Conflict of laws:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
St. Paul, Minn.
Thomson/West
2004
|
| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Series: | Hornbook series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXI, 1565 S. |
| ISBN: | 0314146458 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Conflict of laws |c by Eugene F. Scoles ... |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135184046489600 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
PAGE
NTRACTS
946
HOICE OF LAW BY THE PARTIES (PARTY AUTONOMY) 947
HOICE OF LAW IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE-OF-LAW AGREEMENT*. 987
ONTRACT CHOICE-OF-LAW BY SUBJECT MATTER 1005
HOICE-OF-LAW ALTERNATIVES 1037
NJUST ENRICHMENT 1040
OPERTY 1053
ITERESTS IN LAND 1054
ANGIBLE MOVABLES 1072
ITANGIBLES - - 1101
CCESSION - 1109
LTRODUCTION 1109
ITESTATE SUCCESSION 1110
ESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION 1117
AMILY PROTECTION*FORCED SHARES*ELECTION 1133
ITERNATIONAL WILLS 1138
REVISES TO ALIENS 1140
LISTS AND POWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1142
RUSTS 1142
OWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1154
*OBATE AND ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1164
ROBATE 1165
LDMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1170
ICCOUNTING AND DISTRIBUTION 1209
HIARDIANS AND CONSERVATORS 1211
)RPORATIONS, WINDING-UP, AND BANKRUPTCY 1218
HE LAW APPLICABLE TO CORPORATIONS 1218
IANKRUPTCY 1235
SCOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS AND DE-
:REES .._ ..1257
VELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 1258
NTERSTATE RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1272
NTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1308
CXTRALITIGIOUS PROCEEDINGS, ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATIONS,
AND ARBITRAL AWARDS 1337
IER S APPENDIX; RESEARCHING CONFLICT OF LAWS _. 1345
3F RESTATEMENT CITATIONS 1361
DF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE CITATIONS 1371
3F UNIFORM PROBATE CODE CITATIONS.-.- 1375
3F
STATUTES AND RULES
I377
DF CASES
1397
1549
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE V
WESTLAW
OVERVIEW
VII
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECT DEFINED AND OVER-
VIEW 1
I. DEFINITIONS*CONFLICT OF LAWS*PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW* 1
II. SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT 3
CHAPTER 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF AP-
PROACHES TO CHOICE OF LAW 5
I. INTRODUCTION 6
II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 9
A. FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO MEDIEVAL ITALY 9
B. BARTOLUS AND THE ITALIAN STATUTISTS 10
C. THE FRENCH STATUTISTS - 13
D. THE DUTCH CONTRIBUTION: COMITY 14
E. THE GERMAN CONTRIBUTION: WACHTER AND SAVIGNY 15
III. THE AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO THE CONFLICTS REVOLUTION 18
A. FROM COMITY (STORY) TO VESTED RIGHTS (BEALE) 18
B. THE FIRST CRITICS (COOK AND CAVERS) 22
IV. THE SCHOLASTIC REVOLUTION 25
A. GOVERNMENTAL INTERESTS ANALYSIS (CURRIE) 25
B. THE LEX-FORI APPROACH (EHRENZWEIG) 38
C. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES 43
D. VALUE-ORIENTED APPROACHES 47
1. IN GENERAL 47
2. THE BETTER LAW APPROACH 52
V. THE SECOND RESTATEMENT 58
VI. THE JUDICIAL REVOLUTION - 68
A. THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTION IN TORTS AND CONTRACTS 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI DELICTI RULE 69
3. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI CONTRACTUS RULE 74
B. THE REVOLUTION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 ST CENTURY 79
1. INTRODUCTION 79
2. CAVEATS 79
3. THE METHODOLOGICAL CAMPS 84
4. TRADITIONAL STATES 86
5. SIGNIFICANT-CONTACTS STATES- 98
XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE V
WESTLAW
OVERVIEW
VII
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECT DEFINED AND OVER-
VIEW 1
I. DEFINITIONS*CONFLICT OF LAWS*PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 1
II. SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT 3
CHAPTER 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF AP-
PROACHES TO CHOICE OF LAW 5
I. INTRODUCTION 6
II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 9
A. FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO MEDIEVAL ITALY 9
B. BARTOLUS AND THE ITALIAN STATUTISTS 10
C. THE FRENCH STATUTISTS- 13
D. THE DUTCH CONTRIBUTION: COMITY 14
E. THE GERMAN CONTRIBUTION: WACHTER AND SAVIGNY 15
III. THE AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO THE CONFLICTS REVOLUTION 18
A. FROM COMITY (STORY) TO VESTED RIGHTS (BEALE) 18
B. THE FIRST CRITICS (COOK AND CAVERS) 22
IV. THE SCHOLASTIC REVOLUTION 25
A. GOVERNMENTAL INTERESTS ANALYSIS (CURRIE) 25
B. THE LEX-FORI APPROACH (EHRENZWEIG) 38
C. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES 43
D. VALUE-ORIENTED APPROACHES 47
1. IN GENERAL 47
2. THE BETTER LAW APPROACH 52
V. THE SECOND RESTATEMENT - 58
VI. THE JUDICIAL REVOLUTION 68
A. THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTION IN TORTS AND CONTRACTS 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI DELICTI RULE 69
3. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI CONTRACTUS RULE 74
B. THE REVOLUTION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY 79
1. INTRODUCTION 79
2. CAVEATS 79
3. THE METHODOLOGICAL CAMPS 84
4. TRADITIONAL STATES 86
5. SIGNIFICANT-CONTACTS STATES 98
XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
PAGE
V. PROBLEMS OF FEDERALISM: FEDERAL COMMON LAW 208
A. THE STANDARD 208
B. THE FEDERAL INTEREST 212
1. GOVERNMENT OBLIGATIONS 212
2. CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT 215
3. TORT-RELATED ISSUES 216
4. PRIVATE DISPUTES OVER GOVERNMENT-CREATED RIGHTS .--. 218
C. WHEN IS FEDERAL COMMON LAW APPROPRIATE? 220
VI. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 222
A. IN GENERAL 222
B. MULTILATERAL TREATIES 223
C. BILATERAL TREATIES 226
D. CONCLUSION 231
CHAPTER 4. DOMICILE 232
I. INTRODUCTION*THE USE OF THE DOMICILE CONCEPT IN CONFLICT OF
LAWS 233
II. PRELIMINARY MATTERS SIGNIFICANT IN CONSIDERING DOMICILE 235
A. FINDINGS, EVIDENCE AND PRECLUSION BY PRIOR LITIGATION 235
B. LAW DETERMINING OR CHARACTERIZING DOMICILE 239
III. DOMICILE COMPARED AND DEFINED 241
A. DOMICILE COMPARED TO NATIONALITY*INTERNATIONAL CON-
FLICTS 241
B. DOMICILE COMPARED TO RESIDENCE, HABITUAL RESIDENCE AND
OTHER PERSISTENT RELATIONSHIPS 244
C. DOMICILE DEFINED 249
IV. TRADITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ACQUISITION OF A DOMICILE OF
CHOICE 251
A. IN GENERAL - 251
B. PHYSICAL PRESENCE 252
C. INTENT NECESSARY FOR DOMICILE 255
1. IN GENERAL 255
2. DOMICILE OF A PERSON HAVING MULTIPLE HOMES 257
3. INTENT DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTIVE 259
4. FREEDOM TO EXERCISE CHOICE 260
V. GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES OF DOMICILE 265
VI. DOMICILE AS AFFECTED BY STATUS 266
A. DOMICILE OF ALIENS 266
B. DOMICILE OF MARRIED PERSONS 269
C. DERIVATIVE DOMICILE 271
1. DOMICILE OF ORIGIN 271
2. DOMICILE OF MINOR*GENERAL 273
3. CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK 276
4. ADOPTED CHILDREN 277
5. SEPARATED PARENTS 277
6. DEATH OF PARENT 278
7. EMANCIPATION 280
8. MARRIAGE OF MINOR 281
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
D. CAPACITY TO ACQUIRE A DOMICILE- 281
VII. ANALOGOUS RELATIONSHIPS OF CORPORATE ENTITIES 283
CHAPTER 5. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PERSONAL JURISDICTION 284
I. INTRODUCTION 284
II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN JURISDICTION 286
A. 1789-1877: DEVELOPING FULL FAITH AND CREDIT STANDARDS* 286
B. 1878-1944: DEVELOPING DUE PROCESS STANDARDS 288
C. 1945-PRESENT: THE MINIMUM CONTACTS TEST- 292
III. TRADITIONAL JURISDICTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 295
A. IN REM JURISDICTION 295
B. QUASI IN REM JURISDICTION 297
C. STATUS JURISDICTION - 299
D. IN PERSONAM JURISDICTION 300
E. CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES 301
IV. NEW JURISDICTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 305
A. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION - 305
1. RELATED CONTACTS: DISTINGUISHING SPECIFIC FROM GENER-
AL JURISDICTION 305
2. PURPOSEFUL AVAILMENT 309
3. REASONABLENESS -~ 314
B. GENERAL JURISDICTION 316
