Optical fiber fusion splicing:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York
Springer
2005
|
| Series: | Springer series in optical sciences
103 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturverz. S. 279 - 300 |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 306 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 3540231048 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Yablon, Andrew D. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Optical fiber fusion splicing |c Andrew D. Yablon |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York |b Springer |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 306 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Springer series in optical sciences |v 103 | |
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 279 - 300 | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Óptica |2 larpcal | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Optical fibers |x Joints |x Technological innovations | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135075524116480 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF FUSION
SPLICING AND ITS APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 THE FUSION SPLICING
PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3
ESSENTIAL OPTICAL FIBER CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 8 1.3.1 OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.2 MATERIAL AND MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICA FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4 ALTERNATIVES TO FUSION SPLICING . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5 FUSION SPLICES
IN THE OPTICAL NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.6
A BRIEF HISTORY OF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 21 1.7 THE FRONTIERS OF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.8 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.
FIBER PREPARATION AND ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 27 2.1 STRIPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.1 FIBER COATINGS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.2 MECHANICAL AND THERMO-MECHANICAL STRIPPING TECHNIQUES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1.3
CHEMICAL STRIPPING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33 2.1.4 VAPORIZATION STRIPPING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 34 2.2 CLEAVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2.1 CLEAVING TECHNIQUES
AND HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2.2 BASIC CLEAVING
PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2.3
CLEAVE DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 39 2.2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF CLEAVE QUALITY . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 40 2.3 ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.1 PASSIVE
ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 43 2.3.2 IMAGE-BASED ACTIVE FIBER ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 43 2.3.3 TRANSMITTED-POWER BASED ACTIVE FIBER ALIGNMENT . . . . 44
2.3.4 LIGHT-INJECTION AND DETECTION (LID) TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . 46 2.4
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 X CONTENTS 3. MECHANICS OF FUSION
SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 HEAT TRANSFER DURING FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 49 3.1.1 ARC-DISCHARGE HEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.1.2 HEAT FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2 MECHANICAL FORCES
DURING FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2.1
COMPRESSIVE, TENSILE, AND BENDING FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2.2
SURFACE TENSION AND VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 62 3.2.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR CORE ALIGNMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 65 3.2.4 FUSION SPLICE DURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.5 NECKDOWN, DISSIMILAR FIBER DIAMETERS,
AND DISSIMILAR FIBER VISCOSITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68 3.2.6 BUBBLES, AIRLINES, AND AIR HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 70 3.3 DOPANT DIFFUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3.1 THEORY OF DOPANT
DIFFUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.3.2
DOPANT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 79 3.3.3 DIFFUSION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 80 3.4 STRESS AND STRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.4.1 SOURCE OF
STRESS AND STRAIN IN OPTICAL FIBERS. . . . . . . . . 83 3.4.2 FUSION
SPLICING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO RESIDUAL STRESS AND STRAIN . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.
OPTICS OF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 91 4.1 MODAL DESCRIPTION OF FUSION SPLICES. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.1.1 THE SCALAR WAVE EQUATION .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.1.2 MODES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96 4.1.3 THE SCATTERING MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 99 4.1.4 THE OVERLAP INTEGRAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.1.5 THE REFLECTANCE OF FUSION
SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.2 THE OPTICS OF
SINGLE-MODE FIBER FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.2.1 THE
MODE FIELD DIAMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110 4.2.2 THE GAUSSIAN APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 111 4.2.3 REFLECTANCE OF SINGLE-MODE FUSION SPLICES . . . . . .
. . . . . 116 4.2.4 MODAL NOISE AND SINGLE-MODE FIBER SPLICES . . . . .
