E.C. merger control:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Sweet & Maxwell
2000
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXI, 376 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0421660805 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a E.C. merger control |c C. J. Cook and C. S. Kerse |
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CONTENTS
TABLE OF
TABLE OF
CASES
LEGISLATION
ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF MERGER DECISIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
COMMUNITY MERGER CONTROL*A REALITY
BACKGROUND TO E.C. MERGER CONTROL
1.2.1 USE OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82
THE MERGER REGULATION*ADOPTION AND REVIEW
THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE E.C. REGIME
1.4.1 COMPULSORY NOTIFICATION
1.4.2 CONCENTRATIONS
1.4.3 COMMUNITY DIMENSION
1.4.4 JOINT VENTURES
1.4.5 ASSESSMENT OF COMPETITIVE EFFECT BY COMMISSION
1.4.6 THE MERGER REGULATION*SUPPORTING INSTRUMENTS
OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE
1.5.1 MERGER TASK FORCE
1.5.2 PROCEDURAL STEPS
1.5.3 CONTACT NUMBER
RECIPROCITY
TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF REGULATION
E.C.-U.S. CO-OPERATION AGREEMENT
RELATIONSHIP OF THE REGULATION WITH ARTICLES 81 AND 82
1.9.1 THE ONE-STOP SHOP
1.9.2 DISAPPLICATION OF REGULATION 17
1.9.3 NATIONAL COURTS
1.9.4 ARTICLES 84 AND 85
RELATIONSHIP WITH ECSC TREATY
EEA
2 CONCENTRATIONS
2.1
2.2
INTRODUCTION
THE MEANING OF "CONCENTRATION"
2.2.1 THE DEFINITION IN ARTICLE 3( 1)
2.2.2 TWO OR MORE UNDERTAKINGS
2.2.3 ACQUISITION OF PART OF AN UNDERTAKING
2.2.4 UNDERTAKINGS PREVIOUSLY INDEPENDENT
2.2.4.1 CONTROL BY THE STATE
V
XV
XVIII
XXIII
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
8
9
9
10
11
14
16
16
16
17
18
20
20
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
26
CONTENTS
27
29
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
34
35
37
37
37
38
39
40
41
41
43
44
2.6.1 THE EXISTENCE OF JOINT CONTROL 44
2.6.2 COMMON INTERESTS 45
2.7 CONCENTRATION OR CO-OPERATION? 48
2.7.1 REDEFINITION OF "CONCENTRATION" 48
2.7.2 FULL FUNCTION JOINT VENTURES 49
2.7.2.1 AUTONOMOUS ECONOMIC ENTITY 50
2.7.2.2 LASTING BASIS 52
2.7.3 CONSORTIUM BIDS 52
2.8 SPECIAL EXCEPTIONS (ARTICLE 3(5)) 53
2.8.1 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 53
2.8.2 LIQUIDATORS AND RECEIVERS 54
2.8.3 FINANCIAL HOLDING COMPANIES 55
COMMUNITY DIMENSION 56
3.1 INTRODUCTION 56
3.1.1 JURISDICTION 57
3.1.2 THE ORIGINAL TURNOVER THRESHOLDS 57
3.1.3 THE ADDITIONAL TURNOVER THRESHOLDS 58
3.1.4 RELATIONSHIP WITH ORIGINAL THRESHOLDS 58
3.1.5 CONCENTRATIONS BELOW THE THRESHOLDS 59
3.2 APPLICATION OF TURNOVER CRITERIA 59
3.2.1 WORLDWIDE AND COMMUNITY TURNOVER 59
3.2.2 MEMBER STATE TURNOVER CRITERIA 60
3.2.3 THE TWO-THIRDS RULE 60
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
MERGER (ARTICLE
3D)(A))
ACQUISITION OF CONTROL (ARTICLE 3(1 )(B))
2.4.1 MEANING OF CONTROL
2.4.2 THE EXERCISE OF DECISIVE INFLUENCE
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.2.4
2.4.2.5
2.4.2.6
2.4.2.7
2.4.2.8
2.4.3 MEANS
2.4.3.1
2.4.3.2
2.4.3.3
2.4.3.4
2.4.3.5
2.4.3.6
2.4.3.7
2.4.3.8
DECISIVE INFLUENCE
THE POSSIBILITY OF INFLUENCE
BALANCE OF POWER
THE NATURE OF CONTROL
CONTROL BY A PUBLIC AUTHORITY
FUTURE RIGHTS
INADVERTENT CHANGES OF CONTROL
DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROL
OF CONTROL
SHAREHOLDING LEVELS
QUALIFIED MINORITY SHAREHOLDING
DE FACTO SOLE CONTROL
LEVELS OF SHAREHOLDING CONFERRING
CONTROL
MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS
SHAREHOLDER AGREEMENTS
SPECIAL RIGHTS
RENAULT/VOLVO
CHANGES IN NATURE OF CONTROL
JOINT CONTROL
CONTENTS IX
3.2.4 THE TURNOVER TEST IN OPERATION 61
