International domain name law: ICANN and the UDRP
The domain name system (DNS), which matches computer addresses to human-friendly domain names, has given rise to many legal issues. Two important issues are the institutional arrangements for governing the DNS and the use of trade marks as domain names. This volume is a complete statement of this ar...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Hart
2007
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | The domain name system (DNS), which matches computer addresses to human-friendly domain names, has given rise to many legal issues. Two important issues are the institutional arrangements for governing the DNS and the use of trade marks as domain names. This volume is a complete statement of this area of the law. |
| Physical Description: | LXVI, 489 S. |
| ISBN: | 9781841135847 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International domain name law |b ICANN and the UDRP |c David Lindsay |
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| 300 | |a LXVI, 489 S. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a The domain name system (DNS), which matches computer addresses to human-friendly domain names, has given rise to many legal issues. Two important issues are the institutional arrangements for governing the DNS and the use of trade marks as domain names. This volume is a complete statement of this area of the law. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marques de commerce - Droit international | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Noms de domaine (Internet) - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Internet domain names | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Internet domain names |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trademarks (International law) | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Domain-Name |0 (DE-588)4535279-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Internationales Recht |0 (DE-588)4027447-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
1.2
TCP/IP
1.3
Internet Standards
Internet
Addressing and the DNS
1.4
Internet Naming and Addressing
1.5
IP Addresses
1.6
IPv6
1.7
The Domain Name System (DNS)
1.8
The Domain Name Space
Preface
v
Acknowledgements
ix
List of Abbreviations
xxi
Table of Cases and Domain Name Decisions
xxiii
Table of Legislation, Agreements and Policies
lvii
1.
THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
1
The Internet
1
1.1
The Internet
1
2
3
3
3
4
6
6
8
Top-level Domains (TLDs)
9
1.9
Top-level Domains (TLDs
J
9
1.10
Original Generic Top-level Domains (gTLDs)
9
1.11
Country Code Top-level Domains (ccTLDs)
10
1.12
Commercialisation of the Internet
11
1.13
New Generic Top-level Domains (gTLDs)
12
1.14
New Sponsored TLDs (sTLDs)
14
1.15
Policy on Introducing New gTLDs
17
Operation of DNS
18
1.16
Name Servers
18
1.17
Root Name Servers and the Root Zone File
20
1.18
Name Resolvers
22
1.19
Resource Records
22
1.20
Mapping Addresses to Domain Names
24
1.21
The WHOIS Directory Service
24
1.22
BIND
' 26
2.
DNS GOVERNANCE AND ICANN
27
Internet and DNS Governance
27
xiv Contents
2.1
Governance
27
2.2 Internet
Governance and the WSIS
28
2.3
The Problem of DNS Governance
30
History of DNS Governance
32
2.4
Early History
32
2.5
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
33
2.6
Privatisation of the Root
35
2.7
The Crisis in Governance
36
2.8
The International Ad Hoc Committee
37
Origins of ICANN
40
2.9
The NTIA Green Paper
40
2.10
The NTIA White Paper
42
2.11
Formation of ICANN
46
Contractual Basis of DNS Governance
48
2.12
The
1999
Agreements
48
2.13
The ICANN/DOC
MOU
53
2.14
Department of Commerce Supervision
54
2.15
US Government Principles and the
EU 57
2.16 2006
NTIA Consultation
59
2.17
The September
2006
Agreement
59
2.18
IANA Function Contract
61
2.19
VeriSign
Agreement
62
ICANN
64
2.20
ICANN's Structural Reform Process
64
2.21
ICANN's Constitution
64
2.22
ICANN's Mission
65
2.23
ICANN's Core Values
66
ICANN's Structure
67
2.24
ICANN's Structure
67
2.24.1
Board of Directors
67
2.24.2
Supporting Organisations
69
2.24.3
Advisory Committees
73
2.24.4
External Advisory Mechanisms
77
ICANN's Processes
78
2.25
ICANN's Processes
78
2.25.1
Policy-development Processes
79
2.25.2
Transparency
79
2.25.3
Accountability and Review
79
Registry and Registrar Agreements
82
2.26
gTLD Registry Agreements
82
2.27
.com Registry Agreement
83
Contents xv
2.28
Registrar Accreditation
Agreement 87
ccTLD Governance
89
2.29
ICANN and ccTLD Governance
89
The WSIS
92
2.30
The WSIS and the IGF
92
3.