. . . . . 116 4.3 THE OPTICS OF MULTIMODE FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.3.1 PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.3.2 SPLICE LOSS APPROXIMATION
FORMULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.3.3 REFLECTIONS FROM
MULTI-MODE FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.3.4 FUSION SPLICES
BETWEEN SINGLE- AND MULTIMODE FIBERS 123 4.4 THE BEAM PROPAGATION METHOD
(BPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO
BPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.2
THE TRANSPARENT BOUNDARY CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4.3 MODE SOLVING WITH BPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 129 CONTENTS XI 4.4.4 COMPUTING SPLICE LOSS WITH BPM . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.4.5 A PRACTICAL BPM EXAMPLE . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 4.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134 5. SPLICE LOSS ESTIMATION AND FIBER IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 137 5.1 FUSION SPLICE IMAGING AND IMAGE PROCESSING . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 139 5.1.1 THE IMAGING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER IMAGING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF
FIBER IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.1.4 BASIC
IMAGE PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146 5.2 LOSS COMPUTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO COUPLED-MODE
THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.2.2 COUPLED-MODE THEORY IN A
SINGLE-MODE FIBER: MICROBEND THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5.2.3 COUPLED-MODE THEORY FOR LOSS
COMPUTATION . . . . . . . . 154 5.3 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.
SPLICE STRENGTH, RELIABILITY, AND PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 161 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO SPLICE STRENGTH AND RELIABILITY . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 162 6.2 CRACK GROWTH THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.3 CHARACTERIZING SPLICE
FAILURE STRENGTH: WEIBULL STATISTICS . . . . 168 6.4 THEORY OF PROOF
TESTING FOR LONG-TERM RELIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.5 PROOF
TESTING METHODS AND HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
176 6.6 SPLICE PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 6.6.1 SPLICE RECOATING TECHNOLOGY . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 6.6.2 RIGID SPLICE
PROTECTORS AND SPLINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6.7 SUMMARY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 181 7. SPLICE MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.1 TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.1.1 INSERTION LOSS
AND CUTBACK MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.1.2 THE
*PRE-SPLICE* TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.1.3 THE TWO-SPLICE TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 187 7.1.4 SPECTRAL SPLICE LOSS MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 189 7.2 REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 7.2.1 OPTICAL CONTINUOUS WAVE
REFLECTOMETERS (OCWRS) . . 190 7.2.2 OPTICAL TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
(OTDR) MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 191 7.2.3 HIGH RESOLUTION REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS . .
. . . . . . . . . 197 7.3 REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILING OF FIBERS AND
FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . 199 7.4 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 XII
CONTENTS 8. SPLICE PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND SPECIAL SPLICING STRATEGIES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.1 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS FOR SPLICE
OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.1.1 THE SPLICE PARAMETER
SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.1.2 ORTHOGONAL
ARRAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8.1.3 EXAMPLE SPLICE OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 210 8.2 SPECIAL SPLICING STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 8.2.1 FIRE POLISHING AND ARC
SCANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 8.2.2 BRIDGE FIBERS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215 8.2.3 DOPANT DIFFUSION AND TEC SPLICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 217 8.2.4 LOW-TEMPERATURE SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 220 8.2.5 OFFSET HEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 8.2.6 TAPERED SPLICES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
8.2.7 FATTENED SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 226 8.3 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 9. FUSION
SPLICING OF SPECIALTY FIBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 229 9.1 NON-ZERO DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NZ-DSF. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 9.1.2 SPECIAL SPLICING
CONSIDERATIONS FOR NZ-DSF. . . . . . . . . . 230 9.2
POLARIZATION-MAINTAINING FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 231 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PM FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 232 9.2.2 CLEAVING CONSIDERATIONS FOR PM FIBERS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 9.2.3 POLARIZATION CROSSTALK AND
POLARIZATION EXTINCTION RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 234 9.2.4 PM FIBER ALIGNMENT. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 9.3 ERBIUM-DOPED FIBERS . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
9.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO ERBIUM-DOPED GAIN FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . 241
9.3.2 STRATEGIES FOR LOW-LOSS EDF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . 242
9.3.3 LOSS MEASUREMENT OF ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER SPLICES . . . . 244 9.4
DISPERSION-COMPENSATING FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 244 9.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO DISPERSION-COMPENSATING FIBERS . . . .