3.3 CALCULATION OF TURNOVER 64
3.3.1 THE BASIC RULE (ARTICLE 5(1)) 64
3.3.2 MEANING OF "TURNOVER" 65
3.3.3 RELEVANT FINANCIAL YEAR 66
3.3.4 CONVERSION OF TURNOVER INTO ECUS AND EUROS 67
3.3.5 DISREGARD OF INTRA-GROUP TRANSACTIONS 67
3.3.6 GEOGRAPHICAL ALLOCATION OF TURNOVER 68
3.4 "UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED" 70
3.4.1 IDENTIFYING THE "UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED" 71
3.4.2 CALCULATING THE TURNOVER OF EACH UNDERTAKING
CONCERNED (ARTICLE 5(4)) 73
3.5 PARTICULAR TYPES OF TRANSACTION 76
3.5.1 "MERGERS" 76
3.5.2 ACQUISITION OF SOLE CONTROL OVER AN ENTIRE
UNDERTAKING 77
3.5.3 ACQUISITION OF SOLE CONTROL OVER PART OF AN
UNDERTAKING 77
3.5.4 ACQUISITION IN STAGES OF SOLE CONTROL OVER PARTS
OF AN UNDERTAKING 78
3.5.5 ACQUISITION OF SOLE CONTROL WHERE PREVIOUSLY
THERE WAS JOINT CONTROL 79
3.5.6 ACQUISITION OF JOINT CONTROL:
NEWLY-ESTABLISHED COMPANIES 79
3.5.7 ACQUISITION OF JOINT CONTROL: EXISTING COMPANY 80
3.5.8 ACQUISITION BY JOINTLY CONTROLLED COMPANY/
JOINT VENTURE 80
3.5.9 CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDINGS IN A PRE-EXISTING
JOINT VENTURE 82
3.5.10 WHERE THE "UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED" ARE
ALREADY SHAREHOLDERS IN AN EXISTING JOINT
VENTURE (ARTICLE 5(5)) 83
3.5.11 ASSET SWAPS 83
3.5.12 MANAGEMENT BUY-OUTS 83
3.5.13 ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL BY INDIVIDUALS 84
3.5.14 ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL BY STATE COMPANIES 84
3.6 SPECIAL RULES FOR CREDIT AND OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS,
AND INSURANCE UNDERTAKINGS 85
3.6.1 CREDIT AND OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
(ARTICLE 5(3(A)) 85
3.6.2 INSURANCE UNDERTAKINGS (ARTICLE 5(3(B)) 86
3.6.3 FINANCIAL CONGLOMERATES 87
3.7 SOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 88
NOTIFICATION AND INVESTIGATION 90
4.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 90
4.2 MERGER TASK FORCE 91
4.3 NOTIFICATION 91
4.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF PRIOR CONTROL 91
CONTENTS
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.2
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
4.3.9
4.3.10
4.3.11
4.3.12
FORM CO
WHO MUST NOTIFY
WHEN NOTIFICATION MUST BE MADE
WHAT MUST BE NOTIFIED
SHORT-FORM NOTIFICATION
COPIES, SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS, LANGUAGES
COMPLETENESS, EFFECTIVE DATE AND TIMETABLE
CONFIDENTIALITY
MATERIAL CHANGES
CONVERSION OF NOTIFICATIONS
FINES IN RELATION TO NOTIFICATION
SUSPENSION
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.4.6
BACKGROUND
THE RULE
EXCEPTION
EXEMPTION
BREACH OF ARTICLE 7
4.4.5.1 FINES
4.4.5.2 NATURE AND EXTENT OF INVALIDITY
4.4.5.3 EFFECT UNDER ENGLISH LAW
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTICLE 7 AND ARTICLE 4
THE INITIAL EXAMINATION PERIOD
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
STAGE ONE PROCEEDINGS
THIRD PARTIES
MEMBER STATE COMPETITION AUTHORITIES
TYPES OF INITIAL DECISION (ARTICLE 6)
FACT-FINDING POWERS
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION
INVESTIGATIONS
COMPARISON WITH REGULATION 17
FAILURE TO CO-OPERATE
DETAILED ASSESSMENT
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.6
4.7.7
4.7.8
STAGE TWO PROCEEDINGS*TIMETABLE
ARTICLE 6(1 )(C) DECISION
STATEMENT OF OBJECTIONS
ACCESS TO THE FILE
THE PARTIES' RESPONSE
ORAL HEARINGS
THIRD PARTIES*RIGHT TO BE HEARD
CONSULTATION OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FINAL DECISIONS
TRANSMISSION OF DOCUMENTS
AISAL OF
CONCENTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
5.1.1
5.1.2
COMPA
THE APPRAISAL PROCESS: THE BASIC OBJECTIVE
COMPETITION OR INDUSTRIAL POLICY?
