Distillation troubleshooting:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, N.J.
Wiley-Interscience
2006
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Beschreibung für Leser Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | XXXV, 712 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471467448 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kister, Henry Z. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Distillation troubleshooting |c Henry Z. Kister |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, N.J. |b Wiley-Interscience |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXXV, 712 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a aDistillation apparatus |a xMaintenance and repair | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Destillation |0 (DE-588)4011543-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0740/2004016490-b.html |3 Beschreibung für Leser | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0420/2004016490.html |3 Table of contents | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m OEBV Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014740607&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135266987802624 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PREFACE XXIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII HOW TO USE THIS BOOK XXIX
ABBREVIATION5 XXXI 1. TROUBLESHOOTING DISTILLATION SIMULATIONS 2. WHERE
FRACTIONATION GOES WRONG 25 3. ENERGY SAVINGS AND THERMAL EFFECTS 61 4.
TOWER SIZING AND MATERIAL SELECTION AFFECT PERFORMANCE 73 5. FEED ENTRY
PITFALLS IN TRAY TOWERS 97 6. PACKED-TOWER LIQUID DISTRIBUTORS: NUMBER 6
ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 7. VAPOR MALDISTRIBUTION IN TRAYS AND
PACKINGS 133 8. TOWER BASE LEVEL AND REBOILER RETURN: NUMBER 2 ON THE
TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 9. CHIMNEY TRAY MALFUNCTIONS: PART OF NUMBER 7 ON
THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 10. DRAW-OFF MALFUNCTIONS (NON-CHIMNEY TRAY)
PART OF NUMBER 7 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 179 VII VIII CONTENTS 11.
TOWER ASSEMBLY MISHAPS: NUMBER 5 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 193 12.
DIFFICULTIES DURING START-UP, SHUTDOWN, COMMISSIONING, AND ABNORMAL
~ERATION: UMBER 4 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 215 13. WATER-INDUCED
PRESSURE SURGES: PART OF NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 225 14.
EXPLOSIONS, FIRES, AND CHEMICAL RELEASES: NUMBER 10 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 233 15. UNDESIRED REACTIONS IN TOWERS 237 16. FOAMING 241
17. THE TOWER AS A FILTER: PART A. CAUSES OF PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE
TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 253 18. THE TOWER AS A FILTER: PART B. LOCATION OF
PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 257 19. COKING: NUMBER 1 ON
THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 271 20. LEAKS 281 21. RELIEF AND FAILURE 287 22.
TRAY, PACKING, AND TOWER DAMAGE: PART OF NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 291 23. REBOILERS THAT DID NOT WORK: NUMBER 9 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 24. CONDENSERS THAT DID NOT WORK 335 25. MISLEADING
MEASUREMENTS: NUMBER 8 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 347 CONTENTS IX 26.
CONTROL SYSTEM ASSEMBLY DIFFICULTIES 357 27. WHERE DO TEMPERATURE AND
COMPOSITION CONTROLS GO WRONG? 373 28. MISBEHAVED PRESSURE, CONDENSER,
REBOILER, AND PREHEATER CONTROLS 377 29. MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL PROBLEMS
395 DISTILLATION TROUBLESHOOTING DATABASE OF PZTBLISHED CASE HISTORTES
1. TROUBLESHOOTING DISTILLATION SIMULATIONS 398 1.1 VLE 398 I. I. I
CLOSE-BOILING SYSTEMS 398 1.1.2 NONIDEAL SYSTEMS 399 1.1.3 NONIDEALITY
PREDICTED IN IDEAL SYSTEM 400 1.1.4 NONIDEAL VLE EXTRAPOLATED TO PURE
PRODUCTS 400 1.1.5 NONIDEAL VLE EXTRAPOLATED TO DIFFERENT PRESSURES 401
1.1.6 INCORRECT ACCOUNTING FOR ASSOCIATION GIVES WILD PREDICTIONS 40 1
1.1.7 POOR CHARACTERIZATION OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS 402 1.2 CHEMISTRY,
PROCESS SEQUENCE 402 1.3 DOES YOUR DISTILLATION SIMULATION REFLECT THE
REAL WORLD? 404 1.3.1 GENERAL 404 1.3.2 WITH SECOND LIQUID PHASE 406
1.3.3 REFINERY VACUUM TOWER WASH SECTIONS 406 1.3.4 MODELING TOWER FEED
406 1.3.5 SIMULATIONIPLANT DATA MISMATCH CAN BE DUE TO AN UNEXPECTED
INTERNAL LEAK 406 1.3.6 SIMULATIORDPLANT DATA MISMATCH CAN BE DUE TO
LIQUID ENTRAINMENT IN VAPOR DRAW 407 1.3.7 BUG IN SIMULATION 407 1.4
GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES TO TROUBLESHOOT SIMULATIONS 407 1.4.1 MCCABE-THIELE
AND HENGSTEBECK DIAGRAMS 407 1.4.2 MULTICOMPONENT COMPOSITION PROFILES
407 1.4.3 RESIDUE CURVE MAPS 407 1.5 HOW GOOD 1S YOUR EFFICIENCY
ESTIMATE? 407 1.6 SIMULATOR HYDRAULIC PREDICTIONS: TO TRUST OR NOT TO
TRUST 409 1.6.1 DO YOUR VAPOR AND LIQUID LOADINGS CORRECTLY REFLECT
SUBCOOL, SUPERHEAT, AND PUMPAROUNDS? 409 1.6.2 HOW GOOD ARE THE
SIMULATION HYDRAULIC PREDICTION CORRELATIONS? 409 X CONTENTS 2. WHERE
FRACTIONATION GOES WRONG 410 2.1 INSUFFICIENT REFLUX OR STAGES; PINCHES
410 2.2 NO STRIPPING IN STRIPPER 412 2.3 UNIQUE FEATURES OF
MULTICORNPONENT DISTILLATION 412 2.4 ACCURNULATION AND HICCUPS 413 2.4.1
INTERMEDIATE CORNPONENT, NO HICCUPS 413 2.4.2 INTERMEDIATE CORNPONENT,
WITH HICCUPS 414 2.4.3 LIGHTS ACCURNULATION 416 2.4.4 ACCURNULATION
BETWEEN FEED AND TOP OR FEED AND BOTTORN 417 2.4.5 ACCURNULATION BY
RECYCLING 418 2.4.6 HYDRATES, FREEZE-UPS 418 2.5 TWO LIQUID PHASES 419
2.6 AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION 421 2.6.1 PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO
AZEOTROPING 421 2.6.2 PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION 423 3.
ENERGY SAVINGS AND THERMAL EFFECTS 424 3.1 ENERGY-SAVING DESIGNS AND
OPERATION 424 3.1.1 EXCESS PREHEAT AND PRECOOL 424 3.1.2 SIDE-REBOILER
PROBLEMS 424 3.1.3 BYPASSING A FEED AROUND THE TOWER 424 3.1.4 REDUCING
RECYCLE 425 3.1.5 HEAT INTEGRATION IMBALANCES 426 3.2 SUBCOOLING: HOW IT
IMPACTS TOWERS 428 3.2.1 ADDITIONAL INTEMAL CONDENSATION AND REFLUX 428
3.2.2 LESS LOADINGS ABOVE FEED 429 3.2.3 TRAPPING LIGHTS AND QUENCHING
429 3.2.4 OTHERS 430 3.3 SUPERHEAT: HOW IT IMPACTS TOWERS 430 4. TOWER
SIZING AND MATERIAL SELECTION AFFECT PERFORMANCE 431 UNDERSIZING TRAYS
AND DOWNCORNERS 43 1 OVERSIZING TRAYS 43 1 TRAY DETAILS CAN BOTTLENECK
TOWERS 433 LOW LIQUID LOADS CAN BE TROUBLESORNE 434 4.4.1 LOSS OF
DOWNCORNER SEAL 434 4.4.2 TRAY DRYOUT 435 SPECIAL BUBBLE-CAP TRAY
PROBLEMS 436 MISTING 437 UNDERSIZING PACKINGS 437 SYSTEMS WHERE PACKINGS
PERFONN DIFFERENT FROM EXPECTATIONS 437 CONTENTS XI 4.9 PACKED BED TOO
LONG 438 4.10 PACKING SUPPORTS CAN BOTTLENECK TOWERS 439 4.1 1 PACKING
HOLD-DOWNS ARE SOMETIMES TROUBLESOME 440 4.12 INTERNALS UNIQUE TO PACKED
TOWERS 440 4.13 EMPTY (SPRAY) SECTIONS 440 5. FEED ENTRY PITFAIIS IN
KAY TOWERS 441 5.1 DOES THE FEED ENTER THE CORRECT TRAY? 441 5.2 FEED
PIPES OBSTRUCTING DOWNCOMER ENTRANCE 44 1 5.3 FEED FLASH CAN CHOKE
DOWNCOMERS 441 5.4 SUBCOOLED FEEDS, REFLUXES ARE NOT ALWAYS TROUBLE FREE
442 5.5 LIQUID AND UNSUITABLE DISTRIBUTORS DO NOT WORK WITH FIASHING
FEEDS 442 5.6 FIASHING FEEDS REQUIRE MORE SPACE 443 5.7 UNEVEN OR
RESTRICTIVE LIQUID SPLIT TO MULTIPASS TRAYS AT FEEDS AND PASS
TRANSITIONS 443 5.8 OVERSIZED FEED PIPES 444 5.9 PLUGGED DISTRIBUTOR
HOLES 444 5.10 LOW AP TRAYS REQUIRE DECENT DISTRIBUTION 445 6.
