Verfügbarkeit: Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen

Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen: understanding the genetic revolution

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Clark, David P. 1952- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English German
Veröffentlicht:	Heidelberg Elsevier, Spektrum Akad.Verl. 2006
Ausgabe:	1. Aufl.
Schriftenreihe:	Easy-Reading
Schlagworte:	Molekularbiologie Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVIII, 783 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3827416965 9783827416964

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804135283471417344
adam_text	Table of Contents CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER Hybridization CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER Deutsch-englisches Glossar 745 Internetlinks und die Schweiz 768 Index 770 Detailed Contents CHAPTER Gregor Classical Genetics Genes Determine Each Step in Biochemical Pathways Mutants Result from Alterations in Genes Phenotypes and Genotypes Chromosomes Are Long, Thin Molecules That Carry Genes Different Organisms may Have Different Numbers of Chromosomes Dominant and Recessive Partial Dominance, Co-Dominance, Penetrance and Modifier Genes Genes from Both Parents Are Mixed by Sexual Reproduction Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics Neighboring Genes Are Linked during Inheritance Recombination during Meiosis Ensures Genetic Diversity Escherichia Genetics CHAPTER 11 13 15 16 17 21 What Is Life? Living Creatures Are Made of Cells Essential Properties of a Living Cell Prokaryotic Cells Lack a Nucleus Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Are Genetically Distinct Bacteria Were Used for Fundamental Studies of Cell Function Escherichia Where Are Bacteria Found in Nature? Some Bacteria Cause Infectious Disease, but Most Are Beneficial Eukaryotic Cells Are Sub-Divided into Compartments The Diversity of Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Possess Two Basic Cell Lineages Organisms Are Classified Some Widely Studied Organisms Serve as Models Yeast Is a Widely Studied Single-Celled Eukaryote A Roundworm and a Fly are Model Multicellular Animals Zebrafish are used to Study Vertebrate Development Mouse and Man Arabidopsis Serves as a Model for Plants Haploidy, Diploidy and the Eukaryote Cell Cycle Viruses Are Not Living Cells Bacterial Viruses Infect Bacteria Human Viral Diseases Are Common A Variety of Subcellular Genetic Entities Exist CHAPTER Protein Nucleic Acid Molecules Carry Genetic Information Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA Nucleosides Are Bases Plus Sugars; Nucleotides Are Nucleosides Plus Phosphate Double Stranded Base Pairs are Held Together by Hydrogen Bonds Complementary Strands Reveal the Secret of Heredity Constituents of Chromosomes The Central Dogma Outlines the Flow of Genetic Information Ribosomes Read the Genetic Code The Genetic Code Dictates the Sequence of Proteins Various Classes of RNA Have Different Functions Proteins, Made of Many Cell Functions The Structure of Proteins Has Four Levels of Organization Proteins Vary in Their Biological Roles 52 52 54 55 56 57 59 60 63 65 67 69 70 71 73 Detailed Contents CHAPTER _________DNA___________________75 History of How Much Genetic Information Is Necessary to Maintain Life? Non-Coding Coding Non-coding Repeated Sequences Are a Feature of Higher Organisms Satellite of Tandem Repeats Minisatellites Origin of Selfish Palindromes, Inverted Repeats and Stem and Loop Structures Multiple A-Tracts Cause Supercoiling is Necessary for Packaging of Bacterial Topoisomerases and Catenated and Knotted Corrected Local Supercoiling Supercoiling Affects Alternative Helical Structures of Histones Package Further Levels of Eukaryotes Melting Separates Anneals Them CHAPTER _________DNA Cell Division and Reproduction Are Not Always Identical DNA Occurring at the Replication Fork Supercoiling Causes Problems for Replication Strand Separation Precedes Properties of Polymerization of Nucleotides Supplying the Precursors for DNA The Complete Replication Fork Is Complex Discontinuous Synthesis of a Primosome Completing the Lagging Strand Chromosome Replication Initiates at oriC DNA Methylation Membrane Control Initiation of Replication Chromosome Replication Terminates at terC Disentangling the Daughter Chromosomes Cell Division in Bacteria Occurs after Replication of Chromosomes How Long Does It Take for Bacteria to Replicate? The Concept of the Replicating Linear Eukaryotic Chromosomes Have Multiple Origins Synthesis of Eukaryotic Cell Division in Higher Organisms CHAPTER Genes are Expressed by Making RNA Short Segments of the Chromosome Are Turned into Messages Terminology: Cistrons, Coding Sequences and Open Reading Frames How Is the Beginning of a Gene Recognized? Manufacturing the Message RNA Polymerase Knows Where to Stop How Does the Cell Know Which Genes to Turn On? What Activates the Activator? Negative Regulation Results from the Action of Repressors Many Regulator Proteins Bind Small Molecules and Change Shape Transcription in Eukaryotes Is More Complex