ITIBILITV WITH THE COMMON MARKET
92
95
95
97
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
106
106
107
107
107
108
108
108
109
110
111
111
112
113
114
114
114
115
116
116
117
117
118
118
119
120
120
121
122
123
123
124
125
125
126
127
CONTENTS XJ
5.2.1 THE ELEMENTS OF THE COMPATIBILITY TEST
(ARTICLE 2(3)) 128
5.2.2. CREATING OR STRENGTHENING DOMINANCE 129
5.2.3 DOMINANCE 130
5.2.4 DOMINANCE AND COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE 130
5.2.5 DOMINANCE IN THE COMMON MARKET OR A
SUBSTANTIAL PART OF IT 131
5.2.6 SINGLE FIRM OR COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 131
5.3 THE APPRAISAL PROCESS*MARKET DEFINITION 132
5.3.1 THE NOTICE ON MARKET DEFINITION 134
5.3.2 RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKET 135
5.3.3 GEOGRAPHIC MARKET DEFINITION 139
5.3.3.1 TRADE PATTERNS 141
5.3.3.2 PRICES 141
5.3.3.3 LOCATION AND IDENTITY OF SUPPLIERS
AND PURCHASERS 142
5.3.3.4 SUPPLY CONDITIONS 143
5.3.3.5 CUSTOMER PREFERENCES 144
5.3.3.6 TRANSPORT COSTS 144
5.3.3.7 PUBLIC PROCUREMENT 145
5.3.3.8 OTHER REGULATORY FACTORS 145
5.3.3.9 WORLD MARKETS 147
5.4 THE APPRAISAL DECISION 147
5.4.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND TO THE APPRAISAL DECISION 148
5.4.2 THE GENERAL NATURE OF THE APPRAISAL 149
5.4.3 JUDGING DOMINANCE 149
5.4.3.1 SINGLE FIRM OR COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 150
5.4.3.2 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL IMPACT 151
5.4.3.3 "SIGNIFICANTLY IMPEDING EFFECTIVE
COMPETITION" 151
5.4.3.4 MARKET SHARES 152
5.4.3.5 COMPETITORS 156
5.4.3.6 BARRIERS TO ENTRY 158
5.4.3.7 BUYER POWER 160
5.4.3.8 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL POWER 161
5.4.3.9 PORTFOLIO POWER 162
5.4.3.10 ACCESS TO SUPPLIES OR MARKETS 163
5.5 COMPATIBILITY*CO-ORDINATION EFFECTS 163
5.6 COMPATIBILITY*VERTICAL ISSUES 165
5.7 COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 168
5.7.1 KALIUNDSALZ 169
5.7.2 THE CURRENT POSITION 170
5.7.3 ESTABLISHING COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 171
5.7.4 GENCORLLONRHO*DUOPOLISTIC MARKETS 171
5.7.5 PRICE WATERHOUSE/COOPERS & LYBRAND*
OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKETS 172
5.7.6 AIRTOURSI FIRST CHOICE 173
5.7.7 COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE*CONCLUSIONS 174
5.8 COUNTERVAILING BENEFITS 175
XII CONTENTS
5.8.1 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS 176
5.8.2 EFFICIENCY 178
5.8.3 FAILING FIRM 178
5.8.4 SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS*THE PERRIER JUDGMENT 180
5.9 CASE STUDY*GUINNESS/GRAND METROPOLITAN 180
5.9.1 PRODUCT MARKETS 181
5.9.2 GEOGRAPHIC MARKETS 182
5.9.3 DOMINANCE 182
5.9.3.1 GREECE 183
5.9.3.2 SPAIN 183
5.9.3.3 IRELAND 183
5.9.3.4 BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG 183
5.9.4 REMEDIES 184
6 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 185
6.1 BACKGROUND 185
6.2 THE APPROACH UNDER ARTICLE 81 186
6.3 RESTRICTIONS 187
6.3.1 DIRECTLY RELATED 187
6.3.2 NECESSARY TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CONCENTRATION 188
6.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION 188
6.5 NON-COMPETITION CLAUSES 189
6.6 LICENCES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND KNOW-HOW 193
6.7 TRADEMARKS, BUSINESS NAMES, LOGOS, ETC. 194
6.8 RESTRICTIONS ON THE DISCLOSURE AND USE OF CONFIDENTIAL
INFORMATION 195
6.9 PURCHASE AND SUPPLY OBLIGATIONS 196
6.10 CONSORTIUM BIDS 198
7 DECISIONS, UNDERTAKINGS AND APPEALS 199
7.1 INTRODUCTION 199
7.2 INITIAL DECISIONS (ARTICLE 6) 199
7.2.1 TYPES OF DECISION 199
7.2.2 FORMAT OF DECISIONS 200