PACKED-TOWER LIQUID DISTRIBUTORS: NUMBER 6 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS
BETTER QUALITY DISTRIBUTORS IMPROVE PERFORMANCE 446 6.1.1 ORIGINAL
DISTRIBUTOR ORIFICE OR UNSPECIFIED 446 6.1.2 ORIGINAL DISTRIBUTOR WEIR
TYPE 447 6.1.3 ORIGINAL DISTRIBUTOR SPRAY TYPE 447 PLUGGED DISTRIBUTORS
DO NOT DISTRIBUTE WELL 448 6.2.1 PAN/TROUGH ORIFICE DISTRIBUTORS 448
6.2.2 PIPE ORIFICE DISTRIBUTORS 449 6.2.3 SPRAY DISTRIBUTORS 450
OVERFLOW IN GRAVITY DISTRIBUTORS: DEATH TO DISTRIBUTION 451 FEED PIPE
ENTRY AND PREDISTRIBUTOR PROBLEMS 454 POOR FIASHING FEED ENTRY
BOTTLENECK TOWERS 455 OVERSIZED WEEP HOLES GENERATE UNDESIRABLE
DISTRIBUTION 456 DAMAGED DISTRIBUTORS DO NOT DISTRIBUTE WELL 457 6.7.1
BROKEN FLANGES OR MISSING SPRAY NOZZLES 457 6.7.2 OTHERS 457 HOLE
PATTERN AND LIQUID HEADS DETERMINE IMGATION QUALITY 458 GRAVITY
DISTRIBUTORS ARE MEANT TO BE LEVEL 459 HOLD-DOWN CAN INTERFERE WITH
DISTRIBUTION 460 LIQUID MIXING 1S NEEDED IN LARGE-DIAMETER DISTRIBUTORS
460 NOTCHED DISTRIBUTORS HAVE UNIQUE PROBLEMS 461 OTHERS 461 I CONTENTS
7. VAPOR MALDIITRIBUTION IN TRAYS AND PACKINGS 462 7.1 VAPOR
FEEDMEBOILER RETURN MALDISTRIBUTES VAPOR TO PACKING ABOVE 462 7.1.1
CHEMICAL/GAS PLANT PACKED TOWERS 462 7.1.2 PACKED REFINERY MAIN
FRACTIONATORS 463 7.2 EXPERIENCES WITH VAPOR INLET DISTRIBUTION BAFFLES
465 7.3 PACKING VAPOR MALDISTRIBUTION AT INTERMEDIATE FEEDS AND CHIMNEY
TRAYS 465 7.4 VAPOR MALDISTRIBUTION 1S DETRIMENTAL IN TRAY TOWERS 466
7.4.1 VAPOR CROSS-FLOW CHANNELING 466 7.4.2 MULTIPASS TRAYS 467 7.4.3
OTHERS 467 8. TOWER BASE LEVEL AND REBOILER RETURN: NUMBER 2 ON THE TOP
10 MALFUNCTIONS CAUSES OF HIGH BASE LEVEL 468 8.1.1 FAULTY LEVEL
MEASUREMENT OR LEVEL CONTROL 468 8.1.2 OPERATION 469 8.1.3 EXCESS
REBOILER PRESSURE DROP 470 8.1.4 UNDERSIZED BOTTOM DRAW NOZZLE OR BOTTOM
LINE 470 8.1.5 OTHERS 470 HIGH BASE LEVEL CAUSES PREMATURE TOWER FLOOD
(NO TRAYIPACKING DAMAGE) 470 HIGH BASE LIQUID LEVEL CAUSES TRAYIPACKING
DARNAGE 47 1 IMPINGEMENT BY THE REBOILER RETURN INLET 472 8.4.1 ON
LIQUID LEVEL 472 8.4.2 ON INSTRUMENTS 473 8.4.3 ON TOWER WALL 473 8.4.4
OPPOSING REBOILER RETURN LINES 474 8.4.5 ON TRAYS 474 8.4.6 ON SEAL PAN
OVERFLOW 474 UNDERSIZED BOTTOM FEED LINE 475 LOW BASE LIQUID LEVEL 475
ISSUES WITH TOWER BASE BAFFLES 476 VORTEXING 476 9. CHIMNEY TRAY
MALFUNCTIONS: PART OF NUMBER 7 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 9.1 LCAKAGE
477 9.2 PROBLEM WITH LIQUID REMOVAL, DOWNCOMERS, OR OVERI3OWS 478 9.3
THERMAL EXPANSION CAUSING WARPING, OUT-OF-LEVELNESS 479 9.4 CHIMNEYS
IMPEDING LIQUID FLOW TO OUTLET 480 CONTENTS XIII 9.5 VAPOR FRORN
CHIMNEYS INTERFERING WITH INCORNING LIQUID 480 9.6 LEVEL MEASUREMENT
PROBLEMS 481 9.7 COKING, FOULING, FREEZING 482 9.8 OTHER CHIMNEY TRAY
ISSUES 482 10. DRAWOFF MALFUNCTIONS (NON-CHIMNEY HAY): PART OF NUMBER 7
ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 484 10.1 VAPOR CHOKES LIQUID DRAW LINES 484
10.1 .1 LNSUFFICIENT DEGASSING 484 10.1.2 EXCESS LINE PRESSURE DROP 485
10.1.3 VORTEXING 486 10.2 LEAK AT DRAW TRAY STARVES DRAW 486 10.3 DRAW
PANS AND DRAW LINES PLUG UP 488 10.4 DRAW TRAY DAMAGE AFFECTS DRAW RATES
488 10.5 UNDERSIZED SIDE-STRIPPER OVERHEAD LINES RESTRICT DRAW RATES 488
10.6 DEGASSED DRAW PAN LIQUID INITIATES DOWNCOMER BACKUP FLOOD 489 10.7
OTHER PROBLEMS WITH TOWER LIQUID DRAWS 489 10.8 LIQUID ENTRAINRNENT IN
VAPOR SIDE DRAWS 490 10.9 REFLUX DRUM MALFUNCTIONS 490 10.9.1 REFLUX
DMRN LEVEL PROBLEMS 490 10.9.2 UNDERSIZED OR PLUGGED PRODUCT LINES 490
10.9.3 TWO LIQUID PHASES 490 11. TOWER ASSEMBLY MISHAPS: NUMBER 5 ON THE
TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 491 LNCORRECT TRAY ASSERNBLY 491 DOWNCORNER
CLEARANCE AND INLET WEIR MALINSTALLATION 491 FLOW PASSAGE OBSTRUCTION
AND INTEMALS MISORIENTATION AT TRAY TOWER FEEDS AND DRAWS 492 LEAKING
TRAYS AND ACCURNULATOR TRAYS 493 BOLTS, NUTS, CLAMPS 493
MANWAYSHIATCHWAYS LEFT UNBOLTED 493 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION INFERIOR
TO THOSE SPECIFIED 494 DEBRIS LEFT IN TOWER OR PIPING 494 PACKING
ASSEMBLY MISHAPS 495 11.9.1 RANDORN 495 1 1.9.2 STRUCTURED 496 11.9.3
GRID 496 FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION MISHAPS IN PACKING DISTRIBUTORS
496 PARTS NOT FITTING THROUGH MANHOLES 498 AUXILIARY HEAT EXCHANGER
FABRICATION AND ASSERNBLY MISHAPS 498 AUXILIARY PIPING ASSERNBLY MISHAPS
498 V CONTENTS 12. DIMCULTIES DURING START-UP, SHUTDOWN, COMMISSIONING,
AND ABNORMAL OPERATION: NUMBER 4 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 499
BLINDINGIUNBLINDING LINES 499 BACKFLOW 500 DEAD-POCKET ACCURNULATION AND
RELEASE OF TRAPPED MATERIALS 501 PURGING 501 PRESSURING AND DEPRESSURING
502 WASHING 502 ON-LINE WASHES 504 STEAM AND WATER OPERATIONS 506
OVERHEATING 506 COOLING 507 OVERCHILLING 507 WATER RERNOVAL 508 12.12.1
DRAINING AT LOW POINTS 508 12.12.2 OIL CIRCULATION 508 12.12.3
CONDENSATION OF STEAM PURGES 508 12.12.4 DEHYDRATION BY OTHER PROCEDURES
508 START-UP AND INITIAL OPERATION 509 12.13.1 TOTAL-REFLUX OPERATION
509 12.13.2 ADDING CORNPONENTS THAT SRNOOTH START-UP 509 12.13.3
SIPHONING 509 12.13.4 PRESSURE CONTROL AT START-UP 510 CONFINED SPACE
AND MANHOLE HAZARDS 5 10 13. WATER-INDUCED PRESSURE SURGES: PART OF
NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 512 13.1 WATER IN FEED AND SLOP 5 12
13.2 ACCURNULATED WATER IN TRANSFER LINE TO TOWER AND IN HEATER PASSES 5
13 13.3 WATER ACCURNULATION IN DEAD POCKETS 5 13 13.4 WATER POCKETS IN
PUMP OR SPARE PUMP LINES 514 13.5 UNDRAINED STRIPPING STEAM LINES 5 15
13.6 CONDENSED STEAM OR REFLUXED WATER REACHING HOT SECTION 516 13.7 OIL
ENTERING WATER-FILLED REGION 5 17 14. EXPLOSIONS, FIRES, AND CHEMICAL
RELEASES: NUMBER 10 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 518 14.1 EXPLOSIONS DUE
TO DECORNPOSITION REACTIONS 5 18 14.1.1 ETHYLENE OXIDE TOWERS 5 18
