Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York
Springer
2006
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| Series: | Springer series in optical sciences
104 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXI, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0387237100 9780387237107 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers |c André Moliton |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135139757785088 |
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| adam_text | ANDRE MOLITON OPTOELECTRONICS OF MOLECULES AND POLYMERS WITH 229
ILLUSTRATIONS SPRINGER CONTENTS PREFACE BY RICHARD H. FRIEND VII LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS IX INTRODUCTION XI PART ONE: CONCEPTS: ELECTRONIC AND
OPTICAL PROCESSES IN ORGANIC SOLIDS CHAPTER I: BAND AND ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURES IN REGULAER 1 -DIMENSIONAL MEDIA 3 I AN INTRODUCTION TO
APPROXIMATIONS OF WEAK AND STRONG BONDS 3 1 MATERIALS WITH WEAK BONDS 3
2 MATERIALS WITH STRONG BONDS 4 II BAND STRUCTURE IN WEAK BONDS 6 1
PRIOR RESULT FOR ZERO ORDER APPROXIMATION 6 2 PHYSICAL ORIGIN OF
FORBIDDEN BANDS 6 3 SIMPLE ESTIMATION OF THE SIZE OF THE FORBIDDEN BAND
8 III FLOQUET S THEOREM: WAVEFUNCTIONS FOR STRONG BONDS 9 1 FORM OF THE
RESULTING POTENTIAL 9 2 THE FORM OF THE WAVEFUNCTION 10 3 FLOQUET S
THEOREM: EFFECT OF POTENTIAL PERIODICITY ON WAVEFUNCTION FORM 11 IV A
STUDY ON ENERGY 12 1 DEFINING EQUATIONS (WITH X = R: 1 * D) 12 2
CALCULATION OF ENERGY FOR A CHAIN OF N ATOMS 13 3 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:
PHYSICAL SIGMFICAOCE OF TERMS (EN * *) AND SS; SIMPLE CALCULATION OF E;
AND THE APPEARANCE OF ALLOWED AND FORBIDDEN BANDS IN STRONG BONDS 16 XV
UEI CONTENTS V I-D CRYSTAL AND THE DISTORTED CHAIN 19 1 AB TYPE CRYSTAL
19 2 THE DISTORTED CHAIN 20 VI DENSITY FUNETION AND ITS APPLICATION. THE
METAL INSULATOR TRANSITION AND CALCULATION OF E RE [ ; . LX 22 1 STATE
DENSITY FUNETIONS 22 2 FI HING UP ZONES AND PEIERLS INSULATOR-METAL
TRANSITION 24 3 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALCULATION OF E RE ] AX FOR A
DISTORTED CHAIN 25 VII PRACTICA! EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF WAVEFUNCTION
ENERGY LEVELS, ORBITAL DENSITY FUNETION AND BAND ALLING FOR A REGULAER
CHAIN OF ATOMS 26 1 LIMITS OF VARIATION IN K 26 2 REPRESENTATION OF
ENERGY AND THE ORBITAL DENSITY FUNETION USING N = 8 26 3 WAVEFUNCTION
FONNS FOR BONDING AND ANTIBONDING STATES 27 4 GENERALISATION REGARDING
ATOMIC CHAIN STATES 30 VIII CONELUSION 30 CHAPTER II: ELECTRON AND BAND
STRUETURE 33 I INTRODUCTION 33 T T GOING FROM 1 -D TO 3-D 34 1 3-D
GENERAL EXPRESSION OFPERMIUEED ENERGY 34 2 EXPRESSIONS FOR EFFECTIVE
MASS, BAND SIZE AND MOBILITY 35 III 3-D COVALENT CRYSTAL FROM A
MOLECULAR MODEL: SP- 5 HYBRID STATES AT NODAL ATOMS 36 1 GENERAL NOTES
36 2 INDEPENDENT BONDS: FORMATION OF MOLECULAR ORBITALS 38 3 COUPLING OF
MOLECULAR ORBITALS AND BAND FORMATION 40 IV BAND THEORY LAEMTS AND THE
ORIGIN OF LEVELS AND BANDS FROM LOCALISED STATES 41 1 INFLUENCE OF
DEFAULTS ON EVOLUTION OF BAND STRUETURE AND THE INTRODUCTION OF
LOCALISED LEVELS . 41 2 THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC REPULSIONS, HUBBARD S
BANDS AND THE INSULATOR-METAL TRANSITION 43 3 EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL
DISORDER AND ANDERSON LOCALISATION 47 V CONELUSION 57 CONTENTS XIX
CHAPTER III: ELECTRON AND BAND STRUCTURES OF PERFECT ORGANIC SOLIDS
... 59 I INTRODUCTION: ORGANIC SOLIDS 59 1 CONTEXT 59 2 GCNCRALILIES 59
3 DEFINITION OF CONJUGATED MATCRIALS; AN AIDE-MEMOIRE FOR PHYSICIANS AND
ELCCTRICIANS 62 II ELECTRONIC STRUETURE OF ORGANIC INTRINSIC SOLIDS:
TT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS 63 1 DEGENERATE IT-EONJUGATED POLYMERS 63 2 BAND
SCHEME FOR A NON-DEGENERATE IT-CONJUGATED POLYMER: POLY(/7ARA-PHENYLENE)
65 III ELECTRONIC STRUETURE OF ORGANIC INTRINSIC SOLIDS: SMALL MOLECULES
68 1 EVOLUTION OF ENERGY LEVELS IN GOING F ROM AN ISOLATED CHAIN TO A
SYSTEM OF SOLID STATE CONDENSED MOLECULES 68 2 ENERGY LEVEL DISTRIBUTION
IN ALQ3 69 3 FULLERENC ELECTRONIC ICVCLS AND STATES 70 IV CONCLUSION:
ENERGY LEVEIS AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT 74 CHAPTER IV: ELECTRON AND BAND
STRUCTURES OF REAL ORGANIC SOLIDS 77 I INTRODUCTION: REAL ORGANIC
SOLIDS 77 II LATTICE-CHARGE COUPLING*POLARONS 77 1 INTRODUCTION 77 2
POLARONS 78 3 MODEL OF RAOLECULAR CRYSTALS 79 4 ENERGY SPECTRUM OF SMALL
POLARON 83 5 POLARONS IN TT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS 85 6 HOW DO WE CROSS
FROM POLARON-EXCITON TO POLARON? 87 7 DEGENERATE JT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS
AND SOLITONS .. 88 III TOWARDS A COMPLETE BAND SCHEME 90 1 WHICH EFFECTS
CAN INTERVENC? 90 2 COMPLETE BAND SCHEME AECUMULATING DIFFERENT POSSIBLE
EFFECTS 91 3 ALQ3 AND MOLECULAR CRYSTALS 93 IV CONCLUSION 95 CHAPTER V:
CONDUCTION IN DELOCALISED, LOCALISED AND POLARONIC STATES .. 99 I
INTRODUCTION 99 II GENERAL THEORIES OF CONDUCTION IN DELOCALISED STATES
.... 100 1 GENERAL RE.SULTS OF CONDUETIVITY IN A REAL CRYSTAL: LIMITS OF
CLASSICAL THEORIES 100 XX CONTENTS 2 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN TERMS OF
MOBILITIES AND THE KUBO*GREENWOOD RELATIONSHIP: REASONING IN REEIPROCAL
SPACE AND ENERGY SPACE FOR DELOCALISED STATES 101 TT T CONDUCTION IN
DELOCALISED BAND STATES: DEGENERATE AND NON-DEGENERATE ORGANIC SOFIDS
103 1 DEGENERATE SYSTEMS 103 2 NON-DEGENERATE SYSTEMS: LIMITS OF
APPLICABILITY OF THE CONDUCTION THEORY IN BANDS OF DELOCALISED STATES
FOR SYSTEMS WITH LARGE OR NARROW BANDS (MOBILITY CONDITION) 105 IV
CONDUCTION IN LOCALISED STATE BANDS 109 1 SYSTEM 1: NON-DEGENERATED
REGIME; CONDUETIVITY IN THE TAIL BAND 110 2 SYSTEM 2: DEGENERATE REGIME;
CONDUETIVITY IN DEEP LOCALISED STATES 111 V TRANSPORT MECHANISMS WITH
POLARONS 116 1 DISPLACEMENTS IN SMALL POLARON BANDS AND DISPLACEMENTS BY
HOPPING 116 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOPPING BY SMALL POLARONS 117 3
PRECISIONS FOR THE SEMI-CLASSICAF THEORY: TRANSITION PROBABILITIES 120
4 RELATIONSHIPS FOR CONTINUOUS CONDUETIVITY THROUGH POLARON TRANSPORT
122 5 CONDUCTION IN 3D IN TT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS 124 VI OFHCR ENVISAGCD
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 128 1 SHENG S GRANULAER METAL MODEL 128 2
EFROS*SHKLOVSKII S MODEL FROM COULOMBIC EFFECTS 128 3 CONDUCTION BY
HOPPING FROM SITE TO SITE IN A PERCOLATION PATHWAY 128 4 KAISER S MODEL
FOR CONDUCUEON IN A HETEROGENEOUS STRUETURE ] 29 VII CONCLUSION: REAL
BEHAVIOUR 129 1 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO CONDUETING POLYMERS 129 2
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE ANALYSED USING THE PARAMETER W =*1(9 IN P)/9 INT]
131 CHAPTER VI: ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 133 I INTRODUCTION 133 II
BASIC MECHANISMS 133 1 INJECTION LEVELS 133 2 THREE BASIC MECHANISMS 134
III PROCESS A: VARIOUS (EMISSION) CURRENTS PRODUCED BY CLECTRODES 135
CONTENTS XXI 1 RECTIFYING CONTACT (BLOCKING METAL * INSULALOR).. 135 2
THERMOELECTRONIC EMISSION (T ^ 0; E U * 0) 136 3 FIELD EFF ECT EMISSION
(SHOTTKY): E A IS MEDIUM INTENSE 136 4 TUNNELLING EFF ECT EMISSIONS
AND FOWLER-NORDHEIM S EQUATION 137 IV PROCESS B (SIMPLE INJECTION):
OHMIC CONTACT AND CURRENL LIMITED BY SPACE CHARGE 138 1 OHMIC CONTACT
(ELECTRON INJECTION) 138 2 THE SPACE CHARGE LIMITED CURRENL LAW AND
SATURATION CURRENT (J S ) F OR SIMPLE INJEEUEON IN INSULATOR WITHOUT