7.3 FINAL DECISIONS*ARTICLE 8 201
7.3.1 DECLARATION OF COMPATIBILITY 201
7.3.2 DECLARATION OF INCOMPATIBILITY 202
7.3.3 DIVESTMENT, ETC. ORDERS*RESTORING COMPETITION 202
7.3.4 REVOCATION OF DECISION OF COMPATIBILITY 203
7.4 MODIFICATIONS, UNDERTAKINGS, COMMITMENTS 203
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 203
7.4.2 STRUCTURAL AND BEHAVIOURAL REMEDIES 204
7.4.3 DIVESTMENTS, ETC. 205
7.4.4 BEHAVIOURAL COMMITMENTS 207
7.4.5 TRANSPARENCY AND TIMING 209
7.4.6 MONITORING OF COMMITMENTS 211
7.4.7 AMENDMENT OF DECISIONS 212
7.4.8 INFORMAL ASSURANCES 212
CONTENTS XIII
7.5
7.6
7.7
GENERAL POINTS ON DECISIONS
7.5.1 REASONS
7.5.2 SANCTIONS
7.5.3 NOTIFICATION OF DECISIONS
7.5.4 HABILITATION
7.5.5 PUBLICITY
APPEALS TO THE COURT
7.6.1 GENERAL
7.6.2 ACTS WHICH CAN BE CHALLENGED
7.6.3 WHO CAN BRING AN ACTION
7.6.3.1 SHAREHOLDERS
7.6.3.2 COMPETITORS
7.6.3.3 EMPLOYEES
7.6.3.4 OTHER THIRD PARTIES
7.6.4 GROUNDS OF APPEAL
7.6.5 INTERIM RELIEF
REOPENING THE COMMISSION'S PROCEEDINGS
NATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND NATIONAL LAW
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
5.5
5.6
LIAISON WITH NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES
8.1.1 PRE-NOTIFICATION
8.1.2 NOTIFICATION
8.1.3 EXAMINATION
8.1.4 ADVISORY COMMITTEE
THE PLACE OF NATIONAL LAW
ARTICLE 9*DISTINCT MARKETS
8.3.1 BACKGROUND
8.3.2 CRITERION OF DISTINCT MARKET
8.3.3 PROCEDURE
8.3.4 PRACTICE
PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATES' LEGITIMATE INTERESTS
8.4.1 BACKGROUND
8.4.2 THE THREE IDENTIFIED INTERESTS
8.4.2.1 PUBLIC SECURITY
8.4.2.2 PLURALITY OF THE MEDIA
8.4.2.3 PRUDENTIAL RULES
8.4.3 OTHER CASES
8.4.3.1 DEFENCE
8.4.3.2 ANY OTHER PUBLIC INTEREST
8.4.3.3 RECOGNITION PROCEDURE
8.4.3.4 MEMBER STATES' ACTION
EEA
CONCENTRATIONS WITHOUT A COMMUNITY DIMENSION
8.6.1 MEMBER STATES' REQUEST
8.6.2 APPLICABLE PROVISIONS
213
213
213
214
214
215
216
216
216
218
219
220
221
222
222
223
224
227
227
227
228
230
230
232
233
233
234
235
236
238
238
238
238
239
240
240
240
241
242
243
243
245
245
246
APPENDIX 1 COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) 4064/89 OF 21 DECEMBER
1989 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (1990 O.J. L257/14) 250
XIV
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 2 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) NO 447/98 OF 1 MARCH
1998 ON THE NOTIFICATIONS, TIME LIMITS AND HEARINGS
PROVIDED FOR IN COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO 4064/89
ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS
(OJ 1998 L61/1) 270
APPENDIX 3 DRAFT COMMISSION NOTICE ON RESTRICTIONS DIRECTLY
RELATED AND NECESSARY TO CONCENTRATIONS 302
APPENDIX 4 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF FULL-FUNCTION
JOINT VENTURES UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO
4064/89 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (OJ 1998 C66/01) 309
APPENDIX 5 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF CONCENTRATION
UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO 4064/89 ON THE
CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS (OJ
1998 C66/02) 313
APPENDIX 6 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF UNDERTAKINGS
CONCERNED UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO
4064.89 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (OJ 1998 C66/03) 322
APPENDIX 7 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF UNDERTAKINGS
CONCERNED UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO
4064/89 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (OJ 1998 C66/04) 333