14.1.2 PEROXIDE TOWERS 5 19 14.1.3 NITRO CORNPOUND TOWERS 520 14.1.4
OTHER UNSTABLE-CHERNICAL TOWERS 52 1 CONTENTS XV EXPLOSIONS DUE TO
VIOLENT REACTIONS 523 EXPLOSIONS AND FIRES DUE TO LINE FRACTURE 524
14.3.1 C3-C4 HYDROCARBON~ 524 14.3.2 OVERCHILLING 525 14.3.3 WATER
FREEZE 526 14.3.4 OTHER 527 EXPLOSIONS DUE TO TRAPPED HYDROCARBON OR
CHEMICAL RELEASE 527 EXPLOSI~NS LNDUCED BY COMMISSIONING OPERATIONS 528
PACKING FIRES 529 14.6.1 INITIATED BY HOT WORK ABOVE STEEL PACKING 529
14.6.2 PYROPHONC DEPOSITS PLAYED AMAJOR ROLE, STEEL PACKING 530 14.6.3
TOWER MANHOLES OPENED WHILE PACKING HOT, STEEL PACKING 532 14.6.4
OTHERS, STEEL PACKING FIRES 532 14.6.5 TITANIUM, ZINCONIUM PACKING FIRES
533 FIRES DUE TO OPENING TOWER BEFORE COOLING OR COMBUSTIBLE REMOVAL 533
FIRES CAUSED BY BACKFLOW 534 FIRES BY OTHER CAUSES 535 CHEMICAL RELEASES
BY BACKFLOW 536 TRAPPED CHEMICALS RELEASED 536 RELIEF, VENTING,
DRAINING, BLOWDOWN TO ATMOSPHERE 537 15. UNDESIRED REACTIONS IN TOWERS
539 EXCESSIVE BOTTOM TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE 539 HOT SPOTS 539
CONCENTRATION OR ENTRY OF REACTIVE CHEMICAL 539 CHEMICALS FROM
COMMISSIONING 540 CATALYST FINES, RUST, TOWER MATERIALS PROMOTE REACTION
540 LONG RESIDENCE TIMES 54 1 INHIBITOR PROBLEMS 541 AIR LEAKS PROMOTE
TOWER REACTIONS 542 IMPURITY IN PRODUCT CAUSES REACTION DOWNSTREAM 542
16. FOAMING 543 16.1 WHAT CAUSES OR PROMOTES FOAMING? 543 16.1.1 SOLIDS,
CORROSION PRODUCTS 543 16.1.2 CORROSION AND FOULING INHIBITORS,
ADDITIVES, AND IMPURITIES 544 16.1.3 HYDROCARBON CONDENSATION INTO
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 545 16.1.4 WRONG FILTER ELEMENTS 546 16.1.5 RAPID
PRESSURE REDUCTION 546 16.1.6 PROXIMITY TO SOLUTION PLAIT POINT 546 XVI
CONTENTS 16.2 WHAT ARE FOAMS SENSITIVE TO? 546 16.2.1 FEEDSTOCK 546
16.2.2 TEMPERATURE 547 16.2.3 PRESSURE 547 16.3 LABORATORY TESTS 547
16.3.1 SAMPLE SHAKE, AIR BUBBLING 547 16.3.2 OLDERSHAW COLURNN 547
16.3.3 FOAM TEST APPARATUS 548 16.3.4 AT PLANT CONDITIONS 548 16.4
ANTIFOAM INJECTION 548 16.4.1 EFFECTIVE ONLY AT THE CORRECT
QUANTITYICONCENTRATION 548 16.4.2 SOME ANTIFOAMS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN
OTHERS 549 16.4.3 BATCH INJECTION OFTEN WORKS, BUT CONTINUOUS CAN BE
BETTER 549 16.4.4 CORRECT DISPERSAL 1S IMPORTANT, TOO 550 16.4.5
ANTIFOAM 1S SOMETIMES ADSORBED ON CARBON BEDS 550 16.4.6 OTHER
SUCCESSFUL ANTIFOAM EXPERIENCES 550 16.4.7 SOMETIMES ANTIFOAM 1S LESS
EFFECTIVE 55 1 16.5 SYSTEM CLEANUP MITIGATES FOAMING 55 1 16.5.1
LMPROVING FILTRATION 55 1 16.5.2 CARBON BEDS MITIGATE FOAMING BUT CAN
ADSORB ANTIFOAM 553 16.5.3 REMOVING HYDROCARBONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLVENTS
553 16.5.4 CHANGING ABSORBER SOLVENT 553 16.5.5 OTHER CONTAMINANT
REMOVAL TECHNIQUES 554 16.6 HARDWARE CHANGES CAN DEBOTTLENECK FOAMING
TOWERS 555 16.6.1 LARGER DOWNCOMERS 555 16.6.2 SMALLER DOWNCOMER BACKUP
(LOWER PRESSURE DROP, LARGER CLEARANCES) 556 16.6.3 MORE TRAY SPACING
556 16.6.4 REMOVING TOP TWO TRAYS DOES NOT HELP 556 16.6.5 TRAYS VERSUS
PACKINGS 556 16.6.6 LARGER PACKINGS, HIGH-OPEN-AREA DISTRIBUTORS HELP
557 16.6.7 INCREASED AGITATION 557 16.6.8 LARGER TOWER 557 16.6.9
REDUCING BASE LEVEL 557 17. THE TOWER AS A FILTER: PART A. CAUSES OF
PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 558 17.1 PIPING
SCALEICORROSION PRODUCTS 558 17.2 SALTING OUVPRECIPITATION 559 17.3 POLY
MER1REACTION PRODUCTS 560 17.4 SOLIDS/ENTRAINMENT IN THE FEED 561 17.5
OIL LEAK 561 CONTENTS XVII 17.6 POOR SHUTDOWN WASH/FLUSH 562 17.7
ENTRAINMENT OR DRYING AT LOW LIQUID RATES 562 17.8 OTHERS 562 18. THE
TOWER AS A FILTER: PART B. LOCATIONS OF PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 563 TRAYS 563 DOWNCOMERS 564 PACKINGS 565 HOW PACKINGS AND
TRAYS COMPARE ON PLUGGING RESISTANCE 565 18.4.1 TRAYS VERSUS TRAYS 565
18.4.2 TRAYS VERSUS PACKINGS 566 18.4.3 PACKINGS VERSUS PACKINGS 567
LIMITED ZONE ONLY 567 DRAW, EXCHANGER, AND VENT LINES 569 FEED AND INLET
LINES 570 INSTRUMENT LINES 570 19. COKING: PART OF NUMBER 1 ON TOWER TOP
10 MALFUNCTIONS 571 19.1 INSUFFICIENT WASH FLOW RATE, REFINERY VACUUM
TOWERS 571 19.2 OTHER CAUSES, REFINERY VACUUM TOWERS 572 19.3 SLURRY
SECTION, FCC FRACTIONATORS 573 19.4 OTHER REFINERY FRACTIONATORS 574
19.5 NONREFINERY FRACTIONATORS 574 20. LEAKS 575 20.1 PUMP, COMPRESSOR
575 20.2 HEAT EXCHANGER 575 20.2.1 REBOILER TUBE 575 20.2.2 CONDENSER
TUBE 576 20.2.3 AUXILIARY HEAT EXCHANGER (PREHEATER, PUMPAROUND) 576
20.3 CHEMICALS TOLFROM OTHER EQUIPMENT 577 20.3.1 LEAKING FROM TOWER 577
20.3.2 LEAKING INTO TOWER 577 20.3.3 PRODUCT TO PRODUCT 578 20.4
ATMOSPHERIC 578 20.4.1 CHEMICALS TO ATMOSPHERE 578 20.4.2 AIR INTO TOWER
579 21. RELIEF AND FAILURE 580 2 1.1 RELIEF REQUIREMENTS 580 21.2
CONTROLS THAT AFFECT RELIEF REQUIREMENTS AND FREQUENCY 580 2 1.3 RELIEF
CAUSES TOWER DAMAGE, SHIFTS DEPOSITS 58 1 XVIII CONTENTS OVERPRESSURE
DUE TO COMPONENT ENTRY 58 1 RELIEF PROTECTION ABSENT OR INADEQUATE 582
LINE RUPTURES 583 ALL INDICATION LOST WHEN INSTRUMENT TAP PLUGGED 584
TRIPS NOT ACTIVATING OR INCORRECTLY SET 584 PUMP FAILURE 585 LOSS OF
VACUUM 585 POWER LOSS 585 22. TRAY, PACKING, AND TOWER DAMAGE: PART OF
NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 586 22.1 VACUUM 586 22.2
INSUFFICIENT UPLIFT RESISTANCE 587 22.3 UPLIFT DUE TO POOR TIGHTENING
DURING ASSEMBLY 587 22.4 UPLIFT DUE TO RAPID UPWARD GAS SURGE 589 22.5
VALVES POPPING OUT 590 22.6 DOWNWARD FORCE ON TRAYS 590 22.7 TRAYS BELOW
FEED BENT UP, ABOVE BENT DOWN AND VICE VERSA 591 22.8 DOWNCOMERS
COMPRESSED, BOWED, FALLEN 592 22.9 UPLIFT OF CARTRIDGE TRAYS 593 22.10
FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS 593 22.1 1 COMPRESSOR SURGE 594 22.12 PACKING
CARRYOVER 595 22.13 MELTING, BREAKAGE OF PLASTIC PACKING 595 22.14
DARNAGE TO CERAMIC PACKING 595 22.15 DARNAGE TO OTHER PACKINGS 595 23.
