Survey of Subsaharan Africa: a regional geography
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Oxford University Press
2007
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0195170806 9780195170801 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Survey of Subsaharan Africa |b a regional geography |c Roy Cole ; H. J. De Blij |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Africa |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Oxford University Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 748 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Geografie | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Afrique noire - Géographie | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Africa, Sub-Saharan |x Geography | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135188809121792 |
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| adam_text | Figures and Tables vii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF AFRICA 1
2 CLIMATE, VEGETATION, AND SOILS OF AFRICA 17
3 AFRICAN CULTURAL AND POLITICAL HEARTHS: A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY 41
4 THE COLONIAL INTERLUDE 71
5 THE CONTEMPORARY MAP OF AFRICA 92
6 THE POPULATION OF AFRICA 121
7 THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH AND DISEASE 147
8 LAND USE IN AFRICA 177
9 AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT, MANUFACTURING, AND INDUSTRY 254
** WEST AFRICA 279
10 GHANA: AN AFRICAN EPITOME 283
11 EXPERIMENT IN FEDERATION IN NIGERIA 300
12 LIBERIA AND SIERRA LEONE: THE END OF ANARCHY? 335
13 A FRENCH LEGACY: C6TE D lVOIRE, GUINEA, TOGO, AND BENIN 352
14 THE DESERT TIER: PROBLEMS IN THE INTERIOR, CLIMATE CHANGE, POPULATION
GROWTH, AND DESERTIFICATION 372
v
Vi CONTENTS
fig CENTRAL AFRICA 403
15 SPATIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES IN THE GROWTH OF THE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 407
16 DEVELOPMENT CONTRASTS IN CENTRAL LOWLAND AFRICA 430
EAST AFRICA, THE HORN, AND SUDAN 449
17 FALSE START IN TANZANIA 457
18 KENYA: THE PROBLEM OF LAND AND GOVERNANCE 477
19 UGANDA: EAST AFRICAN EMERGING ECONOMY? 493
20 RWANDA AND BURUNDI: REAPING THE WHIRLWIND 509
21 ETHIOPIA: A LEGACY OF FEUDALISM, IMPERIALISM, AND GREAT
POWER GEOPOLITICS 520
22 SOMALIA: IRREDENTISM AND FRAGMENTATION 536
23 SUDAN: BRIDGE BETWEEN AFRICAN AND ARAB? 549
^ SOUTHERN AFRICA 567
24 SOUTH AFRICA: CHALLENGES OF RACISM, REBELLION, AND RECONCILIATION 572
25 DEVELOPMENT CONTRASTS IN THREE LANDLOCKED SOUTHERN AFRICAN STATES:
BOTSWANA, LESOTHO, AND SWAZILAND 607
26 ZIMBABWE: A FAILURE IN PARTNERSHIP 628
2? UNFINISHED BUSINESS: ADDRESSING INEQUALITY IN LANDOWNERSHIP
IN NAMIBIA 642
28 ZAMBIA AND MALAWI: ON THE TIGHTROPE 660
29 MOZAMBIQUE AND ANGOLA: A LEGACY OF LUSOTROPICALISM AND MARXISM 675
30 MADAGASCAR: ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 709
Index 722
FIGURES
1 1 Location of Africa 2
1 2 Ahaggar Mountains, located in the central
Sahara 3
1 3 Basins, mountains, and drainage systems of
Africa 4
1 4 Cross section of the Chad Basin from the Jos
Plateau to Tibesti 5
1 5 Ngorongoro volcano caldera in East Africa,
forms part of a rift valley 5
1 6 Seismic and volcanic activity in Africa 6
1 7 Coasts and rivers of Africa 8
1 8 Cross sections of (a) the Nile River, (b) the
Sahel Corridor from the Senegal River to Lake
Chad, and (c) the Congo River 10
1 9 Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River 11
1 10 Aerial view of the Atlas Mountain ranges 11
1 11 Africa, center of Gondwana 12
2 1 Mean annual precipitation in Africa 18
2 2 Precipitation variability in Africa 19
2 3 Mean annual precipitation January and
July 20
2 4 Global pressure belts and winds 21
2 5 Air masses, winds, and the seasonal move¬
ment of the Intertropical Convergence
Zone 22
2 6 Cross section of the ITCZ in Africa in July 23
2 7 Rainfall gradient from Lagos, Nigeria, to
Agadez, Niger 23
2 8 Climate regions of Africa according to the
Koppen classification 24
2 9 Barumbu, Democratic Republic of the Congo:
rain forest (Af) climate 25
2 10 Kampala, Uganda: modified rainforest (Af)
climate 25
2 11 Robertsfield, Liberia: monsoon (Am)
climate 26
2 12 Bouake, Cote d lvoire: savanna (Aw)
climate 26
2 13 Tunis, Tunisia: Mediterranean (Cs)
climate 28
2 14 Durban, South Africa: humid subtropical (Cf)
climate 28
2 15 Harare, Zimbabwe: humid, temperate, dry
winter, warm (Cw) climate 29
2 16 Johannesburg, South Africa: humid, temper¬
ate, dry summer, cool (Cw) climate 29
2 17 Addis Ababa; Ethiopia: highland (H)
climate 30
2 18 Gao, Mali: steppe (BS) climate 31
2 19 In Salah, Algeria: desert (BW) climate 31
2 20 Swakopmund, Namibia: desert (BW)
climate 32
2 21 Biomes of Africa 33
2 22 Major soil regions of Africa 36
2 23 A choice tree of adjustment to the
environment 38
3 1 The descent of Homo sapiens 42
3 2 Tools of early humans: (A) Homo habilis,
(B) H. erectus, and (C) H. sapiens 43
3 3 Present distribution of languages in Africa 45
3 4 Four Late Stone Age regional genetic
populations from which all Africans are
descended 46
3 5 African migrations of farmers and/or herders
over the last 5000 years 50
3 6 Hypothetical relation of intensity of sover¬
eignty to distance from the capital cities of
two states, A and B, and their relation to the
boundary zone between them 51
3 7 Map illustrating the relations between states
illustrated in Figure 3 6 52
3 8 Some states and empires in Africa prior to
the European scramble to colonize the
continent 53
vii
Viii FIGURES AND TABLES
3 9 Pyramids at Meroe 54
3 10 The probable spread of iron working in
Africa 56
3 11 Trans Saharan trade to 1200 CE 58
3 12 Source and volume of the African slave trades,
640 1867 67
4 1 Africa in 1871 before the scramble 73
4 2 Restored seventeenth century Portuguese fort
(Later Dutch and English), at Cape Coast,
Ghana 74
4 3 Eighteenth and nineteenth century explorers
of Africa 77
4 4 Africa after the scramble, 1912 83
4 5 The brutality of King Leopold s state is
captured in this photograph acquired from
an abolitionist group 84
4 6 French financed floodgate on Niger River for
rice irrigation 85
4 7 New crops: onions, tomatoes, sweet potatoes,
tobacco 86
4 8 African states in 2004 and dates of
independence 90
5 1 Contemporary African states 94
5 2 Colonial boundaries (heavy lines) superim¬
posed on Murdock s (1949) ethnolinguistic
map of Africa 96
5 3 Contemporary national core regions and
capitals 98
5 4 The military commandant of Mopti Region,
of Mali, surrounded by local Tuareg
residents, 1978 108
5 5 Political rights and civil liberties in Africa,
1972 2003 112
5 6 Refugee populations by world region,
1989 December 1999 113
5 7 Memberships in selected continental African
and world organizations 116
6 1 Urban population and rural density in Africa,
2005 123
6 2 The Malthusian environmentalist model of
carrying capacity versus population
growth 125
6 3 The demographic transition model 126
6 4 The relationship between the education of
women and the fertility rate by country.
