Nutrient cycling and limitation: Hawai'i as a model system
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Oxford [u.a.]
Princeton Univ. Press
2004
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| Series: | Princeton Environmental Institute series
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Publisher description Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XX, 223 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780691115801 0691115796 069111580X |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Nutrient cycling and limitation |b Hawai'i as a model system |c Peter Vitousek |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Princeton Univ. Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 223 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Princeton Environmental Institute series | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Cycles nutritifs - Hawaii | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écologie - Hawaii | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ökologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ecology |z Hawaii | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nutrient cycles |z Hawaii | |
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| _version_ | 1804135298620194816 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Nutrient cycling and limitation
Autor: Vitousek, Peter Morrison
Jahr: 2004
CONTENTS
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
Preface xix
Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: The Hawaiian Islands as a Model Ecosystem 6
Model Systems 6
Microcosms and Well-studied Systems 8
A Brief Natural History 9
The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands 9
Determinants of Climate 15
Isolation 19
Evolution, Conservation, and Culture 20
Evolution and Speciation 20
Conservation Biology 22
Cultural Evolution 22
Chapter Three: Gradients in Environmental Factors, 24
Gradients in Ecosystems
The State Factor Framework 24
Environmental Gradients as Model Systems 26
Temperature 27
Precipitation 29
The Mauna Loa Matrix 30
A Substrate Age Gradient across the Hawaiian Islands 31
Age Control 35
Climate History 35
Basic Features of the Gradient 39
Chaptfr Four- Pnrrprrw and Processes in lone-term 42
Ecosystem Development
A Theory for Nutrient Dynamics during 42
Ecosystem Development
viii CONTENTS
Biogeochetnical Processes on the Substrate Age Gradient 45
Soil P Pools 45
C and N Pools 45
Available Nutrients 46
Foliar Nutrients 49
Forest Productivity 51
Efficiencies of Resource Use 53
Decomposition and Nutrient Regeneration 59
Soil Organic Matter Turnover 66
Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks 66
Chapter Five: Experimental Studies of Nutrient Limitation 70
and the Regulation of Nutrient Cycling
Fertilization Experiments 71
Nutrient Limitation 74
Nutrient Availability and Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback 78
Tissue Nutrient Concentrations 78
Productivity 78
Resource Efficiencies 79
Decomposition 84
Nutrient Regeneration 87
Controls of Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback 87
Chapter Six: Nutrient Inputs to Hawaiian Ecosystems: 92
Pathways, Rates, and Controls
Inputs of Elements 92
Weathering 93
Concepts and Definitions 93
Approaches 94
Element Inputs via Weathering 97
Atmospheric Inputs 98
Background 98
Deposition Measurements 100
Inputs of Water 101
Nitrogen Inputs 101
Influence of an Active Volcano 102
Inputs of Other Elements 103
CONTENTS
Long-Distance Dust Transport 105
Background 105
Methods 105
Element Inputs 106
The Fate of Dust 107
Biological N Fixation 109
Background 109
Approach 109
Rates of Fixation 110
Other Inputs 110
Combined Inputs by All Known Pathways 111
Strontium Isotopes: A Direct Test of Input Pathways 111
Chloride and Sulfate 114
Mobile Cations 114
Silicon and Aluminum 116
Nitrogen and Phosphorus 117
Chapter Seven: Nutrient Outputs: Pathways, Controls, 121
and Input-Output Budgets
Output Pathways 122
Leaching 122
N-Containing Trace Gases 124
Erosion 126
Other Pathways of Loss 126
Rates and Controls ofN and P Losses 128
Input-Output Budgets 133
Budget Calculations 134
Using These Element Budgets 142
Chapter Eight: Issues and Opportunities 143
Interactions of Time Scales 143
An Exploratory Model 143
Supply versus Demand 144
Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks 146
Sources and Sinks 148
Inputs and Outputs 150
Interactions across Scales 152
x CONTENTS
The Regulation of Nutrient Inputs and Outputs 154
Demand-Independent Pathways of Element Loss 155
Implications of Demand—Independent Nutrient Losses 159
Stoichiometry and Flexibility 160
Within-System Element Cycling 162
Inputs and Outputs 169
Biological N Fixation 173
Differences in Populations, Species, and Diversity 177
Biological Differences and Ecosystem Functioning 177
Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning 184
Three Final Points 188
References 191
Index 219
TABLES
3.1. Characteristics of sites on the substrate age gradient
across the Hawaiian Islands. 34
4.1. Components of productivity in sites along the Hawaiian 52
age gradient.
