Maize as energy crop for combustion: agricultural optimisation of fuel supply
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Straubing
2006
|
| Series: | Berichte aus dem TFZ
9 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 55 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Maize as energy crop for combustion |b agricultural optimisation of fuel supply |c Caroline Schneider ; Hans Hartmann |
| 264 | 1 | |a Straubing |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 55 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Contents
Contents
Contents.5
List of figures.7
List of tables.9
1 Introduction and problem definition.11
2 Goals.13
3 Work plan and applied methods.15
3.1 Cultivation situation during the testing period.15
3.2 Determination of fuel parameters and analysing methods.15
3.3 Crop characterisation.16
3.3.1 Plant section analyses and time series.16
3.3.2 Site condition effects.17
3.4 Choice of variety.18
3.5 Cultivation methods.19
3.5.1 Conventional versus ecological cultivation.19
3.5.2 Irrigation versus non-irrigation.19
3.6 Moisture content manipulation.19
3.6.1 Swath drying.19
3.6.2 Storage behaviour.r.20
3.7 Yield determination.24
3.8 Moisture content determination of baled maize.26
4 Results.27
4.1 Crop characterisation.27
4.1.1 Time series / Harvest timing.27
4.1.2 Plant section analyses and time series.29
4.1.3 Site condition effects.38
4.2 Choice of variety.39
4.3 Cultivation methods.40
4.3.1 Conventional versus ecological cultivation.40
4.3.2 Irrigation versus non-irrigation.41
4.4 Moisture content manipulation.42
4.4.1 Harvesting time.43
4.4.2 Swath drying.43
4.4.3 Storage.45
4.5 Yield determination.48
4.6 Moisture content determination of baled maize.---------------------------.48
Berichte aus dent TFZ 9 (2006)
6 Contents
4.7 Ash evaluation.49
5 Conclusions.51
6 Summary.53
7 References.55
Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 (2006)
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1: Set up of a swath drying trial on August 17th, 2004.20
Figure 2: Bale enwrapping in a wide meshed plastic net at the beginning of the
storage trial on November 5th, 2004.21
Figure 3: Bale weighing at the beginning of the storage trial on November 5th, 2004.21
Figure 4: Plan of the outside maize depot set up on the field.22
Figure 5: Plastic covered field maize depot arranged on November 5th, 2004.23
Figure 6: Roof covered maize depot in a shed arranged on November 5th, 2004.23
Figure 7: Weighing of maize plants for yield determination.25
Figure 8: Ccore drill for maize bale samplings.26
Figure 9: Orientation values of biofuel quality characteristics of spruce wood, wheat
straw and grain kernels (source: database of TFZ [3]).27
Figure 10: Biofuel properties of maize whole plants depending on harvesting time.29
Figure 11: Typical weight proportions of maize plant sections at different years and
times.30
Figure 12: Typical calorific values of dry matter of maize plant sections in different
years and seasonal stages (black line: whole plant average).31
Figure 13: Ash content in dry matter of maize plant sections in different years and
maturity stages (black line: whole plant average).32
Figure 14: Moisture content of maize plant sections and as a function of time (black
line in left graph: whole plant average).33
Figure 15: Nitrogen of maize plant sections and as a function of time (black line in left
graph: whole plant average).33
Figure 16: Relative distribution of nitrogen in the maize plants over time.34
Figure 17: Phosphorus of maize plant sections, as a function of time and the relative
phosphorus contents within the whole plant (black line in top graph: whole
plant average).34
Figure 18: Potassium content of maize plant sections as a function of time (black line
in left graph: whole plant average).35
Figure 19: Chlorine of maize plant sections and as a function of time (black line in left
graph: whole plant average).35
Figure 20: Sulphate, silicon, calcium and magnesium content of maize plant sections
(black lines: whole plant average).36
Figure 21: Moisture content, chlorine, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
concentration of maize from two sites in Lower Austria and one site in
Bavaria.38
Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 (2006)
List of figures
Figure 22: Moisture content, ash content, calorific value and chlorine (Cl), nitrogen
(N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations of three maize
varieties with different maturity times.39
Figure 23: Biofuel properties of maize variety Clarica with conventional/non-fertilised
and ecological cultivation.40
Figure 24: Biofuel properties of maize variety Clarica with conventional/fertilised and
ecological cultivation.41
Figure 25: Biofuel properties of maize variety Clarica with irrigation and non-irrigation
cultivation in 2004.42
Figure 26: Drying intensity of maize swaths in comparison to non-harvested growing
maize in Pulling/Bavaria.44
Figure 27: Drying intensity of maize swaths in comparison to non-harvested growing
maize in Diirnkrut/Lower Austria.45
Figure 28: Drying intensity of baled maize under plastic covered storage conditions.