African countries are represented by boxes
containing their country codes [in the Federal
Information Processing Standard (FIPS)
system] 127
6 5 Rates of growth, birth, death, and infant mor¬
tality for Africa by country, 2004 129
6 6 Crude birthrate, death rate, and rate of natural
increase in Africa from 1955 to 2050 (pro¬
jected data begin in 2004) 130
6 7 Musa and Yahya Traore and their wives,
1978 132
6 8 Musa Traore and wives and children, 1986
(Yahya not pictured) 132
6 9 Population pyramid for Africa in 1950 133
6 10 Population pyramid for Africa in 2025 133
6 11 Population pyramid for developed countries,
2005 134
6 12 African government population policy by
country, 1976 136
6 13 African government population policy by
country, 2003 137
6 14 Number of urban places of different sizes,
world regions 138
6 15 African urban population alone and as per¬
centage of total population, 1950 2030 139
6 16 Percent urban by country, Africa, 1976 140
6 17 Percent urban by country, Africa, 2004 141
6 18 Abidjan, primate city of Cote d lvoire 142
6 19 Unplanned urban settlement near Bamako,
Mali 143
6 20 Street hawking, emblematic of the urban in¬
formal sector. Abidjan, Cote d lvoire 143
7 1 Triangles of influences on health 148
7 2 Chains of disease transmission for infectious
and parasitic diseases 150
7 3 Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and
the human development index (HDI) for 156
countries 151
7 4 Anopheles gambia, malaria vector 152
7 5 Simulium damnosum, river blindness
(onchoceriasis) vector 153
7 6 Villages along the Volta River that were aban¬
doned owing to river blindness 154
7 7 Microfilariae of Onchocerca 154
7 8 Larvicide spraying, part of the Onchocerciasis
Control Program 155
7 9 Total cases of sleeping sickness and screened
population, 1942 to 1998 156
7 10 Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) 157
7 11 Distribution of trypanosomiasis in
Africa 158
7 12 Areas of tsetse infestation and cattle produc¬
tion areas in Africa, circa 1960 159
7 13 Tsetse fly trap 160
7 14 Distribution of two major types of schistoso
miasis (bilharzia) in Africa 161
7 15 Schistosome worm 162
7 16 Bulinus snail 163
7 17 World HIV/AIDS infection as a percentage of
total population by country 2004 164
7 18 HIV/AIDS infection among prostitutes in
Africa by country, 1999 166
7 19 HIV/AIDS infection among pregnant women
in rural Africa by country, 1999 167
7 20 HIV/AIDS infection among pregnant women
in urban Africa by country, 1999 168
7 21 Ratio of male to female HIV infection rates
for the 15 to 24 year old population in
Africa, by country 170
7 22 Vicious circle of poverty, behavior, and
HIV infection 171
7 23 Population growth and crude birth and death
rates, South Africa, 1970 to 2050 172
7 24 Projected population of Botswana in 2020
with and without AIDS 173
8 1 Percentage of calories obtained from varia¬
tions on three African subsistence
strategies 178
8 2 Land use in Africa: 2001 179
8 3 Cattle, goat, and sheep populations for Africa,
1961 to 2002 181
8 4 Ass, camel, horse, and pig populations for
Africa, 1961 to 2002 181
8 5 Ass, camel, cattle, goat, horse, pig, and sheep
populations per thousand population for
Africa, 1961 to 2002 182
8 6 Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) 183
8 7 Centers for the domestication of cattle and
diffusion routes 184
8 8 Cattle density, Africa 186
8 9 Sahelian goats 187
8 10 Camels on their way to Kassala, Sudan 188
8 11 Transhumance in Niger and Mali 193
8 12 Percent of population in agriculture by coun¬
try in 2002 194
8 13 Distribution and importance of millet in
Africa 198
8 14 Pearl millet 199
8 15 Two varieties of pearl millet grown
together 199
8 16 Threshing a family s harvest: young men s
gang labor brigade 200
FIGURES AND TABLES ix
8 17 Variability in millet yield from 1961 to
2001 for Africa s three top producing
countries 201
8 18 Durra sorghum 202
8 19 Distribution and importance of sorghum in
Africa 203
8 20 Panicle of rice 205
8 21 Distribution and importance of rice in
Africa 206
8 22 Rice production for Africa s top producing
countries, 1961 to 2001 (thousands of
metric tons) 208
8 23 Distribution and importance of fonio and tef
in Africa 209
8 24 Fonio seeds 210
8 25 Fonio production for top producing countries,
1961 to 2001 210
8 26 Broadcasting fonio seed in central
Mali 211
8 27 Working fonio seed into soil with a
daba 211
8 28 Maize drying in baobab tree after harvest,
Cote d lvoire 212
8 29 Distribution and importance of maize in
Africa 213
8 30 Maize yield for top African producers, 1961 to
2001 214
8 31 Distribution and importance of wheat and
barley in Africa 215
8 32 Wheat yields for major African producers,
1961 to 2001 216
8 33 Distribution and importance of yams in
Africa 217
8 34 Yam mounds, Cote d lvoire 218
8 35 Distribution and importance of cassava
(manioc) and ensete in Africa 220
8 36 Distribution and importance of the date palm
and banana in Africa 222
8 37 Growth in tea production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2001 227
8 38 Tobacco production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2004 228
8 39 Smallholder cotton drying in the field prior
to harvest 229
8 40 Smallholder cotton collection point for the
Malian cotton parastatal 229
8 41 Oil palm plantation in Cote d lvoire 231
8 42 Cocoa production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2002 232
X FIGURES AND TABLES
8 43 Average annual yield of peanuts by coun¬
try, 1961 1965 and 1997 2001, and per¬
cent change 234
8 44 Peanut plant intercrop with beans 234
8 45 Shea nuts just prior to boiling 236
8 46 Shea nut fermentation silos 237
8 47 Rubber plantation. Cote d lvoire 238
8 48 Tapping a rubber tree 238
8 49 Rubber production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2001 240
8 50 Sisal output for Africa s top producers,
1961 to 2001 241
8 51 Model of traditional Serer land use 242
8 52 Schematic representation of agriculture
around a small family compound in
northern Ghana 243
8 53 Schematic representation of an Ibo mixed
farm in the Niger Delta, Nigeria 244
8 54 Lourenford estate, Cape Province, South
Africa 245
8 55 Agriculture around the village of Blida,
Algeria 246
8 56 The Jezira scheme for cotton production:
Block 10, Wad Medani 247
8 57 Regions of chronic malnutrition, food
shortages, famine, and conflicts 250
9 1 Level of human development in Africa in
2004 256
9 2 Kariba Dam, Zimbabwe 264
9 3 African employment by sector, 1950 to
2010 266
9 4 Fuelwood production for major world re¬
gions, 1961 to 2001 269
9 5 The mineral resources of Africa 270
Part 1 1 Languages in West Africa, (a) The domi¬
nant Niger Congo language phylum,
(b) Subfamilies and selected spoken
languages 281
10 1 Language subfamilies and selected major
languages of Ghana 286
10 2 Administrative regions of Ghana 287
10 3 Precipitation patterns in Ghana 289
10 4 Physiographic regions of Ghana 290
10 5 Agriculture in Ghana 291
10 6 Infrastructure, mining, and towns in
Ghana 292
11 1 Physiographic regions of Nigeria 301
11 2 Vegetation regions of Nigeria in 1953 303
11 3 Vegetation regions of Nigeria in 1978 304
11 4 Vegetation regions of Nigeria in 1995 305
11 5 Population density of Nigeria by state 306
11 6 Urban dwellers as a percentage of total
population for Nigeria, regions, and Africa,
1955 to 2030 307
11 7 Distribution of urban populations in
Nigeria 308
11 8 City of Lagos, Nigeria, showing the central
business district (CBD) on Lagos Island 311
11 9 Agricultural regions of Nigeria 314
11 10 Palm oil production in Nigeria, Indonesia,
and Malaysia, 1961 to 2002 316
11 11 Palm oil exports from Nigeria, Indonesia, and
Malaysia, 1961 to 2001 317
11 12 Palm oil exports as a percentage of world
exports for Nigeria, Indonesia, and Malaysia,
1961 to 2001 317
11 13 Nigerian cotton and cotton product
production, 1961 to 2002 319
11 14 Nigerian peanut and peanut product
production, 1961 to 2002 320
11 15 Selected large domestic livestock populations
in Nigeria, 1961 to 2002 321
11 16 Infrastructure and minerals in Nigeria 322
11 17 The emergence of Nigerian states 1963
to 1996 327
11 18 Sharia states in Nigeria in 2005 332
12 1 Refugee dispersals from Liberia and Sierra
Leone in late 1999 340
12 2 Liberians fleeing anti government rebels in
2003 341
12 3 Environments and natural resources of Liberia
and Sierra Leone 342
12 4 Agriculture and infrastructure in Liberia and
Sierra Leone 347
12 5 Rice production in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra
Leone, 1961 to 2001 348
13 1 Economic map of Cote d lvoire 355
13 2 Economic map of Guinea 360
13 3 Total primary school enrollment in Guinea
for the 2000 2001 school year 364
13 4 Total girls primary school enrollment for
Guinea in the 2000 2001 school year 365
13 5 Economic map of Benin and Togo 366
13 6 Stock in trade of a small gasoline and oil
reseller, Benin 369
14 1 Physical features of West Africa 373
14 2 Dry season peanut fields in central Senegal
in the Sahel 374
14 3 Sahel in the dry season southwest of
Timbuktu near Gossi, Mali 374
14 4 Precipitation deviation from long term
average for the Sahelian states between
1901 and 1991 375
14 5 Cereal food aid from all donors to Burkina
Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and
Senegal, 1970 to 2003 376
14 6 Total tropical livestock units (TLU) and
total cereal production (rice milled equiva¬
lent), 1961 to 2002, for Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal 377
14 7 Daily discharge of the Niger River at
Niamey, Niger, for 1967 1968 to
1998 1999 379
14 8 Natural resources and infrastructure for
the Sahelian states of Burkina Faso, Mali,
Mauritania, and Senegal 386