4.2. Initial chemistry of the litter used in decomposition 61
experiments.
4.3. Decomposition constants for litter that was decomposed 64
in the site where it was produced (in situ).
5.1. Quantities and forms of elements applied in the 72
fertilization experiments.
5.2. Characteristics of factorial fertilization experiments. 73
5.3. Fertilization responses in factorial experiments. 76
5.4. Nutrient concentrations in leaves, stemwood, and roots 79
following long-term fertilization in the 0.3 ky and
4100 ky sites.
5.5. Stand-level responses of canopy characteristics to 83
long-term fertilization.
5.6. The chemistry and decomposability of Metrosideros 85
leaf litter produced in fertilization experiments.
6.1. Calculated annual inputs of elements via weathering 98
during the initial and final intervals between sites along
the Hawaiian substrate age gradient.
6.2. Atmospheric deposition of N to the 0.3 ky Thurston site. 101
6.3. Atmospheric deposition of major elements other than N. 104
6.4. Inputs of elements in Asian dust. 106
7.1. Fluxes of N to the atmosphere. 125
8.1. Stoichiometry of the major sources of element inputs 171
to Hawaiian ecosystems.
8.2. The range in chemical properties of Metrosideros 175
polymorpha leaf litter used to evaluate controls of
heterotrophic N fixation.
8.3. Litter properties of introduced Fraxinus uhdei and 184
native Metrosideros polymorpha collected in the
Laupahoehoe Forest Reserve.
FIGURES
2.1. The Hawaiian archipelago, including the current high 10
islands, the ages of their major volcanoes, and atolls.
2.2. Mauna Loa Volcano (4168 m), photographed across the 11
Kllauea caldera on the island of Hawai i.
2.3. The profile of the 4168 m shield volcano Mauna Loa 12
relative to that of the 4383 m stratovolcano volcano Mt.
Rainier.
2.4. The consequences of millions of years of erosion for land 13
forms on the north side of the island of Kaua i.
2.5. Erosion and the development of land forms across the 14
Hawaiian Islands.
2.6. Atmospheric circulation in the tropics. 15
2.7. Rainfall map of the Island of Hawai i. 17
2.8. Sources of precipitation on largest Hawaiian volcanoes. 18
2.9. Evolutionary radiation of the silversword alliance 21
(Asteraceae) in the Hawaiian Islands.
3.1. Pahoehoe versus a a lava. 25
3.2. The 1859 lava flow at the center of this satellite image/ 28
digital elevation model stretches from well above treeline
to the sea on the northwest flank of Mauna Loa volcano.
3.3. Above-ground net primary production (ANPP) and the 28
decomposition of Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter as a
function of mean annual temperature along an elevational
gradient on the windward 1855 lava flow, Mauna Loa.
3.4. Turnover of the slow pool of soil organic matter as 29
function of temperature along an elevational gradient on
Mauna Kea volcano.
3.5. The natural abundance of 15N in soils and plants along 30
three precipitation gradients in the Hawaiian Islands, including
young sites on Mauna Loa and Hualalai, Kohala sites, and
Maui sites.
3.6. The Mauna Loa environmental matrix. 32
3.7. Locations and ages of sites on the substrate age gradient 33
across the Hawaiian Islands.
3.8. A proposed climate history for the 1400 ky Kolekole site 37
on the substrate age gradient.
3.9. Calculations of cumulative climate parameters across the 38
substrate age gradient.
xiv FIGURES
3.10. Changes in the relative contributions of different soil 40
minerals along the substrate age gradient.
3.11. Changes in the stature of dominant Metrosideros 41
polymorpha trees along the substrate age gradient.
3.12. The relative dominance of tree cover by Metrosideros 41
polymorpha and of understory cover by Cibotium tree ferns
along the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.1. The Walker and Syers conceptual model for changes in P 43
fractions during long-term soil development.
4.2. Losses of P and changes in soil P fractions across the 46
Hawaiian substrate age gradient.
4.3. The pools of organic C and N to a depth of 50 cm in soils 47
across the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.4. Exchangeable soil cations and resin-extractable P across 48
the age gradient.
4.5. Measures of N availability across the Hawaiian age 49
gradient.
4.6. Foliar nutrient concentrations in sun leaves of 50
Metrosideros polymorpha along the Hawaiian substrate age
gradient.
4.7. Components of primary production across the Hawaiian 52
substrate age gradient.