TRAPS I 39 3 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN REGIMES ! 43 4 INSULATORS WITH TRAPS
AND CHARAELERISLICS OF TRAP LEVELS 144 5 EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY
DUE TO ONE CARRIER LYPE (J S P) WITH TRAPS AT ONE DISCREET LEVEL (E T );
EFFECTI VE MOBILITY 147 6 DEEP LEVEL TRAPS DISTRIBUTED AECORDING TO
GAUSSIAN OR EXPONENTIAL LAWS 151 V DOUBLE INJECTION AND VOLUMC
CONTROLLED CURRENT: MECHANISM C IN FIGURE VI-2 154 1 INTRODUCTION:
DIFFERENCES IN PROPERUEES OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOLIDS 154 2
FUNDAMENTAL EQUALIONS FOR PLANAR DOUBLE INJECTION (TWO CARRIER TYPES)
WHEN BOTH EURRENTS ARE LIMITED BY SPACE CHARGE: FORM OF RESULTING
CURRENT JVCC ( N O TRAP NOR RECOMBINATION CENTRES) . 155 3 APPLICATIONS
157 VI THE PARTICULAR CASE OF CONDUCTION BY THE POOIE-FRENKEL EFF ECT
159 1 COUELOMBIC TRAPS 160 2 CONDUCTION DUE TO POOLE-FRENKEL EFFECT (AS
OPPOSED TO SCHOTTKY EFFECT) 160 CHAPTER VII: OPTKAL PROCESSES IN
MOLECULAR AND NIACROMOLECULAR SOLIDS 1 63 I INTRODUCTION 163 II MATRIX
EFFECTS DUE TO INSERLION OF ATOMS WITH INEOMPLETE INTERNAL ELECTRONIC
LEVELS 164 1 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF TRANSITION ELEMCNTS AND RARE
EARTHS 164 2 INCORPORATION OF TRANSITION METALS AND RARE EARLHS INTO
DIELECTRIC OR A SEMICONDUETOR MATRIX: EFFECTS ON ENERGY LEVELS 165 XXII
CONTENTS 3 TRANSITIONS STUDIED FOR ATOMS WITH INCOMPLETE LAYCRS INSERTED
IN A MATRIX 167 III CLASSIC OPUECAL APPLICATIONS USING IRANSITION AND
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS 171 1 ELECTROLUMINESCENCE IN PASSIVE MATRICES 171 2
INSERTION INTO SEMICONDUETOR MATRIX 172 3 LIGHT AMPLIFICATION: ERBIUM
IASERS 173 TV MOLECULAR EDIFICES AND THEIR GCNERAL PROPERTIES 174 1 AIDE
MEMOIRE: BASIC PROPERTIES 174 2 SELECTION RULC WITH RESPECT TO ORBITAL
PARITIES FOR SYSTEMS WITH CENTRE OF SYMMELRY 176 3 MORE COMPLICALED
MOLECULES: CLASSICAL EXAMPLES OF EXISTING CHROMOPHORES 177 V DETAILED
DESCRIPTION OF THE ABSORPUEON AND EMISSION PROECSSES IN MOLECULAR SOLIDS
179 1 ELECTRON-LATTICE COUPLING EFFECTS DURING ELECTRON TRANSITIONS 179
2 SELECTION RULES AND ALLOWED TRANSITIONS 180 3 MODIFIED JABLONSKY
DIAGRAM AND MODIFLEATION OF SELECTION RULCS: FLUORESCENCE AND
PHOSPHORESCENCE 181 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: DISCUSSION 183 VI EXCITONS
185 1 INTRODUCTION 185 2 WANNIE-R AND CHARGE TRANSFER EXCITONS 186 3
FRENKEL EXCITONS 188 4 STATES, ENERGY LEVELS AND TRANSITIONS IN PHYSICAL
DIMERS 189 5 SYSTEM CONTAINING AN INFINITE NUMBER OF INTERACTING
MOLECULES AND EXCITON BAND: DAVIDOV DISPLACEMENT AND BREAKDOWN 192 6
AGGREGATES 194 7 FOERSTER AND DEXTER MECHANISMS FOR TRANSFER OF ELECTRON
EXCITATION ENERGY 195 PART TWO: COMPONENTS: OLEDS, PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL MODULATORS CHAPTER VIII: FABRICATION AND
CHARACTCRISATION OF MOLECULAR AND MACROMOLECULAR OPTOCLECTRONIC
COMPONENTS 201 1 DEPOSITION METHODS 201 1 SPIN COATING 201 2 VAPOUR
PHASE DEPOSITION 202 CONFENLS XXIII 3 POLYMERISATION IN THE VAPOUR PHASE
(VDP METHOD) 203 4 FILM GROWTH DURING VAPOUR DEPOSITION: BENEIITS DUE TO
DEPOSITION ASSISTED BY ION BEAMS 204 5 COMMENT: SUBSTRATE TCMPERATUI E
EFFECTS 209 II FABRICATION METHODS: OLEDS AND OPTICAL GUIDES FOR
MODULATOR ARMS 210 1 OLED FABRICATION 210 2 FABRICATION OF MODULATOR
GUIDCS/ARMS FROM POLYMERS 212 ITT PHOTOMETRIE CHARACTERISATION OF
ORGANIC LEDS (OLEDS OR PLEDS) 217 1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 217 2 INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL FLUXES AND QUANTUM YIELDS: EMISSIONS INSIDE AND OUT.SIDC OF
COMPONENTS 221 3 MEASURING LUMINANCE AND YIELDS WITB A PHOTODIODE 226 IV
CHARACTERISATION OF POLYMER BASED LINEAR WAVE GUIDES .. 232 1 MEASURING
TRANSVERSALLY DIFFUSED LIGHT 232 2 LOSS ANALYSES USING CUT - BACK AND
ENDFACE COUPLING METHODS 233 CHAPTER IX: ORGANIC STRUCTURES AND
MATERIALS IN OPTOELECTRONIC EMITTERS 235 I INTRODUCTION 235 T T HOW CRTS
WORK 235 III ELECTROLUMINCSCENL INORGANIC DIODES 236 1 HOW THEY WORK 236
2 DISPLAY APPLICATIONS 237 3 CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS 237 4 IN
PRACTICAL TERMS 238 IV SCREENS BASED ON LIQUID CRYSTALS 239 1 GENERAL
POINTS 239 2 HOW LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS WORK 240 3 LCD SCREEN STRUETURE
AND THE ROLE OF POLYMERS . . . 242 4 ADDRCSSING IN LCD DISPLAYS 243 5
CONCLUSION 244 V PLASMA SCREENS 244 VI MICRO-POINT SCREENS (FIELD
EMISSION DISPLAYS (FED)) . .. 245 VII ELECTROLUMINCSCENL SCREENS 246 1
GENERAL MECHANISM 246 2 AVAILABLE TRANSITIONS IN AN INORGANIC PHOSPHOR
.... 247 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF INORGANIC PBOSPHORS FROM GROUPS II-VT
...... 249 XXIV CONTENTS 4 ELECTROLUMINESCENT THINK FILM DISPLAYS: HOW
THEY WORK WITH ALTERNATING CURRENTS 250 5 ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES
OPERATING UNDER DIRECT CURRENT CONDITIONS 251 VIII ORGANIC (OLED) AND
POLYRAER (PLED) ELECTROLUMINESCENT DIODES 253 1 BRIEF HISTORY AND RESUME
253 2 THE TWO MAIN DEVELOPMENTAL ROUTES 253 3 HOW OLEDS FUNETION AND
THEIR INTEREST 254 CHAPTER X: ELECTROLUMINESCENT ORGANIC DIODES 257 I
LNTRODUCTION 257 II COMPARING ELECTRONIC INJEETION AND TRANSPORL MODEIS
WITH EXPERIMENTAL RCSULTS 258 1 GENERAL POINTS: PROPERTIES AND METHODS
APPLIED TO THEIR STUDY 258 2 SMALL MOLECULES (ALQ3) 259 3 POLYMERS 267
III SLRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ORGANIC LEDS AND YIELDS 272 1 SCHEME OF
ABOVE DETAILED PROECSSES 272 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF YIELDS 273 3 VARIOUS
POSSIBLE STRATEGIE* TO IMPROVE ORGANIC LED PERFORMANCES 274 IV ADJUSTING
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SOLIDS FOR ELECTROLUMINESCENT
APPLICATIONS 276 1 A BRIEF JUSTIFICATION OF N- AND P-TYPE ORGANIC
CONDUETIVITY 276 2 THE PROBLEM OF EQUILIBRATING ELECTRON AND HOLE
INJEETION CURRENTS 277 3 CHOOSING MATERIALS FOR ELECTRODES AND PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED WITH INTERFACES 277 4 CONFINEMENT LAYERS AND THEIR INTEREST
279 V EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC MULTI4AYER STMETURES 279 1 MONO-LAYER
STRUETURES AND THE ORIGIN OF THEIR POOR PERFORMANCE 279 2 THE NATURE OF
SUPPLEMENLARY LAYERS 280 3 CLASSIC EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC
ORGANIC LAYERS 280 4 TREATMENT OF THE EMITTING ZONE IN CONTACT WITH THE
ANODE 284 VI MODIFICATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTICS OF ORGANIC SOLIDS FOR
APPLICATIONS 285 1 ADJUSTING THE EMITTED WAVELENGTH 285 2 EXCITATION
ENERGY TRANSTER MECHANISMS IN FILMS DOPED WITH FLUORESCENT OR
PHOSPHORESCENT DYES ... 286 CONTENTS XXV 3 CIRCUMNAVIGATING
SELECTIONRULES: RECUPERATION OF NON-RADIATIVE TRIPLET EXCITONS 288 4
ENERGY TRAENSFER WITH RARE EARTHS AND INFRARED LEDS 290 5 MICROCAVITIES
292 6 ELECTRON PUMPING AND THE LASER EFFECT 292 VII APPLICATIONS IN THE
FIELD OF DISPLAYS: FLEXIBLE SCREENS ... 294 1 THE ADVANTAGES 294 2 THE
PROBLEM OF AGEING 294 3 THE SPECIFIC CASE OF WHITE DIODES 296 4 THE
STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC SCREENS 296 5 A DESCRIPTION OF THE FABRICATION
PROCESSES USED FOR ORGANIC RGB PIXELS 298 6 EMERGING ORGANIC-BASED
TECHNOLOGIES: FLEXIBLE ELECTRONIC PAGES 304 VIII THE PROSPECTIVE AND
ACTUAL PRODUCTION AT 2002 306 IX CONCLUSION 309 X ACTUAL
STATE-OF-THE-ART AND PROSPECTIVES 310 CHAPTER XI: ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC
DEVICE S 313 T PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY OF ORGANIC BASED PHOTOVOLTAICS ...