APPENDIX 8 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE DEFINITION OF RELEVANT MARKET
FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNITY COMPETITION LAW (OJ
1997 C372/03) 346
APPENDIX 9 MERGER PROCEDURES 356
INDEX
361 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
TABLE OF
CASES
LEGISLATION
ALPHABETICAL TABLE OF MERGER DECISIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
COMMUNITY MERGER CONTROL*A REALITY
BACKGROUND TO E.C. MERGER CONTROL
1.2.1 USE OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82
THE MERGER REGULATION*ADOPTION AND REVIEW
THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE E.C. REGIME
1.4.1 COMPULSORY NOTIFICATION
1.4.2 CONCENTRATIONS
1.4.3 COMMUNITY DIMENSION
1.4.4 JOINT VENTURES
1.4.5 ASSESSMENT OF COMPETITIVE EFFECT BY COMMISSION
1.4.6 THE MERGER REGULATION*SUPPORTING INSTRUMENTS
OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE
1.5.1 MERGER TASK FORCE
1.5.2 PROCEDURAL STEPS
1.5.3 CONTACT NUMBER
RECIPROCITY
TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF REGULATION
E.C.-U.S. CO-OPERATION AGREEMENT
RELATIONSHIP OF THE REGULATION WITH ARTICLES 81 AND 82
1.9.1 THE ONE-STOP SHOP
1.9.2 DISAPPLICATION OF REGULATION 17
1.9.3 NATIONAL COURTS
1.9.4 ARTICLES 84 AND 85
RELATIONSHIP WITH ECSC TREATY
EEA
2 CONCENTRATIONS
2.1
2.2
INTRODUCTION
THE MEANING OF "CONCENTRATION"
2.2.1 THE DEFINITION IN ARTICLE 3( 1)
2.2.2 TWO OR MORE UNDERTAKINGS
2.2.3 ACQUISITION OF PART OF AN UNDERTAKING
2.2.4 UNDERTAKINGS PREVIOUSLY INDEPENDENT
2.2.4.1 CONTROL BY THE STATE
V
XV
XVIII
XXIII
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
8
9
9
10
11
14
16
16
16
17
18
20
20
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
26
CONTENTS
27
29
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
34
35
37
37
37
38
39
40
41
41
43
44
2.6.1 THE EXISTENCE OF JOINT CONTROL 44
2.6.2 COMMON INTERESTS 45
2.7 CONCENTRATION OR CO-OPERATION? 48
2.7.1 REDEFINITION OF "CONCENTRATION" 48
2.7.2 FULL FUNCTION JOINT VENTURES 49
2.7.2.1 AUTONOMOUS ECONOMIC ENTITY 50
2.7.2.2 LASTING BASIS 52
2.7.3 CONSORTIUM BIDS 52
2.8 SPECIAL EXCEPTIONS (ARTICLE 3(5)) 53
2.8.1 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 53
2.8.2 LIQUIDATORS AND RECEIVERS 54
2.8.3 FINANCIAL HOLDING COMPANIES 55
COMMUNITY DIMENSION 56
3.1 INTRODUCTION 56
3.1.1 JURISDICTION 57
3.1.2 THE ORIGINAL TURNOVER THRESHOLDS 57
3.1.3 THE ADDITIONAL TURNOVER THRESHOLDS 58
3.1.4 RELATIONSHIP WITH ORIGINAL THRESHOLDS 58
3.1.5 CONCENTRATIONS BELOW THE THRESHOLDS 59
3.2 APPLICATION OF TURNOVER CRITERIA 59
3.2.1 WORLDWIDE AND COMMUNITY TURNOVER 59
3.2.2 MEMBER STATE TURNOVER CRITERIA 60
3.2.3 THE TWO-THIRDS RULE 60
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
MERGER (ARTICLE
3D)(A))
ACQUISITION OF CONTROL (ARTICLE 3(1 )(B))
2.4.1 MEANING OF CONTROL
2.4.2 THE EXERCISE OF DECISIVE INFLUENCE
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.2.4
2.4.2.5
2.4.2.6
2.4.2.7
2.4.2.8
2.4.3 MEANS
2.4.3.1
2.4.3.2
2.4.3.3
2.4.3.4
2.4.3.5
2.4.3.6
2.4.3.7
2.4.3.8
DECISIVE INFLUENCE
THE POSSIBILITY OF INFLUENCE
BALANCE OF POWER
THE NATURE OF CONTROL
CONTROL BY A PUBLIC AUTHORITY
FUTURE RIGHTS
INADVERTENT CHANGES OF CONTROL
DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTROL
OF CONTROL
SHAREHOLDING LEVELS
QUALIFIED MINORITY SHAREHOLDING
DE FACTO SOLE CONTROL
LEVELS OF SHAREHOLDING CONFERRING
CONTROL
MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS
SHAREHOLDER AGREEMENTS
SPECIAL RIGHTS
RENAULT/VOLVO
CHANGES IN NATURE OF CONTROL
JOINT CONTROL
CONTENTS IX
3.2.4 THE TURNOVER TEST IN OPERATION 61
3.3 CALCULATION OF TURNOVER 64
3.3.1 THE BASIC RULE (ARTICLE 5(1)) 64
