Basic concepts of environmental chemistry:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Boca Raton, FL [u.a.]
CRC Press
2005
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Rev. ed. of: Basic concepts of environmental chemistry / Des W. Connell ... [et al.]. 1997. -- Includes index. |
| Physical Description: | 462 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781566706766 1566706769 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Basic concepts of environmental chemistry |c Des W. Connell |
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| 500 | |a Rev. ed. of: Basic concepts of environmental chemistry / Des W. Connell ... [et al.]. 1997. -- Includes index. | ||
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| adam_text | Titel: Basic concepts of environmental chemistry
Autor: Connell, Des W
Jahr: 2005
Table of Contents
PART I Principles of Environmental Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Role and Importance of Environmental Chemistry.....................3
1.1 Alchemy...........................................................................................................3
1.2 The Chemical Age...........................................................................................4
1.3 Environmental Chemistry................................................................................5
1.4 The Scope of Environmental Chemistry.........................................................7
1.5 Chemistry in Environmental Management......................................................9
1.6 Basic Concept of This Book..........................................................................10
1.7 Key Points......................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................12
Questions..................................................................................................................13
Answers....................................................................................................................14
PART II Basic Properties of Chemicals in the
Environment
Chapter 2 Bonds and Molecules: Their Influence on Physical-Chemical
Properties in the Environment...........................................................17
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................17
2.2 States of Matter in the Environment.............................................................17
2.3 Nature of Bonds.............................................................................................19
2.4 Polarity of Molecules.....................................................................................23
2.5 Ionic Compounds...........................................................................................24
2.6 Intermolecular Forces.....................................................................................28
2.7 Physical-Chemical Properties of Compounds...............................................30
2.7.1 Melting Point (MP)............................................................................30
2.7.2 Boiling Point (BP).............................................................................31
2.7.3 Solubility............................................................................................33
2.8 Partition Behavior..........................................................................................36
2.9 Key Points......................................................................................................43
References................................................................................................................44
Questions..................................................................................................................44
Answers....................................................................................................................47
Chapter 3 Environmental Transformation and Degradation Processes..............49
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................49
3.2 Abiotic Transformation and Degradation......................................................50
3.2.1 Oxidation through Combustion.........................................................50
3.2.2 Phototransformation...........................................................................55
3.2.3 Hydrolysis..........................................................................................59
3.3 Biotransformation and Biodegradation..........................................................60
3.3.1 Microbial Transformation..................................................................60
3.3.2 Types of Microbial Degradation........................................................62
3.3.3 Patterns of Growth.............................................................................62
3.3.4 Co-metabolism...................................................................................63
3.3.5 Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Processes in Natural Waters.............63
3.3.6 Terrestrial Systems.............................................................................65
3.3.7 Degradation by Higher Organisms....................................................66
3.4 Kinetics of Transformation and Degradation................................................67
3.4.1 Kinetic Expressions............................................................................67
3.4.2 Volatilization......................................................................................70
3.5 Key Points......................................................................................................72
References................................................................................................................74
Questions..................................................................................................................74
Answers....................................................................................................................76
Chapter 4 Environmental Toxicology.................................................................79
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................79
4.2 Routes and Mechanisms of Toxicant Entry to Organisms............................80
4.2.1 Mechanisms of Entry to Organisms..................................................80
4.2.2 Chemical Properties of Compounds That Cross
Cell Membranes.................................................................................82