14 9 Annual harvest of the peanut cooperative
formerly run by the state in Louga Region,
Senegal 387
14 10 Trends in groundnut production in
Senegal, 1961 to 2002 387
14 11 Mauritanian camel caravan in Senegal to
trade salt for millet and sorghum 389
14 12 Percent urban population of Burkina
Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and
Senegal, 1955 to 2030 392
14 13 USAID field researcher Ambadembe
Kassogue inspecting millet planted in Mali
after the retreat of the annual Niger Inland
Delta flood 393
14 14 Cereal production per thousand rural capita
in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania,
Niger, and Senegal, 1960 to 2000 394
14 15 Maize production in Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali and Senegal, 1961 to 2002 395
14 16 Natural resources and infrastructure of the
Sahelian states of Niger and Chad 397
14 17 Peanut production in Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali, and Niger, 1961 to 2002 398
14 18 Shrinking Lake Chad, 1973 to 2001 399
Part 2 1 Physical features of central Africa 404
Part 2 2 Countries, capitals, and central places;
rivers, rail lines, and surfaced roads in
central Africa 405
FIGURES AND TABLES xi
15 1 Location map of selected cash and food
crops for the Democratic Republic of the
Congo 418
15 2 Major food crop production in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1961
to 2002 419
15 3 Selected export crops, DRC, 1961 to
2002 420
15 4 Selected export crops, DRC, 1961 to
2002 420
15 5 Economic map of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo 421
15 6 Decline in an industry: mining in
Zaire/DRC, 1990 to 2001 423
15 7 The proposed electric grid for Africa and
connections to Europe and Asia 425
15 8 Provincial and urban populations of the
DRC 426
16 1 Central lowland Africa: Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, and Gabon 431
16 2 Urban population of Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, and Gabon 434
16 3 Economic map of Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, and Gabon 435
16 4 New national parks (NP) in Gabon 437
16 5 Cattle, goat, pig, and sheep populations for
the Central African Republic, 1961 to
2003 441
16 6 Economic map for Cameroon, with its cap¬
ital, Yaounde, and the Central African
Republic (Bangui) 442
16 7 Cameroon s banana, coffee, and cotton
exports, 1961 to 2002 446
16 8 Cocoa products exports for Cameroon,
1961 to 2002 447
Part 3 1 Region of East Africa, the Horn, and
Sudan 451
Part 3 2 Physiography of East Africa 454
Part 3 3 Provincial (district) population of East Africa
in quartiles as a rank percentile of regional
population and urban population 455
17 1 Precipitation levels in East Africa
(80% probability) 458
17 2 Towns, transportation, and natural
resources in Tanzania 460
17 3 Coffee beans on the bush 464
Xii FIGURES AND TABLES
17 4 Agriculture regions in Tanzania 465
17 5 Mechanization in Tanzania and Kenya, 1961
to 2001 470
17 6 Zebras graze in the Ngorongoro Crater 474
18 1 Towns, transportation, and resources of
Kenya 478
18 2 An acacia on the Kenyan savanna 479
18 3 Land use in the Highlands Kenya 480
18 4 Ethnolinguistic groups of Kenya 482
18 5 Livestock populations in Kenya, 1961 to
2003 488
18 6 Kenya s crude birth and death rates (CBR,
CDR) and projected population growth rate,
1969 to 2050 489
18 7 Nairobi city center 491
19 1 Language groups, spoken languages, and
number of speakers in Uganda 494
19 2 Administrative districts of Uganda circa 1975
and in precolonial kingdoms 496
19 3 Towns transportation, and resources of
Uganda 499
19 4 Current administrative districts and regions
of Uganda 502
19 5 Agricultural regions of Uganda 503
19 6 Production of the cash crops coffee, cotton,
and sugarcane in Uganda, 1961 to 2003 505
19 7 Production of food crops in Uganda, 1961 to
2003 505
20 1 Relief and drainage map of Rwanda and
Burundi 511
20 2 Population density of Rwanda and Burundi by
district 512
20 3 Agriculture and natural resources of Rwanda
and Burundi 513
20 4 Rural and urban population, Rwanda and
Burundi, 1950 to 2030 518
20 5 Memorial and museum of the 1994 Hutu led
Tutsi genocide 518
21 1 Elevations and major physical features of the
Horn and Sudan 521
21 2 Political and ethnolinguistic geography of the
Horn during the last decades of the nine¬
teenth century 524
21 3 A riverbed serves as a dry season road in a
mountainous environment 526
21 4 Towns, transport, and resources in the Horn
of Africa 527
21 5 Terraced slopes and farmhouse 529
21 6 Agricultural regions in the Horn of
Africa 530
21 7 A Camel train is led through Farewell
Mother Pass in Eritrea 531
22 1 Defining the Somali state (1888 1960)
and its internal fragmentation
(1960 1998) 539
22 2 Borders, clan families, and primary lineage
group names of Somalia 543
23 1 States of Sudan 550
23 2 Precipitation, major physical features,
towns, and railways of Sudan 552
23 3 The mist oasis of Erkowit, Red Sea Hills 553
23 4 Varieties of sorghum found in southern
Sudan 556
23 5 Port Sudan s central square 557
23 6 Warehouses for cotton export in Port
Sudan 557
23 7 Land use in Sudan 558
23 8 Towns, transportation, and resources of
Sudan 563
23 9 AK 47 in southern Sudan cattle camp 564
Part 4 1 Southern Africa: states and capitals 570
24 1 Provinces, some cities, and major rivers of
South Africa 573
24 2 Physiographic regions of South Africa 575
24 3 Mean annual precipitation for South
Africa 576
24 4 Proportions of people of African, Asian,
Coloured, and European ancestry in South
Africa s provinces in 2001 578
24 5 Dominant languages of South Africa 5 79
24 6 Township children, Cape Town 581
24 7 Cape Town from Table Mountain 582
24 8 Cape Town township dwellings in
2002 583
24 9 Employment by population group in
South Africa in 2001 584
24 10 Homelands in apartheid South Africa 588
24 11 Urbanization in Southern Africa, 2003 590
24 12 The model Apartheid city, showing resi¬
dential and industrial areas and central
districts (CBD) 592
24 13 Group areas in Johannesburg in 1973 (dur¬
ing the last decades of apartheid) 593
24 14 The late apartheid city 594
24 15 The postapartheid city 594
24 16 Cape Town train station 594
24 17 Viticulture in Cape Province, near
Stellenbosch 595
24 18 Fruit production, 1961 to 2002, South
Africa 596
24 19 Production of three major cereals (maize,
wheat, and sorghum) in South Africa between
1961 and 2002, South Africa 596
24 20 Land use in South Africa 597
24 21 Male employment in agriculture, forestry,
hunting, and fishing by province and group
for South Africa in 2001 598
24 22 Female employment in agriculture, forestry,
hunting, and fishing by group and province
for South Africa in 2001 598
24 23 Minerals and railroads in South Africa 601
24 24 Manufacturing employment for men by group
and province in South Africa, 2001 604
24 25 Employment in manufacturing for women
by group and province in South Africa
2001 604
24 26 Crude birth, crude death, and growth rates
for South Africa, 1950 to 2050 605
25 1 Major physical features of Botswana, with
parks and rainfall 610
25 2 Head of cattle and goats in Botswana,
Lesotho, and Swaziland, 1961 to 2003 611
25 3 Live cattle and processed meat exports in
Botswana, 1961 to 2002 612
25 4 Towns, transportation, and political organiza¬
tion in Botswana 614
25 5 Botswana mining 615
25 6 Mineral production in Botswana, 1990 to
2001 616
25 7 Relief, infrastructure, and principal towns of
Lesotho 618
25 8 Principal towns, infrastructure, minerals, and
relief of Swaziland 622
25 9 Production and export value of wood pulp in
Swaziland, 1961 to 2002 625
26 1 General identification map for Zimbabwe 629
26 2 Population of Zimbabwe by district, with
overlay of communal areas wards 633
26 3 Land use, infrastructure, and precipitation in
Zimbabwe 634
26 4 Mining, elevation, and communal areas of
Zimbabwe 637
26 5 Maize production and area harvested in
Zimbabwe, 1961 to 2003 638
FIGURES AND TABLES xiii
26 6 Value of four of Zimbabwe s export crops,
1961 to 2003 638
26 7 The Great Dyke from space 640
27 1 Days of fog and isohyets of rainfall in
Namibia 643
27 2 Major physical features of Namibia 644
27 3 Changing geography of land tenure in
Namibia, 1902 to 2003 646
27 4 Provinces and homelands of South West
Africa (Namibia), in 1978 implementing the
Odendaal recommendations of 1964 649
27 5 The internal political organization of Namibia
in 2004 651
27 6 Extraction and livestock activities in
Namibia 654
27 7 Namibian fishing production, processing, and
exports, 1990 to 2001 655
27 8 Land tenure, towns, and postindependence
provinces of Namibia 656
27 9 Namibian livestock production, 1961 to
2003 658
28 1 Provinces, urban places and populations, in¬
frastructure, and international connections
for Zambia and Malawi 663
28 2 World copper production and prices, 1950 to
2002 666
28 3 Physical geography and minerals of Zambia
and Malawi 672
28 4 Agricultural and total merchandise exports for
Malawi and Zambia, 1961 to 2003 673
29 1 Physiography of Mozambique 678
29 2 Mozambique s urban (graduated circles) and
provincial population (province as percentage
of total population) as of 2003 683
29 3 Area harvested from 1961 to 2003 for four
cash crops grown in Mozambique that
were virtually abandoned after
independence 684
29 4 Area harvested for five food crops grown in
Mozambique, 1961 to 2003 686
29 5 Exports from Mozambique of the cash crops
copra, cotton lint, oil of coconut, and sisal,
1961 to 2002 687
29 6 Exports from Mozambique of the cash crops
castor beans, coconuts, tobacco leaves, and
tea, 1961 to 2002 687
29 7 Sugar exports from Mozambique and their
value, 1961 to 2002 688
xiv FIGURES AND TABLES
