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A grammar of Mina:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938- (Author), Johnston, Eric 1966- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Mouton de Gruyter 2005
Series:	Mouton grammar library 36
Subjects:	Grammatik Mina language (Cameroon) > Grammar Gen > Ewe-Sprache
Online Access:	Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Physical Description:	XVIII, 509 S.
ISBN:	9783110185652 3110185652

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245	1	0	\|a A grammar of Mina \|c by Zygmunt Frajzyngier ; Eric Johnston
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adam_text	Table of contents List of abbreviations ...........................................................................xix Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Name, classification, and geographical location .................................1 2. Outline of Mina grammar ..................................................................4 2.1 Phonology ...................................................................................4 2.2 Lexical categories ........................................................................5 2.3 Morphology .................................................................................5 2.4 Syntax .........................................................................................6 2.5 Discourse structure ......................................................................6 Chapter 2: Phonology 1. Introduction .......................................................................................7 2. The consonantal system .....................................................................7 Phonetic and underlying consonants ..................................................7 2.2 The underlying segments .............................................................8 2.3 Consonant devoicing .................................................................11 2.4 Rhotacization .............................................................................12 2.5 Palatalization .............................................................................12 2.6 Affricate formation ....................................................................13 2.7 Labialization ..............................................................................13 2.8 Glide realizations .......................................................................14 2.9 Consonant clusters .....................................................................15 3. The vowel system ............................................................................17 3.1 Phonetic and underlying vowels ................................................17 3.2 Rightward vowel fronting ..........................................................18 3.3 Leftward vowel fronting ............................................................19 viii Table of contents 3.4 Barriers to vowel fronting ..........................................................20 3.5 Vowel deletion ..........................................................................21 3.6 Vowel rounding .........................................................................23 4. Syllabification .................................................................................24 4.1 Syllable structures .....................................................................24 4.2 Syllable reduction ......................................................................26 5. Glide formation ...............................................................................27 6. Tone ................................................................................................28 6.1 The system and the functions of tone .........................................28 6.2 Tone and vowel deletion ............................................................29 6.3 Tone and vowel replacement .....................................................30 6.4 The operation of the polar tone ..................................................30 7. Conclusions .....................................................................................32 Chapter 3 : The structure of the noun phrase 1. Introduction .....................................................................................35 2. The defining features of the category noun ......................................35 3. Noun stems .....................................................................................36 4. Derivational morphemes ..................................................................37 4.1 The agentive prefix ma ..............................................................38 4.2 The singulative prefix là ............................................................40 5. Modifying constructions ..................................................................40 5.1 Property concept words .............................................................41 5.2 Connecting modifiers by the preposition tá ................................45 5.2.1 The modifying construction with a noun as a modifier ........45 5.2.2 Multiple modifying constructions .......................................47 6. Possessive pronouns ........................................................................48 7. Possession, kinship terms, and the addressee ...................................51 8. Attributive functions through the genitive marker ............................54 9. Headless genitive constructions .......................................................55 10. Grammaticalization of the preposition ...........................................56 11. Modification through juxtaposition of two nouns ...........................56 12. Modification through the relative marker .......................................58 13. Modification by intensifiers ...........................................................58 14. Modifying constructions and the preposition lá..............................59 15. Plural formation ............................................................................60 15.1 The form of the plural suffix... .................................................60 15.2 The function of the plural suffix ...............................................61 Table of contents ЇХ 16. Coordinating construction through the associative .........................63 17. Modification by quantifiers ...........................................................65 18. End-of-event marker and quantifiers ..............................................68 19. Coding of the exclusion of other participants .................................69 20. Conclusions ...................................................................................69 Chapter 4: The verb and its forms 1. Introduction .....................................................................................71 2. Verbalstem.....................................................................................71 3. The stative form of the verb .............................................................72 4. Verb reduplication in the relative clause ..........................................74 5. A non-productive suffix ù ................................................................75 6. Conclusions .....................................................................................76 Chapter 5: Argument coding 1. Introduction .....................................................................................77 2. The category subject ........................................................................77 3. Existential predicates .......................................................................78 4. Subject pronouns .............................................................................81 5. Possessive subject pronouns ............................................................86 5.1 The form of possessive subject pronouns ...................................86 5.2 The function of possessive subject pronouns ..............................88 6. Pleonastic subjects ...........................................................................91 7. Arguments of the transitive verb: coding the direct object ...............92 8. Object coding in hypothetical and deontic moods and in past tense.. 93 9. Absence of an object .......................................................................94 10. Coding of object in sequential clauses ...........................................95 11. Pronominal objects ........................................................................97 12. Coding coreferentiality of subject and object ...............................101 13. Coding the internal state of the subject ........................................102 14. Argument structure of verbs of emotional states ..........................103 15. Dative ..........................................................................................106 15.1 Pronominal dative ..................................................................106 15.2 Interaction between the dative and direct pronominal object . 109 15.3 Nominal dative ...................................................................... Ill 15.4 The dative with body part terms .............................................112 15.5 The functions of dative ..........................................................113 X Table of contents 16. Coding reciprocity .......................................................................114 17. Conclusions .................................................................................116 Chapter 6: Coding the event from the point of view of subject 1. The form of the point of view of subject marker ............................117 2. The function of the point of view of the subject .............................118 3. Point of view of the subject and speaker s empathy .......................121 4. Conclusions ...................................................................................123 Chapter 7: Locative predication and locative complements 1. Introduction ...................................................................................125 2. Functions of coding means in locative predication .........................127 2.1 Locative Predicate and Locative Complement .........................127 2.2 Locative Predicate and Non-Locative Argument ......................128 2.3 Non-Locative Predicate and Locative Complement ..................130 2.4 Non-Locative Predicate and Non-Locative Complement ..........132 3. Genitive construction in the locative phrase ...................................133 4. Locative deictics and anaphors ......................................................138 5. Prepositional form of pronouns ......................................................141 6. Preposition ká ................................................................................142 7. Preposition mbéh ...........................................................................144 8. Preposition í ..................................................................................145 9. Coding the locative source .............................................................145 10. Preposition gàdárj under ............................................................146 11. Preposition ndoy bottom, inside ................................................147 12. Prepositions dùwéy back and кэЬэт, in front ..........................147 13. t+human] nouns as locatives and the preposition r .......................148 14. From hand to preposition: the grammaticalization of r .............150 15. Direction toward the indirect object: the auxiliary rá ...................151 16. Conclusions .................................................................................152 ChapterS: Adjuncts 1. Introduction, ...................................................................,..............155 2. The topical adjunct ........................................................................155 3. The associative phrase .....