Pralilay: Buddha in the earth witness posture of east side of the gopura. 154
182. Sra Srang, a beautiful artificial lake to the east of Bantay Kdei. 155
183. The bridge leading over the moat to the south gateway of Angkor Thorn. 155
184. Preah Khan: frontal view across the moat by the northern gopura. 156
185. Preah Khan: view from above of the towers of the inner enclosure. 158 9
186. Ta Prohm: the Great Goddess Prajnaparamita, 'Perfection of Wisdom'. 160
187. A torana showing a dancing Siva placed along the way east to west through Preah Khan. 160
188. Ta Prohm: a view of its originally neglected condition. 161
189. Bantay Kdei: view of the towers taken across the moat. 161
190. The western gopura of Ta Som. 162
191. Bantay Thorn on the northern outskirts of Angkor Thorn. 163
192. Bantay Thorn: torana over a small entry to the left of the gopura. 164
193. Bantay Thorn: another torana over a doorway in the main courtyard. 164
194. Vat Nokor: general view from the west. 165
195. Vat Nokor: one of several well preserved toranas. 165
Illustrations xi
196. Vat Nokor: the inside of the later vihara. 166
197. Ta Prohm of Bati (Kandal Province). 167
198. Ta Prohm of Bati: carving of 4 armed Avalokitesvara on the south upper wall of the main shrine. 167
199. A good example of a hospital chapel at Preah Khan (Angkor). 169
200. The eastern entrance of Muang Singh. 169
201. Bantay Chmar in its ruined condition. 170
202. Bantay Chmar: frieze of dancing figures decorating the east end of the main building. 170
203. Bantay Chmar: lintel of 4 headed Brahma. 171
204. Bantay Chmar: one of a row of life size carvings of 'thousand armed' Avalokitesvara. 172
205. Bantay Chmar. A sporting scene of a man fighting with a lion. 173
206. Hevajra, bronze, 12th 13th century. 174
207. The last Khmer stone temple built at Angkor, Mangalartha Temple, dated 1295. 175
208. Wat Sri Sawi, Sukhotai. 179
209. Sima (Buddhist boundary stone) carved in Mon style, Phnom Kulen. 181
210. Sima (Buddhist boundary stone) carved in Mon style, Phnom Kulen. 181
211. Effigy of a Buddhist religious teacher portrayed as a forest hermit. 181
212. Effigy of an arhat at the hilltop monastery (Vat Choat nyien) in Kampong Saom. 182
213. A typical 14th century shrine with tower in Ayuthaya. 183
214. Vat Bo, Buddha images carved in wood. 189
215. Vat Bo, a seated Buddha made of copper alloy with hollow interior. 190
216. Vat Bo, a small Buddha image (38 cms in height) probably older than the 16th century. 191
217. The west side of the Baphuon transformed into an enormous Buddha in the lying posture. 194
218. Vat Athvea in Siem Reap, built probably as a Buddhist temple in the early 13lh century. 194
219. The roof of a modern shrine at Vat Athvea. 195
220. A modern Buddhist monastery at the site of the Bakong. 195
221. A stone temple at Oudong. 203
222. Repaired stupas at Oudong. 203
223. A broken stone image of a lying Buddha on a hilltop in Oudong. 203
224. Vat Unnalom, Phnom Penh. 204
225. Two monks and the decorated walls of Vat Bakong. 208
226. Scene from the Vessantara jataka, as painted at Vat Bakong. 209
227. Scene from the Vessantara jataka, as painted at Vat Bakong. 209
228. Vat Bo in Siem Reap. 210
229. Scene from the Ramayana epic as painted on the internal walls of Vat Bo. 211
230. Scene from the Ramayana epic as painted on the internal walls of Vat Bo. 211
231. Monks blessing offerings of rice presented by villagers. 216
232. A wood carver at work. 216
233. Ancient eaves carved in wood at Vat Bodhi Bantay Chey 216
234. A legless beggar. 216
235. A procession of monks going to a ceremony near the Bayon. 218
236. A group of small stupas in Vat Bodhi Bantay Chey near Siem Reap. 218
237. Recent paintings on the roof of a crematorium. 218
238. A white elephant bearing a small stupa in grounds of Vat Aranya Sokor. 218
239. A village house. 218
240. Schoolboys at play in their school grounds at Ban Bir near Prakonchai (Thailand)
where there happens to be a Khmer 13* century hospital chapel. 218
241. A group of monks as tourists at Phimai. 219
242. A view of Phimai across the lake. 220
243. A picnic in the grounds of Angkor. 220
xii Angkor—Before and After
Maps
Map 1. Before Angkor. 3
Map 2. The Malay peninsula and some of its archaeological sites. 15
Map 3. Khmer sites in the Angkor period. 45
Map 4. Plan of Angkor. 60 61
Map 5. Archaeological map of the ancient route between Damdek and Kampong Kdei. Ill