4.2.3 Routes of Entry to Organisms...........................................................83
4.3 Distribution of Toxicants within the Organism.............................................84
4.4 Biotransformation of Toxicants.....................................................................86
4.4.1 Principles of Biotransformation.........................................................86
4.4.2 Phase I Transformations.....................................................................87
4.4.3 Phase II Transformations...................................................................87
4.4.4 Sites of Biotransformation.................................................................87
4.5 Excretion of Toxicants...................................................................................87
4.6 Classes of Poisons Based on Effect..............................................................88
4.7 Quantitative Principles of Toxicology...........................................................89
4.7.1 Background........................................................................................89
4.7.2 Measures of Toxicity..........................................................................90
4.7.3 Factors Influencing Toxicity..............................................................94
4.8 Experimental Testing for Toxicity: Bioassays...............................................95
4.8.1 Types of Bioassays.............................................................................95
4.8.2 Calculating Toxicological Data..........................................................96
4.9 Alternative, More Humane Methods for Toxicity Assessment.....................98
4.10 Key Points......................................................................................................99
References..............................................................................................................100
Questions................................................................................................................100
Answers..................................................................................................................101
PART III Contaminants in the Environment
Chapter 5 Petroleum Hydrocarbons..................................................................105
5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................105
5.2 Chemical Nature of Petroleum....................................................................106
5.2.1 Hydrocarbons...................................................................................106
5.2.2 Nonhydrocarbons.............................................................................108
5.3 Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Environment.............................................110
5.3.1 Dispersion.........................................................................................110
5.3.2 Evaporation......................................................................................110
5.3.3 Dissolution.......................................................................................Ill
5.3.4 Emulsion Formation.........................................................................113
5.3.5 Photooxidation.................................................................................113
5.3.6 Microbial Transformation................................................................114
5.4 Petroleum and Aquatic Organisms..............................................................117
5.5 Key Points....................................................................................................118
References..............................................................................................................119
Questions................................................................................................................119
Answers..................................................................................................................120
Chapter 6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) and Dioxins.............................121
6.1 Introduction..................................................................................................121
6.2 The Naming System for PCBs and PCDDs: Nomenclature.......................122
6.3 Sources of Environmental Contamination...................................................125
6.3.1 PCBs.................................................................................................125
6.3.2 Dioxins.............................................................................................126
6.4 Physical-Chemical Properties of PCBs and Dioxins..................................129
6.5 Environmental Distribution and Behavior...................................................131
6.6 Toxicity.........................................................................................................136
6.6.1 PCBs.................................................................................................136
6.6.2 Dioxins.............................................................................................138
6.7 Key Points....................................................................................................142
References..............................................................................................................143
Questions................................................................................................................143
Answers..................................................................................................................145
Chapter 7 Synthetic Polymers: Plastics, Elastomers, and Synthetic Fibers.... 147
7.1 Introduction..................................................................................................147
7.2 The Nature of Synthetic Polymers..............................................................148
7.3 Classification and Definitions......................................................................149
7.4 Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers.................................................................151
7.4.1 Polymerization Processes.................................................................151
7.4.2 Cross-Linking...................................................................................154
7.5 Environmental Characteristics.....................................................................155