„............................................................156 4. Associative through adverbial expressions .....................................158 Table of contents xi 5. Adverbs jà and yam also .............................................................160 6. Adverbs of time .............................................................................162 7. Adverbs of reason .........................................................................165 8. Adverbs of manner ........................................................................166 9. The scope of the adverb táta alone, only .....................................167 10. Adding abeneficiary ...................................................................168 11. Adverb tó again ........................................................................168 12. Cognate adverbs ..........................................................................169 13. Conclusions .................................................................................170 Chapter 9: Goal-orientation extension 1. Introduction ...................................................................................171 2. The form of the goal orientation extension .....................................171 3. Function of the goal orientation extension .....................................173 4. Grammaticalization of the goal orientation marker ........................177 5. Conclusions ...................................................................................178 Chapter 10: Tenses 1. Introduction ...................................................................................179 2. Future tenses .................................................................................180 2.1 The form of the independent future ..........................................180 2.2 The form of the dependent future .............................................180 2.3 Functions of the two future tenses ............................................181 2.4 Future through the verb gàr want ...........................................186 2.5 Negative future ........................................................................186 3. Independent past tense ...................................................................188 3.1 The reduplicated form of the verb ............................................ 188 3.2 Functions of the independent past ............................................189 4. The independent past-plural tense ..................................................191 5. Unmarked tense/aspect ..................................................................192 6. Dependent past tense .....................................................................194 7. Conclusions ..............................,....................................................196 Chapter 11 : Aspects 1. Introduction ...................................................................................199 xii Table of contents 2. Independent habitual .....................................................................200 2.1 The form ..................................................................................200 2.2 The functions of the independent habitual ................................201 3. Dependent habitual ........................................................................203 3.1 The form of dependent habitual ...............................................203 3.2 The function of dependent habitual ..........................................204 3.2.1 The dependent habitual in affirmative clauses ...................204 3.2.2The dependent habitual in questions about the truth ...........206 3.2.3 The habitual aspect in negative clauses ..............................209 4. Perfect ...........................................................................................211 4.1 The form of the perfect aspect .................................................211 4.2 The function of the perfect .......................................................212 5. The terminative aspect ...................................................................216 6 . The completive aspect ..................................................................216 7. The intentional aspect ....................................................................218 8. Verbs with inherent tense and aspectual values ..............................219 9. The iterative aspect ........................................................................222 10. Inceptive aspect ...........................................................................224 11. The unmarked aspect ...................................................................224 12. Conclusions .................................................................................225 Chapter 12: Modality 1. Introduction ...................................................................................227 2. Epistemic modality ........................................................................227 2.1 Dubitative modality .................................................................228 2.2 Hedging ...................................................................................228 3. Emotive modality ..........................................................................229 4. Imperative .....................................................................................231 4.1 The deontic stem .....................................................................231 4.2 Subject coding in the imperative ..............................................233 4.3 Object coding in the imperative ...............................................234 5. Polite orders ..................................................................................237 6. Debitive mood ...............................................................................238 6.1 Debitive with respect to the third person ..................................239 6.2 Debitive modality through auxiliary da ....................................243 7. Coding the mood of obligation through the infinitive .....................243 8. Coding the mood of obligation through possessive constructions... 