V. THE NEED FOR STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION 320
A. STATE COURTS 320
B. FEDERAL COURTS 322
VI. OTHER JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES COMPARED 324
A. NOTICE AND OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD 324
B. COMPETENCE OF THE COURT*SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION 326
C. VENUE 327
VII. CHALLENGING JURISDICTION 329
A. DIRECT ATTACKS 329
1. FEDERAL COURT*FRCP 12(B) 329
2. STATE COURTS 331
B. COLLATERAL ATTACKS 332
C. LIMITED APPEARANCES 333
VIII. CONTINUING JURISDICTION 334
CHAPTER 6. GENERALJURISDICTION 336
I. INTRODUCTION ._ 336
II. SATELLITE BASES OF JURISDICTION 338
A. TRANSIENT JURISDICTION*THE RULE OF IN-STATE SERVICE 338
B. CONSENT 34Q
C. RESIDENCE, DOMICILE AND NATIONALITY 343
D. APPEARANCE 345
E. JURISDICTION BY NECESSITY 348
III. CONTACTS-BASED GENERALJURISDICTION 350
A. DISTINGUISHED FROM SPECIFIC JURISDICTION 350
B. APPLICATION TO INDIVIDUAL DEFENDANTS 353
C. CONTINUOUS AND SYSTEMATIC CONTACTS* 354
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
PAGE
CHAPTER 7. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION IN TORT CASES 360
I. INTRODUCTION 360
II. PERSONAL INJURIES 361
A. PRODUCTS LIABILITY*THE STREAM OF COMMERCE TEST 361
B. INTENTIONAL TORTS 367
C. NEGLIGENCE 370
D. OTHER STRICT LIABILITY 372
III. INJURIES TO PROPERTY 373
A. PERSONAL PROPERTY 373
B. REAL PROPERTY 374
IV. INJURIES TO REPUTATION 376
A. LIBEL 376
B. SLANDER 379
C. INVASION OF PRIVACY 381
V. ECONOMIC INJURIES 382
A. INTERFERENCE WITH CONTRACT AND RELATED TORTS 382
B. FRAUD AND RELATED TORTS 384
CHAPTER 8. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION IN CONTRACT CASES 386
I. INTRODUCTION 386
II. INSURANCE CONTRACTS 389
III. FRANCHISE AND SIMILAR CONTRACTS 392
IV. EMPLOYMENT AND PERSONAL SERVICE CONTRACTS 395
V. PURCHASE AND SALE CONTRACTS 397
VI. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS 399
VII. LEASES 400
VIII. CARRIAGE CONTRACTS 401
CHAPTER 9. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION IN STATUTORY CASES 403
I. INTRODUCTION 403
II. ENVIRONMENTAL HARM 406
III. COPYRIGHT AND TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT 408
IV. PATENT INFRINGEMENT 411
V. EMPLOYMENT-RELATED STATUTORY OBLIGATIONS 414
VI. SECURITIES AND RELATED STATUTES 416
VII. PRIVATE ANTITRUST AND OTHER UNFAIR TRADE ACTIONS 419
VIII. ANTI-FRAUD STATUTES 421
CHAPTER 10. SPECIAL JURISDICTIONAL PROBLEMS 423
I. INTRODUCTION 423
II. FEDERAL COURT PERSONAL JURISDICTION 424
A. FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT STANDARDS 424
B. FEDERAL RULE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 4(K) 429
1. INCORPORATION OF STATE LONG-ARM STATUTES 429
2. THE 100-MILE BULGE RULE 431
3. FEDERAL RULE 4(K)(2) *- 433
C. ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION 435
D. BANKRUPTCY CASES 440
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
E. REMOVED CASES
442
III. CLASS ACTIONS
444
A. JURISDICTION OVER DEFENDANTS
444
B. JURISDICTION OVER PLAINTIFFS 446
1. OPT-OUT CLASSES 446
2. MANDATORY CLASSES
44
8
IV. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF JURISDICTION OVER BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS- 450
A. PARTNERSHIPS AND OTHER UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 450
B. DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS 453
C. FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 454
1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 454
2. CURRENT JURISDICTIONAL THEORY 457
D. CORPORATE PARENT-SUBSIDIARY RELATIONSHIPS 460
E. JURISDICTION OVER INDIVIDUALS FOR CORPORATE OR FIDUCIARY
ACTIVITIES 462
V. PENDENT PERSONAL JURISDICTION. -- 464
VI. FOREIGN STATES AND INSTRUMENTALITIES 469
CHAPTER 11. LIMITATIONS ON JURISDICTION 477
I. INTRODUCTION * 477
II. CONTRACTUAL LIMITATIONS ON FORUM SELECTION * - 478
A. EXCLUSIVE AND NON-EXCLUSIVE FORUM CLAUSES 478
B. ENFORCEABILITY IN FEDERAL COURTS 481
1. NON-DIVERSITY CASES - 481
2. DIVERSITY CASES 486
C. ENFORCEABILITY IN STATE COURTS 488
D. INTERPRETATION AND SCOPE OF FORUM CLAUSES 489
E. JUDGMENT RECOGNITION ISSUES 491
III. FORUM NON CONVENIENS - 492
A. INTRODUCTION 492
B. SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN APPLICATION 495
1. PREFERENCE FOR CHOSEN FORUM 495
2. AVAILABILITY OF ANOTHER FORUM 496
3. OTHER FACTORS * - 498
4. METHODS OF APPLICATION 501
5. STATE PRACTICE ._ 502
C. FEDERAL TRANSFERS---- 505
IV. IMMUNITIES FROM SERVICE 508
V. OTHER FEDERAL LIMITATIONS ON STATE COURT JURISDICTION-- - 509
VI. NATIVE AMERICAN AND INDIAN COUNTRY LIMITATIONS 510
CHAPTER 12. PROCEDURE 518
I. NOTICE 5^9
A. METHOD OF NOTICE * 519
B. OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD 521
C. WAIVER OF NOTICE *. 522
II. SERVICE ABROAD OF DOCUMENTS 523
III. TAKING EVIDENCE ABROAD 529
IV. ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE: TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE 536
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
PAGE
A. INTRODUCTION 536
B. INTERSTATE CONFLICTS 537
C. INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS 540
D. THE INTERSTATE AND CONVENTION APPROACHES COMPARED * 542
V. PROOF OF FOREIGN LAW 543
A. THE FACT APPROACH TO FOREIGN LAW 543
1. THE COMMON LAW BACKGROUND 543
2. OTHER LEGAL SYSTEMS 546
B. STATE STATUTES AND UNIFORM LAWS 547
C. FEDERAL LAW 549
D. WHEN PROOF FAILS: PRESUMPTIONS AND USE OF THE LEX FORI 553
CHAPTER 13. FORMING DOMESTIC RELATIONSHIPS 557
I. MARRIAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF DOMESTIC RELATIONSHIPS AS A
PROBLEM IN THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 558
A. MARRIAGE AS A CONTRACT AND A STATUS 558
B. MARRIAGE: SIGNIFICANT POLICIES 558
C. MARRIAGE AND OTHER RELATIONSHIPS AS AN INCIDENTAL QUES-
TION 561
D. COMPETING APPROACHES IN CHOICE OF LAW: DOMICILE AND
NATIONALITY 563
II. LAW GOVERNING RECOGNITION OF MARRIAGE 564
A. THE TRADITIONAL STATEMENT 564
B. REQUIREMENTS OF PLACE OF CELEBRATION 566
C. PROHIBITIONS OF THE DOMICILE OF THE PARTIES 570
1. FORM AND CAPACITY 570
2. SUBSTANTIVE PROHIBITION 571
3. PROHIBITIONS UPON REMARRIAGE AFTER DIVORCE: PROGRES-
SIVE POLYGAMY 573
4. MISCEGENATION 577
5. INCESTUOUS MARRIAGES 578
6. NON-AGE*CONSENT OF PARENT 578
7. MARRIAGE EVASION LEGISLATION 579
D. EFFECT IN THIRD STATE OF MARRIAGE VOID BY LAW OF DOMICILE 580
E. MARRIAGE OF PARTIES WITH DIFFERENT DOMICILES 581
F. THE COVENANT MARRIAGE 583
III. UNUSUAL MARRIAGES, SAME-SEX MARRIAGES AND UNIONS, CON-
TRACTUAL DOMESTIC ARRANGEMENTS 584
A. UNUSUAL MARRIAGES 584
B. SAME-SEX MARRIAGES AND UNIONS 591
C. OTHER PARTNERSHIPS 594
CHAPTER 14. MARITAL PROPERTY 596
I. PRELIMINARY POLICY OBSERVATIONS 596
A. INTRODUCTION 596
B. COMMON LAW SYSTEM 597
C. COMMUNITY OR MARITAL PROPERTY SYSTEM 598
D. MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY AS CONFLICT OF LAWS ISSUES 599
XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
II. IMMOVABLES 602
A. LAND OWNED AT TIME OF MARRIAGE 602
B. LAND ACQUIRED AFTER MARRIAGE *- 603
C. INCOME FROM IMMOVABLES 606
III. MOVABLES -
607
A. MOVABLES OWNED AT TIME OF MARRIAGE 607
B. MOVABLES ACQUIRED SUBSEQUENT TO MARRIAGE - 609
C. INCOME FROM MOVABLES 613
D. ACCRUAL VALUES: INSURANCE, PENSIONS, ETC. ..- 613
IV. SUBSEQUENT INTENTIONAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS - *- 616
V. THE SEPARATE PROPERTY AND QUASI-COMMUNITY PROPERTY CON-
CEPTS - - -- 618
A. CHARACTERIZATION OF SEPARATE PROPERTY - 618
B. QUASI-COMMUNITY PROPERTY 620
VI. CONTRACTUAL MODIFICATION OF THE MARITAL PROPERTY REGIME 621
VII. DEBTS-- 623
CHAPTER 15. DISSOLUTION OF DOMESTIC RELATIONSHIPS AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES 627
I. INTERSTATE RECOGNITION OF DISSOLUTION DECREES 628
A. INTRODUCTION* - 628
1. IN GENERAL - 628
2. DOMICILE AND CHOICE OF LAW -~ 630
B. EX PARTE DIVORCES *- * * 633
1. FULL FAITH AND CREDIT AND THE DOMICILE REQUIREMENT:
THE WILLIAMS CASES 633
2. DOMICILE AND DURATIONAL RESIDENCE REQUIREMENTS - 635
C. INTER PARTES DIVORCES - 637
D. THE EFFECT OF A COLLATERAL DETERMINATION OF INVALIDITY 640
E. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK - 645
II. ANNULMENT IN THE UNITED STATES- 646
III. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF DISSOLUTION DECREES *. 648
A. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN-COUNTRY JUDICIAL DIVORCES IN THE
UNITED STATES - 648
B. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN NON-JUDICIAL DIVORCES IN THE UNIT-