29 8 Mozambican timber production, exports, and
value, 1961 to 2002 688
29 9 Mozambican fish catch, exports, and value of
exports 1961 to 2001 689
29 10 Minerals, infrastructure, provinces, and prin¬
cipal towns of Mozambique 690
29 11 Rural and urban populations and percentage
urban population for Mozambique, 1950 to
2030 693
29 12 Physiography of Angola 695
29 13 Angolan cash crop production, 1961 to
2003 701
29 14 Angolan food crop production, 1961 to
2003 701
29 15 Infrastructure and minerals in Angola 702
29 16 Angolan fish production and exports, 1961 to
2002 705
29 17 Urban population and percentile provincial
population densities, Angola 2004 706
30 1 Major physical features and minerals of
Madagascar 711
30 2 Urban population, provinces, and transporta¬
tion infrastructure of Madagascar 716
30 3 Value of principal Malagasy agricultural
exports, 1961 to 2002 717
30 4 Principal agricultural regions of
Madagascar 718
30 5 Madagascar s populations of cattle, goats,
sheep, and pigs, 1961 to 2003 719
TABLES
l Al Table of geologic time 16
3 1 African language families, number of spoken
languages, estimated number of speakers and
most probable origin 44
3 2 Important crops of African origin 49
3 3 Source and numbers of captives exported
from the sixteenth to the nineteenth
centuries 66
5 1 Selected characteristics of African capital
cities 100
5 2 Regions of political instability and forced
migrations, January 1, 2001 114
5 A1 Internet addresses of some African and inter¬
national organizations 120
5 A2 Internet addresses of some African and inter¬
national newspapers 120
6 1 Mid 2005 population estimates (millions) 122
6 2 Selected population data, 1975, 2005,
and 2025 131
6 3 Change in population policy of African coun¬
tries, 1976 2001 135
6 4 Estimated growth of selected primate cities
in the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s, and
in 2005 142
6 A1 World Wide Web links 146
7 1 Health adjusted life expectancy for 53 African
and 4 non African countries that participate in
the World Health Organization 149
7 2 Percent of all deaths by category and cause for
two world regions 150
7 3 Profiles of major epidemics throughout human
history 165
7 4 Regional HIV/AIDS statistics by sex,
December, 2000 169
8 1 Agricultural statistics for selected regions of
the world 179
8 2 Characteristics of the major types of large live¬
stock in Africa 180
8 3 African livestock population by country in
2002 185
8 4 Livestock populations per thousand rural
population in 2002 189
8 5 Change in African livestock populations over
time 190
8 6 Percentage change in African livestock per
thousand people, 1961 1965 to
1998 2002 191
8 7 Four dimensions of traditional and modern
commercial farming 196
8 8 Mechanization in Africa and elsewhere in
2000 196
8 9 Use of inorganic fertilizers per region and per
arable area 197
8 10 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 millet producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 201
8 11 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sorghum producing
countries in Africa in 2001 204
8 12 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top ten rice producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 207
8 13 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and eight fonio producing countries in
Africa in 2001 208
8 14 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 maize producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 214
8 15 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 wheat producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 216
8 16 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 yam producing countries
in Africa in 2001 219
8 17 Yam area harvested, yield, and production
for Africa and the top 10 producers
in 1961 219
8 18 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 cassava producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 221
8 19 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 date producing countries
in Africa in 2001 223
8 20 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 plantain producing
countries in Africa in 2001 223
8 21 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 banana producing
countries in Africa in 2001 224
8 22 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 coffee producing
countries in Africa in 2001 224
8 23 Area harvested, yield, and production
for Africa and the top kola nut
producing countries in Africa in
2001 225
8 24 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 tea producing countries
in Africa in 2001 226
8 25 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 tobacco producing
countries in Africa in 2001 227
8 26 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 cotton producing
countries in Africa in 2001 230
8 27 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 oil palm producing
countries in Africa in 2001 231
8 28 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 cocoa producing
countries in Africa in 2001 232
8 29 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 peanut producing
countries in Africa in 2001 233
FIGURES AND TABLES XV
8 30 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sesame producing
countries in Africa in 2001 235
8 31 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top shea nut producing
countries in Africa in 2001 235
8 32 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sugarcane producing
countries in Africa in 2001 237
8 33 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 rubber producing
countries in Africa in 2001 239
8 34 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sisal producing
countries in Africa in 2001 241
8 35 Percent difference in the per capita pro¬
duction of all cereals and all tubers,
1961 1965 and 1997 2001 249
9 1 Percentage of people living on less than
$1.00 per day for five world regions 255
9 2 Selected world development
indicators 258
9 3 Per capita GDP growth in Africa by eco¬
nomic group,2001 2002 263
9 4 Distribution of GDP by sector in Africa and
its major regions in 1980 and 2000 265
9 5 African production of minerals and
other resources as a share of world
production 272
9 6 Internal and external impediments to de¬
velopment in Africa 275
Part 1 1 Capitals, areas and relative sizes of the
countries of West Africa 280
11 1 Population of selected northern cities in
1991 and 2003 313
11 2 Fossil fuel and selected metals production
in Nigeria, 1990 to 2001 323
13 1 Comparative data for Benin, Cote d lvoire,
Guinea, and logo 1975 and 2(X)2 (or latest
estimates) 361
14 1 Percentage change in share of national
production for four staple cereals and four
principal domesticated livestock,
1961 1965 to 1998 2002 378
14 2 Average annual foreign direct investment
(Millions of ) in Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal,
1970 1974, 1980 1984, 1990 1994,
2000 2004 382
XVi FIGURES AND TABLES
14 3 Selected development data for the Sahelian
states 384
14 4 Principal producers of iron ore and their
production for 2002 392
14 5 Mineral production for Burkina Faso,
Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal
between 1996 and 2000 396
15 1 Place name changes in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo 408
15 2 Mineral production between 1958 and
2001, in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo 422
15 3 Urban population in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo for 1984 and
2003 427
16 1 Demographic and economic indicators for
Cameroon, the Central African Republic,
the Congo Republic, Equatorial Guinea,
and Gabon 433
16 2 Gabon s new national parks 438
16 3 Livestock populations for Cameroon, the
Central African Republic, the Congo Re¬
public, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon in
2001 440
16 4 Agricultural production of selected crops
in the Central African Republic,
1961 2003 444
Part 3 1 Demographic and geographic data for East
Africa and the Horn and Sudan 450
17 1 Farming systems in Tanzania, their charac¬
teristics, and principal locations 466
17 2 Development indicators for Kenya and
Tanzania as of 2001 475
18 1 Evolution of the farming system in the
Kikuyu area of Kenya 485
19 1 Change in production for selected crops,
1961 1965 to 1999 2003 504
19 2 Indicators of an emerging economy and
Uganda s relative performance 506
20 1 Data table for Rwanda and
Burundi 510
20 2 Years of schooling in Astrida township
during colonial times 516
23 1 Comparative production for selected
crops, 1961 1965 to 1999 2003 in
Sudan 556
Part 4 1 Estimates of major European settler
populations in African countries after
1950 at their highest point prior to
independence 568
24 1 South Africans 1900 2001, by
ancestry 580
24 2 Percent of South Africa s population that is
urban by group, 1911 1991 581
24 3 Legislation passed in South Africa in
support of apartheid between 1913 and
1970 586
24 4 Areas and populations of the apartheid era
homelands 587
24 5 Livestock populations in South Africa:
Changes in types for 1961 1965 and
1998 2002 599
24 6 Principal mineral products of South Africa
as a percentage of the world s reserves, pro¬
duction, and exports 600
25 1 Comparative data: Botswana, Lesotho, and
Swaziland 608
25 2 Principal livestock in Swaziland in 1975
and 2001 623
26 1 Characteristics of four farming types in
Zimbabwe in 1995 (1 hectare =
2.471 acres) 635
27 1 Mining production (metric tons unless
otherwise specified), in Namibia, 1991 to
2001 653
28 1 Comparative table of the numbers 1 to 10
for eight central Bantu languages spoken
in Malawi and Zambia 661
28 2 Physical, demographic, and economic
comparative data, Malawi and Zambia.