244 9. Coding the mood of obligation through modal adverbs ..................245 Table of contents Xlii 10. Comment clause ..........................................................................246 11. Coding counterexpectation ..........................................................247 12. Conclusions .................................................................................248 Chapter 13: End-of-event coding 1. Introduction ...................................................................................249 2. The form and syntax of the end-of-event marker ...........................249 3. The function of the end-of-event marker ........................................250 4. The end-of-event marker in protasis clauses ..................................254 5. Evidence from the absence of the end-of-event marker ..................256 6. The end-of-event and the negative clause ......................................258 7. Grammaticalization sources of the end-of-event marker ................259 8. Conclusions ...................................................................................260 Chapter 14: Negation 1. Common formal characteristics of negation ...................................261 2. Coding the scope of negation .........................................................262 3. Negation of verbless clauses ..........................................................262 4. Negation and future tenses .............................................................263 5. Negation and the dependent aspect ................................................264 6. Negation of the perfect ..................................................................265 7. Negation of the habitual ................................................................267 8. Prohibitive .....................................................................................268 9. Negation with interrogative ...........................................................269 10. Negative adverb wflkil fail ........................................................270 11. Conclusions .................................................................................271 Chapter 15: Verbless clauses 1. Introduction ...................................................................................273 2. Equational clauses .........................................................................273 3. Identificational clauses ..................................................................275 4. Equational clauses with possessive predicate .................................276 5. Time coding in equational clause ...................................................277 5.1 Past in equational clauses .........................................................277 5.2 Future in equational clauses...... ...............................................278 6. Adjectival predicates .....................................................................278 xiv Table of contents 6.1 Simple form of the predicate ....................................................278 6.2 Reduplicated form of the adjectival predicate ..........................280 7. Plurality coding through reduplication ...........................................282 8. Possessive propositions: X has Y ...................................................282 9. The locative proposition: X is located at Y ....................................284 10. Existential predication .................................................................285 11. Conclusions .................................................................................285 Chapter 16: Interrogative clauses 1. Introduction ...................................................................................287 2. Questions about the truth ...............................................................287 3. Questions about the truth with presuppositions ..............................290 4. Specific questions ..........................................................................290 4.1 Semantic categories of specific interrogatives..........................290 4.2 Questions about the subject of an equational clause .................291 4.3 Aspect coding in specific interrogatives...................................292 4.4 Questions about subjects of verbal clauses ...............................293 4.5 Questions about the object .......................................................295 4.6 Questions about manner ...........................................................296 4.7 Questions about dative and benefactive argument ....................297 4.8 Questions about locative adjuncts ............................................297 4.9 Questions about the possessor ..................................................299 4.10 Questions about time .............................................................300 4.11 Questions about purpose and reason ......................................301 4.12 Questions about quantity ........................................................302 4.13 Questions about the instrumental ...........................................303 5. The categoriality of interrogative markers .....................................303 6. Conclusions ...................................................................................303 Chapter 17: Reference system 1. Introduction ...................................................................................305 2. Phrase internal and phrase final forms of pronouns and deteminers 305 3. Deixis ............................................................................................307 3.1 Proximate deixis ......................................................................307 3.2 Deictic modification ................................................................ 309 3.3 Remote deixis ..........................................................................311 4. Full noun phrase as subject ............................................................312 Table of contents XV 5. Use of pronouns in reference system .............................................315 6. Full noun phrase as the object ........................................................319 7. Object coding in non-finite clauses ................................................320 8. The domain of known referent .......................................................323 9. The domain of deduced referent ....................................................328 10. The remote previous mention marker nákáhà ..............................334 11. Coding indefiniteness ..................................................................337 12. Locative anaphora .......................................................................338 13. Entity anaphor and switch reference ............................................340 13.1 The form and the function of the anaphor ..............................340 13.2 Anaphor in a prepositional phrase ..........................................342 13.3 The event anaphora ................................................................344 14. Conclusions .................................................................................345 Chapter 