Transcription of rRNA and tRNA in Eukaryotes Transcription of Protein-Encoding Genes in Eukaryotes Upstream Elements Increase the Efficiency of RNA Polymerase II Binding Enhancers Control Transcription at a Distance CHAPTER _________ Proteins Are Formed from Formation of Polypeptide Chains Twenty Polypeptides Amino Alpha-carbon xii Detailed Contents The Structure of Proteins Reflects Four Levels of Organization The Secondary Structure of Proteins Relies on Hydrogen Bonds The Tertiary Structure of Proteins A Variety of Forces Maintain the of Proteins Cysteine Forms Disulfide Bonds Multiple Folding Domains in Larger Proteins Quaternary Structure of Proteins Higher Level Assemblies and Self-Assembly Cofactors and Metal Ions Are Often Associated with Proteins Nucleoproteins, Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins Are Conjugated Proteins Proteins Serve Numerous Cellular Functions Protein Machines Enzymes Catalyze Metabolic Reactions Enzymes Have Varying Specificities Lock and Key and Induced Fit Models Describe Substrate Binding Enzymes Are Named and Classified According to the Substrate Enzymes Act by Lowering the Energy of Activation 182 The Rate of Enzyme Reactions 184 Substrate Analogs and Enzyme Inhibitors Act at the Active Site 184 Enzymes May Be Directly Regulated 187 Allosteric Enzymes Are Affected by Signal Molecules 187 Enzymes May Be Controlled by Chemical Modification 189 Binding of Proteins to Different Ways 190 Denaturation of Proteins 194 CHAPTER 197 Protein Synthesis Follows a Plan Proteins Are Gene Products Decoding the Genetic Code Transfer RNA Forms a Flat Cloverleaf Shape and a Folded L Shape Modified Bases Are Present in Transfer RNA Some tRNA Molecules Read More Than One Codon Charging the tRNA with the The Ribosome: The Cell s Decoding Machine Three Possible Reading Frames Exist The Start Codon Is Chosen The Initiation Complexes Must Be Assembled The tRNA Occupies Three Sites During Elongation of the Polypeptide Termination of Protein Synthesis Requires Release Factors Several Ribosomes Usually Read the Same Message at Once Bacterial Messenger RNA Can Code for Several Proteins Transcription and Translation Are Coupled in Bacteria Some Ribosomes Become Stalled and Are Rescued Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes Protein Synthesis Is Halted When Resources Are Scarce A Signal Sequence Marks a Protein for Export from the Cell Molecular Chaperones Oversee Protein Folding Protein Synthesis Occurs in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Proteins Are Imported into Mitochondria and Chloroplasts by Translocases Mistranslation Usually Results in Mistakes in Protein Synthesis The Genetic Code Is Not Universal Unusual Post-Translational Modifications Selenocysteine: The 21st Pyrrolysine: The 22nd Many Antibiotics Work by Inhibiting Protein Synthesis Degradation of Proteins CHAPTER Transcription in Prokaryotes Gene Regulation Ensures a Physiological Response Regulation at the Level of Transcription Involves Several Steps Detailed Contents xiii Alternative Sigma Factors in Prokaryotes Recognize Different Sets of Genes Heat Shock Sigma Factors in Prokaryotes Are Regulated by Temperature Cascades of Alternative Sigma Factors Occur in Bacillus Spore Formation Anti-sigma Factors Inactivate Sigma; Anti-anti-sigma Factors Free It to Act Activators and Repressors Participate in Positive and Negative Regulation The Operon Model of Gene Regulation Some Proteins May Act as Both Repressors and Activators Nature of the Signal Molecule Activators and Repressors May Be Covalently Modified Two-Component Regulatory Systems Phosphorelay Systems Specific Versus Global Control Crp Protein Is an Example of a Global Control Protein Accessory Factors and Nucleoid Binding Proteins Action at a Distance and Anti-termination as a Control Mechanism CHAPTER Transcription in Eukaryotes Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes Is More Complex Than in Prokaryotes Specific Transcription Factors Regulate Protein Encoding Genes The Mediator Complex Transmits Information to RNA Polymerase Enhancers and Insulator Sequences Segregate DNA Matrix Attachment Regions Allow Looping Negative Regulation of Transcription Occurs in Eukaryotes Heterochromatin Causes Difficulty for Access to Methylation of Gene Expression Silencing of Genes Is Caused by Methylation Genetic Imprinting in Eukaryotes Has Its Basis in X-chromosome Inactivation Occurs in Female XX Animals CHAPTER __________ Regulation at the Level of RNA Binding of Proteins to mRNA Controls The Rate of Degradation Some mRNA Molecules Must Be Cleaved Before Translation Some Regulatory Proteins May Cause Translational Repression Some Regulatory Proteins Can Activate Translation Translation May Be Regulated by Antisense RNA Regulation of Translation by Alterations to the Ribosome RNA Interference (RNAi) Amplification and Spread of RNAi Experimental Administration of siRNA PTGS in Plants and Quelling in Fungi Micro RNA—A Class of Small Regulatory RNA Premature Termination Causes Attenuation of RNA Transcription Riboswitches Control Mechanism CHAPTER RNA is Processed in Several Ways