313 1 GENERAL POINTS: THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 313 2 INITIAL ATTEMPTS
USING ORGANIC MATERIALS: THE PHTHALOCYANINES 316 3 SOLAR CCLLS BASED ON
PENTACENE DOPED WITH IODINE . 318 4 THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF GRAETZEL
AND CURRENT ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 320 II JR-CONJUGATED MATERIALS UNDER
DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY 321 1
METAL-LNSULATOR-METAL STRUCTURES 321 2 HOW BILAYER HETERO-STRUCTURES
WORK AND THEIR LIMITS 322 3 VOLUME HETEROJUNCTIONS 325 III ADDIUEONAL
INFORMATIONS ABOUT PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND ORGANIC COMPONENTS 328 1
DISCUSSION ABOUT MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE GENERATION OF CHARGE CARRIERS
IN ORGANICS 328 2 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BASED ON AN IRRADIATED PN-JUNCTION;
PHOTOVOLTAIC PARAMETERS 330 3 CIRCUIT EQUIVALENT TO A SOLAR CELL 334 4
POSSIBLE LIMITS 336 5 EXAMPLES; ROUTES UNDER STUDY AND THE ROLE OF
VARIOUS PARAMETERS 337 6 CONCLUSION 339 XX VI CONTENTS CHAPTER XII: THE
ORIGIN OF NON-LINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES 341 I INTRODUCTION: BASIC
EQUATIONS FOR ELECTRO-OPTICAL EFFECTS 341 1 CONTEXT 341 2 BASIC
EQUATIONS USED IN NON-LINEAR OPTICS 341 IT THE PRINCIPLE OF PHASE
INODULATORS AND ORGANIC MATERIALS 343 1 PHASE MODULATOR 343 2 THE
ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC MATERIALS 345 3 EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC DONOR-AEEEPTOR
NON-LINEAR OPTICAL SYSTEMS 346 4 GENERAL STRUETURE OF MOLECULES USED IN
NON-LINEAR OPTICS 348 III THE MOLECULAR OPTICAL DIODE 349 1 THE
CENTROSYMMETRIC MOLECULE 349 2 NON-CENTROSYMMETRIC MOLECULES 350 3
CONCLUSION 351 IV PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE POCKELS EFFEET IN
DONOR-SPACER-AEEEPTOR SYSTEMS 353 1 BASIC CONFIGURATION 353 2
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION FOR A DYTIAMIC SYSTEM 355 3 EXPRESSIONS FOR
POLARISABILITY AND SUSEEPTIBILITY .. 355 4 EXPRESSION FOR THE INDICE*AND
THE INSERTION OF THE ELECTRO-OPTICAL COEFFICIENT R 356 V ORGANIC
ELECTRO-OPTICAL MODULATORS AND THEIR BASIC DESIGN 358 1 THEPRINCIPAL
TYPES OF ELCCTRO-OPTICAL INODULATORS . 358 2 FIGURES OF MERIT 359 3 THE
VARIOUS ORGANIC SYSTEMS AVAILABLE FOR USE IN ELECTRO-OPTICAL INODULATORS
361 VI TECHNIQUES SUCH AS ETCHING AND POLYIMIDE POLYMER STRUCTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS 363 1 PAIRED MATERIALS: POLYIMIDE/DR 1 363 2 DEVICE
DIMENSIONS*RESORTING TO LITHOGRAPHY 364 3 ETCHING 365 4 EXAMPLES OF
POLYMER BASED STRACTURES 367 VII CONCLUSION 368 APPENDICES APPENDIX A-L:
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR ORBITALS 373 I ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR ORBITALS 373 1
ATOMIC S- AND P-ORBITALS 373 2 MOLECULAR ORBITALS 376 CONTENTS XXVII 3
A- AND JT-BONDS 380 II THE COVALENT BOND AND ITS HYBRIDISATION 381 !
HYBRIDISATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS 381 2 SP 3 HYBRIDISATION 383 APPENDIX
A-2: REPRESENTATION OF STATES IN A CHAIN OF ATOMS 389 I A CHAIN OF ATOMS
EXHIBITING A-ORBITAL OVERLAPPING 389 1 C-ORBITALS AND A COMPLIMENT TO
THE EXAMPLE OF 8 ALOMS IN A CHAIN 389 2 GENERAL REPRESENTATION OF STATES
IN A CHAIN OF OVERLAPPING A S-ORBITALS 391 3 GENERAL REPRESENTATION OF
STATES IN A CHAIN OF OVERLAPPING A P-ORBITALS 393 II T T TYPE
OVERLAPPING OF P-ORBITALS IN A CHAIN OF ATOMS: 7T-P- AND TT*-P-ORBITAIS
393 III A-S- AND A-P-BONDS IN CHAINS OF ATOMS 394 IV COMMENTS 395 1 THE
BLOCH FUNCUEON 395 2 EXPRESSION FOR THE EFFECTIVE MASS (M*) 396 APPENDIX
A-3: ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FULLERENE-C60 IN THE SOLID
(FILM) STATE 397 I ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF FULLERENE-C60 397 II OPTICAL
PROPERTIES AND OBSERVED TRANSITIONS 401 APPENDIX A-4: GENERAL THEORY OF
CONDUCTIVITY FOR A REGULAER LATTICE 40 3 I ELECTRON TRANSPORT EFFECTED BY
AN EXTERNAL FORCE AND ITS STUDY 403 1 EFFECT OF FORCE ON ELECTRON
MOVEMENT AND REASONMG WITHIN REEIPROCAL SPACE 403 2 BOLTZMANN S
TRANSPORT EQUATION 404 II STATE DENSITY FUNETION, CARRIER FLUX AND
CURRENT DENSITY IN THE REEIPROCAL SPACE 406 1 GENERAL EXPRESSIONS FOR
FLUXES OF PARTIELES 406 2 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE STATE DENSITY FUNETION 406
3 EXPRESSION FOR FLUX 408 4 EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY IN REEIPROCAL
SPACE 408 III DIFFERENT EXPRESSIONS FOR THE CURRENT DENSITY 409 1 USUAL
EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY IN ENERGY SPACE 409 2 STUDICS USING
VARIOUS EXAMPLES 410 3 EXPRESSIONS FOR MOBILITY 412 4 THE KUBO - GREEN
WOOD EXPRESSION FOR CONDUCTIVITY 413 XXVIII CONTENTS IV COMPLEMENTARY
COMMENTS 414 1 CONCERNING THE APPROXIMATION OF THE EFFEETIVE MASS AND
ISOTROPIC DIFFUSIONS 414 2 GENERAL LAWS FOR CHANGES IN MOBILITY WITH
TEMPERATURE 415 APPENDIX A-5: GENERAL THEORY OF CONDUCTIVITY IN
LOCALISED STATES 417 I EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT INTENSITY ASSOCIATED WITH
HOPPING TRANSPORT 417 1 TRANSCRIBING TRANSPORT PHENOMENA INTO EQUATIONS
417 2 CALCULATING THE CURRENT INTENSITY DUE TO HOPPING MECHANISMS 419 II
EXPRESSIO N FOR CURRENT DENSITY AND THERMALLY ACTIVATED MOBILITY 419 1
EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY RELATIVE TO TRANSPORT AT A PARTICULAR
CNERGY LEVEL 419 2 GENERALISATION OF THE FORM OF KUBO-GREENWOOD
CONDUCTIVITY 420 3 THERMALLY ACTIVATED MOBILITY 420 III APPROXIMATIONS
FOR LOCALISED AND DEGENERATE STATES .... 421 APPENDIX A-6: EXPRESSIONS
FOR THERMOELECTRIC POWER IN SOLIDS: CONDUCTING POLYMERS 423 I DEFINITION
AND REASONS FOR USE 423 1 DEFINITION 423 2 REASONS FOR USE 423 II TEP OF
METALS (EP WITHIN A BAND OF DELOCALISED STATES) 424 III TEP OF
SEMICONDUCTORS (SC) (E F IN THE GAP) 424 1 PRELIMINARY REMARK 425 2 AN
IDEAL N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR 425 3 AN IDEAL N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR 426 4
COMMENT ON AMORPHOUS SEMI-CONDUCTORS 426 5 A NON-IDEAL AMORPHOUS
SEMICONDUCTOR WITH E^ BELOW ITS STATES IN THE BAND TAILS 426 IV TEP
UNDER A POLARONIC REGIME 427 1 HIGH TEMPERATURE REGIME 427 2
TNTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE REGIME 427 3 OTHER REGIMES 427 V THE TEP FOR A
HIGH DENSITY OF LOCALISED STATES AROUND EP 427 1 INITIAL HYPOTHESIS 427