7.5.1 Combustion......................................................................................155
7.5.2 Biodegradation.................................................................................156
7.5.3 Photodegradation..............................................................................159
7.5.4 Recycling..........................................................................................161
7.6 Key Points....................................................................................................162
References..............................................................................................................164
Questions................................................................................................................164
Answers..................................................................................................................166
Chapter 8 Pesticides..........................................................................................167
8.1 Introduction..................................................................................................167
r 8.2 The Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides....................................................168
8.2.1 Chemical Structure and Synthesis...................................................169
8.2.2 Physical-Chemical Properties..........................................................170
8.2.3 Environmental Properties.................................................................171
8.2.4 Bioconcentration Properties.............................................................173
8.2.5 Toxicity.............................................................................................174
8.2.6 Ecological Effects............................................................................175
8.2.7 Long-Range Transport: The Persistent Organic Pollutants.............175
8.3 The Organophosphate Insecticides..............................................................176
8.3.1 Chemical Form and Synthesis.........................................................176
8.3.2 Physical-Chemical Properties..........................................................176
8.3.3 Environmental Properties.................................................................178
8.3.4 Toxic Activity...................................................................................178
8.4 The Carbamates............................................................................................179
8.4.1 Environmental Properties.................................................................179
8.4.2 Mechanism of Toxic Action.............................................................180
*8.5 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids...........................................................................180
8.5.1 Physical Properties...........................................................................180
8.5.2 Mechanism of Action and Toxicology............................................181
8.5.3 Synthetic Pyrethroids.......................................................................182
8.6 Phenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides...................................................................183
8.7 Key Points....................................................................................................184
References..............................................................................................................187
Questions................................................................................................................187
Answers..................................................................................................................188
Chapter 9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)....................................191
9.1 Introduction..................................................................................................191
9.2 Chemical Nature of PAHs...........................................................................191
9.3 Environmental Properties.............................................................................192
9.4 Formation of PAHs......................................................................................194
9.5 Sources of the PAHs....................................................................................195
9.6 Occurrence and Behavior of PAHs in the Environment.............................197
9.7 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity of the PAHs..................................................199
9.8 Effects on Human Health and the Natural Environment............................200
9.9 Key Points....................................................................................................202
References..............................................................................................................202
Questions................................................................................................................203
Answers..................................................................................................................204
Chapter 10 Soaps and Detergents.......................................................................209
10.1 Introduction..................................................................................................209
10.2 Surfactants: The Active Cleaning Agents....................................................210
10.3 Synthesis.......................................................................................................212
10.3.1 Soaps................................................................................................212
10.3.2 Alkylbenzene Sulfonates and Alkyl Sulfates..................................214
10.3.3 Alkyl Ethoxylates.............................................................................215
10.4 Detergents.....................................................................................................215
10.4.1 Surfactant Components....................................................................215
10.4.2 Builders............................................................................................217
10.4.3 Enzymes and Bleaches.....................................................................218
10.5 Cationic Surfactants.....................................................................................219