Coding and Non-Coding RNA Processing of Ribosomal and Transfer RNA Eukaryotic Messenger RNA Contains a Cap and Tail Capping is the First Step in Maturation of mRNA A Poly(A) Tail is Added to Eukaryotic mRNA Introns are Removed from RNA by Splicing Different Classes of Intron Show Different Splicing Mechanisms Alternative Splicing Produces Multiple Forms of RNA sdv Detailed Contents Inteins and Protein Splicing Base Modification of rRNA Requires Guide RNA RNA Editing Involves Altering the Base Sequence Transport of RNA out of the Nucleus Degradation of mRNA Nonsense Mediated Decay of mRNA CHAPTER Mutations Alter the 334 The Major Types of Mutation 335 Base Substitution Mutations 336 Missense Mutations May Have Major or Minor Effects 336 Nonsense Mutations Cause Premature Polypeptide Chain Termination 338 Deletion Mutations Result in Shortened or Absent Proteins 340 Insertion Mutations Commonly Disrupt Existing Genes 341 Frameshift Mutations Sometimes Produce Abnormal Proteins 343 DNA Translocations, 343 Phase Variation Is Due to Reversible Alterations 345 Silent Mutations Do Not Alter the Phenotype 346 Chemical Mutagens Damage 348 Radiation Causes Mutations 350 Spontaneous Mutations Can Be Caused by DNA Polymerase 351 Mutations Can Result from Mispairing and Recombination 353 Spontaneous Mutation Can Be the Result of Tautomerization 353 Spontaneous Mutation Can Be Caused by Inherent Chemical Instability 353 Mutations Occur More Frequently at Hot Spots 355 How Often Do Mutations Occur? 358 Reversions Are Genetic Alterations That Change the Phenotype Back to Wild-type 359 Reversion Can Occur by Compensatory Changes in Other Genes 361 Altered Decoding by Transfer RNA May Cause Suppression 362 Mutagenic Chemicals Can Be Detected by Reversion 363 Experimental Isolation of Mutations In Vivo versus In Vitro Mutagenesis Site-Directed Mutagenesis CHAPTER __________ Overview of Recombination Molecular Basis of Homologous Recombination Single-Strand Invasion and Chi Sites Site-Specific Recombination Recombination in Higher Organisms Overview of DNA General Excision Repair System DNA Specialized Photoreactivation Cleaves Thymine Dimers Transcriptional Coupling of Repair Repair by Recombination SOS Error Prone Repair in Bacteria Repair in Eukaryotes Double-Strand Repair in Eukaryotes Gene Conversion CHAPTER Sub-Cellular Genetic Elements as Gene Creatures Most Mobile Elements The Essential Parts of a Transposon Insertion Sequences Movement by Conservative Transposition Complex Transposition Replicative Related Composite Transposition may Rearrange Host Transposons Retro-Elements Make an RNA Copy Repetitive Retro-Insertion of Host-Derived Retrons The Multitude of Transposable Elements Detailed Contents xv Bacteriophage Mu is a Transposon Conjugative Intégrons Junk Homing Introns CHAPTER All 420 420 422 423 425 Plasmids as Replicons General Properties of Plasmids Plasmid Families and Incompatibility Occasional Plasmids are Linear or Made of RNA Plasmid Methods Control of Copy Number by Antisense RNA Plasmid Addiction and Host Killing Functions Many Plasmids Help their Host Cells Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance Resistance to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Resistance to Chloramphenicol Resistance to Aminoglycosides Resistance to Tetracycline Resistance to Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim Plasmids may Provide Aggressive Characters Most Colicins Kill by One of Two Different Mechanisms Bacteria are Immune to their own Colicins Colicin Synthesis and Release Virulence Plasmids Ti-Plasmids are Transferred from Bacteria to Plants The Certain Viruses or Plasmids CHAPTER Viruses are Infectious Packages of Genetic Information Life Cycle of a Virus Bacterial Viruses are Known as Bacteriophage Lysogeny or Latency by Integration The Great Diversity of Viruses Small Single-Stranded Complex Bacterial Viruses with Double Stranded DNA Viruses with RNA Genomes Have Very Few Genes Bacterial RNA Viruses Double Stranded RNA Viruses of Animals Positive-Stranded RNA Viruses Make Polyproteins Strategy of Negative-Strand RNA Viruses Plant RNA Viruses Retroviruses Use both RNA and Genome of the Retrovirus Subviral Satellite Viruses Viroids are Naked Molecules of Infectious RNA Prions CHAPTER Reproduction versus Gene Transfer Fate of the Incoming Transformation is Gene Transfer by Naked Transformation as Proof that Genetic Material Transformation in Nature Gene Transfer by Virus Generalized Transduction Specialized Transduction Transfer of Plasmids between Bacteria Transfer of Chromosomal Genes Requires Plasmid Integration Gene Transfer among Gram-Positive Bacteria Archaebacterial Genetics Whole Genome Sequencing CHAPTER Lower Eukaryotes Origin of the Eukaryotes by Symbiosis The Genomes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Primary and Secondary Endosymbiosis Is Malaria Really a Plant? Symbiosis: Parasitism versus Mutualism Bacerial Endosymbionts of Killer Paramecium Is Ciliates have Two Types of Nucleus Trypanosomes Vary Surface Proteins to Outwit the Immune System xvi Detailed Contents Mating Type Determination in Yeast