2 THE RESULT IN VRH 428 CONTENTS XXIX VI GENERAL REPRESENTATION 429 VII
REAL BEHAVIOUR 429 1 GENERAL LAWS 429 2 BEHAVIOUR AS A FUNCTION OF
DOPING LEVELS 430 3 REPRESENTATIONAL GRAPH 431 4 AN EXAMPLE RESULT 431
APPENDIX A-7: STAGES LEADING TO EMISSION AND INJECTION LAWS AT
INTERFACES 433 I THERMOELECTRIC EMISSION AND THE DUSHMAN- RICHARDSON LAW
433 IT SCHOTTKY INJECTION (FIELD EFFECT EMISSIONS) 434 1 THE POTENTIAL
BARRIER AT THE ATOMIC SCALC 435 2 EMISSION CONDITIONS: SCHOTTKY EMISSION
LAW AND THE DECREASE IN THE POTENTIAL BARRIER BY FIELD EFFECT. 435 III
INJECTION THROUGH TUNNELLING EFFECT AND THE FOWLER-NORDBEIM EQUATION 437
1 THE PROBLEM 437 2 FORM OF THE TRANSPARENCY (T) OF A TRIANGULAER BARRIER
438 3 THE FOWLER-NORDHCIM EQUATION 440 APPENDIX A-8: ENERGY LEVELS AND
PERMITTED TRANSITIONS (AND SELECTION RULES) IN ISOLATED ATOMS 443 I
SPHERICAL ATOMS WITH AN EXTERNA! ELECTRON 443 1 ENERGY LEVELS AND
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION 443 2 SELECTION RULES 444 II AN ATOM WITB MORE
THAN ONE PERIPHERAL ELECTRON 445 1 FIRST EFFECT PRODUCED FROM THE
PERTURBATION H EE DUE TO EXACT ELECTRONIC INTERACTIONS 445 2
PERTURBATION INVOLVING THE COUPLING ENERGY BETWEEN DIFFERENT MAGNETIC
MOMENTS EXACTLY TIED TO KINETIC MOMENTS 446 3 SELECTION RULES 447
APPENDIX A-9: ETCHING POLYMERS WITH ION BEAMS: CHARACTERISTICS AND
RESULTS 449 I LEVEL OF PULVERISATION (Y) 449 1 DEFINITION 449 2 THE
RESULT Y PHYSIC;I I = F(E): 3 ZONES 450 3 LEVEL OF CHEMICAL
PULVERISATION 451 II THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETCHING SPEED AND DEGREE
OF PULVERISATION 451 1 AT NORMAL INCIDENCC 451 2 AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE
452 XXX CONTENTS III SPEED OF REACTIVE ETCHING (IBAE AR+/02 OR 0 + /0 2
)... 452 IV PRELIRAINARY MODELLING OF Y P HY S ICAI FOR PI 2566 454 1
LEVELS OF CARBON PULVERISATION USING 0 + IONS .... 454 2 COMPARING
SIMULAUEONS OF Y P H YS ICAI(0) * F(6) AND THE THOMPSON AND SIGMUND
MODEIS 454 V RESULTS FROM ETCHING OF POLYIMIDES 455 1 SELF-SUPPORTING
POLYIMIDE: UP1LEX 455 2 A STUDY OF THE ETCHING OF PI 2566 456 APPENDIX
A-10: AN AIDE-MEMOIRE ON DIELECTRICS 459 I DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS
DIELECLRIE PERMITTIVITIES 459 1 ABSOLUTE PERMITTIVITY 459 2 RELATIVE
PERMITTIVITY 459 3 COMPIEX RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY 460 4 LIMITED
PERMITLIVITICS 460 5 DIELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY 461 6 CLASSIFICATION OF
DIVERSE DIELECTRIC PHENOMENA .... 461 II RELAXATION OF A CHARGE
OEEUPYING TWO POSITION SCPARATED BY A POTENTIAL BARRIER 463 1
AIDE-MEMOIRE 463 2 TRANSPORTALION IN A DIELECTRIC WILLI TRAPPING LEVELS,
AND THE CFFECT OF AN ELECLRIC FIELD ON TRANSITIONS BETWEEN TRAP LEVELS
464 3 EXPRESSION FOR THE POLARISATION AT AN INSTANT T FOLLOWING THE
DISPLACEMENT OF ELECTRONS 466 4 PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL
WELL DEPTHS ... 467 APPENDIX A-11: THE PRINCIPAL SMALL MOLECULES AND
POLYMERS USED IN ORGANIC OPTOELECTRONICS 471 I CHEMICAL GROUPS AND
ELECTRON TRANSPORT 471 II EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS USED FOR THEIR
ELECTROLUMINCSCENCE 471 1 THE PRINCIPAL EMITTING POLYMERS 471 2 THE
POLYMER FOR HOLE INJEETION LAYERS (HIL) .... 472 3 EXAMPLE OF A POLYMER
USED IN HOLE TRANSPORT LAYERS (HTL) 473 4 EXAMPLE OF A POLYMER USED IN
ELECTRON TRANSPORT LAYER (ETL) 473 III SMALL MOLECULES 473 1 THE
PRINCIPAL GREEN LIGHT EMITTING HGANDS 473 2 PRINCIPAL ELECTRON
TRANSPORTING SMALL MOLECULES EMITTING GREEN LIGHT 474 3 EXAMPLE ELECTRON
TRANSPORTING SMALL MOLECULES EMITTING BLUE LIGHT 474 4 EXAMPLE SMALL
MOLECULES WHICH EMIL RED LIGHT ... 474 CONTENTS XXXI 5 EXAMPLES OF SMALL
MOLECULES WHICH SERVE PRINCIPALLY AS HOLE INJECTION LAYERS (H1L) 475 6
EXAMPLES OF SMALL MOLECULES SERVING PRINCIPALLY IN HOLE TRANSPORT LAYERS
(HTL) 475 7 EXAMPLE OF A SMALL MOLCCULE SERVING PRINCIPALLY TO CONFINE
HOLES IN HOLE BLOCKING LAYERS (HSSL) .. 476 APPENDIX A-12: MECHANKAL
GENERATION OF THE SECOND HARMONIC AND THE POCKELS EFFECT 477 I
MECHANICAL GENERAUEON OF THE SECOND HARMONIC (IN ONE-DIMENSION) 477 1
PRELIMINARY REMARK: THE EFFECT OF AN INTENSE OPTICAL FIELD (E W ) 477 2
PLACING THE PROBLEM INTO EQUATIONS 477 3 VSOLVING THE PROBLEM 480 II
EXCITATION USING TWO PULSES AND THE POCKELS EFFECT. ... 481 1 EXCITATION
FROM TWO PULSES 481 2 THE POCKELS EFFECT 482 BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 INDEX 495
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ANDRE MOLITON OPTOELECTRONICS OF MOLECULES AND POLYMERS WITH 229
ILLUSTRATIONS SPRINGER CONTENTS PREFACE BY RICHARD H. FRIEND VII LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS IX INTRODUCTION XI PART ONE: CONCEPTS: ELECTRONIC AND
OPTICAL PROCESSES IN ORGANIC SOLIDS CHAPTER I: BAND AND ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURES IN REGULAER 1 -DIMENSIONAL MEDIA 3 I AN INTRODUCTION TO
APPROXIMATIONS OF WEAK AND STRONG BONDS 3 1 MATERIALS WITH WEAK BONDS 3
2 MATERIALS WITH STRONG BONDS 4 II BAND STRUCTURE IN WEAK BONDS 6 1
PRIOR RESULT FOR ZERO ORDER APPROXIMATION 6 2 PHYSICAL ORIGIN OF
FORBIDDEN BANDS 6 3 SIMPLE ESTIMATION OF THE SIZE OF THE FORBIDDEN BAND
8 III FLOQUET'S THEOREM: WAVEFUNCTIONS FOR STRONG BONDS 9 1 FORM OF THE
RESULTING POTENTIAL 9 2 THE FORM OF THE WAVEFUNCTION 10 3 FLOQUET'S
THEOREM: EFFECT OF POTENTIAL PERIODICITY ON WAVEFUNCTION FORM 11 IV A
STUDY ON ENERGY 12 1 DEFINING EQUATIONS (WITH X = R: 1 * D) 12 2
CALCULATION OF ENERGY FOR A CHAIN OF N ATOMS 13 3 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:
PHYSICAL SIGMFICAOCE OF TERMS (EN * *) AND SS; SIMPLE CALCULATION OF E;
AND THE APPEARANCE OF ALLOWED AND FORBIDDEN BANDS IN STRONG BONDS 16 XV
UEI CONTENTS V I-D CRYSTAL AND THE DISTORTED CHAIN 19 1 AB TYPE CRYSTAL
19 2 THE DISTORTED CHAIN 20 VI DENSITY FUNETION AND ITS APPLICATION. THE
METAL INSULATOR TRANSITION AND CALCULATION OF E RE [ ; . LX 22 1 STATE
DENSITY FUNETIONS 22 2 FI HING UP ZONES AND PEIERLS INSULATOR-METAL
TRANSITION 24 3 PRINCIPLE OF THE CALCULATION OF E RE ] AX FOR A
DISTORTED CHAIN 25 VII PRACTICA! EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF WAVEFUNCTION
ENERGY LEVELS, ORBITAL DENSITY FUNETION AND BAND ALLING FOR A REGULAER
CHAIN OF ATOMS 26 1 LIMITS OF VARIATION IN K 26 2 REPRESENTATION OF