3.3.2 MEANING OF "TURNOVER" 65
3.3.3 RELEVANT FINANCIAL YEAR 66
3.3.4 CONVERSION OF TURNOVER INTO ECUS AND EUROS 67
3.3.5 DISREGARD OF INTRA-GROUP TRANSACTIONS 67
3.3.6 GEOGRAPHICAL ALLOCATION OF TURNOVER 68
3.4 "UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED" 70
3.4.1 IDENTIFYING THE "UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED" 71
3.4.2 CALCULATING THE TURNOVER OF EACH UNDERTAKING
CONCERNED (ARTICLE 5(4)) 73
3.5 PARTICULAR TYPES OF TRANSACTION 76
3.5.1 "MERGERS" 76
3.5.2 ACQUISITION OF SOLE CONTROL OVER AN ENTIRE
UNDERTAKING 77
3.5.3 ACQUISITION OF SOLE CONTROL OVER PART OF AN
UNDERTAKING 77
3.5.4 ACQUISITION IN STAGES OF SOLE CONTROL OVER PARTS
OF AN UNDERTAKING 78
3.5.5 ACQUISITION OF SOLE CONTROL WHERE PREVIOUSLY
THERE WAS JOINT CONTROL 79
3.5.6 ACQUISITION OF JOINT CONTROL:
NEWLY-ESTABLISHED COMPANIES 79
3.5.7 ACQUISITION OF JOINT CONTROL: EXISTING COMPANY 80
3.5.8 ACQUISITION BY JOINTLY CONTROLLED COMPANY/
JOINT VENTURE 80
3.5.9 CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDINGS IN A PRE-EXISTING
JOINT VENTURE 82
3.5.10 WHERE THE "UNDERTAKINGS CONCERNED" ARE
ALREADY SHAREHOLDERS IN AN EXISTING JOINT
VENTURE (ARTICLE 5(5)) 83
3.5.11 ASSET SWAPS 83
3.5.12 MANAGEMENT BUY-OUTS 83
3.5.13 ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL BY INDIVIDUALS 84
3.5.14 ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL BY STATE COMPANIES 84
3.6 SPECIAL RULES FOR CREDIT AND OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS,
AND INSURANCE UNDERTAKINGS 85
3.6.1 CREDIT AND OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
(ARTICLE 5(3(A)) 85
3.6.2 INSURANCE UNDERTAKINGS (ARTICLE 5(3(B)) 86
3.6.3 FINANCIAL CONGLOMERATES 87
3.7 SOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 88
NOTIFICATION AND INVESTIGATION 90
4.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS 90
4.2 MERGER TASK FORCE 91
4.3 NOTIFICATION 91
4.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF PRIOR CONTROL 91
CONTENTS
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.1
5.2
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
4.3.9
4.3.10
4.3.11
4.3.12
FORM CO
WHO MUST NOTIFY
WHEN NOTIFICATION MUST BE MADE
WHAT MUST BE NOTIFIED
SHORT-FORM NOTIFICATION
COPIES, SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS, LANGUAGES
COMPLETENESS, EFFECTIVE DATE AND TIMETABLE
CONFIDENTIALITY
MATERIAL CHANGES
CONVERSION OF NOTIFICATIONS
FINES IN RELATION TO NOTIFICATION
SUSPENSION
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.4.6
BACKGROUND
THE RULE
EXCEPTION
EXEMPTION
BREACH OF ARTICLE 7
4.4.5.1 FINES
4.4.5.2 NATURE AND EXTENT OF INVALIDITY
4.4.5.3 EFFECT UNDER ENGLISH LAW
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTICLE 7 AND ARTICLE 4
THE INITIAL EXAMINATION PERIOD
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
STAGE ONE PROCEEDINGS
THIRD PARTIES
MEMBER STATE COMPETITION AUTHORITIES
TYPES OF INITIAL DECISION (ARTICLE 6)
FACT-FINDING POWERS
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION
INVESTIGATIONS
COMPARISON WITH REGULATION 17
FAILURE TO CO-OPERATE
DETAILED ASSESSMENT
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.3
4.7.4
4.7.5
4.7.6
4.7.7
4.7.8
STAGE TWO PROCEEDINGS*TIMETABLE
ARTICLE 6(1 )(C) DECISION
STATEMENT OF OBJECTIONS
ACCESS TO THE FILE
THE PARTIES' RESPONSE
ORAL HEARINGS
THIRD PARTIES*RIGHT TO BE HEARD
CONSULTATION OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE
FINAL DECISIONS
TRANSMISSION OF DOCUMENTS
AISAL OF
CONCENTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
5.1.1
5.1.2
COMPA
THE APPRAISAL PROCESS: THE BASIC OBJECTIVE
COMPETITION OR INDUSTRIAL POLICY?