4.8. Investment in nutrient acquisition in three sites along the 54
Hawaiian age gradient.
4.9. The quantity of N and P circulating annually through leaf 55
litterfall in sites across the substrate age gradient.
4.10. N and P productivity increase across the Hawaiian age 56
gradient.
4.11. Leaf longevity, nutrient resorption, and nutrient 57
residence times across the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.12. Radiation conversion efficiency and nutrient use efficiency 58
of forest stands across the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.13. Concentrations of N and P in leaf litterfall along the 60
Hawaiian age gradient.
4.14. Decomposition of Metrosideros leaf litter across the 62
substrate age gradient.
4.15. The fraction of initial N and P remaining after two years 63
of Metrosideros leaf litter decomposition in the site where it
was produced.
4.16. Two independent measures of the turnover of forest floor 67
and A-horizon soil organic matter along the Hawaiian age
gradient.
4.17. Components of a plant-soil microbial positive feedback. 68
5.1. Tree diameter increments after two years of fertilization 74
FIGURES xv
(18 months in the oldest site) in fertilized and control plots
of the 0.3 ky, 20 ky, and 4100 ky sites.
5.2. Effects of fertilization on foliar N and P concentrations in 77
the 0.3 ky, 20 ky, and 4100 ky sites.
5.3. Components of net primary production (NPP) following 80
12 and 6 years of fertilization in the 0.3 ky and the 4100 ky
sites respectively.
5.4. Leaf area index (LAI) and radiation conversion efficiency 81
(e) in fertilized and control plots of the 0.3 ky and 4100 ky
sites.
5.5. N and P use efficiencies in control and fertilized plots of 82
the 0.3 ky and 4100 ky sites.
5.6. Effects of fertilization on the decomposition of 86
Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter in the young and old sites.
5.7. Net nutrient release following two years of decomposition 88
for Metrosideros litter collected and decomposed in control
and fertilized plots.
5.8. Consequences of N additions to the N-limited 0.3 ky site, 89
and of P additions to the P-limited 4100 ky site, for
components of the plant-soil-microbial feedback outlined in
fig. 4.17.
5.9. The relationship between litter lignin concentration and the 91
effect of added N on decomposition.
6.1. Concentrations of Ca (a mobile element), P (low mobility), 95
and Ta (immobile) relative to those of the immobile index
element Nb in soil horizons across the Hawaiian substrate
age gradient.
6.2. Accumulation of the immobile element Nb with increasing 96
substrate age across the Hawaiian age gradient.
6.3. Weathering and loss of Ca and P across the Hawaiian age 99
gradient.
6.4. Inputs of Asian dust to the Pacific Ocean 107
(mg m~2 yr1) integrated over glacial/interglacial cycles.
6.5. The accumulation of mineralogical and geochemical tracers 108
of continental dust in soils along the Hawaiian age gradient.
6.6. Inputs of N via biological N fixation across the Hawaiian 111
age gradient.
6.7. Pathways of Sr input across the substrate age gradient. 113
6.8. Pathways of Cl and SO4-S inputs across the substrate age 115
gradient.
6.9. Inputs of Ca and Mg across the substrate age gradient. 116
6.10. Inputs of Na and K across the substrate age gradient. 117
6.11. Inputs of Si and Al across the substrate age gradient. 118
6.12. Inputs of N and P across the substrate age gradient. 119
xvi FIGURES
7.1. Cation/anion balance in lysimeter solutions of the 124
youngest and oldest sites on the Hawaiian age gradient.
7.2. Sr isotope ratios in foliage of Metrosideros polymorpha 127
collected along transects from shield volcanic surfaces to
streams in two steep-sided stream valleys on Kohala
Mountain.
7.3. Pathways and forms of N and P losses along the 128
Hawaiian age gradient.
7.4. Correlations between rates of net N mineralization and N 129
loss by each pathway across the substrate age gradient.
7.5. 15N natural abundance in plants (solid lines) and soils 131
(dashed lines) across the Hawaiian age gradient.
7.6. The C-N-P stoichiometry of soil organic matter (SOM), 132
dissolved organic matter (DOM) in extracts of surface soil, and
DOM in lysimeters deeper in the soil profile, for sites across the
substrate age gradient.
7.7. Total inputs and outputs of Cl and SO4-S along the 135
substrate age gradient.
7.8. Concentrations of Cl in lysimeters and streamwater across 136
the substrate age gradient.
7.9. Total inputs and outputs of Ca and Mg along the substrate 137
age gradient.