18: Focus constructions 1. Introduction ...................................................................................347 2. Focus on the subject ......................................................................347 3. Focus on the object ........................................................................349 4. Focus on object pronouns ..............................................................350 5. Focus on an adverbial expression ..................................................351 6. Focus on the predicate ...................................................................351 7. Conclusions ...................................................................................355 Chapter 19: Topicalization 1. Introduction ...................................................................................357 2. Establishing the topic of a story or narrative ..................................357 3. Establishing the topic within a discourse ........................................358 4. Borrowed markers of topicalization ...............................................360 5. Topicalization of pronominal subjects ...........................................360 6. Non-propositional topics ...................................,...........................362 7. Aspect in the comment on the topic ...............................................363 8. Topicalization of the object .....,.....................................................364 9. Topicalization of adjuncts ..............................................................366 10. Conclusions .................................................................................367 xvi Table of contents Chapter 20: Parataxis 1. Introduction ...................................................................................369 2. Asyndetic conjoining .....................................................................369 2.1 Same subjects ..........................................................................370 2.2 Different subjects ....................................................................372 3. Conjunction mid. ...........................................................................372 4. Sequential events coding through the auxiliary nd go ..................373 4. The propositional relator ko........................................................... 378 5. Conclusions ...................................................................................379 Chapter 21 : Complementation 1. Introduction ...................................................................................381 2. Complements of verbs of saying ....................................................381 2.1 Verbs of saying and the complementizer ..................................381 2.2 The de dicto complementizer ...................................................382 2.3 Coding of the addressee of the verbs of saying .........................383 2.4 Direct speech ...........................................................................385 2.5 Cross reference and disjoint reference coding ..........................387 2.6Deontic complements of verbs of saying ..................................390 2.7 Interrogative complements of verbs of saying ..........................391 2.7.1 Polar questions ..................................................................392 2.7.2 Specific interrogatives in embedded clauses ......................392 2.7.3 Questions about nonhuman participant ..............................393 2.7.4 Questions about possessor .................................................393 2.7.5 Questions about the topic ..................................................394 2.7.6 Questions about the place ..................................................394 3. Complements of volitional verbs ...................................................394 3.1 Same subject ............................................................................395 3.2 Different subjects ....................................................................396 4. Object-to-object raising .................................................................397 5. Complements of verbs of perception ..............................................397 5.1 Verbs of perception and complementation without raising .......397 5.2 Subject-to-object raising ..........................................................399 6. Complements of verbs of knowing ................................................400 7. Infinitival complements .................................................................401 7. Conclusions ...................................................................................403 Table of contents XVÜ Chapter 22: Temporal and conditional clauses 1. Introduction ...................................................................................405 2. Temporal protasis ..........................................................................405 3. Temporal protasis coding through demonstratives .........................407 4. Temporal apodosis ........................................................................408 5. Specific time relationships .............................................................409 6. Conditional clauses .......................................................................410 6.1 The use of the dependent aspect ...............................................411 6.2 Conditional protasis coding through the particle ángà ..............412 6.3 Conditional protasis coding through the particle má .................415 7. Conditional apodosis .....................................................................415 8. Conclusions ...................................................................................417 Chapter 23: Purpose, reason, and conclusion clauses 1. Introduction ...................................................................................419 2. Purpose clause ...............................................................................419 3. Reason clauses ..............................................................................420 4. Conclusion clause ..........................................................................421 5. Conclusions ...................................................................................421 Chapter 24: Comparative constructions 1. Introduction ...................................................................................423 2. Equal comparisons ........................................................................423 3. Unequal equational clause predicates ............................................. 