REBOILERS THAT DID NOT WORK: NUMBER 9 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 596
23.1 CIRCULATING THERMOSIPHON REBOILERS 596 23.1.1 EXCESS CIRCULATION
596 23.1.2 INSUFFICIENT CIRCULATION 596 23.1.3 INSUFFICIENT AT, PINCHING
596 23.1.4 SURGING 596 23.1.5 VELOCITIES TOO LOW IN VERTICAL
THERMOSIPHONS 597 23.1.6 PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO HORIZONTAL THERMOSIPHONS 597
23.2 ONCE-THROUGH THERMOSIPHON REBOILERS 597 23.2.1 LEAKING DRAW TRAY OR
DRAW PAN 597 23.2.2 NO VAPORIZATION/THERMOSIPHON 598 23.2.3 SLUG FLOW IN
OUTLET LINE 599 23.3 FORCED-CIRCULATION REBOILERS 599 23.4 KETTLE
REBOILERS 599 23.4.1 EXCESS A P IN CIRCUIT 599 23.4.2 POOR LIQUID SPREAD
601 23.4.3 LIQUID LEVEL ABOVE OVERFLOW BAFFLE 602 CONTENTS XIX 23.5
INTERNA1 REBOILERS 602 23.6 KETTLE AND THERMOSIPHON REBOILERS IN SERIES
603 23.7 SIDE REBOILERS 603 23.7.1 INABILITY TO START 603 23.7.2 LIQUID
DRAW AND VAPOR RETURN PROBLEMS 603 23.7.3 HYDRATES 603 23.7.4 PINCHING
604 23.7.5 CONTROL ISSUES 604 23.8 ALL REBOILERS, BOILING SIDE 604
23.8.1 DEBRIS/DEPOSITS IN REBOILER LINES 604 23.8.2 UNDERSIZING 604
23.8.3 FILM BOILING 604 23.9 ALL REBOILERS, CONDENSING SIDE 605 23.9.1
NON CONDENSABLES IN HEATING MEDIUM 605 23.9.2 LOSS OF CONDENSATE SEAL
605 23.9.3 CONDENSATE DRAINING PROBLEMS 606 23.9.4 VAPORISTEAM SUPPLY
BOTTLENECK 606 24. CONDENSERS THAT DID NOT WORK 607 INERTS BLANKETING
607 24.1.1 INADEQUATE VENTING 607 24.1.2 EXCESS LIGHTS IN FEED 608
INADEQUATE CONDENSATE REMOVAL 608 24.2.1 UNDERSIZED CONDENSATE LINES 608
24.2.2 EXCHANGER DESIGN 609 UNEXPECTED CONDENSATION HEAT CURVE 609
PROBLEMS WITH CONDENSER HARDWARE 610 MALDISTRIBUTION BETWEEN PARALLEL
CONDENSERS 6 1 1 FLOODING/ENTRAINMENT IN PARTIAL CONDENSERS 61 1
INTERACTION WITH VACUUM AND RECOMPRESSION EQUIPMENT 612 OTHERS 612 25.
MISLEADING MEASUREMENTS: NUMBER 8 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 613 25.1
INCORRECT READINGS 613 25.2 METER OR TAPS FOULED OR PLUGGED 614 25.3
MISSING METER 615 25.4 INCORRECT METER LOCATION 615 25.5 PROBLEMS WITH
METER AND METER TUBING HSTALLATION 616 25.5.1 INCORRECT METER
INSTALLATION 616 25.5.2 INSTRUMENT TUBING PROBLEMS 616 25.6 INCORRECT
METER CALIBRATION, METER FACTOR 617 25.7 LEVEL INSTRUMENT FOOLED 617
25.7.1 BYFROTHORFOAM 617 25.7.2 BY OIL ACCUMULATION ABOVE AQUEOUS LEVEL
618 25.7.3 BY LIGHTS 619 XX CONTENTS 25.7.4 BY RADIOACTIVITY (NUCLEONIC
METER) 619 25.7.5 INTERFACE-LEVEL METERING PROBLEMS 6 19 25.8 METER
READINGS IGNORED 619 25.9 ELECTRIC STORM CAUSES SIGNAL FAILURE 61 9 26.
CONTROL SYSTEM ASSEMBLY DIFFICULTIES 620 - 26.1 NO MATERIAL BALANCE
CONTROL 620 26.2 CONTROLLING TWO TERNPERATURES/CORNPOSITIONS
SIRNULTANEOUSLY PRODUCES INTERACTION 621 26.3 PROBLEMS WITH THE CORNMON
CONTROL SCHEMES, NO SIDE DRAWS 622 26.3.1 BOIL-UP ON TCIAC, REFLUX ON FC
622 26.3.2 BOIL-UP ON FC, REFLUX ON TCIAC 623 26.3.3 BOIL-UP ON FC,
REFLUX ON LC 624 26.3.4 BOIL-UP ON LC, BOTTOMS ON TCIAC 625 26.3.5
REFLUX ON BASE IG, BOTTOMS ON TCIAC 626 26.4 PROBLEMS WITH SIDE-DRAW
CONTROLS 626 26.4.1 SMALL REFLUX BELOW LIQUID DRAW SHOULD NOT BE ON
LEVEL OR DIFFERENCE CONTROL 626 26.4.2 INCORNPLETE MATERIAL BALANCE
CONTROL WITH LIQUID DRAW 628 26.4.3 STEARN SPIKES WITH LIQUID DRAW 628
26.4.4 INTERNA1 VAPOR CONTROL MAKES OR BREAKS VAPOR DRAW CONTROL 628
26.4.5 OTHERS 628 27. WHERE DO TEMPERATURE AND COMPOSITION CONTROLS GO
WMNG? 629 27.1 TEMPERATURE CONTROL 629 27.1.1 NO GOOD TEMPERATURE
CONTROL TRAY 629 27.1.2 BEST CONTROL TRAY 630 27.1.3 FOOLING BY NONKEYS
630 27.1.4 AVERAGING (INCLUDING DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL) 63 1 27.1.5
AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION 63 1 27.1.6 EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION 63 1 27.1.7
OTHER 632 27.2 PRESSURE-COMPENSATED TERNPERATURE CONTROLS 632 27.2.1 AT
CONTROL 632 27.2.2 OTHER PRESSURE CORNPENSATION 633 27.3 ANALYZER
CONTROL 633 27.3.1 OBTAINING A VALID ANALYSIS FOR CONTROL 633 27.3.2
LONG LAGS AND HIGH OFF-LINE TIMES 633 27.3.3 INTERMITTENT ANALYSIS 634
27.3.4 HANDLING FEED HUCTUATIONS 635 27.3.5 ANALYZER-TEMPERATURE CONTROL
CASCADE 635 27.3.6 ANALYZER ON NEXT TOWER 635 CONTENTS XXI 28.
MISBEHAVED PRESSURE, CONDENSER, REBOILER, AND PREHEATER CONTROLS 636
28.1 PRESSURE CONTROLS BY VAPOR FLOW VARIATIONS 636 28.2 FLOODED
CONDENSER PRESSURE CONTROLS 637 28.2.1 VALVE IN THE CONDENSATE,
UNFLOODED DRUM 637 28.2.2 FLOODED DRUM 637 28.2.3 HOT-VAPOR BYPASS 637
28.2.4 VALVE IN THE VAPOR TO THE CONDENSER 639 28.3 COOLANT THROTTLING
PRESSURE CONTROLS 640 28.3.1 COOLING-WATER THROTTLING 640 28.3.2
MANIPULATING AMOW 640 28.3.3 STEAM GENERATOR OVERHEAD CONDENSER 640
28.3.4 CONTROLLING COOLING-WATER SUPPLY TEMPERATURE 640 28.4 PRESSURE
CONTROL SIGNAL 641 28.4.1 FROM TOWER OR FROM REFLUX DRUM? 641 28.4.2
CONTROLLING PRESSURE VIA CONDENSATE TEMPERATURE 641 28.5 THROTTLING
STEAMNAPOR TO REBOILER OR PREHEATER 641 28.6 THROTTLING CONDENSATE FROM
REBOILER 642 28.7 PREHEATER CONTROLS 643 29. MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL
PROBLEMS 644 29.1 INTERACTION WITH THE PROCESS 644 29.2 A P CONTROL 644
29.3 FLOOD CONTROLS AND INDICATORS 644 29.4 BATCH DISTILLATION CONTROL
645 29.5 PROBLEMS IN THE CONTROL ENGINEER S DOMAIN 645 29.6 ADVANCED
CONTROLS PROBLEMS 646 29.6.1 UPDATING MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLS 646 29.6.2
ADVANCED CONTROLS FOOLED BY BAD MEASUREMENTS 646 29.6.3 ISSUES WITH
MODEL INACCURACIES 647 29.6.4 EFFECT OF POWER DIPS 647 29.6.5
EXPERIENCES WITH COMPOSITION PREDICTORS IN MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLS 647
REFERENCES 649 INDEX 669 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 713
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS PREFACE XXIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII HOW TO USE THIS BOOK XXIX
ABBREVIATION5 XXXI 1. TROUBLESHOOTING DISTILLATION SIMULATIONS 2. WHERE
FRACTIONATION GOES WRONG 25 3. ENERGY SAVINGS AND THERMAL EFFECTS 61 4.