7.10. Total inputs and outputs of Na and K along the substrate 139
age gradient.
7.11. Total inputs and outputs of SiO4-Si along the substrate 140
age gradient.
7.12. Total inputs and outputs of N and P along the substrate 141
age gradient.
8.1. Consequences of an excess of nutrient demand over supply 145
within the Explore model.
8.2. The consequences of incorporating a dynamic plant-soil 147
feedback into the Explore model.
8.3. The consequences of adding a nutrient sink in growing 149
biomass to the Explore model.
8.4. The simulated N sink in soil caused by an excess of 150
nutrient demand over supply (induced by adding C to soil)
is larger and sustained much longer when the plant-soil-
microbial feedback is on (within the model) than when it is off.
8.5. Long-term consequences of nutrient input-output balances 152
within the Explore model.
8.6. The effects of destructive disturbance on productivity and 156
N losses in the Explore model.
8.7. The consequences of fluctuating soil moisture, based on a 157
simulation similar to Explore.
FIGURES xvii
8.8. The effects of N losses via dissolved organic N (DON) 159
within the Explore model.
8.9. C:N ratios in the wood, roots, leaves, and leaf litter of 164
Metrosideros polymorpha and in microbial biomass across the
Hawaiian age gradient.
8.10. C:P ratios in Metrosideros polymorpha and microbial 165
biomass across the Hawaiian age gradient.
8.11. N:P ratios in Metrosideros polymorpha and microbial 166
biomass across the Hawaiian age gradient.
8.12. C:N:P stoichiometry in leaves of six species that occur 167
across the Hawaiian substrate age gradient.
8.13. Ca:P ratios in leaves of the six species in Fig. 8-12. 168
8.14. Phosphatase enzyme activity in control and fertilized 170
plots of the youngest and oldest sites on the substrate age
gradient.
8.15. Decomposition and heterotrophic N fixation in relation 176
to C quality (lignin concentration) and N limitation to
decomposition for Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter.
8.16. Foliar chemistry of Metrosideros polymorpha grown 178
under identical conditions in a common garden, and of field-
grown trees.
8.17. The consequences of introducing a lag between the 180
initiation of supply-demand imbalance and the development
of plant-soil feedback within the Explore model.
8.18. Consequences of invasion by the actinorrhizal N fixer 183
Myrica faya near the 0.3 ky site on the Hawaiian age
gradient.
8.19. Litter decomposition and rates of N and P release in 185
leaf litter of Metrosideros polymorpha and the introduced
tree Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) in a relatively nutrient-rich
area near the 20 ky site on the Hawaiian age gradient.
8.20. Tropical forest productivity as a function of mean annual 187
precipitation for a range of mostly continental forests and for
Hawaiian forests arrayed along a precipitation gradient on
Maui.
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Nutrient cycling and limitation
Autor: Vitousek, Peter Morrison
Jahr: 2004
CONTENTS
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
Preface xix
Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: The Hawaiian Islands as a Model Ecosystem 6
Model Systems 6
Microcosms and Well-studied Systems 8
A Brief Natural History 9
The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands 9
Determinants of Climate 15
Isolation 19
Evolution, Conservation, and Culture 20
Evolution and Speciation 20
Conservation Biology 22
Cultural Evolution 22
Chapter Three: Gradients in Environmental Factors, 24
Gradients in Ecosystems
The State Factor Framework 24
Environmental Gradients as Model Systems 26
Temperature 27
Precipitation 29
The Mauna Loa Matrix 30
A Substrate Age Gradient across the Hawaiian Islands 31
Age Control 35
Climate History 35
Basic Features of the Gradient 39
Chaptfr Four- Pnrrprrw and Processes in lone-term 42
Ecosystem Development
A Theory for Nutrient Dynamics during 42
Ecosystem Development
viii CONTENTS
Biogeochetnical Processes on the Substrate Age Gradient 45
Soil P Pools 45
C and N Pools 45
Available Nutrients 46
Foliar Nutrients 49
Forest Productivity 51
Efficiencies of Resource Use 53
Decomposition and Nutrient Regeneration 59
Soil Organic Matter Turnover 66
Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks 66
Chapter Five: Experimental Studies of Nutrient Limitation 70
and the Regulation of Nutrient Cycling
Fertilization Experiments 71
Nutrient Limitation 74