. 245 9.4.2 SPLICING STRATEGIES FOR DISPERSION-COMPENSATING FIBERS 246
9.5 MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 248 9.5.1 TYPES OF MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 9.5.2 FUSION SPLICING MICROSTRUCTURED
FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 9.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
253 10. SPLICER HARDWARE: STATE OF THE ART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 255 10.1 INTRODUCTION TO SPLICER HARDWARE . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 10.2 FIELD SPLICERS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256 10.3 FACTORY SPLICERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 10.4 RESEARCH AND LABORATORY
SPLICERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 10.5
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 CONTENTS XIII APPENDIX A: LIST OF
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 APPENDIX
B: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 275 APPENDIX C: LIST OF RELEVANT PUBLISHED STANDARDS AND
REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 277 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 AN OVERVIEW OF FUSION
SPLICING AND ITS APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 THE FUSION SPLICING
PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3
ESSENTIAL OPTICAL FIBER CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 8 1.3.1 OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.2 MATERIAL AND MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICA FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4 ALTERNATIVES TO FUSION SPLICING . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5 FUSION SPLICES
IN THE OPTICAL NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.6
A BRIEF HISTORY OF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 21 1.7 THE FRONTIERS OF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.8 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.
FIBER PREPARATION AND ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 27 2.1 STRIPPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.1 FIBER COATINGS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.2 MECHANICAL AND THERMO-MECHANICAL STRIPPING TECHNIQUES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1.3
CHEMICAL STRIPPING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33 2.1.4 VAPORIZATION STRIPPING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 34 2.2 CLEAVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.2.1 CLEAVING TECHNIQUES
AND HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2.2 BASIC CLEAVING
PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2.3
CLEAVE DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 39 2.2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF CLEAVE QUALITY . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 40 2.3 ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.1 PASSIVE
ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 43 2.3.2 IMAGE-BASED ACTIVE FIBER ALIGNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 43 2.3.3 TRANSMITTED-POWER BASED ACTIVE FIBER ALIGNMENT . . . . 44
2.3.4 LIGHT-INJECTION AND DETECTION (LID) TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . 46 2.4
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 X CONTENTS 3. MECHANICS OF FUSION
SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.1 HEAT TRANSFER DURING FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 49 3.1.1 ARC-DISCHARGE HEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.1.2 HEAT FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2 MECHANICAL FORCES
DURING FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2.1
COMPRESSIVE, TENSILE, AND BENDING FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2.2
SURFACE TENSION AND VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 62 3.2.3 IMPLICATIONS FOR CORE ALIGNMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 65 3.2.4 FUSION SPLICE DURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2.5 NECKDOWN, DISSIMILAR FIBER DIAMETERS,
AND DISSIMILAR FIBER VISCOSITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68 3.2.6 BUBBLES, AIRLINES, AND AIR HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 70 3.3 DOPANT DIFFUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3.1 THEORY OF DOPANT
DIFFUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.3.2
DOPANT DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 79 3.3.3 DIFFUSION EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 80 3.4 STRESS AND STRAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.4.1 SOURCE OF
STRESS AND STRAIN IN OPTICAL FIBERS. . . . . . . . . 83 3.4.2 FUSION
SPLICING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO RESIDUAL STRESS AND STRAIN . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.
OPTICS OF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 91 4.1 MODAL DESCRIPTION OF FUSION SPLICES. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.1.1 THE SCALAR WAVE EQUATION .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.1.2 MODES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96 4.1.3 THE SCATTERING MATRIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 99 4.1.4 THE OVERLAP INTEGRAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.1.5 THE REFLECTANCE OF FUSION
SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4.2 THE OPTICS OF
SINGLE-MODE FIBER FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.2.1 THE
MODE FIELD DIAMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110 4.2.2 THE GAUSSIAN APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 111 4.2.3 REFLECTANCE OF SINGLE-MODE FUSION SPLICES . . . . . .