TOWER SIZING AND MATERIAL SELECTION AFFECT PERFORMANCE 73 5. FEED ENTRY
PITFALLS IN TRAY TOWERS 97 6. PACKED-TOWER LIQUID DISTRIBUTORS: NUMBER 6
ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 7. VAPOR MALDISTRIBUTION IN TRAYS AND
PACKINGS 133 8. TOWER BASE LEVEL AND REBOILER RETURN: NUMBER 2 ON THE
TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 9. CHIMNEY TRAY MALFUNCTIONS: PART OF NUMBER 7 ON
THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 10. DRAW-OFF MALFUNCTIONS (NON-CHIMNEY TRAY)
PART OF NUMBER 7 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 179 VII VIII CONTENTS 11.
TOWER ASSEMBLY MISHAPS: NUMBER 5 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 193 12.
DIFFICULTIES DURING START-UP, SHUTDOWN, COMMISSIONING, AND ABNORMAL
~ERATION: UMBER 4 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 215 13. WATER-INDUCED
PRESSURE SURGES: PART OF NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 225 14.
EXPLOSIONS, FIRES, AND CHEMICAL RELEASES: NUMBER 10 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 233 15. UNDESIRED REACTIONS IN TOWERS 237 16. FOAMING 241
17. THE TOWER AS A FILTER: PART A. CAUSES OF PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE
TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 253 18. THE TOWER AS A FILTER: PART B. LOCATION OF
PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 257 19. COKING: NUMBER 1 ON
THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 271 20. LEAKS 281 21. RELIEF AND FAILURE 287 22.
TRAY, PACKING, AND TOWER DAMAGE: PART OF NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 291 23. REBOILERS THAT DID NOT WORK: NUMBER 9 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 24. CONDENSERS THAT DID NOT WORK 335 25. MISLEADING
MEASUREMENTS: NUMBER 8 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 347 CONTENTS IX 26.
CONTROL SYSTEM ASSEMBLY DIFFICULTIES 357 27. WHERE DO TEMPERATURE AND
COMPOSITION CONTROLS GO WRONG? 373 28. MISBEHAVED PRESSURE, CONDENSER,
REBOILER, AND PREHEATER CONTROLS 377 29. MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL PROBLEMS
395 DISTILLATION TROUBLESHOOTING DATABASE OF PZTBLISHED CASE HISTORTES
1. TROUBLESHOOTING DISTILLATION SIMULATIONS 398 1.1 VLE 398 I. I. I
CLOSE-BOILING SYSTEMS 398 1.1.2 NONIDEAL SYSTEMS 399 1.1.3 NONIDEALITY
PREDICTED IN IDEAL SYSTEM 400 1.1.4 NONIDEAL VLE EXTRAPOLATED TO PURE
PRODUCTS 400 1.1.5 NONIDEAL VLE EXTRAPOLATED TO DIFFERENT PRESSURES 401
1.1.6 INCORRECT ACCOUNTING FOR ASSOCIATION GIVES WILD PREDICTIONS 40 1
1.1.7 POOR CHARACTERIZATION OF PETROLEUM FRACTIONS 402 1.2 CHEMISTRY,
PROCESS SEQUENCE 402 1.3 DOES YOUR DISTILLATION SIMULATION REFLECT THE
REAL WORLD? 404 1.3.1 GENERAL 404 1.3.2 WITH SECOND LIQUID PHASE 406
1.3.3 REFINERY VACUUM TOWER WASH SECTIONS 406 1.3.4 MODELING TOWER FEED
406 1.3.5 SIMULATIONIPLANT DATA MISMATCH CAN BE DUE TO AN UNEXPECTED
INTERNAL LEAK 406 1.3.6 SIMULATIORDPLANT DATA MISMATCH CAN BE DUE TO
LIQUID ENTRAINMENT IN VAPOR DRAW 407 1.3.7 BUG IN SIMULATION 407 1.4
GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES TO TROUBLESHOOT SIMULATIONS 407 1.4.1 MCCABE-THIELE
AND HENGSTEBECK DIAGRAMS 407 1.4.2 MULTICOMPONENT COMPOSITION PROFILES
407 1.4.3 RESIDUE CURVE MAPS 407 1.5 HOW GOOD 1S YOUR EFFICIENCY
ESTIMATE? 407 1.6 SIMULATOR HYDRAULIC PREDICTIONS: TO TRUST OR NOT TO
TRUST 409 1.6.1 DO YOUR VAPOR AND LIQUID LOADINGS CORRECTLY REFLECT
SUBCOOL, SUPERHEAT, AND PUMPAROUNDS? 409 1.6.2 HOW GOOD ARE THE
SIMULATION HYDRAULIC PREDICTION CORRELATIONS? 409 X CONTENTS 2. WHERE
FRACTIONATION GOES WRONG 410 2.1 INSUFFICIENT REFLUX OR STAGES; PINCHES
410 2.2 NO STRIPPING IN STRIPPER 412 2.3 UNIQUE FEATURES OF
MULTICORNPONENT DISTILLATION 412 2.4 ACCURNULATION AND HICCUPS 413 2.4.1
INTERMEDIATE CORNPONENT, NO HICCUPS 413 2.4.2 INTERMEDIATE CORNPONENT,
WITH HICCUPS 414 2.4.3 LIGHTS ACCURNULATION 416 2.4.4 ACCURNULATION
BETWEEN FEED AND TOP OR FEED AND BOTTORN 417 2.4.5 ACCURNULATION BY
RECYCLING 418 2.4.6 HYDRATES, FREEZE-UPS 418 2.5 TWO LIQUID PHASES 419
2.6 AZEOTROPIC AND EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION 421 2.6.1 PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO
AZEOTROPING 421 2.6.2 PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION 423 3.
ENERGY SAVINGS AND THERMAL EFFECTS 424 3.1 ENERGY-SAVING DESIGNS AND
OPERATION 424 3.1.1 EXCESS PREHEAT AND PRECOOL 424 3.1.2 SIDE-REBOILER
PROBLEMS 424 3.1.3 BYPASSING A FEED AROUND THE TOWER 424 3.1.4 REDUCING
RECYCLE 425 3.1.5 HEAT INTEGRATION IMBALANCES 426 3.2 SUBCOOLING: HOW IT
IMPACTS TOWERS 428 3.2.1 ADDITIONAL INTEMAL CONDENSATION AND REFLUX 428
3.2.2 LESS LOADINGS ABOVE FEED 429 3.2.3 TRAPPING LIGHTS AND QUENCHING
429 3.2.4 OTHERS 430 3.3 SUPERHEAT: HOW IT IMPACTS TOWERS 430 4. TOWER
SIZING AND MATERIAL SELECTION AFFECT PERFORMANCE 431 UNDERSIZING TRAYS
AND DOWNCORNERS 43 1 OVERSIZING TRAYS 43 1 TRAY DETAILS CAN BOTTLENECK
TOWERS 433 LOW LIQUID LOADS CAN BE TROUBLESORNE 434 4.4.1 LOSS OF
DOWNCORNER SEAL 434 4.4.2 TRAY DRYOUT 435 SPECIAL BUBBLE-CAP TRAY
PROBLEMS 436 MISTING 437 UNDERSIZING PACKINGS 437 SYSTEMS WHERE PACKINGS
PERFONN DIFFERENT FROM EXPECTATIONS 437 CONTENTS XI 4.9 PACKED BED TOO
LONG 438 4.10 PACKING SUPPORTS CAN BOTTLENECK TOWERS 439 4.1 1 PACKING
HOLD-DOWNS ARE SOMETIMES TROUBLESOME 440 4.12 INTERNALS UNIQUE TO PACKED
TOWERS 440 4.13 EMPTY (SPRAY) SECTIONS 440 5. FEED ENTRY PITFAIIS IN
'KAY TOWERS 441 5.1 DOES THE FEED ENTER THE CORRECT TRAY? 441 5.2 FEED
PIPES OBSTRUCTING DOWNCOMER ENTRANCE 44 1 5.3 FEED FLASH CAN CHOKE
DOWNCOMERS 441 5.4 SUBCOOLED FEEDS, REFLUXES ARE NOT ALWAYS TROUBLE FREE
442 5.5 LIQUID AND UNSUITABLE DISTRIBUTORS DO NOT WORK WITH FIASHING
FEEDS 442 5.6 FIASHING FEEDS REQUIRE MORE SPACE 443 5.7 UNEVEN OR
RESTRICTIVE LIQUID SPLIT TO MULTIPASS TRAYS AT FEEDS AND PASS
TRANSITIONS 443 5.8 OVERSIZED FEED PIPES 444 5.9 PLUGGED DISTRIBUTOR
HOLES 444 5.10 LOW AP TRAYS REQUIRE DECENT DISTRIBUTION 445 6.