ED STATES- 657
C. RECOGNITION OF U.S. DISSOLUTION DECREES ABROAD 662
IV. INCIDENTS OF DIVORCE DECREES: SUPPORT AND CUSTODY 663
A. DIVISIBLE DIVORCE 663
B. SUPPORT OBLIGATIONS ___ 669
1. ESTABLISHING THE SUPPORT OBLIGATION BY JUDICIAL DE-
CREE
669
2. ENFORCEMENT AND MODIFICATION OF SUPPORT DECREES 671
A. LUMP SUM CHILD SUPPORT AND CLAIMS FOR ADDI-
TIONAL SUPPORT G72
B. MODIFICATION OF SUPPORT DECREES - 674
C CHOICE OF LAW FOR MODIFICATION 676
D. SUMMARY G-JG
3. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION 573
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
PAGE
C. CHILD CUSTODY 680
1. OBTAINING CUSTODY 680
2. INTERSTATE RECOGNITION AND MODIFICATION 683
3. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION AND MODIFICATION 689
CHAPTER 16. LEGITIMATION AND ADOPTION 693
I. LEGITIMACY AND LEGITIMATION 693
A. STATUS 693
B. INHERITANCE RIGHTS OF LEGITIMATE AND LEGITIMATED CHIL-
DREN 696
C. INHERITANCE RIGHTS OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN 697
II. ADOPTION 699
A. JURISDICTION TO DECREE AN ADOPTION 700
B. EXTRASTATE CONSEQUENCES OF ADOPTION 703
C. INTERNATIONAL ADOPTIONS 704
CHAPTER 17. TORTS - 709
I. INTRODUCTION 711
II. CHOICE-OF-LAW APPROACHES TO TORTS IN GENERAL 713
A. TRADITIONAL APPROACHES: THE FIRST RESTATEMENT S LEX LOCI
TEST 713
1. THE LEX-LOCI-DELICTI RULE 713
2. CHARACTERIZATION 722
B. INTEREST ANALYSIS 726
1. IN GENERAL* 726
2. INTEREST ANALYSIS AND THE LEX-FORI VARIANT IN THE
COURTS 728
A. FALSE CONFLICTS 728
B. TRUE CONFLICTS 730
C. UNPROVIDED-FOR CASES-- 734
D. THE LEX-FORI VARIANT 737
3. THE COMPARATIVE IMPAIRMENT APPROACH 741
A. THE CALIFORNIA VERSION 741
B. THE LOUISIANA VERSION 749
C. THE BETTER LAW APPROACH 752
D. THE MOST-SIGNIFICANT-RELATIONSHIP TEST AND THE SECOND
RESTATEMENT 759
1. INTRODUCTION 759
2. THE CASE LAW 761
E. THE NEW YORK EXPERIENCE 770
1. BABCOCK AND GUEST-STATUTE CONFLICTS 770
2. FROM BABCOCK TO NEUMEIER 772
3. THE NEUMEIER RULES 775
4. EXTENDING THE NEUMEIER RULES TO OTHER LOSS-DISTRI-
BUTION CONFLICTS: SCHULTZ AND COONEY 777
III. FROM RULES TO APPROACHES TO RULE8 785
A. FROM RULES TO APPROACHES 785
1. INTRODUCTION 785
2. POLICY ANALYSIS: A SYNTHESIS-* 786
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
A. FALSE CONFLICTS
786
B. CONFLICTING RULES: ACCOMMODATION 787
C. RESOLVING THE IMPASSE 787
3. TIME FOR RULES?
789
B. FROM APPROACHES TO RULES ---- 790
1. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONDUCT-REGULATION RULES
AND LOSS-DISTRIBUTION RULES 790
A. THE ORIGINS AND MEANING OF THE DISTINCTION 790
B. THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE DISTINCTION 793
C. THE USEFULNESS OF THE DISTINCTION 798
2. LOSS-DISTRIBUTION CONFLICTS -- 799
A. COMMON-DOMICILE CASES 799
B. CASES ANALOGOUS TO COMMON-DOMICILE CASES 806
(1) DOMICILE IN STATES WITH SAME LAW 806
(2) PRE-EXISTING RELATIONSHIP - 808
(3) CHOICE-OF-LAW CLAUSES - ~~ 809
C. SPLIT-DOMICILE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE LAWS OF TWO
STATES 812
(1) TRUE CONFLICTS 812
(A) CASES IN WHICH THE CONDUCT, THE INJURY,
AND THE TORTFEASOR S DOMICILE ARE IN A
STATE WHOSE LAW PROTECTS THE TORTFEASOR 812
(B) CASES IN WHICH THE CONDUCT, THE INJURY,
AND THE DOMICILE OF THE VICTIM ARE IN A
STATE WHOSE LAW PROTECTS THE VICTIM 819
(C) CASES IN WHICH THE CONDUCT AND THE TORT-
FEASOR S DOMICILE ARE IN A STATE WHOSE
LAW FAVORS THE TORTFEASOR, WHILE THE INJU-
RY AND THE VICTIM S DOMICILE ARE IN A
STATE WHOSE LAW PROTECTS THE VICTIM - - 824
(2) NO-INTEREST OR UNPROVIDED-FOR CASES - 830
A. THE NEUMEIER PATTERN.- 830
B. THE HURTADO PATTERN 834
C. SUMMARY 835
D. SPLIT-DOMICILE CONFLICTS INVOLVING THREE STATES *. 837
E. SUMMARY AND RULES 841
3. CONDUCT-REGULATION CONFLICTS 842
A. GENERIC CONDUCT-REGULATION CONFLICTS 842
B. SUMMARY AND RULE 850
C. PUNITIVE-DAMAGES CONFLICTS 852
(1) THE PERTINENT CONTACTS AND TYPICAL PATTERNS- 853
(2) THREE-OR TWO-CONTACT PATTERNS 854
(3) SINGLE-CONTACT PATTERNS-- 858
(4) THE VICTIM S DOMICILE OR NATIONALITY 863
(5) SUMMARY AND RULE 865
IV. PARTICULAR TORT PROBLEMS 866
A. INJURY TO INTANGIBLE VALUES 867
1. FRAUD AND MISREPRESENTATION 867
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII
PAGE
2. UNFAIR COMPETITION 868
3. ALIENATION OF AFFECTIONS 871
4. DEFAMATION AND INVASION OF PRIVACY 872
B. STATUTORY LIABILITY 874
1. NO-FAULT LIABILITY 874
A. IN GENERAL 874
B. LAW GOVERNING THE TORTFEASOR S LIABILITY 879
B. COVERAGE OF THE NO-FAULT STATUTES 881
2. WORKERS COMPENSATION 883
A. WORKERS COMPENSATION BENEFITS 883
B. STATUTORY BENEFITS AND TORT IMMUNITY - 886
C. EXCLUSIVITY WITH REGARD TO SUBCONTRACTORS AND
THEIR EMPLOYEES 888
D. MUTUAL EMPLOYMENT FOR BENEFIT OF TWO EMPLOY-
ERS 889
C. ADMIRALTY 890
V. PRODUCTS LIABILITY 896
A. IN GENERAL 896
B. SAMPLES FROM THE CASE LAW 900
1. COMMON DENOMINATORS 900
A. RECENT TRENDS 900
B. PERTINENT CONTACTS 901
C. TYPICAL PATTERNS 903
2. CASES IN WHICH EACH STATE S LAW FAVORS THE LOCAL
LITIGANT (TRUE CONFLICTS) 905
A. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-DEFENDANT LAW OF A DE-
FENDANT-AFFILIATED STATE 905
B. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-RECOVERY LAW OF A VIC-
TIM-AFFILIATED STATE 907
(1) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY THREE CONTACTS 907
(2) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY TWO CONTACTS 909
(3) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY A SINGLE CONTACT 912
3. CASES IN WHICH EACH STATE S LAW FAVORS A LITIGANT
AFFILIATED WITH THE OTHER STATE.-- 918
A. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-RECOVERY LAW OF A DEFEN-
DANT-AFFILIATED STATE 919
B. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-DEFENDANT LAW OF A VIC-
TIM-AFFILIATED STATE 924
(1) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY THREE CONTACTS - 924
(2) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY TWO CONTACTS 929
(3) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY A SINGLE CONTACT 933
C. CHOICE-OF-LAW RULES 934
1. ENACTED RULES 934
2. PROPOSED RULES 937
3. COMMON FEATURES AND DIFFERENCES 939
VI. TERRITORIALITY AND PERSONALITY IN TORT CONFLICTS 942
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER 18. CONTRACTS
I. CHOICE OF LAW BY THE PARTIES (PARTY AUTONOMY)
A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
B. LIMITATIONS ON PARTY AUTONOMY
1. QUESTIONS OF INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION 95B
2. VALIDITY AND PUBLIC POLICY 957
A. PUBLIC POLICY LIMITATION IN GENERAL 957
(1) WHICH STATE S PUBLIC POLICY? 957
(2) WHICH LEVEL OF PUBLIC POLICY? 960
(3) PUBLIC POLICY AND MANDATORY RULES 961
(4) FUNDAMENTAL POLICY 963
B. PUBLIC POLICY IN SPECIFIC CONTEXTS - 966
3. THE REQUIREMENT OF A SUBSTANTIAL RELATIONSHIP 974
A. IN GENERAL 974
B. SATISFACTION OF THE REQUIREMENT: CONNECTING FAC-