UNIFORM DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION
95
Domain Name Disputes
95
3.1
'Cybersquatting'
95
3.2
NSI Dispute Resolution Policy
99
History of the UDRP
99
3.3
Origins of the UDRP
99
3.4
The WIPO First Process Report
101
3.5
ICANN's Adoption of WIPO Recommendations
103
3.6
WIPO and ICANN's UDRP: Differences
106
The UDRP
109
3.7
Abusive, Bad Faith Registration
109
3.8
The Affirmative Defences
113
3.9
Implementation of the UDRP
115
3.10
Dispute-resolution Service Providers
116
WIPO Second Process Report
117
3.11
The WIPO Second Process Report
117
3.12
Response to the Report
Ì
19
Other Dispute-resolution Systems
120
3.13
Other ICANN Dispute Resolution Systems
120
Limited Remedies
122
3.14
Limited Remedies under the UDRP
122
Fundamental Tensions and WIPO Overview
123
3.15
UDRP Fundamental Tensions
123
3.16
WIPO Overview of UDRP Decisions
127
4.
UDRP PROCEDURES
129
The UDRP Rules
129
4.1
The UDRP Rules
129
Precedent and the UDRP
130
4.2
Precedential Value of Panel Decisions
130
xvi Contents
UDRP
Procedures
133
4.3
The Complainant
133
4.4
The Complaint
135
4.5
Serving the Respondent
137
4.6
The Respondent
137
4.7
The Response
138
4.8
Late Responses
140
4.9
The Panel and Panel Decisions
141
Choice of Law and Language
142
4.10
Choice of Law
142
4.11
Proper Language of the Proceedings
146
Supplemental Submissions and Refiling
148
4.12
Supplemental Submissions
148
4.13
Refiled Complaints
152
Burden of Proof
154
4.14
Burden of Proof
154
Other Procedural Issues
155
4.15
Independent Research by UDRP Panels
155
4.16
Default Rules
157
Reverse Domain Name Hijacking
161
4.17
Reverse Domain Name Hijacking
161
Equitable Defences
167
4.18
Equitable Doctrines and Defences
167
5.
IDENTICAL OR CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR DOMAIN NAMES
171
Overview
171
5.1
Overview
171
Trade Marks
171
5.2
Trade Mark
171
5.3
Early History of Trade Mark Law
173
5.4
Legislative Definitions of'Trade Mark'
174
5.5
'Trade Mark' in the Union Label Case
176
5.6
Service Mark
176
'Unregistered' Trade Marks
177
5.7
Common Law Trade Marks and Passing Off
177
5.8
The US Unfair Competition Tort
179
5.9
Unregistered Marks in Civil Law
180
Registered Trade Marks
181
5.10
Registered Trade Marks under the UDRP
181
Contents xvii
5.11
Collective
and Certification Marks
182
5.12
Location of Jurisdiction of Registration
183
5.13
Registration where Full Rights not Granted
184
5.14
Applications for Registration
186
5.15
Time at which Rights Arise under the UDRP
188
Unregistered Marks
190
5.16
Unregistered Marks under the UDRP
190
5.17
Unregistered Marks: Civil Law Jurisdictions
192
5.18
Common Law Rights under US Law
193
5.18.1
Inherently Distinctive Marks
193
5.18.2
Descriptive Marks
196
5.18.3
Generic Terms
199
5.18.4
Composite Marks
201
5.19
'Common Law Rights'under English Law
202
5.19.1
Requirements for Common Law Rights under English Law:
Distinctiveness and Secondary Meaning
204
5.19.2
The Action for Passing Off and the UDRP: Some Problems in Practice
206
5.19.3
The Action for Passing Off and the UDRP: Some Examples
209
Personal Names
210
5.20
Personal Names
210
5.20.1
Rights in Personal Names that Are Registered as Trade Marks
212
5.20.2
Rights in Personal Names that Are not Registered as Trade Marks: US
Trade Mark Law
212
5.20.3
Rights in Personal Names that Are not Registered as Trade Marks: the
English Action for Passing Off
216
5.20.4
Status of Unregistered Personal Names: Summary and Examples
221
Geographical Terms
223
5.21
Geographical Terms
223
5.21.1
Rights in Geographical Terms that are Included in Registered Trade
Marks
225
5.21.2
Unregistered Rights in Geographical Terms
229
5.21.3
Rights of Legal Authorities for Geographical Areas
231
Non-exclusive Rights
233
5.22
Licensees and Other Non-exclusive Rights
233
Comparing Domain Names and Marks
239
5.23
Comparing Marks under National Laws
239
5.24
The Requirement of Use as a Trade Mark
241
5.25
Comparing Marks under the UDRP
244