425 4. Unequal comparison with verbal predicates ...................................426 5. Conclusions ...................................................................................427 Chapter 25: Relative clause 1. Introduction ...................................................................................429 2. Clause-final demonstratives ...........................................................430 3. Relativization of the object ............................................................432 4. Relativization of the dative ............................................................434 5. Relativization of the instrumental ..................................................434 6. Relativization of possessor ............................................................435 7. Relativization of the topic of a verb of saying.. ..............................435 xviii Table of contents 8. Relativization of locative and temporal adjuncts ............................435 9. Conclusions ...................................................................................436 Chapter 26: Elements of discourse structure 1. Introduction ...................................................................................437 2. Comment clause ............................................................................437 3. Comment on topic .........................................................................437 4. Comment in parataxis ....................................................................438 5. Comment with complementation ...................................................439 6. Comment marker and emotive modality marker ............................440 7. Change of scene ............................................................................441 8. New action and its consequence ....................................................446 9. Conclusions ...................................................................................451 Texts Text 1. The year of hunger ............................................,...................453 Text 2. The four men .........................................................................456 Text 3. The three men .......................................................................459 Text 4. In the time of famine .............................................................462 Text 5. A frog and a buffalo ..............................................................491 Index .................................................................................................501 References ........................................................................................507
adam_txt	Table of contents List of abbreviations .xix Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Name, classification, and geographical location .1 2. Outline of Mina grammar .4 2.1 Phonology .4 2.2 Lexical categories .5 2.3 Morphology .5 2.4 Syntax .6 2.5 Discourse structure .6 Chapter 2: Phonology 1. Introduction .7 2. The consonantal system .7 Phonetic and underlying consonants .7 2.2 The underlying segments .8 2.3 Consonant devoicing .11 2.4 Rhotacization .12 2.5 Palatalization .12 2.6 Affricate formation .13 2.7 Labialization .13 2.8 Glide realizations .14 2.9 Consonant clusters .15 3. The vowel system .17 3.1 Phonetic and underlying vowels .17 3.2 Rightward vowel fronting .18 3.3 Leftward vowel fronting .19 viii Table of contents 3.4 Barriers to vowel fronting .20 3.5 Vowel deletion .21 3.6 Vowel rounding .23 4. Syllabification .24 4.1 Syllable structures .24 4.2 Syllable reduction .26 5. Glide formation .27 6. Tone .28 6.1 The system and the functions of tone .28 6.2 Tone and vowel deletion .29 6.3 Tone and vowel replacement .30 6.4 The operation of the polar tone .30 7. Conclusions .32 Chapter 3 : The structure of the noun phrase 1. Introduction .35 2. The defining features of the category noun .35 3. Noun stems .36 4. Derivational morphemes .37 4.1 The agentive prefix ma .38 4.2 The singulative prefix là .40 5. Modifying constructions .40 5.1 Property concept words .41 5.2 Connecting modifiers by the preposition tá .45 5.2.1 The modifying construction with a noun as a modifier .45 5.2.2 Multiple modifying constructions .47 6. Possessive pronouns .48 7. Possession, kinship terms, and the addressee .51 8. Attributive functions through the genitive marker .54 9. Headless genitive constructions .55 10. Grammaticalization of the preposition .56 11. Modification through juxtaposition of two nouns .56 12. Modification through the relative marker .58 13. Modification by intensifiers .58 14. Modifying constructions and the preposition lá.59 15. Plural formation .60 15.1 The form of the plural suffix. .60 15.2 The function of the plural suffix .61 Table of contents ЇХ 16. Coordinating construction through the associative .63 17. Modification by quantifiers .65 18. End-of-event marker and quantifiers .68 19. Coding of the exclusion of other participants .69 20. Conclusions .69 Chapter 4: The verb and its forms 1. Introduction .71 2. Verbalstem.71 3. The stative form of the verb .72 4. Verb reduplication in the relative clause .74 5. A non-productive suffix ù .75 6. Conclusions .76 Chapter 5: Argument coding 1. Introduction .77 2. The category subject .77 3. Existential predicates .78 4. Subject pronouns .81 5. Possessive subject pronouns .86 5.1 The form of possessive subject pronouns .86 5.2 The function of possessive subject pronouns .88 6. Pleonastic subjects .91 7. Arguments of the transitive verb: coding the direct object .92 8. Object coding in hypothetical and deontic moods and in past tense. 93 9. Absence of an object .94 10. Coding of object in sequential clauses .95 11. Pronominal objects .97 12. Coding coreferentiality of subject and object .101 13. Coding the internal state of the subject .102 14. Argument structure of verbs of emotional states .103 15. Dative .106 15.1 Pronominal dative .106 15.2 Interaction between the dative and direct pronominal object . 