10.6 Toxicity.........................................................................................................219
10.7 Biodegradation.............................................................................................220
10.8 Sorption and Bioaccumulation.....................................................................222
10.9 Natural Surfactants.......................................................................................222
10.10 Key Points....................................................................................................222
References..............................................................................................................225
Questions................................................................................................................225
Answers..................................................................................................................226
XChapter 11 Metals in the Environment...............................................................227
11.1 Introduction..................................................................................................227
11.2 Sources of Metals in the Environment........................................................229
11.2.1 Natural Sources................................................................................229
11.2.2 Pollution Sources.............................................................................229
11.3 Behavior and Fate in Abiotic Environments...............................................231
11.3.1 Metals in Aquatic Systems..............................................................231
11.3.2 Metal Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater................................233
11.3.3 Bioavailability of Metals..................................................................233
11.3.4 Interactions between Aqueous and Solid Phases............................234
11.4 Transport and Transformations in Biota......................................................235
11.4.1 Microbial-Metal Interactions...........................................................235
11.4.2 Uptake, Excretion, and Regulation Processes.................................236
11.5 Biological Effects of Metals........................................................................236
11.5.1 Essential and Nonessential Trace Metals........................................236
11.5.2 Metal Tolerance and Biotransformation..........................................236
11.5.3 Bioaccumulation...............................................................................236
11.6 Toxic Effects................................................................................................237
11.6.1 Effects on Human Health................................................................238
11.7 Organometallic Compounds.........................................................................238
11.7.1 Background......................................................................................238
11.7.2 Sources.............................................................................................240
11.7.2.1 Formation in the Environment.........................................240
11.7.2.2 Environmental Occurrence...............................................240
11.7.3 Behavior...........................................................................................241
11.8 Radionuclides...............................................................................................242
11.8.1 Background......................................................................................242
11.8.2 Nuclear Energy Usage.....................................................................243
11.8.3 Radioactive Inputs into the Environment........................................245
11.8.4 Biological Effects of Radiation.......................................................245
11.9 Key Points....................................................................................................245
References..............................................................................................................248
Questions................................................................................................................248
Answers..................................................................................................................249
PART IV Processes in the Natural Environment
Chapter 12 Atmospheric Chemistry and Pollution............................................253
12.1 Introduction..................................................................................................253
12.2 Overview of Photosynthesis and Respiration..............................................254
12.3 The Environmental Significance of Photosynthesis and Respiration.........256
12.3.1 Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Atmosphere over
Geological Time...............................................................................256
12.3.2 The Greenhouse Effects...................................................................258
12.4 Reactive Intermediates in the Atmosphere..................................................262
12.4.1 Hydroxyl Radical.............................................................................262
12.4.2 Ozone...............................................................................................263
12.4.3 Nitrate Radical.................................................................................264
12.5 Formation of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) and Related Compounds..........265
X12.6 Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Chlorofluorocarbons, and the
Ozone Layer.................................................................................................268
12.7 Formation of Oxides of Sulfur and Nitrogen and Acid Rain.....................272
12.8 Key Points....................................................................................................273
References..............................................................................................................276
Questions................................................................................................................276
Answers..................................................................................................................277