5.26
Literal Comparison or Source Confusion
246
'Identical or Confusingly Similar'
249
5.27
Web Site Content Irrelevant in Confusion
249
xviii
Contents
5.28
Elements to be Ignored in Comparison
251
5.29
Graphical or Design Elements
251
5.30
Identically
252
5.31
'Essential or Virtual Identity is Sufficient'
253
5.32
Addition of Terms does not Dispel Confusion
255
5.33
Addition of Generic'Internet'Terms
258
Typosquatting
259
5.34
'Typosquatting'
259
Gripe Sites
262
5.35
Gripe Sites and Confusion
262
5.36
Treatment of Gripe Sites under US Law
262
5.37
Panel Views on 'Sucks'-type Domain Names
263
5.38
Justifications for the Majority View
265
5.39
Justifications for the Minority View
268
5.40
'Sucks'-type Domain Names: no Universal Rule
270
5.41
Conclusions on 'Sucks'-type Domain Names
273
6.
RIGHTS OR INTERESTS IN THE DISPUTED DOMAIN NAME
277
Overview and Policy
277
6.1
Overview
277
6.2.
Policy Considerations
277
Affirmative Defences
279
6.3
Affirmative Defences in Paragraph 4(c)
279
Burden of Proof
281
6.4
Burden of Proof
281
6.5
What Amounts to
a Prima
Facie Case?
282
6.6
The Respondent's Burden of Proof
288
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services
291
6.7
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services
291
6.7.1
What is Meant by 'Notice' of the Dispute?
292
6.7.2
'Use' of the Domain
Nane
294
6.7.3
'Demonstrable Preparations' to Use a Domain Name and the
Status of Business Plans
297
6.7.4
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: General Principles
300
6.7.5
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Trading Off the Reputation
of the Trade Mark Owner to Attract or Divert Internet Users
301
6.7.6
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Depriving the Complainant
of the Opportunity to Reflect its Mark in a Domain Name
305
6.7.7
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Respondent that
Resells a Complainant's Goods or Services Have a Right or Legitimate
Interest in the Disputed Domain Name?
306
Contents xix
6.7.8
Bona
Fide Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Reseller that is Not
in a Contractual Relationship with the Complainant have Rights or
Interests in the Disputed Domain Name?
ЗІЗ
6.7.9
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Reseller have Rights
or Interests in the Dusputed Domain Name Where a Contractual
Relationship with the Complainant has been Terminated?
315
'Commonly Known by' Domain Name
317
6.8
Holder 'Commonly Known by' Domain Name
317
6.8.1
Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name:
the Time at which the Respondent must be 'Commonly Known'
317
6.8.2
Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name:
When is the Respondent 'Commonly Known' by the Name?
318
6.8.3
Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name:
Can the Respondent be 'Commonly Known' by a Nickname?
319
Non-commercial or Fair Use
321
6.9
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use
321
6.9.1
US 'Classic Fair Use' Doctrine
323
6.9.2
US 'Nominative Fair Use' Doctrine
325
6.9.3
Freedom of Expression and the Treatment of Parody under US
Trade Mark Law
327
6.9.4
Tarnishment
329
6.9.5
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use 'Without Intent for
Commercial Gain': the Position of Commercial Sites and
'Sham Speech' Domain Names
331
6.9.6
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: Intent to 'Tarnish' the
Complainant's Mark
333
6.9.7
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: Overview of the Treatment
of Criticism Sites
335
6.9.8
First View: 'Domain Name Itself is Misleading'
336
6.9.9
Second View: 'Complaints Site'Approach
340
6.9.10
Third View: the 'Totality of Circumstances' Approach
342
6.9.11
Criticism Sites: Discussion
345
6.9.12
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: 'Fan' Sites
347
Generic Terms
352
6.10
Rights or Interests in Generic Terms
352
6.11
Registering a Generic Domain Name in Good Faith
354
7.