PACKED-TOWER LIQUID DISTRIBUTORS: NUMBER 6 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS
BETTER QUALITY DISTRIBUTORS IMPROVE PERFORMANCE 446 6.1.1 ORIGINAL
DISTRIBUTOR ORIFICE OR UNSPECIFIED 446 6.1.2 ORIGINAL DISTRIBUTOR WEIR
TYPE 447 6.1.3 ORIGINAL DISTRIBUTOR SPRAY TYPE 447 PLUGGED DISTRIBUTORS
DO NOT DISTRIBUTE WELL 448 6.2.1 PAN/TROUGH ORIFICE DISTRIBUTORS 448
6.2.2 PIPE ORIFICE DISTRIBUTORS 449 6.2.3 SPRAY DISTRIBUTORS 450
OVERFLOW IN GRAVITY DISTRIBUTORS: DEATH TO DISTRIBUTION 451 FEED PIPE
ENTRY AND PREDISTRIBUTOR PROBLEMS 454 POOR FIASHING FEED ENTRY
BOTTLENECK TOWERS 455 OVERSIZED WEEP HOLES GENERATE UNDESIRABLE
DISTRIBUTION 456 DAMAGED DISTRIBUTORS DO NOT DISTRIBUTE WELL 457 6.7.1
BROKEN FLANGES OR MISSING SPRAY NOZZLES 457 6.7.2 OTHERS 457 HOLE
PATTERN AND LIQUID HEADS DETERMINE IMGATION QUALITY 458 GRAVITY
DISTRIBUTORS ARE MEANT TO BE LEVEL 459 HOLD-DOWN CAN INTERFERE WITH
DISTRIBUTION 460 LIQUID MIXING 1S NEEDED IN LARGE-DIAMETER DISTRIBUTORS
460 NOTCHED DISTRIBUTORS HAVE UNIQUE PROBLEMS 461 OTHERS 461 I CONTENTS
7. VAPOR MALDIITRIBUTION IN TRAYS AND PACKINGS 462 7.1 VAPOR
FEEDMEBOILER RETURN MALDISTRIBUTES VAPOR TO PACKING ABOVE 462 7.1.1
CHEMICAL/GAS PLANT PACKED TOWERS 462 7.1.2 PACKED REFINERY MAIN
FRACTIONATORS 463 7.2 EXPERIENCES WITH VAPOR INLET DISTRIBUTION BAFFLES
465 7.3 PACKING VAPOR MALDISTRIBUTION AT INTERMEDIATE FEEDS AND CHIMNEY
TRAYS 465 7.4 VAPOR MALDISTRIBUTION 1S DETRIMENTAL IN TRAY TOWERS 466
7.4.1 VAPOR CROSS-FLOW CHANNELING 466 7.4.2 MULTIPASS TRAYS 467 7.4.3
OTHERS 467 8. TOWER BASE LEVEL AND REBOILER RETURN: NUMBER 2 ON THE TOP
10 MALFUNCTIONS CAUSES OF HIGH BASE LEVEL 468 8.1.1 FAULTY LEVEL
MEASUREMENT OR LEVEL CONTROL 468 8.1.2 OPERATION 469 8.1.3 EXCESS
REBOILER PRESSURE DROP 470 8.1.4 UNDERSIZED BOTTOM DRAW NOZZLE OR BOTTOM
LINE 470 8.1.5 OTHERS 470 HIGH BASE LEVEL CAUSES PREMATURE TOWER FLOOD
(NO TRAYIPACKING DAMAGE) 470 HIGH BASE LIQUID LEVEL CAUSES TRAYIPACKING
DARNAGE 47 1 IMPINGEMENT BY THE REBOILER RETURN INLET 472 8.4.1 ON
LIQUID LEVEL 472 8.4.2 ON INSTRUMENTS 473 8.4.3 ON TOWER WALL 473 8.4.4
OPPOSING REBOILER RETURN LINES 474 8.4.5 ON TRAYS 474 8.4.6 ON SEAL PAN
OVERFLOW 474 UNDERSIZED BOTTOM FEED LINE 475 LOW BASE LIQUID LEVEL 475
ISSUES WITH TOWER BASE BAFFLES 476 VORTEXING 476 9. CHIMNEY TRAY
MALFUNCTIONS: PART OF NUMBER 7 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 9.1 LCAKAGE
477 9.2 PROBLEM WITH LIQUID REMOVAL, DOWNCOMERS, OR OVERI3OWS 478 9.3
THERMAL EXPANSION CAUSING WARPING, OUT-OF-LEVELNESS 479 9.4 CHIMNEYS
IMPEDING LIQUID FLOW TO OUTLET 480 CONTENTS XIII 9.5 VAPOR FRORN
CHIMNEYS INTERFERING WITH INCORNING LIQUID 480 9.6 LEVEL MEASUREMENT
PROBLEMS 481 9.7 COKING, FOULING, FREEZING 482 9.8 OTHER CHIMNEY TRAY
ISSUES 482 10. DRAWOFF MALFUNCTIONS (NON-CHIMNEY 'HAY): PART OF NUMBER 7
ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 484 10.1 VAPOR CHOKES LIQUID DRAW LINES 484
10.1 .1 LNSUFFICIENT DEGASSING 484 10.1.2 EXCESS LINE PRESSURE DROP 485
10.1.3 VORTEXING 486 10.2 LEAK AT DRAW TRAY STARVES DRAW 486 10.3 DRAW
PANS AND DRAW LINES PLUG UP 488 10.4 DRAW TRAY DAMAGE AFFECTS DRAW RATES
488 10.5 UNDERSIZED SIDE-STRIPPER OVERHEAD LINES RESTRICT DRAW RATES 488
10.6 DEGASSED DRAW PAN LIQUID INITIATES DOWNCOMER BACKUP FLOOD 489 10.7
OTHER PROBLEMS WITH TOWER LIQUID DRAWS 489 10.8 LIQUID ENTRAINRNENT IN
VAPOR SIDE DRAWS 490 10.9 REFLUX DRUM MALFUNCTIONS 490 10.9.1 REFLUX
DMRN LEVEL PROBLEMS 490 10.9.2 UNDERSIZED OR PLUGGED PRODUCT LINES 490
10.9.3 TWO LIQUID PHASES 490 11. TOWER ASSEMBLY MISHAPS: NUMBER 5 ON THE
TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 491 LNCORRECT TRAY ASSERNBLY 491 DOWNCORNER
CLEARANCE AND INLET WEIR MALINSTALLATION 491 FLOW PASSAGE OBSTRUCTION
AND INTEMALS MISORIENTATION AT TRAY TOWER FEEDS AND DRAWS 492 LEAKING
TRAYS AND ACCURNULATOR TRAYS 493 BOLTS, NUTS, CLAMPS 493
MANWAYSHIATCHWAYS LEFT UNBOLTED 493 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION INFERIOR
TO THOSE SPECIFIED 494 DEBRIS LEFT IN TOWER OR PIPING 494 PACKING
ASSEMBLY MISHAPS 495 11.9.1 RANDORN 495 1 1.9.2 STRUCTURED 496 11.9.3
GRID 496 FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION MISHAPS IN PACKING DISTRIBUTORS
496 PARTS NOT FITTING THROUGH MANHOLES 498 AUXILIARY HEAT EXCHANGER
FABRICATION AND ASSERNBLY MISHAPS 498 AUXILIARY PIPING ASSERNBLY MISHAPS
498 V CONTENTS 12. DIMCULTIES DURING START-UP, SHUTDOWN, COMMISSIONING,
AND ABNORMAL OPERATION: NUMBER 4 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 499
BLINDINGIUNBLINDING LINES 499 BACKFLOW 500 DEAD-POCKET ACCURNULATION AND
RELEASE OF TRAPPED MATERIALS 501 PURGING 501 PRESSURING AND DEPRESSURING
502 WASHING 502 ON-LINE WASHES 504 STEAM AND WATER OPERATIONS 506
OVERHEATING 506 COOLING 507 OVERCHILLING 507 WATER RERNOVAL 508 12.12.1
DRAINING AT LOW POINTS 508 12.12.2 OIL CIRCULATION 508 12.12.3
CONDENSATION OF STEAM PURGES 508 12.12.4 DEHYDRATION BY OTHER PROCEDURES
508 START-UP AND INITIAL OPERATION 509 12.13.1 TOTAL-REFLUX OPERATION
509 12.13.2 ADDING CORNPONENTS THAT SRNOOTH START-UP 509 12.13.3
SIPHONING 509 12.13.4 PRESSURE CONTROL AT START-UP 510 CONFINED SPACE
AND MANHOLE HAZARDS 5 10 13. WATER-INDUCED PRESSURE SURGES: PART OF
NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 512 13.1 WATER IN FEED AND SLOP 5 12
13.2 ACCURNULATED WATER IN TRANSFER LINE TO TOWER AND IN HEATER PASSES 5
13 13.3 WATER ACCURNULATION IN DEAD POCKETS 5 13 13.4 WATER POCKETS IN
PUMP OR SPARE PUMP LINES 514 13.5 UNDRAINED STRIPPING STEAM LINES 5 15
13.6 CONDENSED STEAM OR REFLUXED WATER REACHING HOT SECTION 516 13.7 OIL
ENTERING WATER-FILLED REGION 5 17 14. EXPLOSIONS, FIRES, AND CHEMICAL
RELEASES: NUMBER 10 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 518 14.1 EXPLOSIONS DUE
TO DECORNPOSITION REACTIONS 5 18 14.1.1 ETHYLENE OXIDE TOWERS 5 18