Chapter 13 Chemistry of Natural Waters and Water Pollution..........................281
13.1 Introduction..................................................................................................281
13.2 Physicochemical Properties of Water..........................................................282
13.3 Organic Components in Natural Waters......................................................286
N13.4 Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations in Natural Water Bodies................288
13.4.1 The Carbon Cycle............................................................................288
13.4.2 The Nitrogen Cycle..........................................................................289
13.5 Estuatine Systems........................................................................................292
13.5.1 Physical Interaction of Fresh- and Seawater in Estuaries...............292
13.6 Oceanic Systems..........................................................................................294
13.6.1 Salinity of Seawater.........................................................................294
13.6.2 Vertical Depth Profiles of Seawater Composition...........................294
13.7 Deoxygenating Substances in Water Bodies...............................................297
13.7.1 Background......................................................................................297
13.7.2 Influence of Chemical Processes on Dissolved Oxygen.................298
13.7.3 Measurement of the Oxygen-Reducing Capacity of a
Wastewater: The BOD Test..............................................................300
13.7.4 Kinetics of BOD Reduction.............................................................300
13.7.5 The Dissolved Oxygen Sag.............................................................301
13.7.6 Seasonal Variations and Vertical Profiles of
Dissolved Oxygen............................................................................304
13.7.7 Anaerobic Processes: Production of Poisonous Gases from
Animal and Vegetable Wastes..........................................................305
13.7.8 The Effects of Organic Wastes........................................................305
13.8 Nutrient Enrichment and Eutrophication.....................................................306
13.8.1 Background......................................................................................306
13.8.2 Nutrients and Plant Growth.............................................................307
13.8.3 Sources and Losses of Nutrients.....................................................309
13.8.4 Nutrient Transformations in a Water Body.....................................310
13.8.5 Photosynthesis and Diurnal Variations in Dissolved Oxygen.........310
13.8.6 Characteristics of Nutrient Enrichment and Trophic Status...........312
13.8.7 The Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacleria)..........................................313
13.8.8 The Future........................................................................................314
13.9 Key Points....................................................................................................314
References..............................................................................................................317
Questions................................................................................................................317
Answers..................................................................................................................318
Chapter 14 Soil Contamination..........................................................................ili
14.1 Introduction..................................................................................................^23
14.2 Sources of Soil Contamination....................................................................323
14.3 Chemical Nature of Soil Contaminants.......................................................325
14.4 Important Environmental Properties of Soils..............................................326
14.5 Important Environmental Properties of Soil Contaminants........................330
14.6 Distribution of Soil Contaminants...............................................................333
14.6.1 The Soil-Water Partition Process....................................................333
14.6.2 The Soil-Organism Process.............................................................336
14.7 Ecological and Health Effects of Soil Contamination................................339
14.8 Key Points....................................................................................................340
References..............................................................................................................3^2
Questions................................................................................................................3^2
Answers..................................................................................................................3^3
¿Chapter 15 Distribution of Chemicals in the Environment...............................345
15.1 Introduction..................................................................................................345
15.2 Two-Phase Partition Processes in the Environment....................................345
15.3 The Fugacity Concept..................................................................................351
15.4 Fugacity and Chemical Distribution............................................................353
15.5 The Fugacity Capacity Factors (Z Values)..................................................355
15.6 Chemical Distribution in a Model Environment.........................................357
15.7 Key Points....................................................................................................360
References..............................................................................................................362
Questions................................................................................................................362
Answers..................................................................................................................363
Chapter 16 Genotoxicity: The Action of Environmental Chemicals on
Genetic Material...............................................................................365
16.1 Introduction..................................................................................................365