BAD FAITH REGISTRATION AND USE
361
Overview and Policy
361
7.1
Overview
361
7.2
Policy Considerations
362
Registration and Use in Bad Faith
363
7.3
The Four Non-exclusive Circumstances
363
7.4
'Totality of Circumstances'Approach
365
xx Contents
7.5
Reconciling Paragraphs
4(a)(iii)
and 4(b)
366
Bad Faith Use
367
7.6
Registered and Used in Bad Faith
367
7.7
Point in Time of Use in Bad Faith
368
7.8
Good Faith Registration and Bad Faith Use
369
Bad Faith Registration
371
7.9
Is Renewal Registration?
371
7.10
The Nuclear Marshmallow
s
'Inaction Doctrine'
372
7.11
Inferring Bad Faith Registration from Use
376
Notice of Complainant's Mark
376
7.12
Actual and Imputed Notice
376
7.13
Constructive Notice
383
7.14
Registration of Domain Name before Trade Mark
387
Disclaimer
392
7.15
Relevance of Disclaimer on Respondent's Web Site
392
Opportunistic' Bad Faith
396
7.16
Opportunistic'Bad Faith
396
Registration for Purpose of Sale
398
7.17
Registration for Purpose of Sale
398
7.17.1
Paragraph 4(b)(i): What Amounts to'Circumstances Indicating'
that the Domain Name has been Registered for the Purpose of
Selling It to the Complainant or a Competitor?
399
7.17.2
Paragraph 4(b)(i): Can an Offer to Sell a Domain Name in Settlement
Negotiations Amount to Bad Faith?
399
7.17.3
Paragraph 4(b)(i): 'Primarily' for the Purpose of Selling the Domain Name
402
7.17.4
Paragraph 4(b)(i): For the Purpose of'Selling, Renting or Otherwise
Transferring' for 'Valuable Consideration in Excess of Documented
Out-of-pockets Costs'
403
7.17.5
Paragraph 4(b)(i): General Offers to Sell or Domain Name Auctions
405
7.17.6
Paragraph 4(b)(i): Good Faith Offers to Sell the Disputed
Domain Name
407
Registration to Prevent Use of Mark
410
7.18
Registration to Prevent Use of Mark as Domain Name
410
7.18.1
Paragraph 4(b)(ii): 'Pattern of Conduct'Arising from Multiple UDRP
Disputes Involving Multiple Complainants
414
7.18.2
Paragraph 4(b)(ii): 'Pattern of Conduct' Arising from Multiple
Registrations of Domain Names Reflecting the Complainant's Mark
or Marks
416
7.18.3
Paragraph 4(b)(ii): Circumstances in which Multiple Registrations
do not Amount to a 'Pattern of Conduct'
418
Contents
xxi
Disrupting Competitor's Business
419
7.19
Registration to Disrupt Competitor's Business
419
7.19.1
Paragraph 4(b)
(iii)
:
'Disruption' of the Business of a Competitor
422
7.19.2
Paragraph4(b)
(iii);
When is the Respondent a'Competitor'of the
Complainant?
426
Commercial Gain from Confusing Use
433
7.20
Commercial Gain from Confusing Use
433
7.20.1
Paragraph 4(b)(iv): 'Intentionally' Attempting to Attract Internet Users
to the Domain Name Holder's Web Site or Other Online Location
434
7.20.2
Paragraph 4(b)(iv): Diverting Internet Users for 'Commercial Gain'
437
7.20.3
Paragraph 4(b)(iv): 'Diverting' Internet Users by Creating a
'Likelihood of Confusion'
438
Appendix
1—
ICANN's Structure
445
Appendix
2—
UDRP
447
Appendix
3—
UDRP Rules
453
Appendix
4—
GNSO Final Report: Principles, Recommendations and Implementation
Guidelines for Introduction of New gILDs
463
Bibliography
471
Index
475 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
1.2
TCP/IP
1.3
Internet Standards
Internet
Addressing and the DNS
1.4
Internet Naming and Addressing
1.5
IP Addresses
1.6
IPv6
1.7
The Domain Name System (DNS)
1.8
The Domain Name Space
Preface
v
Acknowledgements
ix
List of Abbreviations
xxi
Table of Cases and Domain Name Decisions
xxiii
Table of Legislation, Agreements and Policies
lvii
1.
THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
1
The Internet
1
1.1
The Internet
1
2
3
3
3
4
6
6
8
Top-level Domains (TLDs)
9
1.9
Top-level Domains (TLDs
J
9
1.10
Original Generic Top-level Domains (gTLDs)
9
1.11
Country Code Top-level Domains (ccTLDs)
10
1.12
Commercialisation of the Internet
11
1.13
New Generic Top-level Domains (gTLDs)
12
1.14
New Sponsored TLDs (sTLDs)
14
1.15
Policy on Introducing New gTLDs
17
Operation of DNS
18
1.16
Name Servers
18
1.17
Root Name Servers and the Root Zone File
20
1.18
Name Resolvers
22
1.19
Resource Records
22
1.20
Mapping Addresses to Domain Names
24
1.21
The WHOIS Directory Service
24
1.22
BIND
' 26
2.
DNS GOVERNANCE AND ICANN
27
Internet and DNS Governance
27
xiv Contents
2.1
Governance
27
2.2 Internet
Governance and the WSIS
28
2.3
The Problem of DNS Governance
30
History of DNS Governance
32
2.4
Early History
32
2.5
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
33
2.6
Privatisation of the Root
35
2.7
The Crisis in Governance
36
2.8
The International Ad Hoc Committee
37
Origins of ICANN
40
2.9
The NTIA Green Paper
40
2.10
The NTIA White Paper
42
2.11
Formation of ICANN
46
Contractual Basis of DNS Governance
48
2.12
The
1999
Agreements
48
2.13
The ICANN/DOC
MOU
53
2.14
Department of Commerce Supervision
54
2.15
US Government Principles and the
EU 57
2.16 2006
NTIA Consultation
59
2.17
The September
2006
Agreement
59
2.18
IANA Function Contract
61
2.19
VeriSign
Agreement
62
ICANN
64
2.20
ICANN's Structural Reform Process
64
2.21
ICANN's Constitution
64
2.22
ICANN's Mission
65
2.23
ICANN's Core Values
66
ICANN's Structure
67
2.24
ICANN's Structure
67
2.24.1
Board of Directors
67
2.24.2
Supporting Organisations
69
2.24.3
Advisory Committees
73
2.24.4
External Advisory Mechanisms
77
ICANN's Processes
78
2.25
ICANN's Processes
78
2.25.1
Policy-development Processes
79
2.25.2
Transparency
79
2.25.3
Accountability and Review
79
Registry and Registrar Agreements
82
2.26
gTLD Registry Agreements
82
2.27
.com Registry Agreement
83
Contents xv
2.28
Registrar Accreditation
Agreement 87
ccTLD Governance
89
2.29
ICANN and ccTLD Governance
89
The WSIS
92
2.30
The WSIS and the IGF
92
3.
UNIFORM DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION
95
Domain Name Disputes
95
3.1
'Cybersquatting'
95
3.2
NSI Dispute Resolution Policy
99
History of the UDRP
99
3.3
Origins of the UDRP
99
3.4
The WIPO First Process Report
101
3.5
ICANN's Adoption of WIPO Recommendations
103
3.6
WIPO and ICANN's UDRP: Differences
106
The UDRP
109
3.7
Abusive, Bad Faith Registration
109
3.8
The Affirmative Defences
113
3.9
Implementation of the UDRP
115
3.10
Dispute-resolution Service Providers
116
WIPO Second Process Report
117
3.11
The WIPO Second Process Report
117
3.12
Response to the Report
Ì
19
Other Dispute-resolution Systems
120
3.13
Other ICANN Dispute Resolution Systems
120
Limited Remedies
122
3.14
Limited Remedies under the UDRP
122
Fundamental Tensions and WIPO Overview
123
3.15
UDRP Fundamental Tensions
123
3.16
WIPO Overview of UDRP Decisions
127
4.
UDRP PROCEDURES
129
The UDRP Rules
129
4.1
The UDRP Rules
129
Precedent and the UDRP
130
4.2
Precedential Value of Panel Decisions
130
xvi Contents
UDRP
Procedures
133
4.3
The Complainant
133
4.4
The Complaint
135
4.5
Serving the Respondent
137
4.6
The Respondent
137
4.7
The Response
138
4.8
Late Responses
140
4.9
The Panel and Panel Decisions
141
Choice of Law and Language
142
4.10
Choice of Law
142
4.11
Proper Language of the Proceedings
146
Supplemental Submissions and Refiling
148
4.12
Supplemental Submissions
148
4.13
Refiled Complaints
152
Burden of Proof
154
4.14
Burden of Proof
154
Other Procedural Issues
155
4.15
Independent Research by UDRP Panels
155
4.16
Default Rules
157
Reverse Domain Name Hijacking
161
4.17
Reverse Domain Name Hijacking
161
Equitable Defences
167
4.18
Equitable Doctrines and Defences
167
5.