ENERGY AND THE ORBITAL DENSITY FUNETION USING N = 8 26 3 WAVEFUNCTION
FONNS FOR BONDING AND ANTIBONDING STATES 27 4 GENERALISATION REGARDING
ATOMIC CHAIN STATES 30 VIII CONELUSION 30 CHAPTER II: ELECTRON AND BAND
STRUETURE 33 I INTRODUCTION 33 T T GOING FROM 1 -D TO 3-D 34 1 3-D
GENERAL EXPRESSION OFPERMIUEED ENERGY 34 2 EXPRESSIONS FOR EFFECTIVE
MASS, BAND SIZE AND MOBILITY 35 III 3-D COVALENT CRYSTAL FROM A
MOLECULAR MODEL: SP- 5 HYBRID STATES AT NODAL ATOMS 36 1 GENERAL NOTES
36 2 INDEPENDENT BONDS: FORMATION OF MOLECULAR ORBITALS 38 3 COUPLING OF
MOLECULAR ORBITALS AND BAND FORMATION 40 IV BAND THEORY LAEMTS AND THE
ORIGIN OF LEVELS AND BANDS FROM LOCALISED STATES 41 1 INFLUENCE OF
DEFAULTS ON EVOLUTION OF BAND STRUETURE AND THE INTRODUCTION OF
'LOCALISED LEVELS'. 41 2 THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRONIC REPULSIONS, HUBBARD'S
BANDS AND THE INSULATOR-METAL TRANSITION 43 3 EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL
DISORDER AND ANDERSON LOCALISATION 47 V CONELUSION 57 CONTENTS XIX
CHAPTER III: ELECTRON AND BAND STRUCTURES OF 'PERFECT' ORGANIC SOLIDS
. 59 I INTRODUCTION: ORGANIC SOLIDS 59 1 CONTEXT 59 2 GCNCRALILIES 59
3 DEFINITION OF CONJUGATED MATCRIALS; AN AIDE-MEMOIRE FOR PHYSICIANS AND
ELCCTRICIANS 62 II ELECTRONIC STRUETURE OF ORGANIC INTRINSIC SOLIDS:
TT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS 63 1 DEGENERATE IT-EONJUGATED POLYMERS 63 2 BAND
SCHEME FOR A NON-DEGENERATE IT-CONJUGATED POLYMER: POLY(/7ARA-PHENYLENE)
65 III ELECTRONIC STRUETURE OF ORGANIC INTRINSIC SOLIDS: SMALL MOLECULES
68 1 EVOLUTION OF ENERGY LEVELS IN GOING F'ROM AN ISOLATED CHAIN TO A
SYSTEM OF SOLID STATE CONDENSED MOLECULES 68 2 ENERGY LEVEL DISTRIBUTION
IN ALQ3 69 3 FULLERENC ELECTRONIC ICVCLS AND STATES 70 IV CONCLUSION:
ENERGY LEVEIS AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT 74 CHAPTER IV: ELECTRON AND BAND
STRUCTURES OF 'REAL' ORGANIC SOLIDS 77 I INTRODUCTION: 'REAL' ORGANIC
SOLIDS 77 II LATTICE-CHARGE COUPLING*POLARONS 77 1 INTRODUCTION 77 2
POLARONS 78 3 MODEL OF RAOLECULAR CRYSTALS 79 4 ENERGY SPECTRUM OF SMALL
POLARON 83 5 POLARONS IN TT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS 85 6 HOW DO WE CROSS
FROM POLARON-EXCITON TO POLARON? 87 7 DEGENERATE JT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS
AND SOLITONS . 88 III TOWARDS A COMPLETE BAND SCHEME 90 1 WHICH EFFECTS
CAN INTERVENC? 90 2 COMPLETE BAND SCHEME AECUMULATING DIFFERENT POSSIBLE
EFFECTS 91 3 ALQ3 AND MOLECULAR CRYSTALS 93 IV CONCLUSION 95 CHAPTER V:
CONDUCTION IN DELOCALISED, LOCALISED AND POLARONIC STATES . 99 I
INTRODUCTION 99 II GENERAL THEORIES OF CONDUCTION IN DELOCALISED STATES
. 100 1 GENERAL RE.SULTS OF CONDUETIVITY IN A REAL CRYSTAL: LIMITS OF
CLASSICAL THEORIES 100 XX CONTENTS 2 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN TERMS OF
MOBILITIES AND THE KUBO*GREENWOOD RELATIONSHIP: REASONING IN REEIPROCAL
SPACE AND ENERGY SPACE FOR DELOCALISED STATES 101 TT T CONDUCTION IN
DELOCALISED BAND STATES: DEGENERATE AND NON-DEGENERATE ORGANIC SOFIDS
103 1 DEGENERATE SYSTEMS 103 2 NON-DEGENERATE SYSTEMS: LIMITS OF
APPLICABILITY OF THE CONDUCTION THEORY IN BANDS OF DELOCALISED STATES
FOR SYSTEMS WITH LARGE OR NARROW BANDS (MOBILITY CONDITION) 105 IV
CONDUCTION IN LOCALISED STATE BANDS 109 1 SYSTEM 1: NON-DEGENERATED
REGIME; CONDUETIVITY IN THE TAIL BAND 110 2 SYSTEM 2: DEGENERATE REGIME;
CONDUETIVITY IN DEEP LOCALISED STATES 111 V TRANSPORT MECHANISMS WITH
POLARONS 116 1 DISPLACEMENTS IN SMALL POLARON BANDS AND DISPLACEMENTS BY
HOPPING 116 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOPPING BY SMALL POLARONS 117 3
PRECISIONS FOR THE 'SEMI-CLASSICAF THEORY: TRANSITION PROBABILITIES 120
4 RELATIONSHIPS FOR CONTINUOUS CONDUETIVITY THROUGH POLARON TRANSPORT
122 5 CONDUCTION IN 3D IN TT-CONJUGATED POLYMERS 124 VI OFHCR ENVISAGCD
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 128 1 SHENG'S GRANULAER METAL MODEL 128 2
EFROS*SHKLOVSKII'S MODEL FROM COULOMBIC EFFECTS 128 3 CONDUCTION BY
HOPPING FROM SITE TO SITE IN A PERCOLATION PATHWAY 128 4 KAISER'S MODEL
FOR CONDUCUEON IN A HETEROGENEOUS STRUETURE ] 29 VII CONCLUSION: REAL
BEHAVIOUR 129 1 A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO CONDUETING POLYMERS 129 2
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE ANALYSED USING THE PARAMETER W =*1(9 IN P)/9 INT]
131 CHAPTER VI: ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 133 I INTRODUCTION 133 II
BASIC MECHANISMS 133 1 INJECTION LEVELS 133 2 THREE BASIC MECHANISMS 134
III PROCESS A: VARIOUS (EMISSION) CURRENTS PRODUCED BY CLECTRODES 135
CONTENTS XXI 1 RECTIFYING CONTACT (BLOCKING METAL * INSULALOR). 135 2
THERMOELECTRONIC EMISSION (T ^ 0; E U * 0) 136 3 FIELD EFF'ECT EMISSION
(SHOTTKY): E A IS 'MEDIUM INTENSE' 136 4 TUNNELLING EFF'ECT EMISSIONS
AND FOWLER-NORDHEIM'S EQUATION 137 IV PROCESS B (SIMPLE INJECTION):
OHMIC CONTACT AND CURRENL LIMITED BY SPACE CHARGE 138 1 OHMIC CONTACT
(ELECTRON INJECTION) 138 2 THE SPACE CHARGE LIMITED CURRENL LAW AND
SATURATION CURRENT (J S ) F'OR SIMPLE INJEEUEON IN INSULATOR WITHOUT
TRAPS I 39 3 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN REGIMES ! 43 4 INSULATORS WITH TRAPS
AND CHARAELERISLICS OF TRAP LEVELS 144 5 EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY
DUE TO ONE CARRIER LYPE (J S P) WITH TRAPS AT ONE DISCREET LEVEL (E T );
EFFECTI VE MOBILITY 147 6 DEEP LEVEL TRAPS DISTRIBUTED AECORDING TO
GAUSSIAN OR EXPONENTIAL LAWS 151 V DOUBLE INJECTION AND VOLUMC
CONTROLLED CURRENT: MECHANISM C IN FIGURE VI-2 154 1 INTRODUCTION:
DIFFERENCES IN PROPERUEES OF" ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOLIDS 154 2
FUNDAMENTAL EQUALIONS FOR PLANAR DOUBLE INJECTION (TWO CARRIER TYPES)
WHEN BOTH EURRENTS ARE LIMITED BY SPACE CHARGE: FORM OF RESULTING
CURRENT JVCC ( N O TRAP NOR RECOMBINATION CENTRES) . 155 3 APPLICATIONS
157 VI THE PARTICULAR CASE OF CONDUCTION BY THE POOIE-FRENKEL EFF'ECT
159 1 COUELOMBIC TRAPS 160 2 CONDUCTION DUE TO POOLE-FRENKEL EFFECT (AS
OPPOSED TO SCHOTTKY EFFECT) 160 CHAPTER VII: OPTKAL PROCESSES IN
MOLECULAR AND NIACROMOLECULAR SOLIDS 1 63 I INTRODUCTION 163 II MATRIX
EFFECTS DUE TO INSERLION OF ATOMS WITH INEOMPLETE INTERNAL ELECTRONIC
LEVELS 164 1 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF TRANSITION ELEMCNTS AND RARE