Multi-Cellular Organisms and Homeobox Genes CHAPTER Getting Started The Early Atmosphere Oparin s Theory of the Origin of Life The Miller Experiment Polymerization of Monomers to Give Macromolecules Enzyme Activities of Random Proteinoids Origin of Informational Macromolecules Ribozymes and the RNA World The First Cells The Autotrophic Theory of the Origin of Metabolism Evolution of Sequences Creating New Genes by Duplication Paralogous and Orthologous Sequences Creating New Genes by Shuffling Different Proteins Evolve at Very Different Rates Molecular Clocks to Track Evolution Ribosomal RNA—A Slowly Ticking Clock The Archaebacteria versus the Eubacteria DNA Mitochondrial The African Eve Hypothesis Ancient Evolving Sideways: Horizontal Gene Transfer Problems in Estimating Horizontal Gene Transfer CHAPTER Isolation, Purification, Detection, and Hybridization Isolation of Purification of Removal of Unwanted RNA Gel Electrophoresis of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis 568 568 569 570 572 573 Chemical Synthesis of Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes Peptide Nucleic Acid Measuring the Concentration with Ultraviolet Light Radioactive Labeling of Nucleic Acids Detection of Radio-Labeled Fluorescence in the Detection of Chemical Tagging with Biotin or Digoxigenin The Electron Microscope Hybridization of Southern, Northern, and Western Blotting Zoo Blotting Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Molecular Beacons CHAPTER __________ Introduction Nucleases Cut Nucleic Acids Restriction and Modification of Recognition of Endonucleases Naming of Restriction Enzymes Cutting of DNA Making a Restriction Map Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms Properties of Cloning Vectors Multicopy Plasmid Vectors Inserting Genes into Vectors Detecting Insertions in Vectors Moving Genes between Organisms: Shuttle Vectors Bacteriophage Lambda Vectors Cosmid Vectors Yeast Artificial Chromosomes Bacterial and PI Artificial Chromosomes A One organism Screening a Library by Hybridization Screening a Library by Immunological Procedures Cloning Complementary Chromosome Walking Detailed Contents xvii Cloning by Subtractive Hybridization Expression Vectors CHAPTER Reaction Fundamentals of the Polymerase Chain Reaction 635 Cycling Through the PCR 638 Degenerate Primers 640 Inverse PCR 641 Adding Artificial Restriction Sites 642 TA 643 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic (RAPD) 643 Reverse Transcriptase PCR 646 Differential Display PCR 647 Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) 649 PCR in Genetic Engineering 649 Directed Mutagenesis 651 Engineering Deletions and Insertions by PCR 651 Use of PCR in Medical Diagnosis 652 Environmental Analysis by PCR 653 Rescuing PCR 654 Realtime Fluorescent PCR 655 Inclusion of Molecular Beacous in PCR Scorpion Primers 656 Rolling Circle Amplification Technology (RCAT) 657 CHAPTER Sequencing Introduction to Genomics DNA The Chain Termination Method for Sequencing DNA DNA Polymerases Producing Template Primer Walking along a Strand of Automated Sequencing The Emergence of The Oligonucleotide Array Detector Pyrosequencing Nanopore Detectors for Large Scale Mapping with Sequence Tags 662 663 663 663 668 668 670 670 672 672 674 676 676 Mapping of Sequence Tagged Sites Assembling Small Genomes by Shotgun Sequencing Race for the Human Genome Assembling a Genome from Large Cloned Contigs Assembling a Genome by Directed Shotgun Sequencing Survey of the Human Genome Sequence Polymorphisms: SSLPs and SNPs Gene Identification by Exon Trapping Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis CHAPTER Expression Introduction 694 Monitoring Gene Expression 694 Reporter Genes for Monitoring Gene Expression 694 Easily Assayable Enzymes as Reporters 696 Light Emission by Luciferase as a Reporter System 696 Green Fluorescent Protein as a Reporter 699 Gene Fusions 699 Deletion Analysis of the Upstream Region 702 Locating Protein Binding Sites in the Upstream Region 702 Location of the Start of Transcription by Primer Extension 706 Location of the Start of Transcription by SI Nuclease Transcriptome Analysis DNA Microarrays Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) CHAPTER Global Analysis of Proteins 1YJ Introduction to Proteomics Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins Two Dimensional PAGE of Proteins Western Blotting of Proteins Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification Protein Tagging Systems Full-Length Proteins Used as Fusion Tags Self Cleavable Intein Tags xviii Detailed Contents Selection by Phage Display Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two-Hybrid System , _, Protein Interaction by Co-Immunoprecipitation Protein Arrays Metabolomics