TORS 977
C. SECOND RESTATEMENT, § 187 979
1. CONNECTION WITH CHOSEN LAW 980
2. PUBLIC POLICY LIMITATION 982
3. VALIDATION 982
D. SECTION 1-105 OF THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 983
II. CHOICE OF LAW IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE-OF-LAW AGREEMENT*. 987
A. THE CLASSIC APPROACH --- 988
B. MODERN APPROACHES 991
1. OVERVIEW 991
2. THE CASE LAW: ISSUE IDENTIFICATION (CHARACTERIZATION)
AND CONNECTING FACTORS 992
3. THE CHOICE-OF-LAW APPROACHES IN THE COURTS: SUM-
MARY 1000
III. CONTRACT CHOICE-OF-LAW BY SUBJECT MATTER 1005
A. CONTRACTS BY SUBJECT MATTER 1006
1. INTERESTS IN LAND 1006
2. SALES OF CHATTELS * * 1007
A. INTERSTATE TRANSACTIONS 1007
I. RESTATEMENT AND U.C.C 1007
II. CASE LAW 1007
B. INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS 1009
3. INSURANCE CONTRACTS 1011
4. SURETYSHIP 1016
5. CONTRACTS FOR THE REPAYMENT OF MONEY LENT 1017
6. RENDITION OF SERVICES--- 1019
7. AGENCY 1023
8. OTHER CONTRACTS 1030
B. CONTRACT ISSUES ... 1034
IV. CHOICE-OF-LAW ALTERNATIVES 1037
V. UNJUST ENRICHMENT 1040
A. INTRODUCTION 1040
1. IN GENERAL 1040
2. CASE CATEGORIES 1041
B. CHOICE-OF-LAW ALTERNATIVES 1042
1. PREEXISTING (CONTRACTUAL) RELATIONSHIPS . 1042
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
PAGE
2. VOLUNTARY BESTOWAL OF BENEFITS 1045
3. CLAIMS RELATED TO TORT 1047
4. EQUITABLE REMEDIES 1049
5. EXTENT AND NATURE OF RELIEF 1051
CHAPTER 19. PROPERTY 1053
I. INTERESTS IN LAND 1054
A. INTRODUCTION 1054
B. THE SITUS RULE 1056
C. CONTRACT AND CONVEYANCE DISTINCTIONS 1058
1. POLICY ANALYSIS*CAPACITY 1058
D. PARTICULAR ISSUES 1061
1. CONVEYANCES: EFFECT AND CONSTRUCTION 1061
2. COVENANTS 1063
E. EQUITABLE INTERESTS 1064
1. GENERALLY 1064
2. EQUITABLE SERVITUDES 1065
3. EQUITABLE REMEDIES 1066
F. ENCUMBRANCES 1069
II. TANGIBLE MOVABLES 1072
A. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 1072
B. CHATTEL TRANSFERS-- 1075
1. CONTRACT AND PROPERTY ISSUES 1075
2. SITUS AND MARKET POLICIES 1076
3. PRESCRIPTION 1078
4. REMOVAL OF A CHATTEL 1079
C. CHATTEL SECURITY 1081
1. INTRODUCTION 1081
2. THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 1082
A. INTRODUCTION 1082
B. DOCUMENTS, INSTRUMENTS, AND ORDINARY GOODS 1084
C. GOODS COVERED BY A CERTIFICATE OF TITLE 1090
D. ACCOUNTS, GENERAL INTANGIBLES AND MOBILE GOODS..-1091
E. CHATTEL PAPER 1096
F. MINERALS 1097
G. UNCERTIFICATED SECURITIES AND OTHER INVESTMENT
PROPERTY 1097
H. RENVOI 1098
3. TREATIES 1099
III. INTANGIBLES 1101
A. INTRODUCTION 1101
B. ASSIGNABILITY OF INTANGIBLE 1101
C. ASSIGNMENT OF INTANGIBLES 1103
1. INTRODUCTION -... 1103
2. ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF CREDITORS 1104
3. COMMERCIAL ASSIGNMENTS 1105
D. CORPORATE STOCK 1107
XXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER 20. SUCCESSION
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INTESTATE SUCCESSION * J
A. IMMOVABLES*LAND
111U
B. MOVABLES
1114
III. TESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION HI?
A. INTRODUCTION- 1117
B. WILLS OF IMMOVABLES*LAND - 1H&
1. FORMAL VALIDITY *- - -1118
2. VALIDITY*TESTAMENTARY TRUSTS - 1121
3. CONSTRUCTION - * 1123
C. WILLS OF MOVABLES - *- 1125
1. VALIDITY - 1125
2. RESTRICTIONS ON CHARITABLE GIFTS - 1128
3. REVOCATION 1129
A. BY INSTRUMENT OR PHYSICAL ACT - 1129
B. BY OPERATION OF LAW 1130
4. CONSTRUCTION 1131
IV. FAMILY PROTECTION*FORCED SHARES*ELECTION ----1133
A. FORCED SHARES - - 1133
B. ELECTION 1136
V. INTERNATIONAL WILLS --- 1138
VI. DEVISES TO ALIENS---- 1140
CHAPTER 21. TRUSTS AND POWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1142
I. TRUSTS 1142
A. INTRODUCTION 1142
B. VALIDITY *- - 1143
1. TESTAMENTARY TRUSTS - 1143
2. INTER VIVOS TRUSTS 1145
C. ADMINISTRATION OF TRUSTS.--- 1149
1. INTRODUCTION - _. 1149
2. QUALIFICATION OF FOREIGN TRUSTEES 1150
3. ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES 1151
4. CHANGE IN PLACE OF ADMINISTRATION 1153
II. POWERS OF APPOINTMENT - 1154
A. INTRODUCTION _.._ 1154
B. VALIDITY OF A POWER 1155
C. NATURE AND SCOPE OF A POWER 1156
D. EXERCISE OF POWERS 1157
1. GENERALLY 1157
2. RULE AGAINST PERPETUITIES 1160
3. EXERCISE BY RESIDUARY CLAUSE 1162
CHAPTER 22. PROBATE AND ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1164
I. PROBATE--
1165
A. INTRODUCTION 1165
B. PROBATE OF WILL OF MOVABLES H65
C. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN PROBATE HG6
D. PROBATE OF WILL OF IMMOVABLES*LAND 1168
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII
PAGE
II. ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1170
A. INTRODUCTION 1170
B. PLACE AND NECESSITY OF ADMINISTRATION 1170
1. DOMICILE 1170
2. SITUS OF TANGIBLE ASSETS 1171
3. CHATTELS TEMPORARILY PRESENT WITHIN A STATE 1172
4. CHATTELS BROUGHT INTO A STATE AFTER OWNER S DEATH----1173
5. INTANGIBLES 1174
6. COMMERCIAL PAPER 1178
7. CORPORATE STOCK 1180
8. LIFE INSURANCE 1182
C. POWERS OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OUTSIDE APPOINTING
STATE---- 1183
1. POWER TO SUE 1183
2. OTHER ACTS -1186
3. PAYMENT TO A FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVE 1189
4. TRANSFER OF CLAIM BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE 1191
5. SUITS ARISING OUT OF ADMINISTRATION 1192
6. ACTIONS AGAINST FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES - 1194
7. PRIVITY BETWEEN FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES 1200
D. CREDITORS CLAIMS*PROOF AND PAYMENT 1206
E. SPOUSAL AND FAMILY ALLOWANCES 1208
III. ACCOUNTING AND DISTRIBUTION 1209
IV. GUARDIANS AND CONSERVATORS 1211
A. IN GENERAL 1211
B. CONSERVATORS 1212
C. GUARDIANS OF THE PERSON 1216
CHAPTER 23. CORPORATIONS, WINDING-UP, AND BANKRUPTCY - - - 1218
I. THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CORPORATIONS 1218
A. THE LAW OF THE PLACE OF INCORPORATION- 1218
1. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE 1218
2. SPECIAL CHOICE-OF-LAW RULES 1223
3. APPLICATIONS OF THE INCORPORATION*RULE 1226
B. REGULATION OF FOREIGN CORPORATIONS BY THE FORUM 1229
1. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS 1229
2. QUALIFICATION STATUTES 1230
3. PSEUDO-FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 1232
4. PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL 1233
C. DISSOLUTION AND WINDING-UP 1234
II. BANKRUPTCY 1235
A. INTRODUCTION 1235
B. INTERSTATE BANKRUPTCY 1239
C. INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY--- 1248
1. EFFECT OF FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 1249
2. EFFECT OF U.S. PROCEEDINGS ABROAD * 1252
D. INSOLVENCY OF RELATED AND OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS --1253
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER 24. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS AND DECREES 1257
I. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 1258
A. THE POLICY OF PRECLUSION 1258
B. PRECLUSION AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERSTATE JUDGMENTS 1261
C. PRECLUSION AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL JUDG-
MENTS 1264
D. METHODS OF ENFORCING FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 1268
II. INTERSTATE RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1272
A. WHAT CONSTITUTES ENFORCEABLE FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS 1272
1. FINALITY 1272
2. EQUITY DECREES: JURISDICTION AND RECOGNITION 1273
3. FOREIGN DECREES RELATING TO LAND 1276
4. NATURE OF THE PROCEEDING 1278
B. METHODS OF ENFORCING INTERSTATE JUDGMENTS 1279
1. FULL FAITH AND CREDIT 1279
2. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT BY REGISTRATION OR SUM-
MARY PROCEEDING 1282
C. DEFENSES TO CLAIM ON SISTER-STATE JUDGMENTS 1284
1. LACK OF JURISDICTION OF RENDERING COURT 1284
2. JUDGMENT OBTAINED BY FRAUD; EQUITABLE DEFENSES 1288
3. THE PUBLIC POLICY OF THE FORUM, PENAL JUDGMENTS,
TAX JUDGMENTS, AND LACK OF A COMPETENT COURT 1289
A. PUBLIC POLICY 1291
B. NO COMPETENT COURT IN RECOGNIZING FORUM 1293
C. TAX AND PENAL JUDGMENTS AND CLAIMS 1296
4. FOREIGN JUDGMENT NOT ON THE MERITS 1298
5. OTHER DEFENSES 1302
III. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1308
A. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 1308
1. EARLY APPROACHES AND THE HILTON DOCTRINE 1308
2. RECOGNITION PRACTICE AFTER HILTON AND ERIE 1310
3. FOREIGN APPROACHES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S.
RECOGNITION PRACTICE 1315
4. FEDERAL PREEMPTION BY RECOGNITION TREATY 1322
5. VALUATION OF FOREIGN MONEY-JUDGMENTS 1326
B. DEFENSES TO CLAIM ON FOREIGN-COUNTRY JUDGMENT 1328
1. JURISDICTION 1S9Q
2. FOREIGN JUDGMENT FOR TAXES OR PENALTIES 1331
3. PUBLIC POLICY I^QQ
4. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION TREATIES AND PRECLUSION - 1336
IV. EXTRALITIGIOUS PROCEEDINGS, ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATIONS
AND ARBITRAL AWARDS ***
LOO/
PUBLISHER S APPENDIX. RESEARCHING CONFLICT OF LAWS--- 1 04C
TABLE OF RESTATEMENT CITATIONS
LOOL
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX
PAGE
TABLE OF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE CITATIONS 1371
TABLE OF UNIFORM PROBATE CODE CITATIONS 1375
TABLE OF STATUTES AND RULES 1377
TABLE OF CASES .. 1397
INDEX 1549
|
| adam_txt |
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
PAGE
NTRACTS
946
HOICE OF LAW BY THE PARTIES (PARTY AUTONOMY) 947
HOICE OF LAW IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE-OF-LAW AGREEMENT*. 987
ONTRACT CHOICE-OF-LAW BY SUBJECT MATTER 1005
HOICE-OF-LAW ALTERNATIVES 1037
NJUST ENRICHMENT 1040
OPERTY 1053
ITERESTS IN LAND 1054
ANGIBLE MOVABLES 1072
ITANGIBLES - - 1101
CCESSION - 1109
LTRODUCTION 1109
ITESTATE SUCCESSION 1110
ESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION 1117
AMILY PROTECTION*FORCED SHARES*ELECTION 1133
ITERNATIONAL WILLS 1138
REVISES TO ALIENS 1140
LISTS AND POWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1142
'RUSTS 1142
OWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1154
*OBATE AND ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1164
ROBATE 1165
LDMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1170
ICCOUNTING AND DISTRIBUTION 1209
HIARDIANS AND CONSERVATORS 1211
)RPORATIONS, WINDING-UP, AND BANKRUPTCY 1218
'HE LAW APPLICABLE TO CORPORATIONS 1218
IANKRUPTCY 1235
SCOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS AND DE-
:REES ._ .1257
VELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 1258
NTERSTATE RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1272
NTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1308
CXTRALITIGIOUS PROCEEDINGS, ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATIONS,
AND ARBITRAL AWARDS 1337
IER'S APPENDIX; RESEARCHING CONFLICT OF LAWS _. 1345
3F RESTATEMENT CITATIONS 1361
DF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE CITATIONS 1371
3F UNIFORM PROBATE CODE CITATIONS.-.- 1375
3F
STATUTES AND RULES
I377
DF CASES
1397
1549
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE V
WESTLAW
OVERVIEW
VII
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECT DEFINED AND OVER-
VIEW 1
I. DEFINITIONS*CONFLICT OF LAWS*PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW* 1
II. SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT 3
CHAPTER 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF AP-
PROACHES TO CHOICE OF LAW 5
I. INTRODUCTION 6
II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 9
A. FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO MEDIEVAL ITALY 9
B. BARTOLUS AND THE ITALIAN STATUTISTS 10
C. THE FRENCH STATUTISTS - 13
D. THE DUTCH CONTRIBUTION: COMITY 14
E. THE GERMAN CONTRIBUTION: WACHTER AND SAVIGNY 15
III. THE AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO THE CONFLICTS REVOLUTION 18
A. FROM "COMITY" (STORY) TO "VESTED RIGHTS" (BEALE) 18
B. THE FIRST CRITICS (COOK AND CAVERS) 22
IV. THE SCHOLASTIC REVOLUTION 25
A. "GOVERNMENTAL INTERESTS ANALYSIS" (CURRIE) 25
B. THE LEX-FORI APPROACH (EHRENZWEIG) 38
C. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES 43
D. VALUE-ORIENTED APPROACHES 47
1. IN GENERAL 47
2. THE "BETTER LAW" APPROACH 52
V. THE SECOND RESTATEMENT 58
VI. THE JUDICIAL REVOLUTION - 68
A. THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTION IN TORTS AND CONTRACTS 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI DELICTI RULE 69
3. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI CONTRACTUS RULE 74
B. THE REVOLUTION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21 ST CENTURY 79
1. INTRODUCTION 79
2. CAVEATS 79
3. THE METHODOLOGICAL CAMPS 84
4. TRADITIONAL STATES 86
5. SIGNIFICANT-CONTACTS STATES- 98
XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE V
WESTLAW
OVERVIEW
VII
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECT DEFINED AND OVER-
VIEW 1
I. DEFINITIONS*CONFLICT OF LAWS*PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 1
II. SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT 3
CHAPTER 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATE OF AP-
PROACHES TO CHOICE OF LAW 5
I. INTRODUCTION 6
II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 9
A. FROM ANCIENT GREECE TO MEDIEVAL ITALY 9
B. BARTOLUS AND THE ITALIAN STATUTISTS 10
C. THE FRENCH STATUTISTS- 13
D. THE DUTCH CONTRIBUTION: COMITY 14
E. THE GERMAN CONTRIBUTION: WACHTER AND SAVIGNY 15
III. THE AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT PRIOR TO THE CONFLICTS REVOLUTION 18
A. FROM "COMITY" (STORY) TO "VESTED RIGHTS" (BEALE) 18
B. THE FIRST CRITICS (COOK AND CAVERS) 22
IV. THE SCHOLASTIC REVOLUTION 25
A. "GOVERNMENTAL INTERESTS ANALYSIS" (CURRIE) 25
B. THE LEX-FORI APPROACH (EHRENZWEIG) 38
C. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES 43
D. VALUE-ORIENTED APPROACHES 47
1. IN GENERAL 47
2. THE "BETTER LAW" APPROACH 52
V. THE SECOND RESTATEMENT - 58
VI. THE JUDICIAL REVOLUTION 68
A. THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE REVOLUTION IN TORTS AND CONTRACTS 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI DELICTI RULE 69
3. THE EROSION OF THE LEX LOCI CONTRACTUS RULE 74
B. THE REVOLUTION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY 79
1. INTRODUCTION 79
2. CAVEATS 79
3. THE METHODOLOGICAL CAMPS 84
4. TRADITIONAL STATES 86
5. SIGNIFICANT-CONTACTS STATES 98
XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
PAGE
V. PROBLEMS OF FEDERALISM: FEDERAL COMMON LAW 208
A. THE STANDARD 208
B. THE FEDERAL INTEREST 212
1. GOVERNMENT OBLIGATIONS 212
2. CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT 215
3. TORT-RELATED ISSUES 216
4. PRIVATE DISPUTES OVER GOVERNMENT-CREATED RIGHTS .--. 218
C. WHEN IS FEDERAL COMMON LAW APPROPRIATE? 220
VI. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 222
A. IN GENERAL 222
B. MULTILATERAL TREATIES 223
C. BILATERAL TREATIES 226
D. CONCLUSION 231
CHAPTER 4. DOMICILE 232
I. INTRODUCTION*THE USE OF THE DOMICILE CONCEPT IN CONFLICT OF
LAWS 233
II. PRELIMINARY MATTERS SIGNIFICANT IN CONSIDERING DOMICILE 235
A. FINDINGS, EVIDENCE AND PRECLUSION BY PRIOR LITIGATION 235
B. LAW DETERMINING OR CHARACTERIZING DOMICILE 239
III. DOMICILE COMPARED AND DEFINED 241
A. DOMICILE COMPARED TO NATIONALITY*INTERNATIONAL CON-
FLICTS 241
B. DOMICILE COMPARED TO RESIDENCE, HABITUAL RESIDENCE AND
OTHER PERSISTENT RELATIONSHIPS 244
C. DOMICILE DEFINED 249
IV. TRADITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ACQUISITION OF A DOMICILE OF
CHOICE 251
A. IN GENERAL - 251
B. PHYSICAL PRESENCE 252
C. INTENT NECESSARY FOR DOMICILE 255
1. IN GENERAL 255
2. DOMICILE OF A PERSON HAVING MULTIPLE HOMES 257
3. INTENT DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTIVE 259
4. FREEDOM TO EXERCISE CHOICE 260
V. GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES OF DOMICILE 265
VI. DOMICILE AS AFFECTED BY STATUS 266
A. DOMICILE OF ALIENS 266
B. DOMICILE OF MARRIED PERSONS 269
C. DERIVATIVE DOMICILE 271
1. DOMICILE OF ORIGIN 271
2. DOMICILE OF MINOR*GENERAL 273
3. CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK 276
4. ADOPTED CHILDREN 277
5. SEPARATED PARENTS 277
6. DEATH OF PARENT 278
7. EMANCIPATION 280
8. MARRIAGE OF MINOR 281
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