16.2 The Genetic Code........................................................................................366
16.3 Teratogens and Teratogenesis......................................................................371
16.3.1 Mechanisms of Action.....................................................................371
16.3.2 Examples of Teratogens...................................................................373
16.3.2.1 Alcohol (Ethanol).............................................................373
16.3.2.2 Methyl Mercury................................................................373
16.3.2.3 Rubella (German Measles)...............................................374
16.3.2.4 Thalidomide......................................................................374
16.4 Mutagens and Mutagenesis..........................................................................374
16.4.1 Types of Mutations..........................................................................374
16.4.1.1 Point Mutations.................................................................375
16.4.1.2 Mutations..........................................................................375
16.4.2 Expression of Mutations and DNA Repair.....................................376
16.5 Carcinogens and Carcinogenesis.................................................................378
16.5.1 Types of Carcinogens.......................................................................378
16.5.1.1 Genotoxic Carcinogens.....................................................378
16.5.1.2 Epigenetic Carcinogens....................................................379
16.5.2 Tumors..............................................................................................381
16.5.3 Development of Cancer...................................................................382
16.5.4 Problems with Genotoxicity Tests...................................................383
16.6 Key Points....................................................................................................384
References..............................................................................................................385
Questions................................................................................................................385
Answers..................................................................................................................386
PART V Management of Hazardous Chemicals
Chapter 17 Monitoring of Chemicals in the Environment................................389
17.1 Introduction..................................................................................................389
17.2 Monitoring and Sampling the Environment................................................390
17.3 Techniques for Chemical Analysis..............................................................394
17.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).............................................399
17.4.1 Background......................................................................................399
17.4.2 QA/QC Procedures..........................................................................400
17.5 Reporting of Results....................................................................................401
17.6 Key Points....................................................................................................402
References..............................................................................................................404
Questions................................................................................................................404
Answers..................................................................................................................406
Chapter 18 Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Due to
Exposure to Chemicals....................................................................413
18.1 Introduction..................................................................................................413
18.2 The Risk Assessment: Process and Principles............................................414
18.3 Human Health Risk Assessment..................................................................416
18.3.1 Background......................................................................................416
18.3.2 Exposure Assessment.......................................................................417
18.3.3 Dose-Response Relationships.........................................................420
18.3.3.1 Data Available on Dose-Response Relationships............420
18.3.3.2 Safety Factors...................................................................423
18.3.4 Acceptable or Tolerable Daily Intake (or Reference Dose)
for Human Populations....................................................................424
18.3.5 Risk Characterization.......................................................................425
18.4 Ecological Risk Assessment and Ecotoxicology.........................................425
18.4.1 Background......................................................................................425
18.4.2 The Ecotoxicology Concept.............................................................425
18.4.3 Types of Toxicant Discharged to the Environment.........................426
18.4.4 Laboratory Testing for Environmental Effects................................427
18.4.5 Effects on Ecosystems.....................................................................429
18.4.6 The Ecological Risk Assessment Process.......................................430
18.5 Key Points....................................................................................................435
References..............................................................................................................437
Questions................................................................................................................437
Answers..................................................................................................................438
Index......................................................................................................................441
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Basic concepts of environmental chemistry
Autor: Connell, Des W
Jahr: 2005
Table of Contents
PART I Principles of Environmental Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Role and Importance of Environmental Chemistry.3