EARTHS 164 2 INCORPORATION OF TRANSITION METALS AND RARE EARLHS INTO
DIELECTRIC OR A SEMICONDUETOR MATRIX: EFFECTS ON ENERGY LEVELS 165 XXII
CONTENTS 3 TRANSITIONS STUDIED FOR ATOMS WITH INCOMPLETE LAYCRS INSERTED
IN A MATRIX 167 III CLASSIC OPUECAL APPLICATIONS USING IRANSITION AND
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS 171 1 ELECTROLUMINESCENCE IN PASSIVE MATRICES 171 2
INSERTION INTO SEMICONDUETOR MATRIX 172 3 LIGHT AMPLIFICATION: ERBIUM
IASERS 173 TV MOLECULAR EDIFICES AND THEIR GCNERAL PROPERTIES 174 1 AIDE
MEMOIRE: BASIC PROPERTIES 174 2 SELECTION RULC WITH RESPECT TO ORBITAL
PARITIES FOR SYSTEMS WITH CENTRE OF SYMMELRY 176 3 MORE COMPLICALED
MOLECULES: CLASSICAL EXAMPLES OF EXISTING CHROMOPHORES 177 V DETAILED
DESCRIPTION OF THE ABSORPUEON AND EMISSION PROECSSES IN MOLECULAR SOLIDS
179 1 ELECTRON-LATTICE COUPLING EFFECTS DURING ELECTRON TRANSITIONS 179
2 SELECTION RULES AND ALLOWED TRANSITIONS 180 3 MODIFIED JABLONSKY
DIAGRAM AND MODIFLEATION OF SELECTION RULCS: FLUORESCENCE AND
PHOSPHORESCENCE 181 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS: DISCUSSION 183 VI EXCITONS
185 1 INTRODUCTION 185 2 WANNIE-R AND CHARGE TRANSFER EXCITONS 186 3
FRENKEL EXCITONS 188 4 STATES, ENERGY LEVELS AND TRANSITIONS IN PHYSICAL
DIMERS 189 5 SYSTEM CONTAINING AN INFINITE NUMBER OF INTERACTING
MOLECULES AND EXCITON BAND: DAVIDOV DISPLACEMENT AND BREAKDOWN 192 6
AGGREGATES 194 7 FOERSTER AND DEXTER MECHANISMS FOR TRANSFER OF ELECTRON
EXCITATION ENERGY 195 PART TWO: COMPONENTS: OLEDS, PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL MODULATORS CHAPTER VIII: FABRICATION AND
CHARACTCRISATION OF MOLECULAR AND MACROMOLECULAR OPTOCLECTRONIC
COMPONENTS 201 1 DEPOSITION METHODS 201 1 SPIN COATING 201 2 VAPOUR
PHASE DEPOSITION 202 CONFENLS XXIII 3 POLYMERISATION IN THE VAPOUR PHASE
(VDP METHOD) 203 4 FILM GROWTH DURING VAPOUR DEPOSITION: BENEIITS DUE TO
DEPOSITION ASSISTED BY ION BEAMS 204 5 COMMENT: SUBSTRATE TCMPERATUI'E
EFFECTS 209 II FABRICATION METHODS: OLEDS AND OPTICAL GUIDES FOR
MODULATOR ARMS 210 1 OLED FABRICATION 210 2 FABRICATION OF MODULATOR
GUIDCS/ARMS FROM POLYMERS 212 ITT PHOTOMETRIE CHARACTERISATION OF
ORGANIC LEDS (OLEDS OR PLEDS) 217 1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 217 2 INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL FLUXES AND QUANTUM YIELDS: EMISSIONS INSIDE AND OUT.SIDC OF
COMPONENTS 221 3 MEASURING LUMINANCE AND YIELDS WITB A PHOTODIODE 226 IV
CHARACTERISATION OF POLYMER BASED LINEAR WAVE GUIDES . 232 1 MEASURING
TRANSVERSALLY DIFFUSED LIGHT 232 2 LOSS ANALYSES USING 'CUT - BACK' AND
'ENDFACE COUPLING' METHODS 233 CHAPTER IX: ORGANIC STRUCTURES AND
MATERIALS IN OPTOELECTRONIC EMITTERS 235 I INTRODUCTION 235 T T HOW CRTS
WORK 235 III ELECTROLUMINCSCENL INORGANIC DIODES 236 1 HOW THEY WORK 236
2 DISPLAY APPLICATIONS 237 3 CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS 237 4 IN
PRACTICAL TERMS 238 IV SCREENS BASED ON LIQUID CRYSTALS 239 1 GENERAL
POINTS 239 2 HOW LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS WORK 240 3 LCD SCREEN STRUETURE
AND THE ROLE OF POLYMERS . . . 242 4 ADDRCSSING IN LCD DISPLAYS 243 5
CONCLUSION 244 V PLASMA SCREENS 244 VI MICRO-POINT SCREENS (FIELD
EMISSION DISPLAYS (FED)) . . 245 VII ELECTROLUMINCSCENL SCREENS 246 1
GENERAL MECHANISM 246 2 AVAILABLE TRANSITIONS IN AN INORGANIC PHOSPHOR
. 247 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF INORGANIC PBOSPHORS FROM GROUPS II-VT
". 249 XXIV CONTENTS 4 ELECTROLUMINESCENT THINK FILM DISPLAYS: HOW
THEY WORK WITH ALTERNATING CURRENTS 250 5 ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES
OPERATING UNDER DIRECT CURRENT CONDITIONS 251 VIII ORGANIC (OLED) AND
POLYRAER (PLED) ELECTROLUMINESCENT DIODES 253 1 BRIEF HISTORY AND RESUME
253 2 THE TWO MAIN DEVELOPMENTAL ROUTES 253 3 HOW OLEDS FUNETION AND
THEIR INTEREST 254 CHAPTER X: ELECTROLUMINESCENT ORGANIC DIODES 257 I
LNTRODUCTION 257 II COMPARING ELECTRONIC INJEETION AND TRANSPORL MODEIS
WITH EXPERIMENTAL RCSULTS 258 1 GENERAL POINTS: PROPERTIES AND METHODS
APPLIED TO THEIR STUDY 258 2 SMALL MOLECULES (ALQ3) 259 3 POLYMERS 267
III SLRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ORGANIC LEDS AND YIELDS 272 1 SCHEME OF
ABOVE DETAILED PROECSSES 272 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF YIELDS 273 3 VARIOUS
POSSIBLE STRATEGIE* TO IMPROVE ORGANIC LED PERFORMANCES 274 IV ADJUSTING
ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SOLIDS FOR ELECTROLUMINESCENT
APPLICATIONS 276 1 A BRIEF JUSTIFICATION OF N- AND P-TYPE ORGANIC
CONDUETIVITY 276 2 THE PROBLEM OF EQUILIBRATING ELECTRON AND HOLE
INJEETION CURRENTS 277 3 CHOOSING MATERIALS FOR ELECTRODES AND PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED WITH INTERFACES 277 4 CONFINEMENT LAYERS AND THEIR INTEREST
279 V EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC MULTI4AYER STMETURES 279 1 MONO-LAYER
STRUETURES AND THE ORIGIN OF THEIR POOR PERFORMANCE 279 2 THE NATURE OF
SUPPLEMENLARY LAYERS 280 3 CLASSIC EXAMPLES OF THE EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC
ORGANIC LAYERS 280 4 TREATMENT OF THE EMITTING ZONE IN CONTACT WITH THE
ANODE 284 VI MODIFICATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTICS OF ORGANIC SOLIDS FOR
APPLICATIONS 285 1 ADJUSTING THE EMITTED WAVELENGTH 285 2 EXCITATION
ENERGY TRANSTER MECHANISMS IN FILMS DOPED WITH FLUORESCENT OR
PHOSPHORESCENT DYES . 286 CONTENTS XXV 3 CIRCUMNAVIGATING
SELECTIONRULES: RECUPERATION OF NON-RADIATIVE TRIPLET EXCITONS 288 4
ENERGY TRAENSFER WITH RARE EARTHS AND INFRARED LEDS 290 5 MICROCAVITIES
292 6 ELECTRON PUMPING AND THE LASER EFFECT 292 VII APPLICATIONS IN THE
FIELD OF DISPLAYS: FLEXIBLE SCREENS . 294 1 THE ADVANTAGES 294 2 THE
PROBLEM OF AGEING 294 3 THE SPECIFIC CASE OF WHITE DIODES 296 4 THE
STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC SCREENS 296 5 A DESCRIPTION OF THE FABRICATION
PROCESSES USED FOR ORGANIC RGB PIXELS 298 6 EMERGING ORGANIC-BASED
TECHNOLOGIES: FLEXIBLE ELECTRONIC 'PAGES' 304 VIII THE PROSPECTIVE AND
ACTUAL PRODUCTION AT 2002 306 IX CONCLUSION 309 X ACTUAL
STATE-OF-THE-ART AND PROSPECTIVES 310 CHAPTER XI: ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC
DEVICE S 313 T PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY OF ORGANIC BASED PHOTOVOLTAICS .