IDENTICAL OR CONFUSINGLY SIMILAR DOMAIN NAMES
171
Overview
171
5.1
Overview
171
Trade Marks
171
5.2
Trade Mark
171
5.3
Early History of Trade Mark Law
173
5.4
Legislative Definitions of'Trade Mark'
174
5.5
'Trade Mark' in the Union Label Case
176
5.6
Service Mark
176
'Unregistered' Trade Marks
177
5.7
Common Law Trade Marks and Passing Off
177
5.8
The US Unfair Competition Tort
179
5.9
Unregistered Marks in Civil Law
180
Registered Trade Marks
181
5.10
Registered Trade Marks under the UDRP
181
Contents xvii
5.11
Collective
and Certification Marks
182
5.12
Location of Jurisdiction of Registration
183
5.13
Registration where Full Rights not Granted
184
5.14
Applications for Registration
186
5.15
Time at which Rights Arise under the UDRP
188
Unregistered Marks
190
5.16
Unregistered Marks under the UDRP
190
5.17
Unregistered Marks: Civil Law Jurisdictions
192
5.18
Common Law Rights under US Law
193
5.18.1
Inherently Distinctive Marks
193
5.18.2
Descriptive Marks
196
5.18.3
Generic Terms
199
5.18.4
Composite Marks
201
5.19
'Common Law Rights'under English Law
202
5.19.1
Requirements for Common Law Rights under English Law:
Distinctiveness and Secondary Meaning
204
5.19.2
The Action for Passing Off and the UDRP: Some Problems in Practice
206
5.19.3
The Action for Passing Off and the UDRP: Some Examples
209
Personal Names
210
5.20
Personal Names
210
5.20.1
Rights in Personal Names that Are Registered as Trade Marks
212
5.20.2
Rights in Personal Names that Are not Registered as Trade Marks: US
Trade Mark Law
212
5.20.3
Rights in Personal Names that Are not Registered as Trade Marks: the
English Action for Passing Off
216
5.20.4
Status of Unregistered Personal Names: Summary and Examples
221
Geographical Terms
223
5.21
Geographical Terms
223
5.21.1
Rights in Geographical Terms that are Included in Registered Trade
Marks
225
5.21.2
Unregistered Rights in Geographical Terms
229
5.21.3
Rights of Legal Authorities for Geographical Areas
231
Non-exclusive Rights
233
5.22
Licensees and Other Non-exclusive Rights
233
Comparing Domain Names and Marks
239
5.23
Comparing Marks under National Laws
239
5.24
The Requirement of Use as a Trade Mark
241
5.25
Comparing Marks under the UDRP
244
5.26
Literal Comparison or Source Confusion
246
'Identical or Confusingly Similar'
249
5.27
Web Site Content Irrelevant in Confusion
249
xviii
Contents
5.28
Elements to be Ignored in Comparison
251
5.29
Graphical or Design Elements
251
5.30
Identically
252
5.31
'Essential or Virtual Identity is Sufficient'
253
5.32
Addition of Terms does not Dispel Confusion
255
5.33
Addition of Generic'Internet'Terms
258
Typosquatting
259
5.34
'Typosquatting'
259
Gripe Sites
262
5.35
Gripe Sites and Confusion
262
5.36
Treatment of Gripe Sites under US Law
262
5.37
Panel Views on 'Sucks'-type Domain Names
263
5.38
Justifications for the Majority View
265
5.39
Justifications for the Minority View
268
5.40
'Sucks'-type Domain Names: no Universal Rule
270
5.41
Conclusions on 'Sucks'-type Domain Names
273
6.
RIGHTS OR INTERESTS IN THE DISPUTED DOMAIN NAME
277
Overview and Policy
277
6.1
Overview
277
6.2.