109 15.3 Nominal dative . Ill 15.4 The dative with body part terms .112 15.5 The functions of dative .113 X Table of contents 16. Coding reciprocity .114 17. Conclusions .116 Chapter 6: Coding the event from the point of view of subject 1. The form of the point of view of subject marker .117 2. The function of the point of view of the subject .118 3. Point of view of the subject and speaker's empathy .121 4. Conclusions .123 Chapter 7: Locative predication and locative complements 1. Introduction .125 2. Functions of coding means in locative predication .127 2.1 Locative Predicate and Locative Complement .127 2.2 Locative Predicate and Non-Locative Argument .128 2.3 Non-Locative Predicate and Locative Complement .130 2.4 Non-Locative Predicate and Non-Locative Complement .132 3. Genitive construction in the locative phrase .133 4. Locative deictics and anaphors .138 5. Prepositional form of pronouns .141 6. Preposition ká .142 7. Preposition mbéh .144 8. Preposition í .145 9. Coding the locative source .145 10. Preposition gàdárj 'under' .146 11. Preposition ndoy 'bottom, inside' .147 12. Prepositions dùwéy 'back' and кэЬэт, 'in front' .147 13. t+human] nouns as locatives and the preposition r .148 14. From "hand" to preposition: the grammaticalization of r .150 15. Direction toward the indirect object: the auxiliary rá .151 16. Conclusions .152 ChapterS: Adjuncts 1. Introduction, .,.155 2. The topical adjunct .155 3. The associative phrase .„.156 4. Associative through adverbial expressions .158 Table of contents xi 5. Adverbs jà and yam 'also' .160 6. Adverbs of time .162 7. Adverbs of reason .165 8. Adverbs of manner .166 9. The scope of the adverb táta 'alone, only' .167 10. Adding abeneficiary .168 11. Adverb tó 'again' .168 12. Cognate adverbs .169 13. Conclusions .170 Chapter 9: Goal-orientation extension 1. Introduction .171 2. The form of the goal orientation extension .171 3. Function of the goal orientation extension .173 4. Grammaticalization of the goal orientation marker .177 5. Conclusions .178 Chapter 10: Tenses 1. Introduction .179 2. Future tenses .180 2.1 The form of the independent future .180 2.2 The form of the dependent future .180 2.3 Functions of the two future tenses .181 2.4 Future through the verb gàr 'want' .186 2.5 Negative future .186 3. Independent past tense .188 3.1 The reduplicated form of the verb . 188 3.2 Functions of the independent past .189 4. The independent past-plural tense .191 5. Unmarked tense/aspect .192 6. Dependent past tense .194 7. Conclusions .,.196 Chapter 11 : Aspects 1. Introduction .199 xii Table of contents 2. Independent habitual .200 2.1 The form .200 2.2 The functions of the independent habitual .201 3. Dependent habitual .203 3.1 The form of dependent habitual .203 3.2 The function of dependent habitual .204 3.2.1 The dependent habitual in affirmative clauses .204 3.2.2The dependent habitual in questions about the truth .206 3.2.3 The habitual aspect in negative clauses .209 4. Perfect .211 4.1 The form of the perfect aspect .211 4.2 The function of the perfect .212 5. The terminative aspect .216 6 . The completive aspect .216 7. The intentional aspect .218 8. Verbs with inherent tense and aspectual values .219 9. The iterative aspect .222 10. Inceptive aspect .224 11. The unmarked aspect .224 12. Conclusions .225 Chapter 12: Modality 1. Introduction .227 2. Epistemic modality .227 2.1 Dubitative modality .228 2.2 Hedging .228 3. Emotive modality .229 4. Imperative .231 4.1 The deontic stem .231 4.2 Subject coding in the imperative .233 4.3 Object coding in the imperative .234 5. Polite orders .237 6. Debitive mood .238 6.1 Debitive with respect to the third person .239 6.2 Debitive modality through auxiliary da .243 7. Coding the mood of obligation through the infinitive .243 8. Coding the mood of obligation through possessive constructions. 244 9. Coding the mood of obligation through modal adverbs .245 Table of contents Xlii 10. Comment clause .246 11. Coding counterexpectation .247 12. Conclusions .248 Chapter 13: End-of-event coding 1. Introduction .249 2. The form and syntax of the end-of-event marker .249 3. The function of the end-of-event marker .250 4. The end-of-event marker in protasis clauses .254 5. Evidence from the absence of the end-of-event marker .256 6. The end-of-event and the negative clause .258 7. Grammaticalization sources of the end-of-event marker .259 8. Conclusions .260 Chapter 14: Negation 1. Common formal characteristics of negation .261 2. Coding the scope of negation .262 3. Negation of verbless clauses .262 4. Negation and future tenses .263 5. Negation and the dependent aspect .264 6. Negation of the perfect .265 7. Negation of the habitual .267 8. Prohibitive .268 9. Negation with interrogative .269 10. Negative adverb wflkil 'fail' .270 11. Conclusions .271 Chapter 15: Verbless clauses 1. Introduction .273 2. Equational clauses .273 3. Identificational clauses .275 4. Equational clauses with possessive predicate .276 5. Time coding in equational clause .277 5.1 Past in equational clauses .277 5.2 Future in equational clauses. .278 6. Adjectival predicates .278 xiv Table of contents 6.1 Simple form of the predicate .278 6.2 Reduplicated form of the adjectival predicate .280 7. Plurality coding through reduplication .282 8. Possessive propositions: X has Y .282 9. The locative proposition: X is located at Y .284 10. Existential predication .285 11. Conclusions .285 Chapter 16: Interrogative clauses 1. Introduction .287 2. Questions about the truth .287 3. Questions about the truth with presuppositions .290 4. Specific questions .290 4.1 Semantic categories of specific interrogatives.290 4.2 Questions about the subject of an equational clause .291 4.3 Aspect coding in specific interrogatives.292 4.4 Questions about subjects of verbal clauses .293 4.5 Questions about the object .295 4.6 Questions about manner .296 4.7 Questions about dative and benefactive argument .297 4.8 Questions about locative adjuncts .297 4.9 Questions about the possessor .299 4.10 Questions about time .300 4.11 Questions about purpose and reason .301 4.12 Questions about quantity .302 4.13 Questions about the instrumental .303 5. The categoriality of interrogative markers .303 6. Conclusions .303 Chapter 17: Reference system 1. Introduction .305 2. Phrase internal and phrase final forms of pronouns and deteminers 305 3. Deixis .307 3.1 Proximate deixis .307 3.2 Deictic modification . 