adam_txt	Table of Contents CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER Hybridization CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER Deutsch-englisches Glossar 745 Internetlinks und die Schweiz 768 Index 770 Detailed Contents CHAPTER Gregor Classical Genetics Genes Determine Each Step in Biochemical Pathways Mutants Result from Alterations in Genes Phenotypes and Genotypes Chromosomes Are Long, Thin Molecules That Carry Genes Different Organisms may Have Different Numbers of Chromosomes Dominant and Recessive Partial Dominance, Co-Dominance, Penetrance and Modifier Genes Genes from Both Parents Are Mixed by Sexual Reproduction Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics Neighboring Genes Are Linked during Inheritance Recombination during Meiosis Ensures Genetic Diversity Escherichia Genetics CHAPTER 11 13 15 16 17 21 What Is Life? Living Creatures Are Made of Cells Essential Properties of a Living Cell Prokaryotic Cells Lack a Nucleus Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Are Genetically Distinct Bacteria Were Used for Fundamental Studies of Cell Function Escherichia Where Are Bacteria Found in Nature? Some Bacteria Cause Infectious Disease, but Most Are Beneficial Eukaryotic Cells Are Sub-Divided into Compartments The Diversity of Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Possess Two Basic Cell Lineages Organisms Are Classified Some Widely Studied Organisms Serve as Models Yeast Is a Widely Studied Single-Celled Eukaryote A Roundworm and a Fly are Model Multicellular Animals Zebrafish are used to Study Vertebrate Development Mouse and Man Arabidopsis Serves as a Model for Plants Haploidy, Diploidy and the Eukaryote Cell Cycle Viruses Are Not Living Cells Bacterial Viruses Infect Bacteria Human Viral Diseases Are Common A Variety of Subcellular Genetic Entities Exist CHAPTER Protein Nucleic Acid Molecules Carry Genetic Information Chemical Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA Nucleosides Are Bases Plus Sugars; Nucleotides Are Nucleosides Plus Phosphate Double Stranded Base Pairs are Held Together by Hydrogen Bonds Complementary Strands Reveal the Secret of Heredity Constituents of Chromosomes The Central Dogma Outlines the Flow of Genetic Information Ribosomes Read the Genetic Code The Genetic Code Dictates the Sequence of Proteins Various Classes of RNA Have Different Functions Proteins, Made of Many Cell Functions The Structure of Proteins Has Four Levels of Organization Proteins Vary in Their Biological Roles 52 52 54 55 56 57 59 60 63 65 67 69 70 71 73 Detailed Contents CHAPTER _DNA_75 History of How Much Genetic Information Is Necessary to Maintain Life? Non-Coding Coding Non-coding Repeated Sequences Are a Feature of Higher Organisms Satellite of Tandem Repeats Minisatellites Origin of Selfish Palindromes, Inverted Repeats and Stem and Loop Structures Multiple A-Tracts Cause Supercoiling is Necessary for Packaging of Bacterial Topoisomerases and Catenated and Knotted Corrected Local Supercoiling Supercoiling Affects Alternative Helical Structures of Histones Package Further Levels of Eukaryotes Melting Separates Anneals Them CHAPTER _DNA Cell Division and Reproduction Are Not Always Identical DNA Occurring at the Replication Fork Supercoiling Causes Problems for Replication Strand Separation Precedes Properties of Polymerization of Nucleotides Supplying the Precursors for DNA The Complete Replication Fork Is Complex Discontinuous Synthesis of a Primosome Completing the Lagging Strand Chromosome Replication Initiates at oriC DNA Methylation Membrane Control Initiation of Replication Chromosome Replication Terminates at terC Disentangling the Daughter Chromosomes Cell Division in Bacteria Occurs after Replication of Chromosomes How Long Does It Take for Bacteria to Replicate? The Concept of the Replicating Linear Eukaryotic Chromosomes Have Multiple Origins Synthesis of Eukaryotic Cell Division in Higher Organisms CHAPTER Genes are Expressed by Making RNA Short Segments of the Chromosome Are Turned into Messages Terminology: Cistrons, Coding Sequences and Open Reading Frames How Is the Beginning of a Gene Recognized? Manufacturing the Message RNA Polymerase Knows Where to Stop How Does the Cell Know Which Genes to Turn On? What Activates the Activator? Negative Regulation Results from the Action of Repressors Many Regulator Proteins Bind Small Molecules and Change Shape Transcription in Eukaryotes Is More Complex Transcription of rRNA and tRNA in Eukaryotes Transcription of Protein-Encoding Genes in Eukaryotes Upstream Elements Increase the Efficiency of RNA Polymerase II Binding Enhancers Control Transcription at a Distance CHAPTER _ Proteins Are Formed from Formation of Polypeptide Chains Twenty Polypeptides Amino Alpha-carbon xii Detailed Contents The Structure of Proteins Reflects Four Levels of Organization The Secondary Structure of Proteins Relies on Hydrogen Bonds The Tertiary Structure of Proteins A Variety of Forces Maintain the of Proteins Cysteine Forms Disulfide Bonds Multiple Folding Domains in Larger Proteins Quaternary Structure of Proteins Higher Level Assemblies and Self-Assembly Cofactors and Metal Ions Are Often Associated with Proteins Nucleoproteins, Lipoproteins and Glycoproteins Are Conjugated Proteins Proteins Serve Numerous Cellular Functions Protein Machines Enzymes Catalyze Metabolic Reactions Enzymes Have Varying Specificities Lock and Key and Induced Fit Models Describe Substrate Binding Enzymes Are Named and Classified According to the