1.1 Alchemy.3
1.2 The Chemical Age.4
1.3 Environmental Chemistry.5
1.4 The Scope of Environmental Chemistry.7
1.5 Chemistry in Environmental Management.9
1.6 Basic Concept of This Book.10
1.7 Key Points.12
References.12
Questions.13
Answers.14
PART II Basic Properties of Chemicals in the
Environment
Chapter 2 Bonds and Molecules: Their Influence on Physical-Chemical
Properties in the Environment.17
2.1 Introduction.17
2.2 States of Matter in the Environment.17
2.3 Nature of Bonds.19
2.4 Polarity of Molecules.23
2.5 Ionic Compounds.24
2.6 Intermolecular Forces.28
2.7 Physical-Chemical Properties of Compounds.30
2.7.1 Melting Point (MP).30
2.7.2 Boiling Point (BP).31
2.7.3 Solubility.33
2.8 Partition Behavior.36
2.9 Key Points.43
References.44
Questions.44
Answers.47
Chapter 3 Environmental Transformation and Degradation Processes.49
3.1 Introduction.49
3.2 Abiotic Transformation and Degradation.50
3.2.1 Oxidation through Combustion.50
3.2.2 Phototransformation.55
3.2.3 Hydrolysis.59
3.3 Biotransformation and Biodegradation.60
3.3.1 Microbial Transformation.60
3.3.2 Types of Microbial Degradation.62
3.3.3 Patterns of Growth.62
3.3.4 Co-metabolism.63
3.3.5 Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Processes in Natural Waters.63
3.3.6 Terrestrial Systems.65
3.3.7 Degradation by Higher Organisms.66
3.4 Kinetics of Transformation and Degradation.67
3.4.1 Kinetic Expressions.67
3.4.2 Volatilization.70
3.5 Key Points.72
References.74
Questions.74
Answers.76
Chapter 4 Environmental Toxicology.79
4.1 Introduction.79
4.2 Routes and Mechanisms of Toxicant Entry to Organisms.80
4.2.1 Mechanisms of Entry to Organisms.80
4.2.2 Chemical Properties of Compounds That Cross
Cell Membranes.82
4.2.3 Routes of Entry to Organisms.83
4.3 Distribution of Toxicants within the Organism.84
4.4 Biotransformation of Toxicants.86
4.4.1 Principles of Biotransformation.86
4.4.2 Phase I Transformations.87
4.4.3 Phase II Transformations.87
4.4.4 Sites of Biotransformation.87
4.5 Excretion of Toxicants.87
4.6 Classes of Poisons Based on Effect.88
4.7 Quantitative Principles of Toxicology.89
4.7.1 Background.89
4.7.2 Measures of Toxicity.90
4.7.3 Factors Influencing Toxicity.94
4.8 Experimental Testing for Toxicity: Bioassays.95
4.8.1 Types of Bioassays.95
4.8.2 Calculating Toxicological Data.96
4.9 Alternative, More Humane Methods for Toxicity Assessment.98
4.10 Key Points.99
References.100
Questions.100
Answers.101
PART III Contaminants in the Environment
Chapter 5 Petroleum Hydrocarbons.105
5.1 Introduction.105
5.2 Chemical Nature of Petroleum.106
5.2.1 Hydrocarbons.106
5.2.2 Nonhydrocarbons.108
5.3 Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Environment.110
5.3.1 Dispersion.110
5.3.2 Evaporation.110
5.3.3 Dissolution.Ill
5.3.4 Emulsion Formation.113
5.3.5 Photooxidation.113
5.3.6 Microbial Transformation.114
5.4 Petroleum and Aquatic Organisms.117
5.5 Key Points.118
References.119
Questions.119
Answers.120
Chapter 6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) and Dioxins.121
6.1 Introduction.121
6.2 The Naming System for PCBs and PCDDs: Nomenclature.122
6.3 Sources of Environmental Contamination.125
6.3.1 PCBs.125
6.3.2 Dioxins.126
6.4 Physical-Chemical Properties of PCBs and Dioxins.129
6.5 Environmental Distribution and Behavior.131
6.6 Toxicity.136
6.6.1 PCBs.136
6.6.2 Dioxins.138
6.7 Key Points.142
References.143
Questions.143
Answers.145
Chapter 7 Synthetic Polymers: Plastics, Elastomers, and Synthetic Fibers. 147
7.1 Introduction.147
7.2 The Nature of Synthetic Polymers.148
7.3 Classification and Definitions.149
7.4 Synthesis of Synthetic Polymers.151
7.4.1 Polymerization Processes.151
7.4.2 Cross-Linking.154
7.5 Environmental Characteristics.155
7.5.1 Combustion.155
7.5.2 Biodegradation.156
7.5.3 Photodegradation.159
7.5.4 Recycling.161
7.6 Key Points.162
References.164
Questions.164
Answers.166
Chapter 8 Pesticides.167
8.1 Introduction.167
r 8.2 The Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides.168
8.2.1 Chemical Structure and Synthesis.169
8.2.2 Physical-Chemical Properties.170
8.2.3 Environmental Properties.171
8.2.4 Bioconcentration Properties.173
8.2.5 Toxicity.174
8.2.6 Ecological Effects.175
8.2.7 Long-Range Transport: The Persistent Organic Pollutants.175
8.3 The Organophosphate Insecticides.176
8.3.1 Chemical Form and Synthesis.176
8.3.2 Physical-Chemical Properties.176
8.3.3 Environmental Properties.178
8.3.4 Toxic Activity.178
8.4 The Carbamates.179
8.4.1 Environmental Properties.179
8.4.2 Mechanism of Toxic Action.180
*8.5 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids.180
8.5.1 Physical Properties.180
8.5.2 Mechanism of Action and Toxicology.181
8.5.3 Synthetic Pyrethroids.182
8.6 Phenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides.183
8.7 Key Points.184
References.187
Questions.187
Answers.188
Chapter 9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).191
9.1 Introduction.191
9.2 Chemical Nature of PAHs.191
9.3 Environmental Properties.192
9.4 Formation of PAHs.194
9.5 Sources of the PAHs.195
9.6 Occurrence and Behavior of PAHs in the Environment.197
9.7 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity of the PAHs.199
9.8 Effects on Human Health and the Natural Environment.200
9.9 Key Points.202
References.202
Questions.203
Answers.204
Chapter 10 Soaps and Detergents.209
10.1 Introduction.209
10.2 Surfactants: The Active Cleaning Agents.210
10.3 Synthesis.212
10.3.1 Soaps.212
10.3.2 Alkylbenzene Sulfonates and Alkyl Sulfates.214
10.3.3 Alkyl Ethoxylates.215
10.4 Detergents.215
10.4.1 Surfactant Components.215
10.4.2 Builders.217
10.4.3 Enzymes and Bleaches.218
10.5 Cationic Surfactants.219
10.6 Toxicity.219
10.7 Biodegradation.220
10.8 Sorption and Bioaccumulation.222
10.9 Natural Surfactants.222
10.10 Key Points.222
References.225
Questions.225
Answers.226
XChapter 11 Metals in the Environment.227
11.1 Introduction.227
11.2 Sources of Metals in the Environment.229
11.2.1 Natural Sources.229
11.2.2 Pollution Sources.229
11.3 Behavior and Fate in Abiotic Environments.231
11.3.1 Metals in Aquatic Systems.231
11.3.2 Metal Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater.233
11.3.3 Bioavailability of Metals.233
11.3.4 Interactions between Aqueous and Solid Phases.234
11.4 Transport and Transformations in Biota.235
11.4.1 Microbial-Metal Interactions.235
11.4.2 Uptake, Excretion, and Regulation Processes.236
11.5 Biological Effects of Metals.236
11.5.1 Essential and Nonessential Trace Metals.236
11.5.2 Metal Tolerance and Biotransformation.236