309 3.3 Remote deixis .311 4. Full noun phrase as subject .312 Table of contents XV 5. Use of pronouns in reference system .315 6. Full noun phrase as the object .319 7. Object coding in non-finite clauses .320 8. The domain of known referent .323 9. The domain of deduced referent .328 10. The remote previous mention marker nákáhà .334 11. Coding indefiniteness .337 12. Locative anaphora .338 13. Entity anaphor and switch reference .340 13.1 The form and the function of the anaphor .340 13.2 Anaphor in a prepositional phrase .342 13.3 The event anaphora .344 14. Conclusions .345 Chapter 18: Focus constructions 1. Introduction .347 2. Focus on the subject .347 3. Focus on the object .349 4. Focus on object pronouns .350 5. Focus on an adverbial expression .351 6. Focus on the predicate .351 7. Conclusions .355 Chapter 19: Topicalization 1. Introduction .357 2. Establishing the topic of a story or narrative .357 3. Establishing the topic within a discourse .358 4. Borrowed markers of topicalization .360 5. Topicalization of pronominal subjects .360 6. Non-propositional topics .,.362 7. Aspect in the comment on the topic .363 8. Topicalization of the object .,.364 9. Topicalization of adjuncts .366 10. Conclusions .367 xvi Table of contents Chapter 20: Parataxis 1. Introduction .369 2. Asyndetic conjoining .369 2.1 Same subjects .370 2.2 Different subjects .372 3. Conjunction mid. .372 4. Sequential events coding through the auxiliary nd 'go' .373 4. The propositional relator ko. 378 5. Conclusions .379 Chapter 21 : Complementation 1. Introduction .381 2. Complements of verbs of saying .381 2.1 Verbs of saying and the complementizer .381 2.2 The de dicto complementizer .382 2.3 Coding of the addressee of the verbs of saying .383 2.4 Direct speech .385 2.5 Cross reference and disjoint reference coding .387 2.6Deontic complements of verbs of saying .390 2.7 Interrogative complements of verbs of saying .391 2.7.1 Polar questions .392 2.7.2 Specific interrogatives in embedded clauses .392 2.7.3 Questions about nonhuman participant .393 2.7.4 Questions about possessor .393 2.7.5 Questions about the topic .394 2.7.6 Questions about the place .394 3. Complements of volitional verbs .394 3.1 Same subject .395 3.2 Different subjects .396 4. Object-to-object raising .397 5. Complements of verbs of perception .397 5.1 Verbs of perception and complementation without raising .397 5.2 Subject-to-object raising .399 6. Complements of verbs of knowing .400 7. Infinitival complements .401 7. Conclusions .403 Table of contents XVÜ Chapter 22: Temporal and conditional clauses 1. Introduction .405 2. Temporal protasis .405 3. Temporal protasis coding through demonstratives .407 4. Temporal apodosis .408 5. Specific time relationships .409 6. Conditional clauses .410 6.1 The use of the dependent aspect .411 6.2 Conditional protasis coding through the particle ángà .412 6.3 Conditional protasis coding through the particle má .415 7. Conditional apodosis .415 8. Conclusions .417 Chapter 23: Purpose, reason, and conclusion clauses 1. Introduction .419 2. Purpose clause .419 3. Reason clauses .420 4. Conclusion clause .421 5. Conclusions .421 Chapter 24: Comparative constructions 1. Introduction .423 2. Equal comparisons .423 3. Unequal equational clause predicates . 425 4. Unequal comparison with verbal predicates .426 5. Conclusions .427 Chapter 25: Relative clause 1. Introduction .429 2. Clause-final demonstratives .430 3. Relativization of the object .432 4. Relativization of the dative .434 5. Relativization of the instrumental .434 6. Relativization of possessor .435 7. Relativization of the topic of a verb of saying. .435 xviii Table of contents 8. Relativization of locative and temporal adjuncts .435 9. Conclusions .436 Chapter 26: Elements of discourse structure 1. Introduction .437 2. Comment clause .437 3. Comment on topic .437 4. Comment in parataxis .438 5. Comment with complementation .439 6. Comment marker and emotive modality marker .440 7. Change of scene .441 8. New action and its consequence .446 9. Conclusions .451 Texts Text 1. The year of hunger .,.453 Text 2. The four men .456 Text 3. The three men .459 Text 4. In the time of famine .462 Text 5. A frog and a buffalo .491 Index .501 References .507
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author	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938- Johnston, Eric 1966-
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spelling	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)129294977 aut A grammar of Mina by Zygmunt Frajzyngier ; Eric Johnston Berlin [u.a.] Mouton de Gruyter 2005 XVIII, 509 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mouton grammar library 36 Includes bibliographical references and index Grammatik Mina language (Cameroon) Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Gen Ewe-Sprache (DE-588)4136017-5 gnd rswk-swf Gen Ewe-Sprache (DE-588)4136017-5 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Johnston, Eric 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)130652350 aut Mouton grammar library 36 (DE-604)BV000018422 36 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0519/2005025880.html Table of contents Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014640112&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938- Johnston, Eric 1966- A grammar of Mina Mouton grammar library Grammatik Mina language (Cameroon) Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Gen Ewe-Sprache (DE-588)4136017-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4136017-5
title	A grammar of Mina
title_auth	A grammar of Mina
title_exact_search	A grammar of Mina
title_exact_search_txtP	A grammar of Mina
title_full	A grammar of Mina by Zygmunt Frajzyngier ; Eric Johnston
title_fullStr	A grammar of Mina by Zygmunt Frajzyngier ; Eric Johnston
title_full_unstemmed	A grammar of Mina by Zygmunt Frajzyngier ; Eric Johnston
title_short	A grammar of Mina
title_sort	a grammar of mina
topic	Grammatik Mina language (Cameroon) Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Gen Ewe-Sprache (DE-588)4136017-5 gnd
topic_facet	Grammatik Mina language (Cameroon) Grammar Gen Ewe-Sprache
url	http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0519/2005025880.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014640112&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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