1975 (or closest date) and 2003 671
29 1 Demographic and economic indicators
for Angola and Mozambique, various
dates 676
29 2 Major mineral production in Mozambique,
1990 to 2002 691
29 3 Electricity overview: 2000, Southern Africa
(billion kilowatt hours except where
noted) 692
29 4 Demographic and development data for 10
Mozambican provinces, Maputo city, and
country of Mozambique, 1997 693
|
| adam_txt |
Figures and Tables vii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF AFRICA 1
2 CLIMATE, VEGETATION, AND SOILS OF AFRICA 17
3 AFRICAN CULTURAL AND POLITICAL HEARTHS: A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY 41
4 THE COLONIAL INTERLUDE 71
5 THE CONTEMPORARY MAP OF AFRICA 92
6 THE POPULATION OF AFRICA 121
7 THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH AND DISEASE 147
8 LAND USE IN AFRICA 177
9 AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT, MANUFACTURING, AND INDUSTRY 254
** WEST AFRICA 279
10 GHANA: AN AFRICAN EPITOME 283
11 EXPERIMENT IN FEDERATION IN NIGERIA 300
12 LIBERIA AND SIERRA LEONE: THE END OF ANARCHY? 335
13 A FRENCH LEGACY: C6TE D'lVOIRE, GUINEA, TOGO, AND BENIN 352
14 THE DESERT TIER: PROBLEMS IN THE INTERIOR, CLIMATE CHANGE, POPULATION
GROWTH, AND DESERTIFICATION 372
v
Vi CONTENTS
fig CENTRAL AFRICA 403
15 SPATIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES IN THE GROWTH OF THE DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 407
16 DEVELOPMENT CONTRASTS IN CENTRAL LOWLAND AFRICA 430
\ EAST AFRICA, THE HORN, AND SUDAN 449
17 FALSE START IN TANZANIA 457
18 KENYA: THE PROBLEM OF LAND AND GOVERNANCE 477
19 UGANDA: EAST AFRICAN EMERGING ECONOMY? 493
20 RWANDA AND BURUNDI: REAPING THE WHIRLWIND 509
21 ETHIOPIA: A LEGACY OF FEUDALISM, IMPERIALISM, AND GREAT
POWER GEOPOLITICS 520
22 SOMALIA: IRREDENTISM AND FRAGMENTATION 536
23 SUDAN: BRIDGE BETWEEN AFRICAN AND ARAB? 549
^ SOUTHERN AFRICA 567
24 SOUTH AFRICA: CHALLENGES OF RACISM, REBELLION, AND RECONCILIATION 572
25 DEVELOPMENT CONTRASTS IN THREE LANDLOCKED SOUTHERN AFRICAN STATES:
BOTSWANA, LESOTHO, AND SWAZILAND 607
26 ZIMBABWE: A FAILURE IN PARTNERSHIP 628
2? UNFINISHED BUSINESS: ADDRESSING INEQUALITY IN LANDOWNERSHIP
IN NAMIBIA 642
28 ZAMBIA AND MALAWI: ON THE TIGHTROPE 660
29 MOZAMBIQUE AND ANGOLA: A LEGACY OF LUSOTROPICALISM AND MARXISM 675
30 MADAGASCAR: ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 709
Index 722
FIGURES
1 1 Location of Africa 2
1 2 Ahaggar Mountains, located in the central
Sahara 3
1 3 Basins, mountains, and drainage systems of
Africa 4
1 4 Cross section of the Chad Basin from the Jos
Plateau to Tibesti 5
1 5 Ngorongoro volcano caldera in East Africa,
forms part of a rift valley 5
1 6 Seismic and volcanic activity in Africa 6
1 7 Coasts and rivers of Africa 8
1 8 Cross sections of (a) the Nile River, (b) the
Sahel Corridor from the Senegal River to Lake
Chad, and (c) the Congo River 10
1 9 Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River 11
1 10 Aerial view of the Atlas Mountain ranges 11
1 11 Africa, center of Gondwana 12
2 1 Mean annual precipitation in Africa 18
2 2 Precipitation variability in Africa 19
2 3 Mean annual precipitation January and
July 20
2 4 Global pressure belts and winds 21
2 5 Air masses, winds, and the seasonal move¬
ment of the Intertropical Convergence
Zone 22
2 6 Cross section of the ITCZ in Africa in July 23
2 7 Rainfall gradient from Lagos, Nigeria, to
Agadez, Niger 23
2 8 Climate regions of Africa according to the
Koppen classification 24
2 9 Barumbu, Democratic Republic of the Congo:
rain forest (Af) climate 25
2 10 Kampala, Uganda: modified rainforest (Af)
climate 25
2 11 Robertsfield, Liberia: monsoon (Am)
climate 26
2 12 Bouake, Cote d'lvoire: savanna (Aw)
climate 26
2 13 Tunis, Tunisia: Mediterranean (Cs)
climate 28
2 14 Durban, South Africa: humid subtropical (Cf)
climate 28
2 15 Harare, Zimbabwe: humid, temperate, dry
winter, warm (Cw) climate 29
2 16 Johannesburg, South Africa: humid, temper¬
ate, dry summer, cool (Cw) climate 29
2 17 Addis Ababa; Ethiopia: highland (H)
climate 30
2 18 Gao, Mali: steppe (BS) climate 31
2 19 In Salah, Algeria: desert (BW) climate 31
2 20 Swakopmund, Namibia: desert (BW)
climate 32
2 21 Biomes of Africa 33
2 22 Major soil regions of Africa 36
2 23 A choice tree of adjustment to the
environment 38
3 1 The descent of Homo sapiens 42
3 2 Tools of early humans: (A) Homo habilis,
(B) H. erectus, and (C) H. sapiens 43
3 3 Present distribution of languages in Africa 45
3 4 Four Late Stone Age regional genetic
populations from which all Africans are
descended 46
3 5 African migrations of farmers and/or herders
over the last 5000 years 50
3 6 Hypothetical relation of intensity of sover¬
eignty to distance from the capital cities of
two states, A and B, and their relation to the
boundary zone between them 51
3 7 Map illustrating the relations between states
illustrated in Figure 3 6 52
3 8 Some states and empires in Africa prior to
the European "scramble" to colonize the
continent 53
vii
Viii FIGURES AND TABLES
3 9 Pyramids at Meroe 54
3 10 The probable spread of iron working in
Africa 56
3 11 Trans Saharan trade to 1200 CE 58
3 12 Source and volume of the African slave trades,
640 1867 67
4 1 Africa in 1871 before the "scramble" 73
4 2 Restored seventeenth century Portuguese fort
(Later Dutch and English), at Cape Coast,
Ghana 74
4 3 Eighteenth and nineteenth century explorers
of Africa 77
4 4 Africa after the "scramble," 1912 83
4 5 The brutality of King Leopold's state is
captured in this photograph acquired from
an abolitionist group 84
4 6 French financed floodgate on Niger River for
rice irrigation 85
4 7 New crops: onions, tomatoes, sweet potatoes,
tobacco 86
4 8 African states in 2004 and dates of
independence 90
5 1 Contemporary African states 94
5 2 Colonial boundaries (heavy lines) superim¬
posed on Murdock's (1949) ethnolinguistic
map of Africa 96
5 3 Contemporary national core regions and
capitals 98
5 4 The military commandant of Mopti Region,
of Mali, surrounded by local Tuareg
residents, 1978 108
5 5 Political rights and civil liberties in Africa,
1972 2003 112
5 6 Refugee populations by world region,
1989 December 1999 113
5 7 Memberships in selected continental African
and world organizations 116
6 1 Urban population and rural density in Africa,
2005 123
6 2 The Malthusian environmentalist model of
carrying capacity versus population
growth 125
6 3 The demographic transition model 126
6 4 The relationship between the education of
women and the fertility rate by country.
African countries are represented by boxes
containing their country codes [in the Federal
Information Processing Standard (FIPS)
system] 127
6 5 Rates of growth, birth, death, and infant mor¬
tality for Africa by country, 2004 129
6 6 Crude birthrate, death rate, and rate of natural
increase in Africa from 1955 to 2050 (pro¬
jected data begin in 2004) 130
6 7 Musa and Yahya Traore and their wives,
1978 132
6 8 Musa Traore and wives and children, 1986
(Yahya not pictured) 132
6 9 Population pyramid for Africa in 1950 133
6 10 Population pyramid for Africa in 2025 133
6 11 Population pyramid for developed countries,
2005 134
6 12 African government population policy by
country, 1976 136
6 13 African government population policy by
country, 2003 137
6 14 Number of urban places of different sizes,
world regions 138
6 15 African urban population alone and as per¬
centage of total population, 1950 2030 139
6 16 Percent urban by country, Africa, 1976 140
6 17 Percent urban by country, Africa, 2004 141
6 18 Abidjan, primate city of Cote d'lvoire 142
6 19 Unplanned urban settlement near Bamako,
Mali 143
6 20 Street hawking, emblematic of the urban in¬
formal sector. Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire 143
7 1 Triangles of influences on health 148
7 2 Chains of disease transmission for infectious
and parasitic diseases 150
7 3 Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and
the human development index (HDI) for 156
countries 151
7 4 Anopheles gambia, malaria vector 152
7 5 Simulium damnosum, river blindness
(onchoceriasis) vector 153
7 6 Villages along the Volta River that were aban¬
doned owing to river blindness 154
7 7 Microfilariae of Onchocerca 154
7 8 Larvicide spraying, part of the Onchocerciasis
Control Program 155
7 9 Total cases of sleeping sickness and screened
population, 1942 to 1998 156
7 10 Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.) 157
7 11 Distribution of trypanosomiasis in
Africa 158
7 12 Areas of tsetse infestation and cattle produc¬
tion areas in Africa, circa 1960 159
7 13 Tsetse fly trap 160
7 14 Distribution of two major types of schistoso
miasis (bilharzia) in Africa 161
7 15 Schistosome worm 162
7 16 Bulinus snail 163
7 17 World HIV/AIDS infection as a percentage of
total population by country 2004 164
7 18 HIV/AIDS infection among prostitutes in
Africa by country, 1999 166
7 19 HIV/AIDS infection among pregnant women
in rural Africa by country, 1999 167
7 20 HIV/AIDS infection among pregnant women
in urban Africa by country, 1999 168
7 21 Ratio of male to female HIV infection rates
for the 15 to 24 year old population in
Africa, by country 170
7 22 Vicious circle of poverty, behavior, and
HIV infection 171
7 23 Population growth and crude birth and death
rates, South Africa, 1970 to 2050 172
7 24 Projected population of Botswana in 2020
with and without AIDS 173
8 1 Percentage of calories obtained from varia¬
tions on three African subsistence
strategies 178
8 2 Land use in Africa: 2001 179
8 3 Cattle, goat, and sheep populations for Africa,
1961 to 2002 181
8 4 Ass, camel, horse, and pig populations for
Africa, 1961 to 2002 181
8 5 Ass, camel, cattle, goat, horse, pig, and sheep
populations per thousand population for
Africa, 1961 to 2002 182
8 6 Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) 183
8 7 Centers for the domestication of cattle and
diffusion routes 184
8 8 Cattle density, Africa 186
8 9 Sahelian goats 187
8 10 Camels on their way to Kassala, Sudan 188
8 11 Transhumance in Niger and Mali 193