11.5.3 Bioaccumulation.236
11.6 Toxic Effects.237
11.6.1 Effects on Human Health.238
11.7 Organometallic Compounds.238
11.7.1 Background.238
11.7.2 Sources.240
11.7.2.1 Formation in the Environment.240
11.7.2.2 Environmental Occurrence.240
11.7.3 Behavior.241
11.8 Radionuclides.242
11.8.1 Background.242
11.8.2 Nuclear Energy Usage.243
11.8.3 Radioactive Inputs into the Environment.245
11.8.4 Biological Effects of Radiation.245
11.9 Key Points.245
References.248
Questions.248
Answers.249
PART IV Processes in the Natural Environment
Chapter 12 Atmospheric Chemistry and Pollution.253
12.1 Introduction.253
12.2 Overview of Photosynthesis and Respiration.254
12.3 The Environmental Significance of Photosynthesis and Respiration.256
12.3.1 Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Atmosphere over
Geological Time.256
12.3.2 The Greenhouse Effects.258
12.4 Reactive Intermediates in the Atmosphere.262
12.4.1 Hydroxyl Radical.262
12.4.2 Ozone.263
12.4.3 Nitrate Radical.264
12.5 Formation of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) and Related Compounds.265
X12.6 Halogenated Hydrocarbons, Chlorofluorocarbons, and the
Ozone Layer.268
12.7 Formation of Oxides of Sulfur and Nitrogen and Acid Rain.272
12.8 Key Points.273
References.276
Questions.276
Answers.277
Chapter 13 Chemistry of Natural Waters and Water Pollution.281
13.1 Introduction.281
13.2 Physicochemical Properties of Water.282
13.3 Organic Components in Natural Waters.286
N13.4 Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations in Natural Water Bodies.288
13.4.1 The Carbon Cycle.288
13.4.2 The Nitrogen Cycle.289
13.5 Estuatine Systems.292
13.5.1 Physical Interaction of Fresh- and Seawater in Estuaries.292
13.6 Oceanic Systems.294
13.6.1 Salinity of Seawater.294
13.6.2 Vertical Depth Profiles of Seawater Composition.294
13.7 Deoxygenating Substances in Water Bodies.297
13.7.1 Background.297
13.7.2 Influence of Chemical Processes on Dissolved Oxygen.298
13.7.3 Measurement of the Oxygen-Reducing Capacity of a
Wastewater: The BOD Test.300
13.7.4 Kinetics of BOD Reduction.300
13.7.5 The Dissolved Oxygen Sag.301
13.7.6 Seasonal Variations and Vertical Profiles of
Dissolved Oxygen.304
13.7.7 Anaerobic Processes: Production of Poisonous Gases from
Animal and Vegetable Wastes.305
13.7.8 The Effects of Organic Wastes.305
13.8 Nutrient Enrichment and Eutrophication.306
13.8.1 Background.306
13.8.2 Nutrients and Plant Growth.307
13.8.3 Sources and Losses of Nutrients.309
13.8.4 Nutrient Transformations in a Water Body.310
13.8.5 Photosynthesis and Diurnal Variations in Dissolved Oxygen.310
13.8.6 Characteristics of Nutrient Enrichment and Trophic Status.312
13.8.7 The Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacleria).313
13.8.8 The Future.314
13.9 Key Points.314
References.317
Questions.317
Answers.318
Chapter 14 Soil Contamination.ili
14.1 Introduction.^23
14.2 Sources of Soil Contamination.323
14.3 Chemical Nature of Soil Contaminants.325
14.4 Important Environmental Properties of Soils.326
14.5 Important Environmental Properties of Soil Contaminants.330
14.6 Distribution of Soil Contaminants.333
14.6.1 The Soil-Water Partition Process.333
14.6.2 The Soil-Organism Process.336
14.7 Ecological and Health Effects of Soil Contamination.339
14.8 Key Points.340
References.3^2
Questions.3^2
Answers.3^3
"¿Chapter 15 Distribution of Chemicals in the Environment.345
15.1 Introduction.345
15.2 Two-Phase Partition Processes in the Environment.345
15.3 The Fugacity Concept.351
15.4 Fugacity and Chemical Distribution.353
15.5 The Fugacity Capacity Factors (Z Values).355
15.6 Chemical Distribution in a Model Environment.357
15.7 Key Points.360
References.362
Questions.362
Answers.363
Chapter 16 Genotoxicity: The Action of Environmental Chemicals on
Genetic Material.365
16.1 Introduction.365
16.2 The Genetic Code.366
16.3 Teratogens and Teratogenesis.371
16.3.1 Mechanisms of Action.371
16.3.2 Examples of Teratogens.373
16.3.2.1 Alcohol (Ethanol).373
16.3.2.2 Methyl Mercury.373
16.3.2.3 Rubella (German Measles).374
16.3.2.4 Thalidomide.374
16.4 Mutagens and Mutagenesis.374
16.4.1 Types of Mutations.374
16.4.1.1 Point Mutations.375
16.4.1.2 Mutations.375
16.4.2 Expression of Mutations and DNA Repair.376
16.5 Carcinogens and Carcinogenesis.378
16.5.1 Types of Carcinogens.378
16.5.1.1 Genotoxic Carcinogens.378
16.5.1.2 Epigenetic Carcinogens.379
16.5.2 Tumors.381
16.5.3 Development of Cancer.382
16.5.4 Problems with Genotoxicity Tests.383
16.6 Key Points.384
References.385
Questions.385
Answers.386
PART V Management of Hazardous Chemicals
Chapter 17 Monitoring of Chemicals in the Environment.389
17.1 Introduction.389
17.2 Monitoring and Sampling the Environment.390
17.3 Techniques for Chemical Analysis.394
17.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC).399
17.4.1 Background.399
17.4.2 QA/QC Procedures.400
17.5 Reporting of Results.401
17.6 Key Points.402
References.404
Questions.404
Answers.406
Chapter 18 Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment Due to
Exposure to Chemicals.413
18.1 Introduction.413
18.2 The Risk Assessment: Process and Principles.414
18.3 Human Health Risk Assessment.416
18.3.1 Background.416
18.3.2 Exposure Assessment.417
18.3.3 Dose-Response Relationships.420
18.3.3.1 Data Available on Dose-Response Relationships.420
18.3.3.2 Safety Factors.423
18.3.4 Acceptable or Tolerable Daily Intake (or Reference Dose)
for Human Populations.424
18.3.5 Risk Characterization.425
18.4 Ecological Risk Assessment and Ecotoxicology.425
18.4.1 Background.425
18.4.2 The Ecotoxicology Concept.425
18.4.3 Types of Toxicant Discharged to the Environment.426
18.4.4 Laboratory Testing for Environmental Effects.427
18.4.5 Effects on Ecosystems.429
18.4.6 The Ecological Risk Assessment Process.430
18.5 Key Points.435
References.437
Questions.437
Answers.438
Index.441 |
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| spelling | Connell, Des W. Verfasser aut Basic concepts of environmental chemistry Des W. Connell 2. ed. Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] CRC Press 2005 462 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rev. ed. of: Basic concepts of environmental chemistry / Des W. Connell ... [et al.]. 1997. -- Includes index. Environmental chemistry Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 gnd rswk-swf Ökologische Chemie (DE-588)4135167-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014648073&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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