Nutrient Availability and Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback 78
Tissue Nutrient Concentrations 78
Productivity 78
Resource Efficiencies 79
Decomposition 84
Nutrient Regeneration 87
Controls of Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedback 87
Chapter Six: Nutrient Inputs to Hawaiian Ecosystems: 92
Pathways, Rates, and Controls
Inputs of Elements 92
Weathering 93
Concepts and Definitions 93
Approaches 94
Element Inputs via Weathering 97
Atmospheric Inputs 98
Background 98
Deposition Measurements 100
Inputs of Water 101
Nitrogen Inputs 101
Influence of an Active Volcano 102
Inputs of Other Elements 103
CONTENTS
Long-Distance Dust Transport 105
Background 105
Methods 105
Element Inputs 106
The Fate of Dust 107
Biological N Fixation 109
Background 109
Approach 109
Rates of Fixation 110
Other Inputs 110
Combined Inputs by All Known Pathways 111
Strontium Isotopes: A Direct Test of Input Pathways 111
Chloride and Sulfate 114
Mobile Cations 114
Silicon and Aluminum 116
Nitrogen and Phosphorus 117
Chapter Seven: Nutrient Outputs: Pathways, Controls, 121
and Input-Output Budgets
Output Pathways 122
Leaching 122
N-Containing Trace Gases 124
Erosion 126
Other Pathways of Loss 126
Rates and Controls ofN and P Losses 128
Input-Output Budgets 133
Budget Calculations 134
Using These Element Budgets 142
Chapter Eight: Issues and Opportunities 143
Interactions of Time Scales 143
An Exploratory Model 143
Supply versus Demand 144
Plant-Soil-Microbial Feedbacks 146
Sources and Sinks 148
Inputs and Outputs 150
Interactions across Scales 152
x CONTENTS
The Regulation of Nutrient Inputs and Outputs 154
Demand-Independent Pathways of Element Loss 155
Implications of Demand—Independent Nutrient Losses 159
Stoichiometry and Flexibility 160
Within-System Element Cycling 162
Inputs and Outputs 169
Biological N Fixation 173
Differences in Populations, Species, and Diversity 177
Biological Differences and Ecosystem Functioning 177
Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning 184
Three Final Points 188
References 191
Index 219
TABLES
3.1. Characteristics of sites on the substrate age gradient
across the Hawaiian Islands. 34
4.1. Components of productivity in sites along the Hawaiian 52
age gradient.
4.2. Initial chemistry of the litter used in decomposition 61
experiments.
4.3. Decomposition constants for litter that was decomposed 64
in the site where it was produced (in situ).
5.1. Quantities and forms of elements applied in the 72
fertilization experiments.
5.2. Characteristics of factorial fertilization experiments. 73
5.3. Fertilization responses in factorial experiments. 76
5.4. Nutrient concentrations in leaves, stemwood, and roots 79
following long-term fertilization in the 0.3 ky and
4100 ky sites.
5.5. Stand-level responses of canopy characteristics to 83
long-term fertilization.
5.6. The chemistry and decomposability of Metrosideros 85
leaf litter produced in fertilization experiments.
6.1. Calculated annual inputs of elements via weathering 98
during the initial and final intervals between sites along
the Hawaiian substrate age gradient.
6.2. Atmospheric deposition of N to the 0.3 ky Thurston site. 101
6.3. Atmospheric deposition of major elements other than N. 104
6.4. Inputs of elements in Asian dust. 106
7.1. Fluxes of N to the atmosphere. 125
8.1. Stoichiometry of the major sources of element inputs 171
to Hawaiian ecosystems.
8.2. The range in chemical properties of Metrosideros 175
polymorpha leaf litter used to evaluate controls of
heterotrophic N fixation.
8.3. Litter properties of introduced Fraxinus uhdei and 184
native Metrosideros polymorpha collected in the
Laupahoehoe Forest Reserve.
FIGURES
2.1. The Hawaiian archipelago, including the current high 10
islands, the ages of their major volcanoes, and atolls.
2.2. Mauna Loa Volcano (4168 m), photographed across the 11
Kllauea caldera on the island of Hawai'i.
2.3. The profile of the 4168 m shield volcano Mauna Loa 12
relative to that of the 4383 m stratovolcano volcano Mt.
Rainier.
2.4. The consequences of millions of years of erosion for land 13
forms on the north side of the island of Kaua'i.
2.5. Erosion and the development of land forms across the 14
Hawaiian Islands.
2.6. Atmospheric circulation in the tropics. 15
2.7. Rainfall map of the Island of Hawai'i. 17
2.8. Sources of precipitation on largest Hawaiian volcanoes. 18
2.9. Evolutionary radiation of the silversword alliance 21
(Asteraceae) in the Hawaiian Islands.