Map 6. Archaeological map of the ancient route between Angkor and Preah Khan. 111
Map 7. General plan of Preah Khan of Kampong Svai. 112
Map 8. Preah Khan: plan of the 1st enclosure. 113
Map 9. Preah Khan: plan of the 3rd enclosure. 114
Map 10. Present day Cambodia. 213
Figures
Figure 1. Sambor Prei Kuk: building No. Cl. 31
Figure 2. Sambor Prei Kuk: facade of Building No. Cl. 32 |
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| author | Snellgrove, David L. 1920-2016 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1055667431 |
| author_facet | Snellgrove, David L. 1920-2016 |
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| author_variant | d l s dl dls |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| dewey-full | 959.6 |
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| dewey-ones | 959 - Southeast Asia |
| dewey-raw | 959.6 |
| dewey-search | 959.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3959.6 |
| dewey-tens | 950 - History of Asia |
| discipline | Kunstgeschichte Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Kunstgeschichte Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| geographic | Angkor (Extinct city) Cambodia Antiquities Cambodia Civilization Angkor (DE-588)4002034-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Angkor (Extinct city) Cambodia Antiquities Cambodia Civilization Angkor |
| id | DE-604.BV021549220 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:30:59Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:38:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9745240419 0834805391 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004473274 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014765321 |
| oclc_num | 55755280 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M350 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M350 DE-11 |
| physical | xviii, 250 S. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Orchid Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Snellgrove, David L. 1920-2016 Verfasser (DE-588)1055667431 aut Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers David Snellgrove Cultural history of the Khmers Bangkok Orchid Press 2004 xviii, 250 S. Ill., Kt. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [237]-241) and index Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Khmer (volk) gtt Funde Temples Cambodia Angkor (Extinct city) Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Khmer (DE-588)4030439-5 gnd rswk-swf Angkor (Extinct city) Cambodia Antiquities Cambodia Civilization Angkor (DE-588)4002034-4 gnd rswk-swf Khmer (DE-588)4030439-5 s Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Angkor (DE-588)4002034-4 g HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014765321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Snellgrove, David L. 1920-2016 Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers Khmer (volk) gtt Funde Temples Cambodia Angkor (Extinct city) Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Khmer (DE-588)4030439-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4030439-5 (DE-588)4002034-4 |
| title | Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers |
| title_alt | Cultural history of the Khmers |
| title_auth | Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers |
| title_exact_search | Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers |
| title_full | Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers David Snellgrove |
| title_fullStr | Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers David Snellgrove |
| title_full_unstemmed | Angkor, before and after a cultural history of the Khmers David Snellgrove |
| title_short | Angkor, before and after |
| title_sort | angkor before and after a cultural history of the khmers |
| title_sub | a cultural history of the Khmers |
| topic | Khmer (volk) gtt Funde Temples Cambodia Angkor (Extinct city) Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Khmer (DE-588)4030439-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Khmer (volk) Funde Temples Cambodia Angkor (Extinct city) Kultur Khmer Angkor (Extinct city) Cambodia Antiquities Cambodia Civilization Angkor |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014765321&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT snellgrovedavidl angkorbeforeandafteraculturalhistoryofthekhmers AT snellgrovedavidl culturalhistoryofthekhmers |