313 1 GENERAL POINTS: THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 313 2 INITIAL ATTEMPTS
USING ORGANIC MATERIALS: THE PHTHALOCYANINES 316 3 SOLAR CCLLS BASED ON
PENTACENE DOPED WITH IODINE . 318 4 THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF GRAETZEL
AND CURRENT ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS 320 II JR-CONJUGATED MATERIALS UNDER
DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY 321 1
METAL-LNSULATOR-METAL STRUCTURES 321 2 HOW BILAYER HETERO-STRUCTURES
WORK AND THEIR LIMITS 322 3 VOLUME HETEROJUNCTIONS 325 III ADDIUEONAL
INFORMATIONS ABOUT PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND ORGANIC COMPONENTS 328 1
DISCUSSION ABOUT MECHANISMS LEADING TO THE GENERATION OF CHARGE CARRIERS
IN ORGANICS 328 2 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BASED ON AN IRRADIATED PN-JUNCTION;
PHOTOVOLTAIC PARAMETERS 330 3 CIRCUIT EQUIVALENT TO A SOLAR CELL 334 4
POSSIBLE LIMITS 336 5 EXAMPLES; ROUTES UNDER STUDY AND THE ROLE OF
VARIOUS PARAMETERS 337 6 CONCLUSION 339 XX VI CONTENTS CHAPTER XII: THE
ORIGIN OF NON-LINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES 341 I INTRODUCTION: BASIC
EQUATIONS FOR ELECTRO-OPTICAL EFFECTS 341 1 CONTEXT 341 2 BASIC
EQUATIONS USED IN NON-LINEAR OPTICS 341 IT THE PRINCIPLE OF PHASE
INODULATORS AND ORGANIC MATERIALS 343 1 PHASE MODULATOR 343 2 THE
ADVANTAGES OF ORGANIC MATERIALS 345 3 EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC DONOR-AEEEPTOR
NON-LINEAR OPTICAL SYSTEMS 346 4 GENERAL STRUETURE OF MOLECULES USED IN
NON-LINEAR OPTICS 348 III THE MOLECULAR OPTICAL DIODE 349 1 THE
CENTROSYMMETRIC MOLECULE 349 2 NON-CENTROSYMMETRIC MOLECULES 350 3
CONCLUSION 351 IV PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE POCKELS EFFEET IN
DONOR-SPACER-AEEEPTOR SYSTEMS 353 1 BASIC CONFIGURATION 353 2
FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION FOR A DYTIAMIC SYSTEM 355 3 EXPRESSIONS FOR
POLARISABILITY AND SUSEEPTIBILITY . 355 4 EXPRESSION FOR THE INDICE*AND
THE INSERTION OF THE ELECTRO-OPTICAL COEFFICIENT R 356 V ORGANIC
ELECTRO-OPTICAL MODULATORS AND THEIR BASIC DESIGN 358 1 THEPRINCIPAL
TYPES OF ELCCTRO-OPTICAL INODULATORS . 358 2 FIGURES OF MERIT 359 3 THE
VARIOUS ORGANIC SYSTEMS AVAILABLE FOR USE IN ELECTRO-OPTICAL INODULATORS
361 VI TECHNIQUES SUCH AS ETCHING AND POLYIMIDE POLYMER STRUCTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS 363 1 PAIRED MATERIALS: POLYIMIDE/DR 1 363 2 DEVICE
DIMENSIONS*RESORTING TO LITHOGRAPHY 364 3 ETCHING 365 4 EXAMPLES OF
POLYMER BASED STRACTURES 367 VII CONCLUSION 368 APPENDICES APPENDIX A-L:
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR ORBITALS 373 I ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR ORBITALS 373 1
ATOMIC S- AND P-ORBITALS 373 2 MOLECULAR ORBITALS 376 CONTENTS XXVII 3
A- AND JT-BONDS 380 II THE COVALENT BOND AND ITS HYBRIDISATION 381 !
HYBRIDISATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS 381 2 SP 3 HYBRIDISATION 383 APPENDIX
A-2: REPRESENTATION OF STATES IN A CHAIN OF ATOMS 389 I A CHAIN OF ATOMS
EXHIBITING A-ORBITAL OVERLAPPING 389 1 C-ORBITALS AND A COMPLIMENT TO
THE EXAMPLE OF 8 ALOMS IN A CHAIN 389 2 GENERAL REPRESENTATION OF STATES
IN A CHAIN OF OVERLAPPING A S-ORBITALS 391 3 GENERAL REPRESENTATION OF
STATES IN A CHAIN OF OVERLAPPING A P-ORBITALS 393 II T T TYPE
OVERLAPPING OF P-ORBITALS IN A CHAIN OF ATOMS: 7T-P- AND TT*-P-ORBITAIS
393 III A-S- AND A-P-BONDS IN CHAINS OF ATOMS 394 IV COMMENTS 395 1 THE
BLOCH FUNCUEON 395 2 EXPRESSION FOR THE EFFECTIVE MASS (M*) 396 APPENDIX
A-3: ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FULLERENE-C60 IN THE SOLID
(FILM) STATE 397 I ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF FULLERENE-C60 397 II OPTICAL
PROPERTIES AND OBSERVED TRANSITIONS 401 APPENDIX A-4: GENERAL THEORY OF
CONDUCTIVITY FOR A REGULAER LATTICE 40 3 I ELECTRON TRANSPORT EFFECTED BY
AN EXTERNAL FORCE AND ITS STUDY 403 1 EFFECT OF FORCE ON ELECTRON
MOVEMENT AND REASONMG WITHIN REEIPROCAL SPACE 403 2 BOLTZMANN'S
TRANSPORT EQUATION 404 II STATE DENSITY FUNETION, CARRIER FLUX AND
CURRENT DENSITY IN THE REEIPROCAL SPACE 406 1 GENERAL EXPRESSIONS FOR
FLUXES OF PARTIELES 406 2 EXPRESSIONS FOR THE STATE DENSITY FUNETION 406
3 EXPRESSION FOR FLUX 408 4 EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY IN REEIPROCAL
SPACE 408 III DIFFERENT EXPRESSIONS FOR THE CURRENT DENSITY 409 1 USUAL
EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY IN ENERGY SPACE 409 2 STUDICS USING
VARIOUS EXAMPLES 410 3 EXPRESSIONS FOR MOBILITY 412 4 THE KUBO - GREEN
WOOD EXPRESSION FOR CONDUCTIVITY 413 XXVIII CONTENTS IV COMPLEMENTARY
COMMENTS 414 1 CONCERNING THE APPROXIMATION OF THE EFFEETIVE MASS AND
ISOTROPIC DIFFUSIONS 414 2 GENERAL LAWS FOR CHANGES IN MOBILITY WITH
TEMPERATURE 415 APPENDIX A-5: GENERAL THEORY OF CONDUCTIVITY IN
LOCALISED STATES 417 I EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT INTENSITY ASSOCIATED WITH
HOPPING TRANSPORT 417 1 TRANSCRIBING TRANSPORT PHENOMENA INTO EQUATIONS
417 2 CALCULATING THE CURRENT INTENSITY DUE TO HOPPING MECHANISMS 419 II
EXPRESSIO N FOR CURRENT DENSITY AND THERMALLY ACTIVATED MOBILITY 419 1
EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT DENSITY RELATIVE TO TRANSPORT AT A PARTICULAR
CNERGY LEVEL 419 2 GENERALISATION OF THE FORM OF KUBO-GREENWOOD
CONDUCTIVITY 420 3 THERMALLY ACTIVATED MOBILITY 420 III APPROXIMATIONS
FOR LOCALISED AND DEGENERATE STATES . 421 APPENDIX A-6: EXPRESSIONS
FOR THERMOELECTRIC POWER IN SOLIDS: CONDUCTING POLYMERS 423 I DEFINITION
AND REASONS FOR USE 423 1 DEFINITION 423 2 REASONS FOR USE 423 II TEP OF
METALS (EP WITHIN A BAND OF DELOCALISED STATES) 424 III TEP OF
SEMICONDUCTORS (SC) (E F IN THE GAP) 424 1 PRELIMINARY REMARK 425 2 AN
IDEAL N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR 425 3 AN IDEAL N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR 426 4
COMMENT ON AMORPHOUS SEMI-CONDUCTORS 426 5 A NON-IDEAL AMORPHOUS
SEMICONDUCTOR WITH E^ BELOW ITS STATES IN THE BAND TAILS 426 IV TEP
UNDER A POLARONIC REGIME 427 1 HIGH TEMPERATURE REGIME 427 2
TNTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE REGIME 427 3 OTHER REGIMES 427 V THE TEP FOR A
HIGH DENSITY OF LOCALISED STATES AROUND EP 427 1 INITIAL HYPOTHESIS 427
2 THE RESULT IN VRH 428 CONTENTS XXIX VI GENERAL REPRESENTATION 429 VII
REAL BEHAVIOUR 429 1 GENERAL LAWS 429 2 BEHAVIOUR AS A FUNCTION OF
DOPING LEVELS 430 3 REPRESENTATIONAL GRAPH 431 4 AN EXAMPLE RESULT 431
APPENDIX A-7: STAGES LEADING TO EMISSION AND INJECTION LAWS AT
INTERFACES 433 I THERMOELECTRIC EMISSION AND THE DUSHMAN- RICHARDSON LAW
433 IT SCHOTTKY INJECTION (FIELD EFFECT EMISSIONS) 434 1 THE POTENTIAL