8 12 Percent of population in agriculture by coun¬
try in 2002 194
8 13 Distribution and importance of millet in
Africa 198
8 14 Pearl millet 199
8 15 Two varieties of pearl millet grown
together 199
8 16 Threshing a family's harvest: young men's
gang labor brigade 200
FIGURES AND TABLES ix
8 17 Variability in millet yield from 1961 to
2001 for Africa's three top producing
countries 201
8 18 Durra sorghum 202
8 19 Distribution and importance of sorghum in
Africa 203
8 20 Panicle of rice 205
8 21 Distribution and importance of rice in
Africa 206
8 22 Rice production for Africa's top producing
countries, 1961 to 2001 (thousands of
metric tons) 208
8 23 Distribution and importance of fonio and tef
in Africa 209
8 24 Fonio seeds 210
8 25 Fonio production for top producing countries,
1961 to 2001 210
8 26 Broadcasting fonio seed in central
Mali 211
8 27 Working fonio seed into soil with a
daba 211
8 28 Maize drying in baobab tree after harvest,
Cote d'lvoire 212
8 29 Distribution and importance of maize in
Africa 213
8 30 Maize yield for top African producers, 1961 to
2001 214
8 31 Distribution and importance of wheat and
barley in Africa 215
8 32 Wheat yields for major African producers,
1961 to 2001 216
8 33 Distribution and importance of yams in
Africa 217
8 34 Yam mounds, Cote d'lvoire 218
8 35 Distribution and importance of cassava
(manioc) and ensete in Africa 220
8 36 Distribution and importance of the date palm
and banana in Africa 222
8 37 Growth in tea production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2001 227
8 38 Tobacco production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2004 228
8 39 Smallholder cotton drying in the field prior
to harvest 229
8 40 Smallholder cotton collection point for the
Malian cotton parastatal 229
8 41 Oil palm plantation in Cote d'lvoire 231
8 42 Cocoa production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2002 232
X FIGURES AND TABLES
8 43 Average annual yield of peanuts by coun¬
try, 1961 1965 and 1997 2001, and per¬
cent change 234
8 44 Peanut plant intercrop with beans 234
8 45 Shea nuts just prior to boiling 236
8 46 Shea nut fermentation silos 237
8 47 Rubber plantation. Cote d'lvoire 238
8 48 Tapping a rubber tree 238
8 49 Rubber production for major African
producers, 1961 to 2001 240
8 50 Sisal output for Africa's top producers,
1961 to 2001 241
8 51 Model of traditional Serer land use 242
8 52 Schematic representation of agriculture
around a small family compound in
northern Ghana 243
8 53 Schematic representation of an Ibo mixed
farm in the Niger Delta, Nigeria 244
8 54 Lourenford estate, Cape Province, South
Africa 245
8 55 Agriculture around the village of Blida,
Algeria 246
8 56 The Jezira scheme for cotton production:
Block 10, Wad Medani 247
8 57 Regions of chronic malnutrition, food
shortages, famine, and conflicts 250
9 1 Level of human development in Africa in
2004 256
9 2 Kariba Dam, Zimbabwe 264
9 3 African employment by sector, 1950 to
2010 266
9 4 Fuelwood production for major world re¬
gions, 1961 to 2001 269
9 5 The mineral resources of Africa 270
Part 1 1 Languages in West Africa, (a) The domi¬
nant Niger Congo language phylum,
(b) Subfamilies and selected spoken
languages 281
10 1 Language subfamilies and selected major
languages of Ghana 286
10 2 Administrative regions of Ghana 287
10 3 Precipitation patterns in Ghana 289
10 4 Physiographic regions of Ghana 290
10 5 Agriculture in Ghana 291
10 6 Infrastructure, mining, and towns in
Ghana 292
11 1 Physiographic regions of Nigeria 301
11 2 Vegetation regions of Nigeria in 1953 303
11 3 Vegetation regions of Nigeria in 1978 304
11 4 Vegetation regions of Nigeria in 1995 305
11 5 Population density of Nigeria by state 306
11 6 Urban dwellers as a percentage of total
population for Nigeria, regions, and Africa,
1955 to 2030 307
11 7 Distribution of urban populations in
Nigeria 308
11 8 City of Lagos, Nigeria, showing the central
business district (CBD) on Lagos Island 311
11 9 Agricultural regions of Nigeria 314
11 10 Palm oil production in Nigeria, Indonesia,
and Malaysia, 1961 to 2002 316
11 11 Palm oil exports from Nigeria, Indonesia, and
Malaysia, 1961 to 2001 317
11 12 Palm oil exports as a percentage of world
exports for Nigeria, Indonesia, and Malaysia,
1961 to 2001 317
11 13 Nigerian cotton and cotton product
production, 1961 to 2002 319
11 14 Nigerian peanut and peanut product
production, 1961 to 2002 320
11 15 Selected large domestic livestock populations
in Nigeria, 1961 to 2002 321
11 16 Infrastructure and minerals in Nigeria 322
11 17 The emergence of Nigerian states 1963
to 1996 327
11 18 Sharia states in Nigeria in 2005 332
12 1 Refugee dispersals from Liberia and Sierra
Leone in late 1999 340
12 2 Liberians fleeing anti government rebels in
2003 341
12 3 Environments and natural resources of Liberia
and Sierra Leone 342
12 4 Agriculture and infrastructure in Liberia and
Sierra Leone 347
12 5 Rice production in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra
Leone, 1961 to 2001 348
13 1 Economic map of Cote d'lvoire 355
13 2 Economic map of Guinea 360
13 3 Total primary school enrollment in Guinea
for the 2000 2001 school year 364
13 4 Total girls' primary school enrollment for
Guinea in the 2000 2001 school year 365
13 5 Economic map of Benin and Togo 366
13 6 Stock in trade of a small gasoline and oil
reseller, Benin 369
14 1 Physical features of West Africa 373
14 2 Dry season peanut fields in central Senegal
in the Sahel 374
14 3 Sahel in the dry season southwest of
Timbuktu near Gossi, Mali 374
14 4 Precipitation deviation from long term
average for the Sahelian states between
1901 and 1991 375
14 5 Cereal food aid from all donors to Burkina
Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and
Senegal, 1970 to 2003 376
14 6 Total tropical livestock units (TLU) and
total cereal production (rice milled equiva¬
lent), 1961 to 2002, for Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal 377
14 7 Daily discharge of the Niger River at
Niamey, Niger, for 1967 1968 to
1998 1999 379
14 8 Natural resources and infrastructure for
the Sahelian states of Burkina Faso, Mali,
Mauritania, and Senegal 386
14 9 Annual harvest of the peanut cooperative
formerly run by the state in Louga Region,
Senegal 387
14 10 Trends in groundnut production in
Senegal, 1961 to 2002 387
14 11 Mauritanian camel caravan in Senegal to
trade salt for millet and sorghum 389
14 12 Percent urban population of Burkina
Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and
Senegal, 1955 to 2030 392
14 13 USAID field researcher Ambadembe
Kassogue inspecting millet planted in Mali
after the retreat of the annual Niger Inland
Delta flood 393
14 14 Cereal production per thousand rural capita
in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania,
Niger, and Senegal, 1960 to 2000 394
14 15 Maize production in Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali and Senegal, 1961 to 2002 395
14 16 Natural resources and infrastructure of the
Sahelian states of Niger and Chad 397
14 17 Peanut production in Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali, and Niger, 1961 to 2002 398
14 18 Shrinking Lake Chad, 1973 to 2001 399
Part 2 1 Physical features of central Africa 404
Part 2 2 Countries, capitals, and central places;
rivers, rail lines, and surfaced roads in
central Africa 405
FIGURES AND TABLES xi
15 1 Location map of selected cash and food
crops for the Democratic Republic of the
Congo 418
15 2 Major food crop production in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1961
to 2002 419
15 3 Selected export crops, DRC, 1961 to
2002 420
15 4 Selected export crops, DRC, 1961 to
2002 420
15 5 Economic map of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo 421
15 6 Decline in an industry: mining in
Zaire/DRC, 1990 to 2001 423
15 7 The proposed electric grid for Africa and
connections to Europe and Asia 425
15 8 Provincial and urban populations of the
DRC 426
16 1 Central lowland Africa: Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, and Gabon 431
16 2 Urban population of Cameroon, Central
African Republic, Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, and Gabon 434
16 3 Economic map of Congo, Equatorial
Guinea, and Gabon 435
16 4 New national parks (NP) in Gabon 437
16 5 Cattle, goat, pig, and sheep populations for
the Central African Republic, 1961 to
2003 441
16 6 Economic map for Cameroon, with its cap¬
ital, Yaounde, and the Central African
Republic (Bangui) 442
16 7 Cameroon's banana, coffee, and cotton
exports, 1961 to 2002 446
16 8 Cocoa products exports for Cameroon,
1961 to 2002 447
Part 3 1 Region of East Africa, the Horn, and
Sudan 451
Part 3 2 Physiography of East Africa 454
Part 3 3 Provincial (district) population of East Africa
in quartiles as a rank percentile of regional
population and urban population 455
17 1 Precipitation levels in East Africa
(80% probability) 458
17 2 Towns, transportation, and natural
resources in Tanzania 460
17 3 Coffee beans on the bush 464
Xii FIGURES AND TABLES
17 4 Agriculture regions in Tanzania 465
17 5 Mechanization in Tanzania and Kenya, 1961
to 2001 470
17 6 Zebras graze in the Ngorongoro Crater 474
18 1 Towns, transportation, and resources of
Kenya 478
18 2 An acacia on the Kenyan savanna 479
18 3 Land use in the Highlands Kenya 480
18 4 Ethnolinguistic groups of Kenya 482
18 5 Livestock populations in Kenya, 1961 to
2003 488
18 6 Kenya's crude birth and death rates (CBR,
CDR) and projected population growth rate,
1969 to 2050 489
18 7 Nairobi city center 491
19 1 Language groups, spoken languages, and
number of speakers in Uganda 494
19 2 Administrative districts of Uganda circa 1975
and in precolonial kingdoms 496
19 3 Towns transportation, and resources of
Uganda 499
19 4 Current administrative districts and regions
of Uganda 502
19 5 Agricultural regions of Uganda 503
19 6 Production of the cash crops coffee, cotton,
and sugarcane in Uganda, 1961 to 2003 505
19 7 Production of food crops in Uganda, 1961 to
2003 505