Policy Considerations
277
Affirmative Defences
279
6.3
Affirmative Defences in Paragraph 4(c)
279
Burden of Proof
281
6.4
Burden of Proof
281
6.5
What Amounts to
a Prima
Facie Case?
282
6.6
The Respondent's Burden of Proof
288
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services
291
6.7
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services
291
6.7.1
What is Meant by 'Notice' of the Dispute?
292
6.7.2
'Use' of the Domain
Nane
294
6.7.3
'Demonstrable Preparations' to Use a Domain Name and the
Status of Business Plans
297
6.7.4
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: General Principles
300
6.7.5
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Trading Off the Reputation
of the Trade Mark Owner to Attract or Divert Internet Users
301
6.7.6
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Depriving the Complainant
of the Opportunity to Reflect its Mark in a Domain Name
305
6.7.7
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Respondent that
Resells a Complainant's Goods or Services Have a Right or Legitimate
Interest in the Disputed Domain Name?
306
Contents xix
6.7.8
Bona
Fide Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Reseller that is Not
in a Contractual Relationship with the Complainant have Rights or
Interests in the Disputed Domain Name?
ЗІЗ
6.7.9
Bona Fide
Offering of Goods or Services: Can a Reseller have Rights
or Interests in the Dusputed Domain Name Where a Contractual
Relationship with the Complainant has been Terminated?
315
'Commonly Known by' Domain Name
317
6.8
Holder 'Commonly Known by' Domain Name
317
6.8.1
Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name:
the Time at which the Respondent must be 'Commonly Known'
317
6.8.2
Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name:
When is the Respondent 'Commonly Known' by the Name?
318
6.8.3
Domain Holder has been Commonly Known by the Domain Name:
Can the Respondent be 'Commonly Known' by a Nickname?
319
Non-commercial or Fair Use
321
6.9
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use
321
6.9.1
US 'Classic Fair Use' Doctrine
323
6.9.2
US 'Nominative Fair Use' Doctrine
325
6.9.3
Freedom of Expression and the Treatment of Parody under US
Trade Mark Law
327
6.9.4
Tarnishment
329
6.9.5
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use 'Without Intent for
Commercial Gain': the Position of Commercial Sites and
'Sham Speech' Domain Names
331
6.9.6
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: Intent to 'Tarnish' the
Complainant's Mark
333
6.9.7
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: Overview of the Treatment
of Criticism Sites
335
6.9.8
First View: 'Domain Name Itself is Misleading'
336
6.9.9
Second View: 'Complaints Site'Approach
340
6.9.10
Third View: the 'Totality of Circumstances' Approach
342
6.9.11
Criticism Sites: Discussion
345
6.9.12
Legitimate Non-commercial or Fair Use: 'Fan' Sites
347
Generic Terms
352
6.10
Rights or Interests in Generic Terms
352
6.11
Registering a Generic Domain Name in Good Faith
354
7.
BAD FAITH REGISTRATION AND USE
361
Overview and Policy
361
7.1
Overview
361
7.2
Policy Considerations
362
Registration and Use in Bad Faith
363
7.3
The Four Non-exclusive Circumstances
363
7.4
'Totality of Circumstances'Approach
365
xx Contents
7.5
Reconciling Paragraphs
4(a)(iii)
and 4(b)
366
Bad Faith Use
367
7.6
Registered and Used in Bad Faith
367
7.7
Point in Time of Use in Bad Faith
368
7.8
Good Faith Registration and Bad Faith Use
369
Bad Faith Registration
371
7.9
Is Renewal Registration?
371
7.10
The Nuclear Marshmallow
s
'Inaction Doctrine'
372
7.11
Inferring Bad Faith Registration from Use
376
Notice of Complainant's Mark
376
7.12
Actual and Imputed Notice
376
7.13
Constructive Notice
383
7.14
Registration of Domain Name before Trade Mark
387
Disclaimer
392
7.15
Relevance of Disclaimer on Respondent's Web Site
392
Opportunistic' Bad Faith
396
7.16
Opportunistic'Bad Faith
396
Registration for Purpose of Sale
398
7.17
Registration for Purpose of Sale
398
7.17.1
Paragraph 4(b)(i): What Amounts to'Circumstances Indicating'
that the Domain Name has been Registered for the Purpose of
Selling It to the Complainant or a Competitor?
399
7.17.2
Paragraph 4(b)(i): Can an Offer to Sell a Domain Name in Settlement
Negotiations Amount to Bad Faith?