Substrate Enzymes Act by Lowering the Energy of Activation 182 The Rate of Enzyme Reactions 184 Substrate Analogs and Enzyme Inhibitors Act at the Active Site 184 Enzymes May Be Directly Regulated 187 Allosteric Enzymes Are Affected by Signal Molecules 187 Enzymes May Be Controlled by Chemical Modification 189 Binding of Proteins to Different Ways 190 Denaturation of Proteins 194 CHAPTER 197 Protein Synthesis Follows a Plan Proteins Are Gene Products Decoding the Genetic Code Transfer RNA Forms a Flat Cloverleaf Shape and a Folded "L" Shape Modified Bases Are Present in Transfer RNA Some tRNA Molecules Read More Than One Codon Charging the tRNA with the The Ribosome: The Cell's Decoding Machine Three Possible Reading Frames Exist The Start Codon Is Chosen The Initiation Complexes Must Be Assembled The tRNA Occupies Three Sites During Elongation of the Polypeptide Termination of Protein Synthesis Requires Release Factors Several Ribosomes Usually Read the Same Message at Once Bacterial Messenger RNA Can Code for Several Proteins Transcription and Translation Are Coupled in Bacteria Some Ribosomes Become Stalled and Are Rescued Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes Protein Synthesis Is Halted When Resources Are Scarce A Signal Sequence Marks a Protein for Export from the Cell Molecular Chaperones Oversee Protein Folding Protein Synthesis Occurs in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Proteins Are Imported into Mitochondria and Chloroplasts by Translocases Mistranslation Usually Results in Mistakes in Protein Synthesis The Genetic Code Is Not "Universal" Unusual Post-Translational Modifications Selenocysteine: The 21st Pyrrolysine: The 22nd Many Antibiotics Work by Inhibiting Protein Synthesis Degradation of Proteins CHAPTER Transcription in Prokaryotes Gene Regulation Ensures a Physiological Response Regulation at the Level of Transcription Involves Several Steps Detailed Contents xiii Alternative Sigma Factors in Prokaryotes Recognize Different Sets of Genes Heat Shock Sigma Factors in Prokaryotes Are Regulated by Temperature Cascades of Alternative Sigma Factors Occur in Bacillus Spore Formation Anti-sigma Factors Inactivate Sigma; Anti-anti-sigma Factors Free It to Act Activators and Repressors Participate in Positive and Negative Regulation The Operon Model of Gene Regulation Some Proteins May Act as Both Repressors and Activators Nature of the Signal Molecule Activators and Repressors May Be Covalently Modified Two-Component Regulatory Systems Phosphorelay Systems Specific Versus Global Control Crp Protein Is an Example of a Global Control Protein Accessory Factors and Nucleoid Binding Proteins Action at a Distance and Anti-termination as a Control Mechanism CHAPTER Transcription in Eukaryotes Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes Is More Complex Than in Prokaryotes Specific Transcription Factors Regulate Protein Encoding Genes The Mediator Complex Transmits Information to RNA Polymerase Enhancers and Insulator Sequences Segregate DNA Matrix Attachment Regions Allow Looping Negative Regulation of Transcription Occurs in Eukaryotes Heterochromatin Causes Difficulty for Access to Methylation of Gene Expression Silencing of Genes Is Caused by Methylation Genetic Imprinting in Eukaryotes Has Its Basis in X-chromosome Inactivation Occurs in Female XX Animals CHAPTER _ Regulation at the Level of RNA Binding of Proteins to mRNA Controls The Rate of Degradation Some mRNA Molecules Must Be Cleaved Before Translation Some Regulatory Proteins May Cause Translational Repression Some Regulatory Proteins Can Activate Translation Translation May Be Regulated by Antisense RNA Regulation of Translation by Alterations to the Ribosome RNA Interference (RNAi) Amplification and Spread of RNAi Experimental Administration of siRNA PTGS in Plants and Quelling in Fungi Micro RNA—A Class of Small Regulatory RNA Premature Termination Causes Attenuation of RNA Transcription Riboswitches Control Mechanism CHAPTER RNA is Processed in Several Ways Coding and Non-Coding RNA Processing of Ribosomal and Transfer RNA Eukaryotic Messenger RNA Contains a Cap and Tail Capping is the First Step in Maturation of mRNA A Poly(A) Tail is Added to Eukaryotic mRNA Introns are Removed from RNA by Splicing Different Classes of Intron Show Different Splicing Mechanisms Alternative Splicing Produces Multiple Forms of RNA sdv Detailed Contents Inteins and Protein Splicing Base Modification of rRNA Requires Guide RNA RNA Editing Involves Altering the Base Sequence Transport of RNA out of the Nucleus Degradation of mRNA Nonsense Mediated Decay of mRNA CHAPTER Mutations Alter the 334 The Major Types of Mutation 335 Base Substitution Mutations 336 Missense Mutations May Have Major or Minor Effects 336 Nonsense Mutations Cause Premature Polypeptide Chain Termination 338 Deletion Mutations Result in Shortened or Absent Proteins 340 Insertion Mutations Commonly Disrupt Existing Genes 341 Frameshift Mutations Sometimes Produce Abnormal Proteins 343 DNA Translocations, 343 Phase Variation Is Due to Reversible Alterations 345 Silent Mutations Do Not Alter the Phenotype 346 Chemical Mutagens Damage 348 Radiation Causes Mutations 350 Spontaneous Mutations Can Be Caused by DNA Polymerase 351 Mutations Can Result from Mispairing and Recombination 353 Spontaneous Mutation Can Be the Result of Tautomerization 353 Spontaneous Mutation Can Be Caused by Inherent Chemical Instability 353 Mutations Occur More Frequently at Hot Spots 355 How Often Do Mutations Occur? 