ITIBILITV WITH THE COMMON MARKET
92
95
95
97
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
106
106
107
107
107
108
108
108
109
110
111
111
112
113
114
114
114
115
116
116
117
117
118
118
119
120
120
121
122
123
123
124
125
125
126
127
CONTENTS XJ
5.2.1 THE ELEMENTS OF THE COMPATIBILITY TEST
(ARTICLE 2(3)) 128
5.2.2. CREATING OR STRENGTHENING DOMINANCE 129
5.2.3 DOMINANCE 130
5.2.4 DOMINANCE AND COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE 130
5.2.5 DOMINANCE IN THE COMMON MARKET OR A
SUBSTANTIAL PART OF IT 131
5.2.6 SINGLE FIRM OR COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 131
5.3 THE APPRAISAL PROCESS*MARKET DEFINITION 132
5.3.1 THE NOTICE ON MARKET DEFINITION 134
5.3.2 RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKET 135
5.3.3 GEOGRAPHIC MARKET DEFINITION 139
5.3.3.1 TRADE PATTERNS 141
5.3.3.2 PRICES 141
5.3.3.3 LOCATION AND IDENTITY OF SUPPLIERS
AND PURCHASERS 142
5.3.3.4 SUPPLY CONDITIONS 143
5.3.3.5 CUSTOMER PREFERENCES 144
5.3.3.6 TRANSPORT COSTS 144
5.3.3.7 PUBLIC PROCUREMENT 145
5.3.3.8 OTHER REGULATORY FACTORS 145
5.3.3.9 WORLD MARKETS 147
5.4 THE APPRAISAL DECISION 147
5.4.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND TO THE APPRAISAL DECISION 148
5.4.2 THE GENERAL NATURE OF THE APPRAISAL 149
5.4.3 JUDGING DOMINANCE 149
5.4.3.1 SINGLE FIRM OR COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 150
5.4.3.2 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL IMPACT 151
5.4.3.3 "SIGNIFICANTLY IMPEDING EFFECTIVE
COMPETITION" 151
5.4.3.4 MARKET SHARES 152
5.4.3.5 COMPETITORS 156
5.4.3.6 BARRIERS TO ENTRY 158
5.4.3.7 BUYER POWER 160
5.4.3.8 ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL POWER 161
5.4.3.9 PORTFOLIO POWER 162
5.4.3.10 ACCESS TO SUPPLIES OR MARKETS 163
5.5 COMPATIBILITY*CO-ORDINATION EFFECTS 163
5.6 COMPATIBILITY*VERTICAL ISSUES 165
5.7 COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 168
5.7.1 KALIUNDSALZ 169
5.7.2 THE CURRENT POSITION 170
5.7.3 ESTABLISHING COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 171
5.7.4 GENCORLLONRHO*DUOPOLISTIC MARKETS 171
5.7.5 PRICE WATERHOUSE/COOPERS & LYBRAND*
OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKETS 172
5.7.6 AIRTOURSI FIRST CHOICE 173
5.7.7 COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE*CONCLUSIONS 174
5.8 COUNTERVAILING BENEFITS 175
XII CONTENTS
5.8.1 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS 176
5.8.2 EFFICIENCY 178
5.8.3 FAILING FIRM 178
5.8.4 SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS*THE PERRIER JUDGMENT 180
5.9 CASE STUDY*GUINNESS/GRAND METROPOLITAN 180
5.9.1 PRODUCT MARKETS 181
5.9.2 GEOGRAPHIC MARKETS 182
5.9.3 DOMINANCE 182
5.9.3.1 GREECE 183
5.9.3.2 SPAIN 183
5.9.3.3 IRELAND 183
5.9.3.4 BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG 183
5.9.4 REMEDIES 184
6 ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 185
6.1 BACKGROUND 185
6.2 THE APPROACH UNDER ARTICLE 81 186
6.3 RESTRICTIONS 187
6.3.1 DIRECTLY RELATED 187
6.3.2 NECESSARY TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CONCENTRATION 188
6.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION 188
6.5 NON-COMPETITION CLAUSES 189
6.6 LICENCES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND KNOW-HOW 193
6.7 TRADEMARKS, BUSINESS NAMES, LOGOS, ETC. 194
6.8 RESTRICTIONS ON THE DISCLOSURE AND USE OF CONFIDENTIAL
INFORMATION 195
6.9 PURCHASE AND SUPPLY OBLIGATIONS 196
6.10 CONSORTIUM BIDS 198
7 DECISIONS, UNDERTAKINGS AND APPEALS 199
7.1 INTRODUCTION 199
7.2 INITIAL DECISIONS (ARTICLE 6) 199
7.2.1 TYPES OF DECISION 199
7.2.2 FORMAT OF DECISIONS 200
7.3 FINAL DECISIONS*ARTICLE 8 201
7.3.1 DECLARATION OF COMPATIBILITY 201
7.3.2 DECLARATION OF INCOMPATIBILITY 202
7.3.3 DIVESTMENT, ETC. ORDERS*RESTORING COMPETITION 202
7.3.4 REVOCATION OF DECISION OF COMPATIBILITY 203
7.4 MODIFICATIONS, UNDERTAKINGS, COMMITMENTS 203
7.4.1 INTRODUCTION 203
7.4.2 STRUCTURAL AND BEHAVIOURAL REMEDIES 204
7.4.3 DIVESTMENTS, ETC. 205
7.4.4 BEHAVIOURAL COMMITMENTS 207
7.4.5 TRANSPARENCY AND TIMING 209
7.4.6 MONITORING OF COMMITMENTS 211
7.4.7 AMENDMENT OF DECISIONS 212
7.4.8 INFORMAL ASSURANCES 212
CONTENTS XIII
7.5
7.6
7.7
GENERAL POINTS ON DECISIONS
7.5.1 REASONS
7.5.2 SANCTIONS
7.5.3 NOTIFICATION OF DECISIONS
7.5.4 HABILITATION
7.5.5 PUBLICITY
APPEALS TO THE COURT
7.6.1 GENERAL
7.6.2 ACTS WHICH CAN BE CHALLENGED
7.6.3 WHO CAN BRING AN ACTION
7.6.3.1 SHAREHOLDERS
7.6.3.2 COMPETITORS