3.1. Pahoehoe versus'a'a lava. 25
3.2. The 1859 lava flow at the center of this satellite image/ 28
digital elevation model stretches from well above treeline
to the sea on the northwest flank of Mauna Loa volcano.
3.3. Above-ground net primary production (ANPP) and the 28
decomposition of Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter as a
function of mean annual temperature along an elevational
gradient on the windward 1855 lava flow, Mauna Loa.
3.4. Turnover of the slow pool of soil organic matter as 29
function of temperature along an elevational gradient on
Mauna Kea volcano.
3.5. The natural abundance of 15N in soils and plants along 30
three precipitation gradients in the Hawaiian Islands, including
young sites on Mauna Loa and Hualalai, Kohala sites, and
Maui sites.
3.6. The Mauna Loa environmental matrix. 32
3.7. Locations and ages of sites on the substrate age gradient 33
across the Hawaiian Islands.
3.8. A proposed climate history for the 1400 ky Kolekole site 37
on the substrate age gradient.
3.9. Calculations of cumulative climate parameters across the 38
substrate age gradient.
xiv FIGURES
3.10. Changes in the relative contributions of different soil 40
minerals along the substrate age gradient.
3.11. Changes in the stature of dominant Metrosideros 41
polymorpha trees along the substrate age gradient.
3.12. The relative dominance of tree cover by Metrosideros 41
polymorpha and of understory cover by Cibotium tree ferns
along the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.1. The Walker and Syers conceptual model for changes in P 43
fractions during long-term soil development.
4.2. Losses of P and changes in soil P fractions across the 46
Hawaiian substrate age gradient.
4.3. The pools of organic C and N to a depth of 50 cm in soils 47
across the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.4. Exchangeable soil cations and resin-extractable P across 48
the age gradient.
4.5. Measures of N availability across the Hawaiian age 49
gradient.
4.6. Foliar nutrient concentrations in sun leaves of 50
Metrosideros polymorpha along the Hawaiian substrate age
gradient.
4.7. Components of primary production across the Hawaiian 52
substrate age gradient.
4.8. Investment in nutrient acquisition in three sites along the 54
Hawaiian age gradient.
4.9. The quantity of N and P circulating annually through leaf 55
litterfall in sites across the substrate age gradient.
4.10. N and P productivity increase across the Hawaiian age 56
gradient.
4.11. Leaf longevity, nutrient resorption, and nutrient 57
residence times across the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.12. Radiation conversion efficiency and nutrient use efficiency 58
of forest stands across the Hawaiian age gradient.
4.13. Concentrations of N and P in leaf litterfall along the 60
Hawaiian age gradient.
4.14. Decomposition of Metrosideros leaf litter across the 62
substrate age gradient.
4.15. The fraction of initial N and P remaining after two years 63
of Metrosideros leaf litter decomposition in the site where it
was produced.
4.16. Two independent measures of the turnover of forest floor 67
and A-horizon soil organic matter along the Hawaiian age
gradient.
4.17. Components of a plant-soil microbial positive feedback. 68
5.1. Tree diameter increments after two years of fertilization 74
FIGURES xv
(18 months in the oldest site) in fertilized and control plots
of the 0.3 ky, 20 ky, and 4100 ky sites.
5.2. Effects of fertilization on foliar N and P concentrations in 77
the 0.3 ky, 20 ky, and 4100 ky sites.
5.3. Components of net primary production (NPP) following 80
12 and 6 years of fertilization in the 0.3 ky and the 4100 ky
sites respectively.
5.4. Leaf area index (LAI) and radiation conversion efficiency 81
(e) in fertilized and control plots of the 0.3 ky and 4100 ky
sites.
5.5. N and P use efficiencies in control and fertilized plots of 82
the 0.3 ky and 4100 ky sites.
5.6. Effects of fertilization on the decomposition of 86
Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter in the young and old sites.
5.7. Net nutrient release following two years of decomposition 88
for Metrosideros litter collected and decomposed in control
and fertilized plots.
5.8. Consequences of N additions to the N-limited 0.3 ky site, 89
and of P additions to the P-limited 4100 ky site, for
components of the plant-soil-microbial feedback outlined in
fig. 4.17.
5.9. The relationship between litter lignin concentration and the 91
effect of added N on decomposition.
6.1. Concentrations of Ca (a mobile element), P (low mobility), 95
and Ta (immobile) relative to those of the immobile index
element Nb in soil horizons across the Hawaiian substrate
age gradient.