The average moisture content at storage start was 23 %.46
Figure 29: Weight reduction of baled maize under plastic covered and under roof
covered storage conditions. The average moisture content at investigation
start was 23 %.47
Figure 30: Yield determination of different maize varieties grown at different row
distances in Diirnkrut in 2005.48
Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 (2006)
List of tables
List of tables
Table 1: Measuring principles for the determined fuel parameters.16
Table 2: Sampling conditions in 2003 and 2004.17
Table 3: Comparison of site conditions in Durnkrut/Austria and Strassmoos/Bavaria.18
Table 4: Agronomic characteristics of the chosen maize varieties for fuel parameter
comparison.18
Table 5: Description of sampling lots for yield determination.25
Table 6: Heavy metal contents of maize whole plants in comparison to published
heavy metal data of general coniferous wood and general crop straw.37
Table 7: Nutrients content in an ash sample from the combustion of maize whole
plants in the NESSIE bale combustor collected from the grate (Data
provided by University of Vienna).49
Table 8: Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in the ash from the combustion
of whole maize plants and the limit values for fertilisers according to the
German DuMV [1], Annex 2, Table 1.50
Berichte mis dem TFZ 9 (2006) |
| adam_txt |
Contents
Contents
Contents.5
List of figures.7
List of tables.9
1 Introduction and problem definition.11
2 Goals.13
3 Work plan and applied methods.15
3.1 Cultivation situation during the testing period.15
3.2 Determination of fuel parameters and analysing methods.15
3.3 Crop characterisation.16
3.3.1 Plant section analyses and time series.16
3.3.2 Site condition effects.17
3.4 Choice of variety.18
3.5 Cultivation methods.19
3.5.1 Conventional versus ecological cultivation.19
3.5.2 Irrigation versus non-irrigation.19
3.6 Moisture content manipulation.19
3.6.1 Swath drying.19
3.6.2 Storage behaviour.r.20
3.7 Yield determination.24
3.8 Moisture content determination of baled maize.26
4 Results.27
4.1 Crop characterisation.27
4.1.1 Time series / Harvest timing.27
4.1.2 Plant section analyses and time series.29
4.1.3 Site condition effects.38
4.2 Choice of variety.39
4.3 Cultivation methods.40
4.3.1 Conventional versus ecological cultivation.40
4.3.2 Irrigation versus non-irrigation.41
4.4 Moisture content manipulation.42
4.4.1 Harvesting time.43
4.4.2 Swath drying.43
4.4.3 Storage.45
4.5 Yield determination.48
4.6 Moisture content determination of baled maize.---------------------------.48
Berichte aus dent TFZ 9 (2006)
6 Contents
4.7 Ash evaluation.49
5 Conclusions.51
6 Summary.53
7 References.55
Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 (2006)
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1: Set up of a swath drying trial on August 17th, 2004.20
Figure 2: Bale enwrapping in a wide meshed plastic net at the beginning of the
storage trial on November 5th, 2004.21
Figure 3: Bale weighing at the beginning of the storage trial on November 5th, 2004.21
Figure 4: Plan of the outside maize depot set up on the field.22
Figure 5: Plastic covered field maize depot arranged on November 5th, 2004.23
Figure 6: Roof covered maize depot in a shed arranged on November 5th, 2004.23
Figure 7: Weighing of maize plants for yield determination.25
Figure 8: Ccore drill for maize bale samplings.26
Figure 9: Orientation values of biofuel quality characteristics of spruce wood, wheat
straw and grain kernels (source: database of TFZ [3]).27
Figure 10: Biofuel properties of maize whole plants depending on harvesting time.29
Figure 11: Typical weight proportions of maize plant sections at different years and
times.30
Figure 12: Typical calorific values of dry matter of maize plant sections in different
years and seasonal stages (black line: whole plant average).31
Figure 13: Ash content in dry matter of maize plant sections in different years and
maturity stages (black line: whole plant average).32
Figure 14: Moisture content of maize plant sections and as a function of time (black
line in left graph: whole plant average).33
Figure 15: Nitrogen of maize plant sections and as a function of time (black line in left
graph: whole plant average).33
Figure 16: Relative distribution of nitrogen in the maize plants over time.34
Figure 17: Phosphorus of maize plant sections, as a function of time and the relative
phosphorus contents within the whole plant (black line in top graph: whole
plant average).34
Figure 18: Potassium content of maize plant sections as a function of time (black line
in left graph: whole plant average).35
Figure 19: Chlorine of maize plant sections and as a function of time (black line in left
graph: whole plant average).35
Figure 20: Sulphate, silicon, calcium and magnesium content of maize plant sections
(black lines: whole plant average).36
Figure 21: Moisture content, chlorine, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