358 Reversions Are Genetic Alterations That Change the Phenotype Back to Wild-type 359 Reversion Can Occur by Compensatory Changes in Other Genes 361 Altered Decoding by Transfer RNA May Cause Suppression 362 Mutagenic Chemicals Can Be Detected by Reversion 363 Experimental Isolation of Mutations In Vivo versus In Vitro Mutagenesis Site-Directed Mutagenesis CHAPTER _ Overview of Recombination Molecular Basis of Homologous Recombination Single-Strand Invasion and Chi Sites Site-Specific Recombination Recombination in Higher Organisms Overview of DNA General Excision Repair System DNA Specialized Photoreactivation Cleaves Thymine Dimers Transcriptional Coupling of Repair Repair by Recombination SOS Error Prone Repair in Bacteria Repair in Eukaryotes Double-Strand Repair in Eukaryotes Gene Conversion CHAPTER Sub-Cellular Genetic Elements as Gene Creatures Most Mobile Elements The Essential Parts of a Transposon Insertion Sequences Movement by Conservative Transposition Complex Transposition Replicative Related Composite Transposition may Rearrange Host Transposons Retro-Elements Make an RNA Copy Repetitive Retro-Insertion of Host-Derived Retrons The Multitude of Transposable Elements Detailed Contents xv Bacteriophage Mu is a Transposon Conjugative Intégrons Junk Homing Introns CHAPTER All 420 420 422 423 425 Plasmids as Replicons General Properties of Plasmids Plasmid Families and Incompatibility Occasional Plasmids are Linear or Made of RNA Plasmid Methods Control of Copy Number by Antisense RNA Plasmid Addiction and Host Killing Functions Many Plasmids Help their Host Cells Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance Resistance to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Resistance to Chloramphenicol Resistance to Aminoglycosides Resistance to Tetracycline Resistance to Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim Plasmids may Provide Aggressive Characters Most Colicins Kill by One of Two Different Mechanisms Bacteria are Immune to their own Colicins Colicin Synthesis and Release Virulence Plasmids Ti-Plasmids are Transferred from Bacteria to Plants The Certain Viruses or Plasmids CHAPTER Viruses are Infectious Packages of Genetic Information Life Cycle of a Virus Bacterial Viruses are Known as Bacteriophage Lysogeny or Latency by Integration The Great Diversity of Viruses Small Single-Stranded Complex Bacterial Viruses with Double Stranded DNA Viruses with RNA Genomes Have Very Few Genes Bacterial RNA Viruses Double Stranded RNA Viruses of Animals Positive-Stranded RNA Viruses Make Polyproteins Strategy of Negative-Strand RNA Viruses Plant RNA Viruses Retroviruses Use both RNA and Genome of the Retrovirus Subviral Satellite Viruses Viroids are Naked Molecules of Infectious RNA Prions CHAPTER Reproduction versus Gene Transfer Fate of the Incoming Transformation is Gene Transfer by Naked Transformation as Proof that Genetic Material Transformation in Nature Gene Transfer by Virus Generalized Transduction Specialized Transduction Transfer of Plasmids between Bacteria Transfer of Chromosomal Genes Requires Plasmid Integration Gene Transfer among Gram-Positive Bacteria Archaebacterial Genetics Whole Genome Sequencing CHAPTER Lower Eukaryotes Origin of the Eukaryotes by Symbiosis The Genomes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Primary and Secondary Endosymbiosis Is Malaria Really a Plant? Symbiosis: Parasitism versus Mutualism Bacerial Endosymbionts of Killer Paramecium Is Ciliates have Two Types of Nucleus Trypanosomes Vary Surface Proteins to Outwit the Immune System xvi Detailed Contents Mating Type Determination in Yeast Multi-Cellular Organisms and Homeobox Genes CHAPTER Getting Started The Early Atmosphere Oparin's Theory of the Origin of Life The Miller Experiment Polymerization of Monomers to Give Macromolecules Enzyme Activities of Random Proteinoids Origin of Informational Macromolecules Ribozymes and the RNA World The First Cells The Autotrophic Theory of the Origin of Metabolism Evolution of Sequences Creating New Genes by Duplication Paralogous and Orthologous Sequences Creating New Genes by Shuffling Different Proteins Evolve at Very Different Rates Molecular Clocks to Track Evolution Ribosomal RNA—A Slowly Ticking Clock The Archaebacteria versus the Eubacteria DNA Mitochondrial The African Eve Hypothesis Ancient Evolving Sideways: Horizontal Gene Transfer Problems in Estimating Horizontal Gene Transfer CHAPTER Isolation, Purification, Detection, and Hybridization Isolation of Purification of Removal of Unwanted RNA Gel Electrophoresis of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis 568 568 569 570 572 573 Chemical Synthesis of Chemical Synthesis of Complete Genes Peptide Nucleic Acid Measuring the Concentration