6.2. Accumulation of the immobile element Nb with increasing 96
substrate age across the Hawaiian age gradient.
6.3. Weathering and loss of Ca and P across the Hawaiian age 99
gradient.
6.4. Inputs of Asian dust to the Pacific Ocean 107
(mg m~2 yr1) integrated over glacial/interglacial cycles.
6.5. The accumulation of mineralogical and geochemical tracers 108
of continental dust in soils along the Hawaiian age gradient.
6.6. Inputs of N via biological N fixation across the Hawaiian 111
age gradient.
6.7. Pathways of Sr input across the substrate age gradient. 113
6.8. Pathways of Cl and SO4-S inputs across the substrate age 115
gradient.
6.9. Inputs of Ca and Mg across the substrate age gradient. 116
6.10. Inputs of Na and K across the substrate age gradient. 117
6.11. Inputs of Si and Al across the substrate age gradient. 118
6.12. Inputs of N and P across the substrate age gradient. 119
xvi FIGURES
7.1. Cation/anion balance in lysimeter solutions of the 124
youngest and oldest sites on the Hawaiian age gradient.
7.2. Sr isotope ratios in foliage of Metrosideros polymorpha 127
collected along transects from shield volcanic surfaces to
streams in two steep-sided stream valleys on Kohala
Mountain.
7.3. Pathways and forms of N and P losses along the 128
Hawaiian age gradient.
7.4. Correlations between rates of net N mineralization and N 129
loss by each pathway across the substrate age gradient.
7.5. 15N natural abundance in plants (solid lines) and soils 131
(dashed lines) across the Hawaiian age gradient.
7.6. The C-N-P stoichiometry of soil organic matter (SOM), 132
dissolved organic matter (DOM) in extracts of surface soil, and
DOM in lysimeters deeper in the soil profile, for sites across the
substrate age gradient.
7.7. Total inputs and outputs of Cl and SO4-S along the 135
substrate age gradient.
7.8. Concentrations of Cl in lysimeters and streamwater across 136
the substrate age gradient.
7.9. Total inputs and outputs of Ca and Mg along the substrate 137
age gradient.
7.10. Total inputs and outputs of Na and K along the substrate 139
age gradient.
7.11. Total inputs and outputs of SiO4-Si along the substrate 140
age gradient.
7.12. Total inputs and outputs of N and P along the substrate 141
age gradient.
8.1. Consequences of an excess of nutrient demand over supply 145
within the Explore model.
8.2. The consequences of incorporating a dynamic plant-soil 147
feedback into the Explore model.
8.3. The consequences of adding a nutrient sink in growing 149
biomass to the Explore model.
8.4. The simulated N sink in soil caused by an excess of 150
nutrient demand over supply (induced by adding C to soil)
is larger and sustained much longer when the plant-soil-
microbial feedback is on (within the model) than when it is off.
8.5. Long-term consequences of nutrient input-output balances 152
within the Explore model.
8.6. The effects of destructive disturbance on productivity and 156
N losses in the Explore model.
8.7. The consequences of fluctuating soil moisture, based on a 157
simulation similar to Explore.
FIGURES xvii
8.8. The effects of N losses via dissolved organic N (DON) 159
within the Explore model.
8.9. C:N ratios in the wood, roots, leaves, and leaf litter of 164
Metrosideros polymorpha and in microbial biomass across the
Hawaiian age gradient.
8.10. C:P ratios in Metrosideros polymorpha and microbial 165
biomass across the Hawaiian age gradient.
8.11. N:P ratios in Metrosideros polymorpha and microbial 166
biomass across the Hawaiian age gradient.
8.12. C:N:P stoichiometry in leaves of six species that occur 167
across the Hawaiian substrate age gradient.
8.13. Ca:P ratios in leaves of the six species in Fig. 8-12. 168
8.14. Phosphatase enzyme activity in control and fertilized 170
plots of the youngest and oldest sites on the substrate age
gradient.
8.15. Decomposition and heterotrophic N fixation in relation 176
to C quality (lignin concentration) and N limitation to
decomposition for Metrosideros polymorpha leaf litter.
8.16. Foliar chemistry of Metrosideros polymorpha grown 178
under identical conditions in a common garden, and of field-
grown trees.
8.17. The consequences of introducing a lag between the 180
initiation of supply-demand imbalance and the development
of plant-soil feedback within the Explore model.