20 1 Relief and drainage map of Rwanda and
Burundi 511
20 2 Population density of Rwanda and Burundi by
district 512
20 3 Agriculture and natural resources of Rwanda
and Burundi 513
20 4 Rural and urban population, Rwanda and
Burundi, 1950 to 2030 518
20 5 Memorial and museum of the 1994 Hutu led
Tutsi genocide 518
21 1 Elevations and major physical features of the
Horn and Sudan 521
21 2 Political and ethnolinguistic geography of the
Horn during the last decades of the nine¬
teenth century 524
21 3 A riverbed serves as a dry season road in a
mountainous environment 526
21 4 Towns, transport, and resources in the Horn
of Africa 527
21 5 Terraced slopes and farmhouse 529
21 6 Agricultural regions in the Horn of
Africa 530
21 7 A Camel train is led through "Farewell
Mother" Pass in Eritrea 531
22 1 Defining the Somali state (1888 1960)
and its internal fragmentation
(1960 1998) 539
22 2 Borders, clan families, and primary lineage
group names of Somalia 543
23 1 States of Sudan 550
23 2 Precipitation, major physical features,
towns, and railways of Sudan 552
23 3 The mist oasis of Erkowit, Red Sea Hills 553
23 4 Varieties of sorghum found in southern
Sudan 556
23 5 Port Sudan's central square 557
23 6 Warehouses for cotton export in Port
Sudan 557
23 7 Land use in Sudan 558
23 8 Towns, transportation, and resources of
Sudan 563
23 9 AK 47 in southern Sudan cattle camp 564
Part 4 1 Southern Africa: states and capitals 570
24 1 Provinces, some cities, and major rivers of
South Africa 573
24 2 Physiographic regions of South Africa 575
24 3 Mean annual precipitation for South
Africa 576
24 4 Proportions of people of African, Asian,
Coloured, and European ancestry in South
Africa's provinces in 2001 578
24 5 Dominant languages of South Africa 5 79
24 6 Township children, Cape Town 581
24 7 Cape Town from Table Mountain 582
24 8 Cape Town township dwellings in
2002 583
24 9 Employment by population group in
South Africa in 2001 584
24 10 Homelands in apartheid South Africa 588
24 11 Urbanization in Southern Africa, 2003 590
24 12 The model Apartheid city, showing resi¬
dential and industrial areas and central
districts (CBD) 592
24 13 Group areas in Johannesburg in 1973 (dur¬
ing the last decades of apartheid) 593
24 14 The late apartheid city 594
24 15 The postapartheid city 594
24 16 Cape Town train station 594
24 17 Viticulture in Cape Province, near
Stellenbosch 595
24 18 Fruit production, 1961 to 2002, South
Africa 596
24 19 Production of three major cereals (maize,
wheat, and sorghum) in South Africa between
1961 and 2002, South Africa 596
24 20 Land use in South Africa 597
24 21 Male employment in agriculture, forestry,
hunting, and fishing by province and group
for South Africa in 2001 598
24 22 Female employment in agriculture, forestry,
hunting, and fishing by group and province
for South Africa in 2001 598
24 23 Minerals and railroads in South Africa 601
24 24 Manufacturing employment for men by group
and province in South Africa, 2001 604
24 25 Employment in manufacturing for women
by group and province in South Africa
2001 604
24 26 Crude birth, crude death, and growth rates
for South Africa, 1950 to 2050 605
25 1 Major physical features of Botswana, with
parks and rainfall 610
25 2 Head of cattle and goats in Botswana,
Lesotho, and Swaziland, 1961 to 2003 611
25 3 Live cattle and processed meat exports in
Botswana, 1961 to 2002 612
25 4 Towns, transportation, and political organiza¬
tion in Botswana 614
25 5 Botswana mining 615
25 6 Mineral production in Botswana, 1990 to
2001 616
25 7 Relief, infrastructure, and principal towns of
Lesotho 618
25 8 Principal towns, infrastructure, minerals, and
relief of Swaziland 622
25 9 Production and export value of wood pulp in
Swaziland, 1961 to 2002 625
26 1 General identification map for Zimbabwe 629
26 2 Population of Zimbabwe by district, with
overlay of communal areas' wards 633
26 3 Land use, infrastructure, and precipitation in
Zimbabwe 634
26 4 Mining, elevation, and communal areas of
Zimbabwe 637
26 5 Maize production and area harvested in
Zimbabwe, 1961 to 2003 638
FIGURES AND TABLES xiii
26 6 Value of four of Zimbabwe's export crops,
1961 to 2003 638
26 7 The Great Dyke from space 640
27 1 Days of fog and isohyets of rainfall in
Namibia 643
27 2 Major physical features of Namibia 644
27 3 Changing geography of land tenure in
Namibia, 1902 to 2003 646
27 4 Provinces and "homelands" of South West
Africa (Namibia), in 1978 implementing the
Odendaal recommendations of 1964 649
27 5 The internal political organization of Namibia
in 2004 651
27 6 Extraction and livestock activities in
Namibia 654
27 7 Namibian fishing production, processing, and
exports, 1990 to 2001 655
27 8 Land tenure, towns, and postindependence
provinces of Namibia 656
27 9 Namibian livestock production, 1961 to
2003 658
28 1 Provinces, urban places and populations, in¬
frastructure, and international connections
for Zambia and Malawi 663
28 2 World copper production and prices, 1950 to
2002 666
28 3 Physical geography and minerals of Zambia
and Malawi 672
28 4 Agricultural and total merchandise exports for
Malawi and Zambia, 1961 to 2003 673
29 1 Physiography of Mozambique 678
29 2 Mozambique's urban (graduated circles) and
provincial population (province as percentage
of total population) as of 2003 683
29 3 Area harvested from 1961 to 2003 for four
cash crops grown in Mozambique that
were virtually abandoned after
independence 684
29 4 Area harvested for five food crops grown in
Mozambique, 1961 to 2003 686
29 5 Exports from Mozambique of the cash crops
copra, cotton lint, oil of coconut, and sisal,
1961 to 2002 687
29 6 Exports from Mozambique of the cash crops
castor beans, coconuts, tobacco leaves, and
tea, 1961 to 2002 687
29 7 Sugar exports from Mozambique and their
value, 1961 to 2002 688
xiv FIGURES AND TABLES
29 8 Mozambican timber production, exports, and
value, 1961 to 2002 688
29 9 Mozambican fish catch, exports, and value of
exports 1961 to 2001 689
29 10 Minerals, infrastructure, provinces, and prin¬
cipal towns of Mozambique 690
29 11 Rural and urban populations and percentage
urban population for Mozambique, 1950 to
2030 693
29 12 Physiography of Angola 695
29 13 Angolan cash crop production, 1961 to
2003 701
29 14 Angolan food crop production, 1961 to
2003 701
29 15 Infrastructure and minerals in Angola 702
29 16 Angolan fish production and exports, 1961 to
2002 705
29 17 Urban population and percentile provincial
population densities, Angola 2004 706
30 1 Major physical features and minerals of
Madagascar 711
30 2 Urban population, provinces, and transporta¬
tion infrastructure of Madagascar 716
30 3 Value of principal Malagasy agricultural
exports, 1961 to 2002 717
30 4 Principal agricultural regions of
Madagascar 718
30 5 Madagascar's populations of cattle, goats,
sheep, and pigs, 1961 to 2003 719
TABLES
l Al Table of geologic time 16
3 1 African language families, number of spoken
languages, estimated number of speakers and
most probable origin 44
3 2 Important crops of African origin 49
3 3 Source and numbers of captives exported
from the sixteenth to the nineteenth
centuries 66
5 1 Selected characteristics of African capital
cities 100
5 2 Regions of political instability and forced
migrations, January 1, 2001 114
5 A1 Internet addresses of some African and inter¬
national organizations 120
5 A2 Internet addresses of some African and inter¬
national newspapers 120
6 1 Mid 2005 population estimates (millions) 122
6 2 Selected population data, 1975, 2005,
and 2025 131
6 3 Change in population policy of African coun¬
tries, 1976 2001 135
6 4 Estimated growth of selected primate cities
in the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s, and
in 2005 142
6 A1 World Wide Web links 146
7 1 Health adjusted life expectancy for 53 African
and 4 non African countries that participate in
the World Health Organization 149
7 2 Percent of all deaths by category and cause for
two world regions 150
7 3 Profiles of major epidemics throughout human
history 165
7 4 Regional HIV/AIDS statistics by sex,
December, 2000 169
8 1 Agricultural statistics for selected regions of
the world 179
8 2 Characteristics of the major types of large live¬
stock in Africa 180
8 3 African livestock population by country in
2002 185
8 4 Livestock populations per thousand rural
population in 2002 189
8 5 Change in African livestock populations over
time 190
8 6 Percentage change in African livestock per
thousand people, 1961 1965 to
1998 2002 191
8 7 Four dimensions of traditional and modern
commercial farming 196
8 8 Mechanization in Africa and elsewhere in
2000 196
8 9 Use of inorganic fertilizers per region and per
arable area 197
8 10 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 millet producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 201
8 11 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sorghum producing
countries in Africa in 2001 204
8 12 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top ten rice producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 207
8 13 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and eight fonio producing countries in
Africa in 2001 208
8 14 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 maize producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 214
8 15 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 wheat producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 216
8 16 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 yam producing countries
in Africa in 2001 219
8 17 Yam area harvested, yield, and production
for Africa and the top 10 producers
in 1961 219
8 18 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 cassava producing coun¬
tries in Africa in 2001 221
8 19 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 date producing countries
in Africa in 2001 223
8 20 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 plantain producing
countries in Africa in 2001 223
8 21 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 banana producing