14.1.2 PEROXIDE TOWERS 5 19 14.1.3 NITRO CORNPOUND TOWERS 520 14.1.4
OTHER UNSTABLE-CHERNICAL TOWERS 52 1 CONTENTS XV EXPLOSIONS DUE TO
VIOLENT REACTIONS 523 EXPLOSIONS AND FIRES DUE TO LINE FRACTURE 524
14.3.1 C3-C4 HYDROCARBON~ 524 14.3.2 OVERCHILLING 525 14.3.3 WATER
FREEZE 526 14.3.4 OTHER 527 EXPLOSIONS DUE TO TRAPPED HYDROCARBON OR
CHEMICAL RELEASE 527 EXPLOSI~NS LNDUCED BY COMMISSIONING OPERATIONS 528
PACKING FIRES 529 14.6.1 INITIATED BY HOT WORK ABOVE STEEL PACKING 529
14.6.2 PYROPHONC DEPOSITS PLAYED AMAJOR ROLE, STEEL PACKING 530 14.6.3
TOWER MANHOLES OPENED WHILE PACKING HOT, STEEL PACKING 532 14.6.4
OTHERS, STEEL PACKING FIRES 532 14.6.5 TITANIUM, ZINCONIUM PACKING FIRES
533 FIRES DUE TO OPENING TOWER BEFORE COOLING OR COMBUSTIBLE REMOVAL 533
FIRES CAUSED BY BACKFLOW 534 FIRES BY OTHER CAUSES 535 CHEMICAL RELEASES
BY BACKFLOW 536 TRAPPED CHEMICALS RELEASED 536 RELIEF, VENTING,
DRAINING, BLOWDOWN TO ATMOSPHERE 537 15. UNDESIRED REACTIONS IN TOWERS
539 EXCESSIVE BOTTOM TEMPERATURE/PRESSURE 539 HOT SPOTS 539
CONCENTRATION OR ENTRY OF REACTIVE CHEMICAL 539 CHEMICALS FROM
COMMISSIONING 540 CATALYST FINES, RUST, TOWER MATERIALS PROMOTE REACTION
540 LONG RESIDENCE TIMES 54 1 INHIBITOR PROBLEMS 541 AIR LEAKS PROMOTE
TOWER REACTIONS 542 IMPURITY IN PRODUCT CAUSES REACTION DOWNSTREAM 542
16. FOAMING 543 16.1 WHAT CAUSES OR PROMOTES FOAMING? 543 16.1.1 SOLIDS,
CORROSION PRODUCTS 543 16.1.2 CORROSION AND FOULING INHIBITORS,
ADDITIVES, AND IMPURITIES 544 16.1.3 HYDROCARBON CONDENSATION INTO
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS 545 16.1.4 WRONG FILTER ELEMENTS 546 16.1.5 RAPID
PRESSURE REDUCTION 546 16.1.6 PROXIMITY TO SOLUTION PLAIT POINT 546 XVI
CONTENTS 16.2 WHAT ARE FOAMS SENSITIVE TO? 546 16.2.1 FEEDSTOCK 546
16.2.2 TEMPERATURE 547 16.2.3 PRESSURE 547 16.3 LABORATORY TESTS 547
16.3.1 SAMPLE SHAKE, AIR BUBBLING 547 16.3.2 OLDERSHAW COLURNN 547
16.3.3 FOAM TEST APPARATUS 548 16.3.4 AT PLANT CONDITIONS 548 16.4
ANTIFOAM INJECTION 548 16.4.1 EFFECTIVE ONLY AT THE CORRECT
QUANTITYICONCENTRATION 548 16.4.2 SOME ANTIFOAMS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN
OTHERS 549 16.4.3 BATCH INJECTION OFTEN WORKS, BUT CONTINUOUS CAN BE
BETTER 549 16.4.4 CORRECT DISPERSAL 1S IMPORTANT, TOO 550 16.4.5
ANTIFOAM 1S SOMETIMES ADSORBED ON CARBON BEDS 550 16.4.6 OTHER
SUCCESSFUL ANTIFOAM EXPERIENCES 550 16.4.7 SOMETIMES ANTIFOAM 1S LESS
EFFECTIVE 55 1 16.5 SYSTEM CLEANUP MITIGATES FOAMING 55 1 16.5.1
LMPROVING FILTRATION 55 1 16.5.2 CARBON BEDS MITIGATE FOAMING BUT CAN
ADSORB ANTIFOAM 553 16.5.3 REMOVING HYDROCARBONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLVENTS
553 16.5.4 CHANGING ABSORBER SOLVENT 553 16.5.5 OTHER CONTAMINANT
REMOVAL TECHNIQUES 554 16.6 HARDWARE CHANGES CAN DEBOTTLENECK FOAMING
TOWERS 555 16.6.1 LARGER DOWNCOMERS 555 16.6.2 SMALLER DOWNCOMER BACKUP
(LOWER PRESSURE DROP, LARGER CLEARANCES) 556 16.6.3 MORE TRAY SPACING
556 16.6.4 REMOVING TOP TWO TRAYS DOES NOT HELP 556 16.6.5 TRAYS VERSUS
PACKINGS 556 16.6.6 LARGER PACKINGS, HIGH-OPEN-AREA DISTRIBUTORS HELP
557 16.6.7 INCREASED AGITATION 557 16.6.8 LARGER TOWER 557 16.6.9
REDUCING BASE LEVEL 557 17. THE TOWER AS A FILTER: PART A. CAUSES OF
PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 558 17.1 PIPING
SCALEICORROSION PRODUCTS 558 17.2 SALTING OUVPRECIPITATION 559 17.3 POLY
MER1REACTION PRODUCTS 560 17.4 SOLIDS/ENTRAINMENT IN THE FEED 561 17.5
OIL LEAK 561 CONTENTS XVII 17.6 POOR SHUTDOWN WASH/FLUSH 562 17.7
ENTRAINMENT OR DRYING AT LOW LIQUID RATES 562 17.8 OTHERS 562 18. THE
TOWER AS A FILTER: PART B. LOCATIONS OF PLUGGING-NUMBER 1 ON THE TOP 10
MALFUNCTIONS 563 TRAYS 563 DOWNCOMERS 564 PACKINGS 565 HOW PACKINGS AND
TRAYS COMPARE ON PLUGGING RESISTANCE 565 18.4.1 TRAYS VERSUS TRAYS 565
18.4.2 TRAYS VERSUS PACKINGS 566 18.4.3 PACKINGS VERSUS PACKINGS 567
LIMITED ZONE ONLY 567 DRAW, EXCHANGER, AND VENT LINES 569 FEED AND INLET
LINES 570 INSTRUMENT LINES 570 19. COKING: PART OF NUMBER 1 ON TOWER TOP
10 MALFUNCTIONS 571 19.1 INSUFFICIENT WASH FLOW RATE, REFINERY VACUUM
TOWERS 571 19.2 OTHER CAUSES, REFINERY VACUUM TOWERS 572 19.3 SLURRY
SECTION, FCC FRACTIONATORS 573 19.4 OTHER REFINERY FRACTIONATORS 574
19.5 NONREFINERY FRACTIONATORS 574 20. LEAKS 575 20.1 PUMP, COMPRESSOR
575 20.2 HEAT EXCHANGER 575 20.2.1 REBOILER TUBE 575 20.2.2 CONDENSER
TUBE 576 20.2.3 AUXILIARY HEAT EXCHANGER (PREHEATER, PUMPAROUND) 576
20.3 CHEMICALS TOLFROM OTHER EQUIPMENT 577 20.3.1 LEAKING FROM TOWER 577
20.3.2 LEAKING INTO TOWER 577 20.3.3 PRODUCT TO PRODUCT 578 20.4
ATMOSPHERIC 578 20.4.1 CHEMICALS TO ATMOSPHERE 578 20.4.2 AIR INTO TOWER
579 21. RELIEF AND FAILURE 580 2 1.1 RELIEF REQUIREMENTS 580 21.2
CONTROLS THAT AFFECT RELIEF REQUIREMENTS AND FREQUENCY 580 2 1.3 RELIEF
CAUSES TOWER DAMAGE, SHIFTS DEPOSITS 58 1 XVIII CONTENTS OVERPRESSURE
DUE TO COMPONENT ENTRY 58 1 RELIEF PROTECTION ABSENT OR INADEQUATE 582
LINE RUPTURES 583 ALL INDICATION LOST WHEN INSTRUMENT TAP PLUGGED 584
TRIPS NOT ACTIVATING OR INCORRECTLY SET 584 PUMP FAILURE 585 LOSS OF
VACUUM 585 POWER LOSS 585 22. TRAY, PACKING, AND TOWER DAMAGE: PART OF
NUMBER 3 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 586 22.1 VACUUM 586 22.2
INSUFFICIENT UPLIFT RESISTANCE 587 22.3 UPLIFT DUE TO POOR TIGHTENING
DURING ASSEMBLY 587 22.4 UPLIFT DUE TO RAPID UPWARD GAS SURGE 589 22.5
VALVES POPPING OUT 590 22.6 DOWNWARD FORCE ON TRAYS 590 22.7 TRAYS BELOW
FEED BENT UP, ABOVE BENT DOWN AND VICE VERSA 591 22.8 DOWNCOMERS
COMPRESSED, BOWED, FALLEN 592 22.9 UPLIFT OF CARTRIDGE TRAYS 593 22.10
FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS 593 22.1 1 COMPRESSOR SURGE 594 22.12 PACKING
CARRYOVER 595 22.13 MELTING, BREAKAGE OF PLASTIC PACKING 595 22.14
DARNAGE TO CERAMIC PACKING 595 22.15 DARNAGE TO OTHER PACKINGS 595 23.