with Ultraviolet Light Radioactive Labeling of Nucleic Acids Detection of Radio-Labeled Fluorescence in the Detection of Chemical Tagging with Biotin or Digoxigenin The Electron Microscope Hybridization of Southern, Northern, and Western Blotting Zoo Blotting Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Molecular Beacons CHAPTER _ Introduction Nucleases Cut Nucleic Acids Restriction and Modification of Recognition of Endonucleases Naming of Restriction Enzymes Cutting of DNA Making a Restriction Map Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms Properties of Cloning Vectors Multicopy Plasmid Vectors Inserting Genes into Vectors Detecting Insertions in Vectors Moving Genes between Organisms: Shuttle Vectors Bacteriophage Lambda Vectors Cosmid Vectors Yeast Artificial Chromosomes Bacterial and PI Artificial Chromosomes A One organism Screening a Library by Hybridization Screening a Library by Immunological Procedures Cloning Complementary Chromosome Walking Detailed Contents xvii Cloning by Subtractive Hybridization Expression Vectors CHAPTER Reaction Fundamentals of the Polymerase Chain Reaction 635 Cycling Through the PCR 638 Degenerate Primers 640 Inverse PCR 641 Adding Artificial Restriction Sites 642 TA 643 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic (RAPD) 643 Reverse Transcriptase PCR 646 Differential Display PCR 647 Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) 649 PCR in Genetic Engineering 649 Directed Mutagenesis 651 Engineering Deletions and Insertions by PCR 651 Use of PCR in Medical Diagnosis 652 Environmental Analysis by PCR 653 Rescuing PCR 654 Realtime Fluorescent PCR 655 Inclusion of Molecular Beacous in PCR Scorpion Primers 656 Rolling Circle Amplification Technology (RCAT) 657 CHAPTER Sequencing Introduction to Genomics DNA The Chain Termination Method for Sequencing DNA DNA Polymerases Producing Template Primer Walking along a Strand of Automated Sequencing The Emergence of The Oligonucleotide Array Detector Pyrosequencing Nanopore Detectors for Large Scale Mapping with Sequence Tags 662 663 663 663 668 668 670 670 672 672 674 676 676 Mapping of Sequence Tagged Sites Assembling Small Genomes by Shotgun Sequencing Race for the Human Genome Assembling a Genome from Large Cloned Contigs Assembling a Genome by Directed Shotgun Sequencing Survey of the Human Genome Sequence Polymorphisms: SSLPs and SNPs Gene Identification by Exon Trapping Bioinformatics and Computer Analysis CHAPTER Expression Introduction 694 Monitoring Gene Expression 694 Reporter Genes for Monitoring Gene Expression 694 Easily Assayable Enzymes as Reporters 696 Light Emission by Luciferase as a Reporter System 696 Green Fluorescent Protein as a Reporter 699 Gene Fusions 699 Deletion Analysis of the Upstream Region 702 Locating Protein Binding Sites in the Upstream Region 702 Location of the Start of Transcription by Primer Extension 706 Location of the Start of Transcription by SI Nuclease Transcriptome Analysis DNA Microarrays Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) CHAPTER Global Analysis of Proteins 1YJ Introduction to Proteomics Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins Two Dimensional PAGE of Proteins Western Blotting of Proteins Mass Spectrometry for Protein Identification Protein Tagging Systems Full-Length Proteins Used as Fusion Tags Self Cleavable Intein Tags xviii Detailed Contents Selection by Phage Display Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two-Hybrid System , _, Protein Interaction by Co-Immunoprecipitation Protein Arrays Metabolomics
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spelling	Clark, David P. 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)131505998 aut Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution David P. Clark 1. Aufl. Heidelberg Elsevier, Spektrum Akad.Verl. 2006 XVIII, 783 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Easy-Reading Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UBRegensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014751256&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Clark, David P. 1952- Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution
title_auth	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution
title_exact_search	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution
title_exact_search_txtP	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution
title_full	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution David P. Clark
title_fullStr	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution David P. Clark
title_full_unstemmed	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution David P. Clark
title_short	Molecular biology: das Original mit Übersetzungshilfen
title_sort	molecular biology das original mit ubersetzungshilfen understanding the genetic revolution
title_sub	understanding the genetic revolution
topic	Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd
topic_facet	Molekularbiologie Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014751256&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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