concentration of maize from two sites in Lower Austria and one site in
Bavaria.38
Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 (2006)
List of figures
Figure 22: Moisture content, ash content, calorific value and chlorine (Cl), nitrogen
(N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations of three maize
varieties with different maturity times.39
Figure 23: Biofuel properties of maize variety Clarica with conventional/non-fertilised
and ecological cultivation.40
Figure 24: Biofuel properties of maize variety Clarica with conventional/fertilised and
ecological cultivation.41
Figure 25: Biofuel properties of maize variety Clarica with irrigation and non-irrigation
cultivation in 2004.42
Figure 26: Drying intensity of maize swaths in comparison to non-harvested growing
maize in Pulling/Bavaria.44
Figure 27: Drying intensity of maize swaths in comparison to non-harvested growing
maize in Diirnkrut/Lower Austria.45
Figure 28: Drying intensity of baled maize under plastic covered storage conditions.
The average moisture content at storage start was 23 %.46
Figure 29: Weight reduction of baled maize under plastic covered and under roof
covered storage conditions. The average moisture content at investigation
start was 23 %.47
Figure 30: Yield determination of different maize varieties grown at different row
distances in Diirnkrut in 2005.48
Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 (2006)
List of tables
List of tables
Table 1: Measuring principles for the determined fuel parameters.16
Table 2: Sampling conditions in 2003 and 2004.17
Table 3: Comparison of site conditions in Durnkrut/Austria and Strassmoos/Bavaria.18
Table 4: Agronomic characteristics of the chosen maize varieties for fuel parameter
comparison.18
Table 5: Description of sampling lots for yield determination.25
Table 6: Heavy metal contents of maize whole plants in comparison to published
heavy metal data of general coniferous wood and general crop straw.37
Table 7: Nutrients content in an ash sample from the combustion of maize whole
plants in the NESSIE bale combustor collected from the grate (Data
provided by University of Vienna).49
Table 8: Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in the ash from the combustion
of whole maize plants and the limit values for fertilisers according to the
German DuMV [1], Annex 2, Table 1.50
Berichte mis dem TFZ 9 (2006) |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:29:44Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-31T00:35:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
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| series2 | Berichte aus dem TFZ |
| spelling | Schneider, Caroline Verfasser aut Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply Caroline Schneider ; Hans Hartmann Straubing 2006 55 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 Mais (DE-588)4037135-9 gnd rswk-swf Brennstoff (DE-588)4008186-2 gnd rswk-swf Energiepflanzen (DE-588)4473008-1 gnd rswk-swf Mais (DE-588)4037135-9 s Energiepflanzen (DE-588)4473008-1 s Brennstoff (DE-588)4008186-2 s b DE-604 Hartmann, Hans Verfasser aut Berichte aus dem TFZ 9 (DE-604)BV019733260 9 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014761657&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schneider, Caroline Hartmann, Hans Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply Berichte aus dem TFZ Mais (DE-588)4037135-9 gnd Brennstoff (DE-588)4008186-2 gnd Energiepflanzen (DE-588)4473008-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037135-9 (DE-588)4008186-2 (DE-588)4473008-1 |
| title | Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply |
| title_auth | Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply |
| title_exact_search | Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply |
| title_full | Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply Caroline Schneider ; Hans Hartmann |
| title_fullStr | Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply Caroline Schneider ; Hans Hartmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | Maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply Caroline Schneider ; Hans Hartmann |
| title_short | Maize as energy crop for combustion |
| title_sort | maize as energy crop for combustion agricultural optimisation of fuel supply |
| title_sub | agricultural optimisation of fuel supply |
| topic | Mais (DE-588)4037135-9 gnd Brennstoff (DE-588)4008186-2 gnd Energiepflanzen (DE-588)4473008-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mais Brennstoff Energiepflanzen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014761657&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV019733260 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schneidercaroline maizeasenergycropforcombustionagriculturaloptimisationoffuelsupply AT hartmannhans maizeasenergycropforcombustionagriculturaloptimisationoffuelsupply |