REBOILERS THAT DID NOT WORK: NUMBER 9 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 596
23.1 CIRCULATING THERMOSIPHON REBOILERS 596 23.1.1 EXCESS CIRCULATION
596 23.1.2 INSUFFICIENT CIRCULATION 596 23.1.3 INSUFFICIENT AT, PINCHING
596 23.1.4 SURGING 596 23.1.5 VELOCITIES TOO LOW IN VERTICAL
THERMOSIPHONS 597 23.1.6 PROBLEMS UNIQUE TO HORIZONTAL THERMOSIPHONS 597
23.2 ONCE-THROUGH THERMOSIPHON REBOILERS 597 23.2.1 LEAKING DRAW TRAY OR
DRAW PAN 597 23.2.2 NO VAPORIZATION/THERMOSIPHON 598 23.2.3 SLUG FLOW IN
OUTLET LINE 599 23.3 FORCED-CIRCULATION REBOILERS 599 23.4 KETTLE
REBOILERS 599 23.4.1 EXCESS A P IN CIRCUIT 599 23.4.2 POOR LIQUID SPREAD
601 23.4.3 LIQUID LEVEL ABOVE OVERFLOW BAFFLE 602 CONTENTS XIX 23.5
INTERNA1 REBOILERS 602 23.6 KETTLE AND THERMOSIPHON REBOILERS IN SERIES
603 23.7 SIDE REBOILERS 603 23.7.1 INABILITY TO START 603 23.7.2 LIQUID
DRAW AND VAPOR RETURN PROBLEMS 603 23.7.3 HYDRATES 603 23.7.4 PINCHING
604 23.7.5 CONTROL ISSUES 604 23.8 ALL REBOILERS, BOILING SIDE 604
23.8.1 DEBRIS/DEPOSITS IN REBOILER LINES 604 23.8.2 UNDERSIZING 604
23.8.3 FILM BOILING 604 23.9 ALL REBOILERS, CONDENSING SIDE 605 23.9.1
NON CONDENSABLES IN HEATING MEDIUM 605 23.9.2 LOSS OF CONDENSATE SEAL
605 23.9.3 CONDENSATE DRAINING PROBLEMS 606 23.9.4 VAPORISTEAM SUPPLY
BOTTLENECK 606 24. CONDENSERS THAT DID NOT WORK 607 INERTS BLANKETING
607 24.1.1 INADEQUATE VENTING 607 24.1.2 EXCESS LIGHTS IN FEED 608
INADEQUATE CONDENSATE REMOVAL 608 24.2.1 UNDERSIZED CONDENSATE LINES 608
24.2.2 EXCHANGER DESIGN 609 UNEXPECTED CONDENSATION HEAT CURVE 609
PROBLEMS WITH CONDENSER HARDWARE 610 MALDISTRIBUTION BETWEEN PARALLEL
CONDENSERS 6 1 1 FLOODING/ENTRAINMENT IN PARTIAL CONDENSERS 61 1
INTERACTION WITH VACUUM AND RECOMPRESSION EQUIPMENT 612 OTHERS 612 25.
MISLEADING MEASUREMENTS: NUMBER 8 ON THE TOP 10 MALFUNCTIONS 613 25.1
INCORRECT READINGS 613 25.2 METER OR TAPS FOULED OR PLUGGED 614 25.3
MISSING METER 615 25.4 INCORRECT METER LOCATION 615 25.5 PROBLEMS WITH
METER AND METER TUBING HSTALLATION 616 25.5.1 INCORRECT METER
INSTALLATION 616 25.5.2 INSTRUMENT TUBING PROBLEMS 616 25.6 INCORRECT
METER CALIBRATION, METER FACTOR 617 25.7 LEVEL INSTRUMENT FOOLED 617
25.7.1 BYFROTHORFOAM 617 25.7.2 BY OIL ACCUMULATION ABOVE AQUEOUS LEVEL
618 25.7.3 BY LIGHTS 619 XX CONTENTS 25.7.4 BY RADIOACTIVITY (NUCLEONIC
METER) 619 25.7.5 INTERFACE-LEVEL METERING PROBLEMS 6 19 25.8 METER
READINGS IGNORED 619 25.9 ELECTRIC STORM CAUSES SIGNAL FAILURE 61 9 26.
CONTROL SYSTEM ASSEMBLY DIFFICULTIES 620 - 26.1 NO MATERIAL BALANCE
CONTROL 620 26.2 CONTROLLING TWO TERNPERATURES/CORNPOSITIONS
SIRNULTANEOUSLY PRODUCES INTERACTION 621 26.3 PROBLEMS WITH THE CORNMON
CONTROL SCHEMES, NO SIDE DRAWS 622 26.3.1 BOIL-UP ON TCIAC, REFLUX ON FC
622 26.3.2 BOIL-UP ON FC, REFLUX ON TCIAC 623 26.3.3 BOIL-UP ON FC,
REFLUX ON LC 624 26.3.4 BOIL-UP ON LC, BOTTOMS ON TCIAC 625 26.3.5
REFLUX ON BASE IG, BOTTOMS ON TCIAC 626 26.4 PROBLEMS WITH SIDE-DRAW
CONTROLS 626 26.4.1 SMALL REFLUX BELOW LIQUID DRAW SHOULD NOT BE ON
LEVEL OR DIFFERENCE CONTROL 626 26.4.2 INCORNPLETE MATERIAL BALANCE
CONTROL WITH LIQUID DRAW 628 26.4.3 STEARN SPIKES WITH LIQUID DRAW 628
26.4.4 INTERNA1 VAPOR CONTROL MAKES OR BREAKS VAPOR DRAW CONTROL 628
26.4.5 OTHERS 628 27. WHERE DO TEMPERATURE AND COMPOSITION CONTROLS GO
WMNG? 629 27.1 TEMPERATURE CONTROL 629 27.1.1 NO GOOD TEMPERATURE
CONTROL TRAY 629 27.1.2 BEST CONTROL TRAY 630 27.1.3 FOOLING BY NONKEYS
630 27.1.4 AVERAGING (INCLUDING DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL) 63 1 27.1.5
AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION 63 1 27.1.6 EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION 63 1 27.1.7
OTHER 632 27.2 PRESSURE-COMPENSATED TERNPERATURE CONTROLS 632 27.2.1 AT
CONTROL 632 27.2.2 OTHER PRESSURE CORNPENSATION 633 27.3 ANALYZER
CONTROL 633 27.3.1 OBTAINING A VALID ANALYSIS FOR CONTROL 633 27.3.2
LONG LAGS AND HIGH OFF-LINE TIMES 633 27.3.3 INTERMITTENT ANALYSIS 634
27.3.4 HANDLING FEED HUCTUATIONS 635 27.3.5 ANALYZER-TEMPERATURE CONTROL
CASCADE 635 27.3.6 ANALYZER ON NEXT TOWER 635 CONTENTS XXI 28.
MISBEHAVED PRESSURE, CONDENSER, REBOILER, AND PREHEATER CONTROLS 636
28.1 PRESSURE CONTROLS BY VAPOR FLOW VARIATIONS 636 28.2 FLOODED
CONDENSER PRESSURE CONTROLS 637 28.2.1 VALVE IN THE CONDENSATE,
UNFLOODED DRUM 637 28.2.2 FLOODED DRUM 637 28.2.3 HOT-VAPOR BYPASS 637
28.2.4 VALVE IN THE VAPOR TO THE CONDENSER 639 28.3 COOLANT THROTTLING
PRESSURE CONTROLS 640 28.3.1 COOLING-WATER THROTTLING 640 28.3.2
MANIPULATING AMOW 640 28.3.3 STEAM GENERATOR OVERHEAD CONDENSER 640
28.3.4 CONTROLLING COOLING-WATER SUPPLY TEMPERATURE 640 28.4 PRESSURE
CONTROL SIGNAL 641 28.4.1 FROM TOWER OR FROM REFLUX DRUM? 641 28.4.2
CONTROLLING PRESSURE VIA CONDENSATE TEMPERATURE 641 28.5 THROTTLING
STEAMNAPOR TO REBOILER OR PREHEATER 641 28.6 THROTTLING CONDENSATE FROM
REBOILER 642 28.7 PREHEATER CONTROLS 643 29. MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL
PROBLEMS 644 29.1 INTERACTION WITH THE PROCESS 644 29.2 A P CONTROL 644
29.3 FLOOD CONTROLS AND INDICATORS 644 29.4 BATCH DISTILLATION CONTROL
645 29.5 PROBLEMS IN THE CONTROL ENGINEER'S DOMAIN 645 29.6 ADVANCED
CONTROLS PROBLEMS 646 29.6.1 UPDATING MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLS 646 29.6.2
ADVANCED CONTROLS FOOLED BY BAD MEASUREMENTS 646 29.6.3 ISSUES WITH
MODEL INACCURACIES 647 29.6.4 EFFECT OF POWER DIPS 647 29.6.5
EXPERIENCES WITH COMPOSITION PREDICTORS IN MULTIVARIABLE CONTROLS 647
REFERENCES 649 INDEX 669 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 713 |
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| id | DE-604.BV021524154 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:23:23Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:37:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471467448 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004016490 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014740607 |
| oclc_num | 56011702 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29T DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29T DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XXXV, 712 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Wiley-Interscience |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kister, Henry Z. Verfasser aut Distillation troubleshooting Henry Z. Kister Hoboken, N.J. Wiley-Interscience 2006 XXXV, 712 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references aDistillation apparatus xMaintenance and repair Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 gnd rswk-swf Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0740/2004016490-b.html Beschreibung für Leser http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0420/2004016490.html Table of contents OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014740607&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kister, Henry Z. Distillation troubleshooting aDistillation apparatus xMaintenance and repair Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4011543-4 |
| title | Distillation troubleshooting |
| title_auth | Distillation troubleshooting |
| title_exact_search | Distillation troubleshooting |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Distillation troubleshooting |
| title_full | Distillation troubleshooting Henry Z. Kister |
| title_fullStr | Distillation troubleshooting Henry Z. Kister |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distillation troubleshooting Henry Z. Kister |
| title_short | Distillation troubleshooting |
| title_sort | distillation troubleshooting |
| topic | aDistillation apparatus xMaintenance and repair Destillation (DE-588)4011543-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | aDistillation apparatus xMaintenance and repair Destillation |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0740/2004016490-b.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0420/2004016490.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014740607&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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