D. CAPACITY TO ACQUIRE A DOMICILE- 281
VII. ANALOGOUS RELATIONSHIPS OF CORPORATE ENTITIES 283
CHAPTER 5. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN PERSONAL JURISDICTION 284
I. INTRODUCTION 284
II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN JURISDICTION 286
A. 1789-1877: DEVELOPING FULL FAITH AND CREDIT STANDARDS* 286
B. 1878-1944: DEVELOPING DUE PROCESS STANDARDS 288
C. 1945-PRESENT: THE MINIMUM CONTACTS TEST- 292
III. TRADITIONAL JURISDICTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 295
A. IN REM JURISDICTION 295
B. QUASI IN REM JURISDICTION 297
C. STATUS JURISDICTION - 299
D. IN PERSONAM JURISDICTION 300
E. CONTINUING SIGNIFICANCE OF TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES 301
IV. NEW JURISDICTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 305
A. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION - 305
1. RELATED CONTACTS: DISTINGUISHING SPECIFIC FROM GENER-
AL JURISDICTION 305
2. PURPOSEFUL AVAILMENT 309
3. REASONABLENESS -~ 314
B. GENERAL JURISDICTION 316
V. THE NEED FOR STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION 320
A. STATE COURTS 320
B. FEDERAL COURTS 322
VI. OTHER JURISDICTIONAL ISSUES COMPARED 324
A. NOTICE AND OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD 324
B. COMPETENCE OF THE COURT*SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION 326
C. VENUE 327
VII. CHALLENGING JURISDICTION 329
A. DIRECT ATTACKS 329
1. FEDERAL COURT*FRCP 12(B) 329
2. STATE COURTS 331
B. COLLATERAL ATTACKS 332
C. LIMITED APPEARANCES 333
VIII. CONTINUING JURISDICTION 334
CHAPTER 6. GENERALJURISDICTION 336
I. INTRODUCTION ._ 336
II. "SATELLITE" BASES OF JURISDICTION 338
A. TRANSIENT JURISDICTION*THE RULE OF IN-STATE SERVICE 338
B. CONSENT 34Q
C. RESIDENCE, DOMICILE AND NATIONALITY 343
D. APPEARANCE 345
E. JURISDICTION BY NECESSITY 348
III. CONTACTS-BASED GENERALJURISDICTION 350
A. DISTINGUISHED FROM SPECIFIC JURISDICTION 350
B. APPLICATION TO INDIVIDUAL DEFENDANTS 353
C. "CONTINUOUS AND SYSTEMATIC" CONTACTS* 354
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
PAGE
CHAPTER 7. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION IN TORT CASES 360
I. INTRODUCTION 360
II. PERSONAL INJURIES 361
A. PRODUCTS LIABILITY*THE "STREAM OF COMMERCE" TEST 361
B. INTENTIONAL TORTS 367
C. NEGLIGENCE 370
D. OTHER STRICT LIABILITY 372
III. INJURIES TO PROPERTY 373
A. PERSONAL PROPERTY 373
B. REAL PROPERTY 374
IV. INJURIES TO REPUTATION 376
A. LIBEL 376
B. SLANDER 379
C. INVASION OF PRIVACY 381
V. ECONOMIC INJURIES 382
A. INTERFERENCE WITH CONTRACT AND RELATED TORTS 382
B. FRAUD AND RELATED TORTS 384
CHAPTER 8. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION IN CONTRACT CASES 386
I. INTRODUCTION 386
II. INSURANCE CONTRACTS 389
III. FRANCHISE AND SIMILAR CONTRACTS 392
IV. EMPLOYMENT AND PERSONAL SERVICE CONTRACTS 395
V. PURCHASE AND SALE CONTRACTS 397
VI. CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS 399
VII. LEASES 400
VIII. CARRIAGE CONTRACTS 401
CHAPTER 9. SPECIFIC JURISDICTION IN STATUTORY CASES 403
I. INTRODUCTION 403
II. ENVIRONMENTAL HARM 406
III. COPYRIGHT AND TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT 408
IV. PATENT INFRINGEMENT 411
V. EMPLOYMENT-RELATED STATUTORY OBLIGATIONS 414
VI. SECURITIES AND RELATED STATUTES 416
VII. PRIVATE ANTITRUST AND OTHER UNFAIR TRADE ACTIONS 419
VIII. ANTI-FRAUD STATUTES 421
CHAPTER 10. SPECIAL JURISDICTIONAL PROBLEMS 423
I. INTRODUCTION 423
II. FEDERAL COURT PERSONAL JURISDICTION 424
A. FIFTH AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT STANDARDS 424
B. FEDERAL RULE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 4(K) 429
1. INCORPORATION OF STATE LONG-ARM STATUTES 429
2. THE "100-MILE BULGE RULE" 431
3. FEDERAL RULE 4(K)(2) *- 433
C. ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION 435
D. BANKRUPTCY CASES 440
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
E. REMOVED CASES
442
III. CLASS ACTIONS
444
A. JURISDICTION OVER DEFENDANTS
444
B. JURISDICTION OVER PLAINTIFFS 446
1. OPT-OUT CLASSES 446
2. MANDATORY CLASSES
44
8
IV. SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF JURISDICTION OVER BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS- 450
A. PARTNERSHIPS AND OTHER UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 450
B. DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS 453
C. FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 454
1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 454
2. CURRENT JURISDICTIONAL THEORY 457
D. CORPORATE PARENT-SUBSIDIARY RELATIONSHIPS 460
E. JURISDICTION OVER INDIVIDUALS FOR CORPORATE OR FIDUCIARY
ACTIVITIES 462
V. PENDENT PERSONAL JURISDICTION. -- 464
VI. FOREIGN STATES AND INSTRUMENTALITIES 469
CHAPTER 11. LIMITATIONS ON JURISDICTION 477
I. INTRODUCTION * 477
II. CONTRACTUAL LIMITATIONS ON FORUM SELECTION * - 478
A. EXCLUSIVE AND NON-EXCLUSIVE FORUM CLAUSES 478
B. ENFORCEABILITY IN FEDERAL COURTS 481
1. NON-DIVERSITY CASES - 481
2. DIVERSITY CASES 486
C. ENFORCEABILITY IN STATE COURTS 488
D. INTERPRETATION AND SCOPE OF FORUM CLAUSES 489
E. JUDGMENT RECOGNITION ISSUES 491
III. FORUM NON CONVENIENS - 492
A. INTRODUCTION 492
B. SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN APPLICATION 495
1. PREFERENCE FOR CHOSEN FORUM 495
2. AVAILABILITY OF ANOTHER FORUM 496
3. OTHER FACTORS * - 498
4. METHODS OF APPLICATION 501
5. STATE PRACTICE ._ 502
C. FEDERAL TRANSFERS---- 505
IV. IMMUNITIES FROM SERVICE 508
V. OTHER FEDERAL LIMITATIONS ON STATE COURT JURISDICTION-- - 509
VI. NATIVE AMERICAN AND INDIAN COUNTRY LIMITATIONS 510
CHAPTER 12. PROCEDURE 518
I. NOTICE 5^9
A. METHOD OF NOTICE * 519
B. OPPORTUNITY TO BE HEARD 521
C. WAIVER OF NOTICE *. 522
II. SERVICE ABROAD OF DOCUMENTS 523
III. TAKING EVIDENCE ABROAD 529
IV. ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE: TESTIMONIAL PRIVILEGE 536
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
PAGE
A. INTRODUCTION 536
B. INTERSTATE CONFLICTS 537
C. INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS 540
D. THE INTERSTATE AND CONVENTION APPROACHES COMPARED * 542
V. PROOF OF FOREIGN LAW 543
A. THE FACT APPROACH TO FOREIGN LAW 543
1. THE COMMON LAW BACKGROUND 543
2. OTHER LEGAL SYSTEMS 546
B. STATE STATUTES AND UNIFORM LAWS 547
C. FEDERAL LAW 549
D. WHEN PROOF FAILS: PRESUMPTIONS AND USE OF THE LEX FORI 553
CHAPTER 13. FORMING DOMESTIC RELATIONSHIPS 557
I. MARRIAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF DOMESTIC RELATIONSHIPS AS A
PROBLEM IN THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 558
A. MARRIAGE AS A CONTRACT AND A STATUS 558
B. MARRIAGE: SIGNIFICANT POLICIES 558
C. MARRIAGE AND OTHER RELATIONSHIPS AS AN INCIDENTAL QUES-
TION 561
D. COMPETING APPROACHES IN CHOICE OF LAW: DOMICILE AND
NATIONALITY 563
II. LAW GOVERNING RECOGNITION OF MARRIAGE 564
A. THE TRADITIONAL STATEMENT 564
B. REQUIREMENTS OF PLACE OF CELEBRATION 566
C. PROHIBITIONS OF THE DOMICILE OF THE PARTIES 570
1. FORM AND CAPACITY 570
2. SUBSTANTIVE PROHIBITION 571
3. PROHIBITIONS UPON REMARRIAGE AFTER DIVORCE: PROGRES-
SIVE POLYGAMY 573
4. MISCEGENATION 577
5. "INCESTUOUS" MARRIAGES 578
6. NON-AGE*CONSENT OF PARENT 578
7. MARRIAGE EVASION LEGISLATION 579
D. EFFECT IN THIRD STATE OF MARRIAGE VOID BY LAW OF DOMICILE 580
E. MARRIAGE OF PARTIES WITH DIFFERENT DOMICILES 581
F. THE COVENANT MARRIAGE 583
III. UNUSUAL MARRIAGES, SAME-SEX MARRIAGES AND UNIONS, CON-
TRACTUAL DOMESTIC ARRANGEMENTS 584
A. UNUSUAL MARRIAGES 584
B. SAME-SEX MARRIAGES AND UNIONS 591
C. OTHER PARTNERSHIPS 594
CHAPTER 14. MARITAL PROPERTY 596
I. PRELIMINARY POLICY OBSERVATIONS 596
A. INTRODUCTION 596
B. COMMON LAW SYSTEM 597
C. COMMUNITY OR MARITAL PROPERTY SYSTEM 598
D. MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY AS CONFLICT OF LAWS ISSUES 599
XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
II. IMMOVABLES 602
A. LAND OWNED AT TIME OF MARRIAGE 602
B. LAND ACQUIRED AFTER MARRIAGE *- 603
C. INCOME FROM IMMOVABLES 606
III. MOVABLES -
607
A. MOVABLES OWNED AT TIME OF MARRIAGE 607
B. MOVABLES ACQUIRED SUBSEQUENT TO MARRIAGE - 609
C. INCOME FROM MOVABLES 613
D. ACCRUAL VALUES: INSURANCE, PENSIONS, ETC. .- 613
IV. SUBSEQUENT INTENTIONAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS - *- 616
V. THE SEPARATE PROPERTY AND QUASI-COMMUNITY PROPERTY CON-
CEPTS - - -- 618
A. CHARACTERIZATION OF SEPARATE PROPERTY - 618
B. QUASI-COMMUNITY PROPERTY 620
VI. CONTRACTUAL MODIFICATION OF THE MARITAL PROPERTY REGIME 621
VII. DEBTS-- 623
CHAPTER 15. DISSOLUTION OF DOMESTIC RELATIONSHIPS AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES 627
I. INTERSTATE RECOGNITION OF DISSOLUTION DECREES 628
A. INTRODUCTION* - 628
1. IN GENERAL - 628
2. DOMICILE AND CHOICE OF LAW -~ 630
B. EX PARTE DIVORCES *- * * 633
1. FULL FAITH AND CREDIT AND THE DOMICILE REQUIREMENT:
THE WILLIAMS CASES 633
2. DOMICILE AND DURATIONAL RESIDENCE REQUIREMENTS - 635
C. INTER PARTES DIVORCES - 637
D. THE EFFECT OF A COLLATERAL DETERMINATION OF INVALIDITY 640
E. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK - 645
II. ANNULMENT IN THE UNITED STATES- 646
III. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF DISSOLUTION DECREES *. 648
A. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN-COUNTRY JUDICIAL DIVORCES IN THE
UNITED STATES - 648
B. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN NON-JUDICIAL DIVORCES IN THE UNIT-