BARRIER AT THE ATOMIC SCALC 435 2 EMISSION CONDITIONS: SCHOTTKY EMISSION
LAW AND THE DECREASE IN THE POTENTIAL BARRIER BY FIELD EFFECT. 435 III
INJECTION THROUGH TUNNELLING EFFECT AND THE FOWLER-NORDBEIM EQUATION 437
1 THE PROBLEM 437 2 FORM OF THE TRANSPARENCY (T) OF A TRIANGULAER BARRIER
438 3 THE FOWLER-NORDHCIM EQUATION 440 APPENDIX A-8: ENERGY LEVELS AND
PERMITTED TRANSITIONS (AND SELECTION RULES) IN ISOLATED ATOMS 443 I
SPHERICAL ATOMS WITH AN EXTERNA! ELECTRON 443 1 ENERGY LEVELS AND
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION 443 2 SELECTION RULES 444 II AN ATOM WITB MORE
THAN ONE PERIPHERAL ELECTRON 445 1 FIRST EFFECT PRODUCED FROM THE
PERTURBATION H EE DUE TO EXACT ELECTRONIC INTERACTIONS 445 2
PERTURBATION INVOLVING THE COUPLING ENERGY BETWEEN DIFFERENT MAGNETIC
MOMENTS EXACTLY TIED TO KINETIC MOMENTS 446 3 SELECTION RULES 447
APPENDIX A-9: ETCHING POLYMERS WITH ION BEAMS: CHARACTERISTICS AND
RESULTS 449 I LEVEL OF PULVERISATION (Y) 449 1 DEFINITION 449 2 THE
RESULT Y PHYSIC;I I = F(E): 3 ZONES 450 3 LEVEL OF CHEMICAL
PULVERISATION 451 II THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETCHING SPEED AND DEGREE
OF PULVERISATION 451 1 AT NORMAL INCIDENCC 451 2 AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE
452 XXX CONTENTS III SPEED OF REACTIVE ETCHING (IBAE AR+/02 OR 0 + /0 2
). 452 IV PRELIRAINARY MODELLING OF Y P HY S ICAI FOR PI 2566 454 1
LEVELS OF CARBON PULVERISATION USING 0 + IONS . 454 2 COMPARING
SIMULAUEONS OF Y P H YS ICAI(0) * F(6) AND THE THOMPSON AND SIGMUND
MODEIS 454 V RESULTS FROM ETCHING OF POLYIMIDES 455 1 SELF-SUPPORTING
POLYIMIDE: UP1LEX 455 2 A STUDY OF THE ETCHING OF PI 2566 456 APPENDIX
A-10: AN AIDE-MEMOIRE ON DIELECTRICS 459 I DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS
DIELECLRIE PERMITTIVITIES 459 1 ABSOLUTE PERMITTIVITY 459 2 RELATIVE
PERMITTIVITY 459 3 COMPIEX RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY 460 4 LIMITED
PERMITLIVITICS 460 5 DIELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY 461 6 CLASSIFICATION OF
DIVERSE DIELECTRIC PHENOMENA . 461 II RELAXATION OF A CHARGE
OEEUPYING TWO POSITION SCPARATED BY A POTENTIAL BARRIER 463 1
AIDE-MEMOIRE 463 2 TRANSPORTALION IN A DIELECTRIC WILLI TRAPPING LEVELS,
AND THE CFFECT OF AN ELECLRIC FIELD ON TRANSITIONS BETWEEN TRAP LEVELS
464 3 EXPRESSION FOR THE POLARISATION AT AN INSTANT T FOLLOWING THE
DISPLACEMENT OF ELECTRONS 466 4 PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF POTENTIAL
WELL DEPTHS . 467 APPENDIX A-11: THE PRINCIPAL SMALL MOLECULES AND
POLYMERS USED IN ORGANIC OPTOELECTRONICS 471 I CHEMICAL GROUPS AND
ELECTRON TRANSPORT 471 II EXAMPLES OF POLYMERS USED FOR THEIR
ELECTROLUMINCSCENCE 471 1 THE PRINCIPAL EMITTING POLYMERS 471 2 'THE'
POLYMER FOR HOLE INJEETION LAYERS (HIL) . 472 3 EXAMPLE OF A POLYMER
USED IN HOLE TRANSPORT LAYERS (HTL) 473 4 EXAMPLE OF A POLYMER USED IN
ELECTRON TRANSPORT LAYER (ETL) 473 III SMALL MOLECULES 473 1 THE
PRINCIPAL GREEN LIGHT EMITTING HGANDS 473 2 PRINCIPAL ELECTRON
TRANSPORTING SMALL MOLECULES EMITTING GREEN LIGHT 474 3 EXAMPLE ELECTRON
TRANSPORTING SMALL MOLECULES EMITTING BLUE LIGHT 474 4 EXAMPLE SMALL
MOLECULES WHICH EMIL RED LIGHT . 474 CONTENTS XXXI 5 EXAMPLES OF SMALL
MOLECULES WHICH SERVE PRINCIPALLY AS HOLE INJECTION LAYERS (H1L) 475 6
EXAMPLES OF SMALL MOLECULES SERVING PRINCIPALLY IN HOLE TRANSPORT LAYERS
(HTL) 475 7 EXAMPLE OF A SMALL MOLCCULE SERVING PRINCIPALLY TO CONFINE
HOLES IN 'HOLE BLOCKING LAYERS' (HSSL) . 476 APPENDIX A-12: MECHANKAL
GENERATION OF THE SECOND HARMONIC AND THE POCKELS EFFECT 477 I
MECHANICAL GENERAUEON OF THE SECOND HARMONIC (IN ONE-DIMENSION) 477 1
PRELIMINARY REMARK: THE EFFECT OF AN INTENSE OPTICAL FIELD (E W ) 477 2
PLACING THE PROBLEM INTO EQUATIONS 477 3 VSOLVING THE PROBLEM 480 II
EXCITATION USING TWO PULSES AND THE POCKELS EFFECT. . 481 1 EXCITATION
FROM TWO PULSES 481 2 THE POCKELS EFFECT 482 BIBLIOGRAPHY 485 INDEX 495 |
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| discipline | Physik Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
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| id | DE-604.BV021327872 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:00:47Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:35:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0387237100 9780387237107 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014648192 |
| oclc_num | 57750544 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-1043 DE-83 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-1043 DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XXXI, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Springer series in optical sciences |
| series2 | Springer series in optical sciences |
| spelling | Moliton, André Verfasser (DE-588)124479383 aut Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers André Moliton New York Springer 2006 XXXI, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series in optical sciences 104 Optoelectronics Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd rswk-swf Optoelektronik (DE-588)4043687-1 gnd rswk-swf Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 s Optoelektronik (DE-588)4043687-1 s DE-604 Springer series in optical sciences 104 (DE-604)BV000000237 104 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014648192&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Moliton, André Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers Springer series in optical sciences Optoelectronics Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Optoelektronik (DE-588)4043687-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046699-1 (DE-588)4043687-1 |
| title | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers |
| title_auth | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers |
| title_exact_search | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers |
| title_full | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers André Moliton |
| title_fullStr | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers André Moliton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers André Moliton |
| title_short | Optoelectronics of molecules and polymers |
| title_sort | optoelectronics of molecules and polymers |
| topic | Optoelectronics Polymere (DE-588)4046699-1 gnd Optoelektronik (DE-588)4043687-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Optoelectronics Polymere Optoelektronik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014648192&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000000237 |
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