7.6.3.3 EMPLOYEES
7.6.3.4 OTHER THIRD PARTIES
7.6.4 GROUNDS OF APPEAL
7.6.5 INTERIM RELIEF
REOPENING THE COMMISSION'S PROCEEDINGS
NATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND NATIONAL LAW
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
5.5
5.6
LIAISON WITH NATIONAL COMPETITION AUTHORITIES
8.1.1 PRE-NOTIFICATION
8.1.2 NOTIFICATION
8.1.3 EXAMINATION
8.1.4 ADVISORY COMMITTEE
THE PLACE OF NATIONAL LAW
ARTICLE 9*DISTINCT MARKETS
8.3.1 BACKGROUND
8.3.2 CRITERION OF DISTINCT MARKET
8.3.3 PROCEDURE
8.3.4 PRACTICE
PROTECTION OF MEMBER STATES' LEGITIMATE INTERESTS
8.4.1 BACKGROUND
8.4.2 THE THREE IDENTIFIED INTERESTS
8.4.2.1 PUBLIC SECURITY
8.4.2.2 PLURALITY OF THE MEDIA
8.4.2.3 PRUDENTIAL RULES
8.4.3 OTHER CASES
8.4.3.1 DEFENCE
8.4.3.2 ANY OTHER PUBLIC INTEREST
8.4.3.3 RECOGNITION PROCEDURE
8.4.3.4 MEMBER STATES' ACTION
EEA
CONCENTRATIONS WITHOUT A COMMUNITY DIMENSION
8.6.1 MEMBER STATES' REQUEST
8.6.2 APPLICABLE PROVISIONS
213
213
213
214
214
215
216
216
216
218
219
220
221
222
222
223
224
227
227
227
228
230
230
232
233
233
234
235
236
238
238
238
238
239
240
240
240
241
242
243
243
245
245
246
APPENDIX 1 COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) 4064/89 OF 21 DECEMBER
1989 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (1990 O.J. L257/14) 250
XIV
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 2 COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) NO 447/98 OF 1 MARCH
1998 ON THE NOTIFICATIONS, TIME LIMITS AND HEARINGS
PROVIDED FOR IN COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO 4064/89
ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS
(OJ 1998 L61/1) 270
APPENDIX 3 DRAFT COMMISSION NOTICE ON RESTRICTIONS DIRECTLY
RELATED AND NECESSARY TO CONCENTRATIONS 302
APPENDIX 4 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF FULL-FUNCTION
JOINT VENTURES UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO
4064/89 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (OJ 1998 C66/01) 309
APPENDIX 5 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF CONCENTRATION
UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO 4064/89 ON THE
CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN UNDERTAKINGS (OJ
1998 C66/02) 313
APPENDIX 6 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF UNDERTAKINGS
CONCERNED UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO
4064.89 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (OJ 1998 C66/03) 322
APPENDIX 7 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE CONCEPT OF UNDERTAKINGS
CONCERNED UNDER COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) NO
4064/89 ON THE CONTROL OF CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN
UNDERTAKINGS (OJ 1998 C66/04) 333
APPENDIX 8 COMMISSION NOTICE ON THE DEFINITION OF RELEVANT MARKET
FOR THE PURPOSE OF COMMUNITY COMPETITION LAW (OJ
1997 C372/03) 346
APPENDIX 9 MERGER PROCEDURES 356
INDEX
361 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:05:32Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:11:11Z |
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| spelling | Cook, C. J. Verfasser (DE-588)129688223 aut E.C. merger control C. J. Cook and C. S. Kerse 3. ed. London [u.a.] Sweet & Maxwell 2000 XXXI, 376 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Fusionskontrolle (DE-588)4071521-8 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Fusionskontrolle (DE-588)4071521-8 s DE-604 Kerse, Christopher S. Sonstige oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014671449&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Cook, C. J. E.C. merger control Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Fusionskontrolle (DE-588)4071521-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4071521-8 |
| title | E.C. merger control |
| title_auth | E.C. merger control |
| title_exact_search | E.C. merger control |
| title_exact_search_txtP | E.C. merger control |
| title_full | E.C. merger control C. J. Cook and C. S. Kerse |
| title_fullStr | E.C. merger control C. J. Cook and C. S. Kerse |
| title_full_unstemmed | E.C. merger control C. J. Cook and C. S. Kerse |
| title_short | E.C. merger control |
| title_sort | e c merger control |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Fusionskontrolle (DE-588)4071521-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Fusionskontrolle |
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