ED STATES- 657
C. RECOGNITION OF U.S. DISSOLUTION DECREES ABROAD 662
IV. INCIDENTS OF DIVORCE DECREES: SUPPORT AND CUSTODY 663
A. DIVISIBLE DIVORCE 663
B. SUPPORT OBLIGATIONS _ 669
1. ESTABLISHING THE SUPPORT OBLIGATION BY JUDICIAL DE-
CREE
669
2. ENFORCEMENT AND MODIFICATION OF SUPPORT DECREES 671
A. LUMP SUM CHILD SUPPORT AND CLAIMS FOR ADDI-
TIONAL SUPPORT G72
B. MODIFICATION OF SUPPORT DECREES - 674
C CHOICE OF LAW FOR MODIFICATION 676
D. SUMMARY G-JG
3. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION 573
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
PAGE
C. CHILD CUSTODY 680
1. OBTAINING CUSTODY 680
2. INTERSTATE RECOGNITION AND MODIFICATION 683
3. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION AND MODIFICATION 689
CHAPTER 16. LEGITIMATION AND ADOPTION 693
I. LEGITIMACY AND LEGITIMATION 693
A. STATUS 693
B. INHERITANCE RIGHTS OF LEGITIMATE AND LEGITIMATED CHIL-
DREN 696
C. INHERITANCE RIGHTS OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN 697
II. ADOPTION 699
A. JURISDICTION TO DECREE AN ADOPTION 700
B. EXTRASTATE CONSEQUENCES OF ADOPTION 703
C. INTERNATIONAL ADOPTIONS 704
CHAPTER 17. TORTS - 709
I. INTRODUCTION 711
II. CHOICE-OF-LAW APPROACHES TO TORTS IN GENERAL 713
A. TRADITIONAL APPROACHES: THE FIRST RESTATEMENT'S LEX LOCI
TEST 713
1. THE LEX-LOCI-DELICTI RULE 713
2. CHARACTERIZATION 722
B. INTEREST ANALYSIS 726
1. IN GENERAL* 726
2. INTEREST ANALYSIS AND THE LEX-FORI VARIANT IN THE
COURTS 728
A. FALSE CONFLICTS 728
B. TRUE CONFLICTS 730
C. UNPROVIDED-FOR CASES-- 734
D. THE LEX-FORI VARIANT 737
3. THE "COMPARATIVE IMPAIRMENT" APPROACH 741
A. THE CALIFORNIA VERSION 741
B. THE LOUISIANA VERSION 749
C. THE "BETTER LAW" APPROACH 752
D. THE MOST-SIGNIFICANT-RELATIONSHIP TEST AND THE SECOND
RESTATEMENT 759
1. INTRODUCTION 759
2. THE CASE LAW 761
E. THE NEW YORK EXPERIENCE 770
1. BABCOCK AND GUEST-STATUTE CONFLICTS 770
2. FROM BABCOCK TO NEUMEIER 772
3. THE NEUMEIER RULES 775
4. EXTENDING THE NEUMEIER RULES TO OTHER LOSS-DISTRI-
BUTION CONFLICTS: SCHULTZ AND COONEY 777
III. FROM RULES TO APPROACHES TO RULE8 785
A. FROM RULES TO APPROACHES 785
1. INTRODUCTION 785
2. POLICY ANALYSIS: A SYNTHESIS-* 786
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
A. FALSE CONFLICTS
786
B. CONFLICTING RULES: ACCOMMODATION 787
C. RESOLVING THE IMPASSE 787
3. TIME FOR RULES?
789
B. FROM APPROACHES TO RULES ---- 790
1. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONDUCT-REGULATION RULES
AND LOSS-DISTRIBUTION RULES 790
A. THE ORIGINS AND MEANING OF THE DISTINCTION 790
B. THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE DISTINCTION 793
C. THE USEFULNESS OF THE DISTINCTION 798
2. LOSS-DISTRIBUTION CONFLICTS -- 799
A. COMMON-DOMICILE CASES 799
B. CASES ANALOGOUS TO COMMON-DOMICILE CASES 806
(1) DOMICILE IN STATES WITH SAME LAW 806
(2) PRE-EXISTING RELATIONSHIP - 808
(3) CHOICE-OF-LAW CLAUSES - ~~ 809
C. SPLIT-DOMICILE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE LAWS OF TWO
STATES 812
(1) TRUE CONFLICTS 812
(A) CASES IN WHICH THE CONDUCT, THE INJURY,
AND THE TORTFEASOR'S DOMICILE ARE IN A
STATE WHOSE LAW PROTECTS THE TORTFEASOR 812
(B) CASES IN WHICH THE CONDUCT, THE INJURY,
AND THE DOMICILE OF THE VICTIM ARE IN A
STATE WHOSE LAW PROTECTS THE VICTIM 819
(C) CASES IN WHICH THE CONDUCT AND THE TORT-
FEASOR'S DOMICILE ARE IN A STATE WHOSE
LAW FAVORS THE TORTFEASOR, WHILE THE INJU-
RY AND THE VICTIM'S DOMICILE ARE IN A
STATE WHOSE LAW PROTECTS THE VICTIM - - 824
(2) NO-INTEREST OR UNPROVIDED-FOR CASES - 830
A. THE NEUMEIER PATTERN.- 830
B. THE HURTADO PATTERN 834
C. SUMMARY 835
D. SPLIT-DOMICILE CONFLICTS INVOLVING THREE STATES *. 837
E. SUMMARY AND RULES 841
3. CONDUCT-REGULATION CONFLICTS 842
A. GENERIC CONDUCT-REGULATION CONFLICTS 842
B. SUMMARY AND RULE 850
C. PUNITIVE-DAMAGES CONFLICTS 852
(1) THE PERTINENT CONTACTS AND TYPICAL PATTERNS- 853
(2) THREE-OR TWO-CONTACT PATTERNS 854
(3) SINGLE-CONTACT PATTERNS-- 858
(4) THE VICTIM'S DOMICILE OR NATIONALITY 863
(5) SUMMARY AND RULE 865
IV. PARTICULAR TORT PROBLEMS 866
A. INJURY TO INTANGIBLE VALUES 867
1. FRAUD AND MISREPRESENTATION 867
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII
PAGE
2. UNFAIR COMPETITION 868
3. ALIENATION OF AFFECTIONS 871
4. DEFAMATION AND INVASION OF PRIVACY 872
B. STATUTORY LIABILITY 874
1. NO-FAULT LIABILITY 874
A. IN GENERAL 874
B. LAW GOVERNING THE TORTFEASOR'S LIABILITY 879
B. COVERAGE OF THE NO-FAULT STATUTES 881
2. WORKERS' COMPENSATION 883
A. WORKERS' COMPENSATION BENEFITS 883
B. STATUTORY BENEFITS AND TORT IMMUNITY - 886
C. EXCLUSIVITY WITH REGARD TO SUBCONTRACTORS AND
THEIR EMPLOYEES 888
D. MUTUAL EMPLOYMENT FOR BENEFIT OF TWO EMPLOY-
ERS 889
C. ADMIRALTY 890
V. PRODUCTS LIABILITY 896
A. IN GENERAL 896
B. SAMPLES FROM THE CASE LAW 900
1. COMMON DENOMINATORS 900
A. RECENT TRENDS 900
B. PERTINENT CONTACTS 901
C. TYPICAL PATTERNS 903
2. CASES IN WHICH EACH STATE'S LAW FAVORS THE LOCAL
LITIGANT (TRUE CONFLICTS) 905
A. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-DEFENDANT LAW OF A DE-
FENDANT-AFFILIATED STATE 905
B. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-RECOVERY LAW OF A VIC-
TIM-AFFILIATED STATE 907
(1) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY THREE CONTACTS 907
(2) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY TWO CONTACTS 909
(3) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY A SINGLE CONTACT 912
3. CASES IN WHICH EACH STATE'S LAW FAVORS A LITIGANT
AFFILIATED WITH THE OTHER STATE.-- 918
A. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-RECOVERY LAW OF A DEFEN-
DANT-AFFILIATED STATE 919
B. CASES APPLYING THE PRO-DEFENDANT LAW OF A VIC-
TIM-AFFILIATED STATE 924
(1) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY THREE CONTACTS - 924
(2) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY TWO CONTACTS 929
(3) CHOICE SUPPORTED BY A SINGLE CONTACT 933
C. CHOICE-OF-LAW RULES 934
1. ENACTED RULES 934
2. PROPOSED RULES 937
3. COMMON FEATURES AND DIFFERENCES 939
VI. TERRITORIALITY AND PERSONALITY IN TORT CONFLICTS 942
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER 18. CONTRACTS
I. CHOICE OF LAW BY THE PARTIES (PARTY AUTONOMY)
A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
B. LIMITATIONS ON PARTY AUTONOMY
1. QUESTIONS OF INTERPRETATION AND CONSTRUCTION 95B
2. VALIDITY AND PUBLIC POLICY 957
A. PUBLIC POLICY LIMITATION IN GENERAL 957
(1) WHICH STATE'S PUBLIC POLICY? 957
(2) WHICH LEVEL OF PUBLIC POLICY? 960
(3) PUBLIC POLICY AND "MANDATORY RULES" 961
(4) "FUNDAMENTAL POLICY" 963
B. PUBLIC POLICY IN SPECIFIC CONTEXTS - 966
3. THE REQUIREMENT OF A "SUBSTANTIAL RELATIONSHIP" 974
A. IN GENERAL 974
B. SATISFACTION OF THE REQUIREMENT: CONNECTING FAC-
TORS 977
C. SECOND RESTATEMENT, § 187 979
1. CONNECTION WITH CHOSEN LAW 980
2. PUBLIC POLICY LIMITATION 982
3. VALIDATION 982
D. SECTION 1-105 OF THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 983
II. CHOICE OF LAW IN THE ABSENCE OF CHOICE-OF-LAW AGREEMENT*. 987
A. THE CLASSIC APPROACH --- 988
B. MODERN APPROACHES 991
1. OVERVIEW 991
2. THE CASE LAW: ISSUE IDENTIFICATION (CHARACTERIZATION)
AND CONNECTING FACTORS 992
3. THE CHOICE-OF-LAW APPROACHES IN THE COURTS: SUM-
MARY 1000
III. CONTRACT CHOICE-OF-LAW BY SUBJECT MATTER 1005
A. CONTRACTS BY SUBJECT MATTER 1006
1. INTERESTS IN LAND 1006
2. SALES OF CHATTELS * * 1007
A. INTERSTATE TRANSACTIONS 1007
I. RESTATEMENT AND U.C.C 1007
II. CASE LAW 1007
B. INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS 1009
3. INSURANCE CONTRACTS 1011
4. SURETYSHIP 1016
5. CONTRACTS FOR THE REPAYMENT OF MONEY LENT 1017
6. RENDITION OF SERVICES--- 1019
7. AGENCY 1023
8. OTHER CONTRACTS 1030
B. CONTRACT ISSUES . 1034
IV. CHOICE-OF-LAW ALTERNATIVES 1037
V. UNJUST ENRICHMENT 1040
A. INTRODUCTION 1040
1. IN GENERAL 1040
2. CASE CATEGORIES 1041
B. CHOICE-OF-LAW ALTERNATIVES 1042
1. PREEXISTING (CONTRACTUAL) RELATIONSHIPS . 1042
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
PAGE
2. VOLUNTARY BESTOWAL OF BENEFITS 1045
3. CLAIMS RELATED TO TORT 1047
4. EQUITABLE REMEDIES 1049
5. EXTENT AND NATURE OF RELIEF 1051
CHAPTER 19. PROPERTY 1053
I. INTERESTS IN LAND 1054
A. INTRODUCTION 1054
B. THE SITUS RULE 1056
C. CONTRACT AND CONVEYANCE DISTINCTIONS 1058
1. POLICY ANALYSIS*CAPACITY 1058
D. PARTICULAR ISSUES 1061
1. CONVEYANCES: EFFECT AND CONSTRUCTION 1061
2. COVENANTS 1063
E. EQUITABLE INTERESTS 1064
1. GENERALLY 1064
2. EQUITABLE SERVITUDES 1065
3. EQUITABLE REMEDIES 1066
F. ENCUMBRANCES 1069
II. TANGIBLE MOVABLES 1072
A. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 1072
B. CHATTEL TRANSFERS-- 1075
1. CONTRACT AND PROPERTY ISSUES 1075
2. SITUS AND MARKET POLICIES 1076
3. PRESCRIPTION 1078
4. REMOVAL OF A CHATTEL 1079
C. CHATTEL SECURITY 1081
1. INTRODUCTION 1081
2. THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE 1082
A. INTRODUCTION 1082
B. DOCUMENTS, INSTRUMENTS, AND ORDINARY GOODS 1084
C. GOODS COVERED BY A CERTIFICATE OF TITLE 1090
D. ACCOUNTS, GENERAL INTANGIBLES AND MOBILE GOODS.-1091
E. CHATTEL PAPER 1096
F. MINERALS 1097
G. UNCERTIFICATED SECURITIES AND OTHER INVESTMENT
PROPERTY 1097
H. RENVOI 1098
3. TREATIES 1099
III. INTANGIBLES 1101
A. INTRODUCTION 1101
B. ASSIGNABILITY OF INTANGIBLE 1101
C. ASSIGNMENT OF INTANGIBLES 1103
1. INTRODUCTION -. 1103
2. ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF CREDITORS 1104
3. COMMERCIAL ASSIGNMENTS 1105