8.18. Consequences of invasion by the actinorrhizal N fixer 183
Myrica faya near the 0.3 ky site on the Hawaiian age
gradient.
8.19. Litter decomposition and rates of N and P release in 185
leaf litter of Metrosideros polymorpha and the introduced
tree Fraxinus uhdei (tropical ash) in a relatively nutrient-rich
area near the 20 ky site on the Hawaiian age gradient.
8.20. Tropical forest productivity as a function of mean annual 187
precipitation for a range of mostly continental forests and for
Hawaiian forests arrayed along a precipitation gradient on
Maui. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13183939X |
| author_facet | Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- |
| author_variant | p m v pm pmv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021545184 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH198 |
| callnumber-raw | QH198.H3 |
| callnumber-search | QH198.H3 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3198 H3 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | RU 10161 ZC 13630 |
| classification_tum | BIO 130f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)52729074 (DE-599)BVBBV021545184 |
| dewey-full | 577.314/09969 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 577 - Ecology |
| dewey-raw | 577.314/09969 |
| dewey-search | 577.314/09969 |
| dewey-sort | 3577.314 49969 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Hawaii (DE-588)4023877-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Hawaii |
| id | DE-604.BV021545184 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:29:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:38:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780691115801 0691115796 069111580X |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003055551 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014761349 |
| oclc_num | 52729074 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-634 DE-384 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-634 DE-384 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29 |
| physical | XX, 223 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Princeton Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Princeton Environmental Institute series |
| spelling | Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)13183939X aut Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system Peter Vitousek Oxford [u.a.] Princeton Univ. Press 2004 XX, 223 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Princeton Environmental Institute series Includes bibliographical references and index Cycles nutritifs - Hawaii Écologie - Hawaii Ökologie Ecology Hawaii Nutrient cycles Hawaii Nährstoffeintrag (DE-588)4510652-6 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftskreislauf (DE-588)4066463-6 gnd rswk-swf Nährstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4327378-6 gnd rswk-swf Nährstoffverlust Boden (DE-588)4308828-4 gnd rswk-swf Ernährung (DE-588)4015332-0 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Hawaii (DE-588)4023877-5 gnd rswk-swf Hawaii (DE-588)4023877-5 g Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s Ernährung (DE-588)4015332-0 s Wirtschaftskreislauf (DE-588)4066463-6 s DE-604 Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s Nährstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4327378-6 s Nährstoffeintrag (DE-588)4510652-6 s Nährstoffverlust Boden (DE-588)4308828-4 s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/prin051/2003055551.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/prin051/2003055551.html Table of contents HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014761349&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Vitousek, Peter Morrison 1949- Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system Cycles nutritifs - Hawaii Écologie - Hawaii Ökologie Ecology Hawaii Nutrient cycles Hawaii Nährstoffeintrag (DE-588)4510652-6 gnd Wirtschaftskreislauf (DE-588)4066463-6 gnd Nährstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4327378-6 gnd Nährstoffverlust Boden (DE-588)4308828-4 gnd Ernährung (DE-588)4015332-0 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4510652-6 (DE-588)4066463-6 (DE-588)4327378-6 (DE-588)4308828-4 (DE-588)4015332-0 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4023877-5 |
| title | Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system |
| title_auth | Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system |
| title_exact_search | Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system |
| title_full | Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system Peter Vitousek |
| title_fullStr | Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system Peter Vitousek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nutrient cycling and limitation Hawai'i as a model system Peter Vitousek |
| title_short | Nutrient cycling and limitation |
| title_sort | nutrient cycling and limitation hawai i as a model system |
| title_sub | Hawai'i as a model system |
| topic | Cycles nutritifs - Hawaii Écologie - Hawaii Ökologie Ecology Hawaii Nutrient cycles Hawaii Nährstoffeintrag (DE-588)4510652-6 gnd Wirtschaftskreislauf (DE-588)4066463-6 gnd Nährstoffkreislauf (DE-588)4327378-6 gnd Nährstoffverlust Boden (DE-588)4308828-4 gnd Ernährung (DE-588)4015332-0 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cycles nutritifs - Hawaii Écologie - Hawaii Ökologie Ecology Hawaii Nutrient cycles Hawaii Nährstoffeintrag Wirtschaftskreislauf Nährstoffkreislauf Nährstoffverlust Boden Ernährung Ökosystem Landwirtschaft Hawaii |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/prin051/2003055551.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/prin051/2003055551.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014761349&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vitousekpetermorrison nutrientcyclingandlimitationhawaiiasamodelsystem |