countries in Africa in 2001 224
8 22 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 coffee producing
countries in Africa in 2001 224
8 23 Area harvested, yield, and production
for Africa and the top kola nut
producing countries in Africa in
2001 225
8 24 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 tea producing countries
in Africa in 2001 226
8 25 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 tobacco producing
countries in Africa in 2001 227
8 26 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 cotton producing
countries in Africa in 2001 230
8 27 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 oil palm producing
countries in Africa in 2001 231
8 28 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 cocoa producing
countries in Africa in 2001 232
8 29 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 peanut producing
countries in Africa in 2001 233
FIGURES AND TABLES XV
8 30 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sesame producing
countries in Africa in 2001 235
8 31 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top shea nut producing
countries in Africa in 2001 235
8 32 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sugarcane producing
countries in Africa in 2001 237
8 33 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 rubber producing
countries in Africa in 2001 239
8 34 Area harvested, yield, and production for
Africa and the top 10 sisal producing
countries in Africa in 2001 241
8 35 Percent difference in the per capita pro¬
duction of all cereals and all tubers,
1961 1965 and 1997 2001 249
9 1 Percentage of people living on less than
\$1.00 per day for five world regions 255
9 2 Selected world development
indicators 258
9 3 Per capita GDP growth in Africa by eco¬
nomic group,2001 2002 263
9 4 Distribution of GDP by sector in Africa and
its major regions in 1980 and 2000 265
9 5 African production of minerals and
other resources as a share of world
production 272
9 6 Internal and external impediments to de¬
velopment in Africa 275
Part 1 1 Capitals, areas and relative sizes of the
countries of West Africa 280
11 1 Population of selected northern cities in
1991 and 2003 313
11 2 Fossil fuel and selected metals production
in Nigeria, 1990 to 2001 323
13 1 Comparative data for Benin, Cote d'lvoire,
Guinea, and logo 1975 and 2(X)2 (or latest
estimates) 361
14 1 Percentage change in share of national
production for four staple cereals and four
principal domesticated livestock,
1961 1965 to 1998 2002 378
14 2 Average annual foreign direct investment
(Millions of \) in Burkina Faso, Chad,
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal,
1970 1974, 1980 1984, 1990 1994,
2000 2004 382
XVi FIGURES AND TABLES
14 3 Selected development data for the Sahelian
states 384
14 4 Principal producers of iron ore and their
production for 2002 392
14 5 Mineral production for Burkina Faso,
Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal
between 1996 and 2000 396
15 1 Place name changes in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo 408
15 2 Mineral production between 1958 and
2001, in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo 422
15 3 Urban population in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo for 1984 and
2003 427
16 1 Demographic and economic indicators for
Cameroon, the Central African Republic,
the Congo Republic, Equatorial Guinea,
and Gabon 433
16 2 Gabon's new national parks 438
16 3 Livestock populations for Cameroon, the
Central African Republic, the Congo Re¬
public, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon in
2001 440
16 4 Agricultural production of selected crops
in the Central African Republic,
1961 2003 444
Part 3 1 Demographic and geographic data for East
Africa and the Horn and Sudan 450
17 1 Farming systems in Tanzania, their charac¬
teristics, and principal locations 466
17 2 Development indicators for Kenya and
Tanzania as of 2001 475
18 1 Evolution of the farming system in the
Kikuyu area of Kenya 485
19 1 Change in production for selected crops,
1961 1965 to 1999 2003 504
19 2 Indicators of an emerging economy and
Uganda's relative performance 506
20 1 Data table for Rwanda and
Burundi 510
20 2 Years of schooling in Astrida township
during colonial times 516
23 1 Comparative production for selected
crops, 1961 1965 to 1999 2003 in
Sudan 556
Part 4 1 Estimates of major European settler
populations in African countries after
1950 at their highest point prior to
independence 568
24 1 South Africans 1900 2001, by
ancestry 580
24 2 Percent of South Africa's population that is
urban by group, 1911 1991 581
24 3 Legislation passed in South Africa in
support of apartheid between 1913 and
1970 586
24 4 Areas and populations of the apartheid era
homelands 587
24 5 Livestock populations in South Africa:
Changes in types for 1961 1965 and
1998 2002 599
24 6 Principal mineral products of South Africa
as a percentage of the world's reserves, pro¬
duction, and exports 600
25 1 Comparative data: Botswana, Lesotho, and
Swaziland 608
25 2 Principal livestock in Swaziland in 1975
and 2001 623
26 1 Characteristics of four farming types in
Zimbabwe in 1995 (1 hectare =
2.471 acres) 635
27 1 Mining production (metric tons unless
otherwise specified), in Namibia, 1991 to
2001 653
28 1 Comparative table of the numbers 1 to 10
for eight central Bantu languages spoken
in Malawi and Zambia 661
28 2 Physical, demographic, and economic
comparative data, Malawi and Zambia.
1975 (or closest date) and 2003 671
29 1 Demographic and economic indicators
for Angola and Mozambique, various
dates 676
29 2 Major mineral production in Mozambique,
1990 to 2002 691
29 3 Electricity overview: 2000, Southern Africa
(billion kilowatt hours except where
noted) 692
29 4 Demographic and development data for 10
Mozambican provinces, Maputo city, and
country of Mozambique, 1997 693 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Cole, Roy De Blij, Harm J. 1935- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124173004 |
| author_facet | Cole, Roy De Blij, Harm J. 1935- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Cole, Roy |
| author_variant | r c rc b h j d bhj bhjd |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021485310 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DT351 |
| callnumber-raw | DT351.9 |
| callnumber-search | DT351.9 |
| callnumber-sort | DT 3351.9 |
| callnumber-subject | DT - Africa |
| classification_rvk | RS 29053 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)61821971 (DE-599)BVBBV021485310 |
| dewey-full | 916.7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 916 - Geography of and travel in Africa |
| dewey-raw | 916.7 |
| dewey-search | 916.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3916.7 |
| dewey-tens | 910 - Geography and travel |
| discipline | Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geographie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Afrique noire - Géographie Africa, Sub-Saharan Geography Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Afrique noire - Géographie Africa, Sub-Saharan Geography Subsaharisches Afrika |
| id | DE-604.BV021485310 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:08:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:36:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0195170806 9780195170801 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2005054675 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014684221 |
| oclc_num | 61821971 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29 DE-11 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XX, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Cole, Roy Verfasser aut Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography Roy Cole ; H. J. De Blij Africa New York [u.a.] Oxford University Press 2007 XX, 748 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geografie Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd rswk-swf Afrique noire - Géographie Africa, Sub-Saharan Geography Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 gnd rswk-swf Subsaharisches Afrika (DE-588)4053770-5 g Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 s DE-604 De Blij, Harm J. 1935- Verfasser (DE-588)124173004 aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0637/2005054675-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0637/2005054675-t.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014684221&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cole, Roy De Blij, Harm J. 1935- Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography Geografie Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073972-7 (DE-588)4053770-5 |
| title | Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography |
| title_alt | Africa |
| title_auth | Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography |
| title_exact_search | Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography |
| title_full | Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography Roy Cole ; H. J. De Blij |
| title_fullStr | Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography Roy Cole ; H. J. De Blij |
| title_full_unstemmed | Survey of Subsaharan Africa a regional geography Roy Cole ; H. J. De Blij |
| title_short | Survey of Subsaharan Africa |
| title_sort | survey of subsaharan africa a regional geography |
| title_sub | a regional geography |
| topic | Geografie Landeskunde (DE-588)4073972-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geografie Landeskunde Afrique noire - Géographie Africa, Sub-Saharan Geography Subsaharisches Afrika |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0637/2005054675-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0637/2005054675-t.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014684221&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT coleroy surveyofsubsaharanafricaaregionalgeography AT deblijharmj surveyofsubsaharanafricaaregionalgeography AT coleroy africa AT deblijharmj africa |