D. CORPORATE STOCK 1107
XXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER 20. SUCCESSION
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INTESTATE SUCCESSION * J
A. IMMOVABLES*LAND
111U
B. MOVABLES
1114
III. TESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION HI?
A. INTRODUCTION- 1117
B. WILLS OF IMMOVABLES*LAND - 1H&
1. FORMAL VALIDITY *- - -1118
2. VALIDITY*TESTAMENTARY TRUSTS - 1121
3. CONSTRUCTION - * 1123
C. WILLS OF MOVABLES - *- 1125
1. VALIDITY - 1125
2. RESTRICTIONS ON CHARITABLE GIFTS - 1128
3. REVOCATION 1129
A. BY INSTRUMENT OR PHYSICAL ACT - 1129
B. BY OPERATION OF LAW 1130
4. CONSTRUCTION 1131
IV. FAMILY PROTECTION*FORCED SHARES*ELECTION ----1133
A. FORCED SHARES - - 1133
B. ELECTION 1136
V. INTERNATIONAL WILLS --- 1138
VI. DEVISES TO ALIENS---- 1140
CHAPTER 21. TRUSTS AND POWERS OF APPOINTMENT 1142
I. TRUSTS 1142
A. INTRODUCTION 1142
B. VALIDITY *- - 1143
1. TESTAMENTARY TRUSTS - 1143
2. INTER VIVOS TRUSTS 1145
C. ADMINISTRATION OF TRUSTS.--- 1149
1. INTRODUCTION - _. 1149
2. QUALIFICATION OF FOREIGN TRUSTEES 1150
3. ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES 1151
4. CHANGE IN PLACE OF ADMINISTRATION 1153
II. POWERS OF APPOINTMENT - 1154
A. INTRODUCTION _._ 1154
B. VALIDITY OF A POWER 1155
C. NATURE AND SCOPE OF A POWER 1156
D. EXERCISE OF POWERS 1157
1. GENERALLY 1157
2. RULE AGAINST PERPETUITIES 1160
3. EXERCISE BY RESIDUARY CLAUSE 1162
CHAPTER 22. PROBATE AND ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1164
I. PROBATE--
1165
A. INTRODUCTION 1165
B. PROBATE OF WILL OF MOVABLES H65
C. RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN PROBATE HG6
D. PROBATE OF WILL OF IMMOVABLES*LAND 1168
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII
PAGE
II. ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES 1170
A. INTRODUCTION 1170
B. PLACE AND NECESSITY OF ADMINISTRATION 1170
1. DOMICILE 1170
2. SITUS OF TANGIBLE ASSETS 1171
3. CHATTELS TEMPORARILY PRESENT WITHIN A STATE 1172
4. CHATTELS BROUGHT INTO A STATE AFTER OWNER'S DEATH----1173
5. INTANGIBLES 1174
6. COMMERCIAL PAPER 1178
7. CORPORATE STOCK 1180
8. LIFE INSURANCE 1182
C. POWERS OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OUTSIDE APPOINTING
STATE---- 1183
1. POWER TO SUE 1183
2. OTHER ACTS -1186
3. PAYMENT TO A FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVE 1189
4. TRANSFER OF CLAIM BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE 1191
5. SUITS ARISING OUT OF ADMINISTRATION 1192
6. ACTIONS AGAINST FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES - 1194
7. PRIVITY BETWEEN FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES 1200
D. CREDITORS' CLAIMS*PROOF AND PAYMENT 1206
E. SPOUSAL AND FAMILY ALLOWANCES 1208
III. ACCOUNTING AND DISTRIBUTION 1209
IV. GUARDIANS AND CONSERVATORS 1211
A. IN GENERAL 1211
B. CONSERVATORS 1212
C. GUARDIANS OF THE PERSON 1216
CHAPTER 23. CORPORATIONS, WINDING-UP, AND BANKRUPTCY - - - 1218
I. THE LAW APPLICABLE TO CORPORATIONS 1218
A. THE LAW OF THE PLACE OF INCORPORATION- 1218
1. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE 1218
2. SPECIAL CHOICE-OF-LAW RULES 1223
3. APPLICATIONS OF THE INCORPORATION*RULE 1226
B. REGULATION OF FOREIGN CORPORATIONS BY THE FORUM 1229
1. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITS 1229
2. QUALIFICATION STATUTES 1230
3. PSEUDO-FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 1232
4. PIERCING THE CORPORATE VEIL 1233
C. DISSOLUTION AND WINDING-UP 1234
II. BANKRUPTCY 1235
A. INTRODUCTION 1235
B. INTERSTATE BANKRUPTCY 1239
C. INTERNATIONAL BANKRUPTCY--- 1248
1. EFFECT OF FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS IN THE UNITED STATES 1249
2. EFFECT OF U.S. PROCEEDINGS ABROAD * 1252
D. INSOLVENCY OF RELATED AND OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS --1253
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER 24. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
JUDGMENTS AND DECREES 1257
I. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 1258
A. THE POLICY OF PRECLUSION 1258
B. PRECLUSION AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERSTATE JUDGMENTS 1261
C. PRECLUSION AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL JUDG-
MENTS 1264
D. METHODS OF ENFORCING FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 1268
II. INTERSTATE RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1272
A. WHAT CONSTITUTES ENFORCEABLE FOREIGN PROCEEDINGS 1272
1. FINALITY 1272
2. EQUITY DECREES: JURISDICTION AND RECOGNITION 1273
3. FOREIGN DECREES RELATING TO LAND 1276
4. NATURE OF THE PROCEEDING 1278
B. METHODS OF ENFORCING INTERSTATE JUDGMENTS 1279
1. FULL FAITH AND CREDIT 1279
2. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT BY REGISTRATION OR SUM-
MARY PROCEEDING 1282
C. DEFENSES TO CLAIM ON SISTER-STATE JUDGMENTS 1284
1. LACK OF JURISDICTION OF RENDERING COURT 1284
2. JUDGMENT OBTAINED BY FRAUD; EQUITABLE DEFENSES 1288
3. THE PUBLIC POLICY OF THE FORUM, PENAL JUDGMENTS,
TAX JUDGMENTS, AND LACK OF A COMPETENT COURT 1289
A. PUBLIC POLICY 1291
B. NO COMPETENT COURT IN RECOGNIZING FORUM 1293
C. TAX AND PENAL JUDGMENTS AND CLAIMS 1296
4. FOREIGN JUDGMENT NOT ON THE MERITS 1298
5. OTHER DEFENSES 1302
III. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF JUDGMENTS 1308
A. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT 1308
1. EARLY APPROACHES AND THE HILTON DOCTRINE 1308
2. RECOGNITION PRACTICE AFTER HILTON AND ERIE 1310
3. FOREIGN APPROACHES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S.
RECOGNITION PRACTICE 1315
4. FEDERAL PREEMPTION BY RECOGNITION TREATY 1322
5. VALUATION OF FOREIGN MONEY-JUDGMENTS 1326
B. DEFENSES TO CLAIM ON FOREIGN-COUNTRY JUDGMENT 1328
1. JURISDICTION 1S9Q
2. FOREIGN JUDGMENT FOR TAXES OR PENALTIES 1331
3. PUBLIC POLICY I^QQ
4. INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION TREATIES AND PRECLUSION - 1336
IV. EXTRALITIGIOUS PROCEEDINGS, ADMINISTRATIVE DETERMINATIONS
AND ARBITRAL AWARDS ' ***
" LOO/
PUBLISHER'S APPENDIX. RESEARCHING CONFLICT OF LAWS--- 1 04C
TABLE OF RESTATEMENT CITATIONS
LOOL
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX
PAGE
TABLE OF UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE CITATIONS 1371
TABLE OF UNIFORM PROBATE CODE CITATIONS 1375
TABLE OF STATUTES AND RULES 1377
TABLE OF CASES . 1397
INDEX 1549 |
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| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic_facet | USA - Internationales Privatrecht - Lehrbuch USA |
| id | DE-604.BV021460449 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:07:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:36:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0314146458 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014680418 |
| oclc_num | 254276831 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-20 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-20 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-188 |
| physical | XXXI, 1565 S. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Thomson/West |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Hornbook series |
| spelling | Conflict of laws by Eugene F. Scoles ... 4. ed. St. Paul, Minn. Thomson/West 2004 XXXI, 1565 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hornbook series Conflict of laws - United States Internationales Privatrecht Lehrbuch USA Internationales Privatrecht - USA - 0 Gesamtdarstellung idsbb Internationales Privatrecht - USA - Lehrbuch idszbz Internationales Privatrecht (DE-588)4027446-9 gnd rswk-swf USA - Internationales Privatrecht - Lehrbuch idszbz USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Internationales Privatrecht (DE-588)4027446-9 s DE-604 Scoles, Eugene F. 1921-2013 Sonstige (DE-588)1170978258 oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014680418&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Conflict of laws Conflict of laws - United States Internationales Privatrecht Lehrbuch USA Internationales Privatrecht - USA - 0 Gesamtdarstellung idsbb Internationales Privatrecht - USA - Lehrbuch idszbz Internationales Privatrecht (DE-588)4027446-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027446-9 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Conflict of laws |
| title_auth | Conflict of laws |
| title_exact_search | Conflict of laws |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Conflict of laws |
| title_full | Conflict of laws by Eugene F. Scoles ... |
| title_fullStr | Conflict of laws by Eugene F. Scoles ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Conflict of laws by Eugene F. Scoles ... |
| title_short | Conflict of laws |
| title_sort | conflict of laws |
| topic | Conflict of laws - United States Internationales Privatrecht Lehrbuch USA Internationales Privatrecht - USA - 0 Gesamtdarstellung idsbb Internationales Privatrecht - USA - Lehrbuch idszbz Internationales Privatrecht (DE-588)4027446-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Conflict of laws - United States Internationales Privatrecht Lehrbuch USA Internationales Privatrecht - USA - 0 Gesamtdarstellung Internationales Privatrecht - USA - Lehrbuch USA - Internationales Privatrecht - Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014680418&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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