399
7.17.3
Paragraph 4(b)(i): 'Primarily' for the Purpose of Selling the Domain Name
402
7.17.4
Paragraph 4(b)(i): For the Purpose of'Selling, Renting or Otherwise
Transferring' for 'Valuable Consideration in Excess of Documented
Out-of-pockets Costs'
403
7.17.5
Paragraph 4(b)(i): General Offers to Sell or Domain Name Auctions
405
7.17.6
Paragraph 4(b)(i): Good Faith Offers to Sell the Disputed
Domain Name
407
Registration to Prevent Use of Mark
410
7.18
Registration to Prevent Use of Mark as Domain Name
410
7.18.1
Paragraph 4(b)(ii): 'Pattern of Conduct'Arising from Multiple UDRP
Disputes Involving Multiple Complainants
414
7.18.2
Paragraph 4(b)(ii): 'Pattern of Conduct' Arising from Multiple
Registrations of Domain Names Reflecting the Complainant's Mark
or Marks
416
7.18.3
Paragraph 4(b)(ii): Circumstances in which Multiple Registrations
do not Amount to a 'Pattern of Conduct'
418
Contents
xxi
Disrupting Competitor's Business
419
7.19
Registration to Disrupt Competitor's Business
419
7.19.1
Paragraph 4(b)
(iii)
:
'Disruption' of the Business of a Competitor
422
7.19.2
Paragraph4(b)
(iii);
When is the Respondent a'Competitor'of the
Complainant?
426
Commercial Gain from Confusing Use
433
7.20
Commercial Gain from Confusing Use
433
7.20.1
Paragraph 4(b)(iv): 'Intentionally' Attempting to Attract Internet Users
to the Domain Name Holder's Web Site or Other Online Location
434
7.20.2
Paragraph 4(b)(iv): Diverting Internet Users for 'Commercial Gain'
437
7.20.3
Paragraph 4(b)(iv): 'Diverting' Internet Users by Creating a
'Likelihood of Confusion'
438
Appendix
1—
ICANN's Structure
445
Appendix
2—
UDRP
447
Appendix
3—
UDRP Rules
453
Appendix
4—
GNSO Final Report: Principles, Recommendations and Implementation
Guidelines for Introduction of New gILDs
463
Bibliography
471
Index
475 |
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| author | Lindsay, David |
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| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021498797 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:14:46Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-24T17:01:19Z |
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| isbn | 9781841135847 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Lindsay, David Verfasser aut International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP David Lindsay Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2007 LXVI, 489 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The domain name system (DNS), which matches computer addresses to human-friendly domain names, has given rise to many legal issues. Two important issues are the institutional arrangements for governing the DNS and the use of trade marks as domain names. This volume is a complete statement of this area of the law. Marques de commerce - Droit international Noms de domaine (Internet) - Droit Recht Internet domain names Internet domain names Law and legislation Trademarks (International law) Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 gnd rswk-swf Domain-Name (DE-588)4535279-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd rswk-swf Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 s Domain-Name (DE-588)4535279-3 s Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014715547&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lindsay, David International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP Marques de commerce - Droit international Noms de domaine (Internet) - Droit Recht Internet domain names Internet domain names Law and legislation Trademarks (International law) Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 gnd Domain-Name (DE-588)4535279-3 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4308416-3 (DE-588)4535279-3 (DE-588)4027447-0 |
| title | International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP |
| title_auth | International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP |
| title_exact_search | International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP |
| title_exact_search_txtP | International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP |
| title_full | International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP David Lindsay |
| title_fullStr | International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP David Lindsay |
| title_full_unstemmed | International domain name law ICANN and the UDRP David Lindsay |
| title_short | International domain name law |
| title_sort | international domain name law icann and the udrp |
| title_sub | ICANN and the UDRP |
| topic | Marques de commerce - Droit international Noms de domaine (Internet) - Droit Recht Internet domain names Internet domain names Law and legislation Trademarks (International law) Internet (DE-588)4308416-3 gnd Domain-Name (DE-588)4535279-3 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Marques de commerce - Droit international Noms de domaine (Internet) - Droit Recht Internet domain names Internet domain names Law and legislation Trademarks (International law) Internet Domain-Name Internationales Recht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014715547&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lindsaydavid internationaldomainnamelawicannandtheudrp |