. . . . . 116 4.2.4 MODAL NOISE AND SINGLE-MODE FIBER SPLICES . . . . .
. . . . . 116 4.3 THE OPTICS OF MULTIMODE FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.3.1 PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.3.2 SPLICE LOSS APPROXIMATION
FORMULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.3.3 REFLECTIONS FROM
MULTI-MODE FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.3.4 FUSION SPLICES
BETWEEN SINGLE- AND MULTIMODE FIBERS 123 4.4 THE BEAM PROPAGATION METHOD
(BPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO
BPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.4.2
THE TRANSPARENT BOUNDARY CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4.3 MODE SOLVING WITH BPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 129 CONTENTS XI 4.4.4 COMPUTING SPLICE LOSS WITH BPM . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.4.5 A PRACTICAL BPM EXAMPLE . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 4.5 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134 5. SPLICE LOSS ESTIMATION AND FIBER IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 137 5.1 FUSION SPLICE IMAGING AND IMAGE PROCESSING . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 139 5.1.1 THE IMAGING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER IMAGING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF
FIBER IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.1.4 BASIC
IMAGE PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
146 5.2 LOSS COMPUTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO COUPLED-MODE
THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.2.2 COUPLED-MODE THEORY IN A
SINGLE-MODE FIBER: MICROBEND THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5.2.3 COUPLED-MODE THEORY FOR LOSS
COMPUTATION . . . . . . . . 154 5.3 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.
SPLICE STRENGTH, RELIABILITY, AND PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 161 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO SPLICE STRENGTH AND RELIABILITY . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 162 6.2 CRACK GROWTH THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.3 CHARACTERIZING SPLICE
FAILURE STRENGTH: WEIBULL STATISTICS . . . . 168 6.4 THEORY OF PROOF
TESTING FOR LONG-TERM RELIABILITY . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.5 PROOF
TESTING METHODS AND HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
176 6.6 SPLICE PACKAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 6.6.1 SPLICE RECOATING TECHNOLOGY . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 6.6.2 RIGID SPLICE
PROTECTORS AND SPLINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6.7 SUMMARY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 181 7. SPLICE MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.1 TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENTS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.1.1 INSERTION LOSS
AND CUTBACK MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.1.2 THE
*PRE-SPLICE* TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.1.3 THE TWO-SPLICE TECHNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 187 7.1.4 SPECTRAL SPLICE LOSS MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 189 7.2 REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 7.2.1 OPTICAL CONTINUOUS WAVE
REFLECTOMETERS (OCWRS) . . 190 7.2.2 OPTICAL TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
(OTDR) MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 191 7.2.3 HIGH RESOLUTION REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS . .
. . . . . . . . . 197 7.3 REFRACTIVE INDEX PROFILING OF FIBERS AND
FUSION SPLICES . . . . . . 199 7.4 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 XII
CONTENTS 8. SPLICE PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND SPECIAL SPLICING STRATEGIES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.1 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS FOR SPLICE
OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.1.1 THE SPLICE PARAMETER
SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.1.2 ORTHOGONAL
ARRAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8.1.3 EXAMPLE SPLICE OPTIMIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 210 8.2 SPECIAL SPLICING STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 8.2.1 FIRE POLISHING AND ARC
SCANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 8.2.2 BRIDGE FIBERS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215 8.2.3 DOPANT DIFFUSION AND TEC SPLICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 217 8.2.4 LOW-TEMPERATURE SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 220 8.2.5 OFFSET HEATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 8.2.6 TAPERED SPLICES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
8.2.7 FATTENED SPLICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 226 8.3 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 9. FUSION
SPLICING OF SPECIALTY FIBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 229 9.1 NON-ZERO DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 229 9.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO NZ-DSF. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 9.1.2 SPECIAL SPLICING
CONSIDERATIONS FOR NZ-DSF. . . . . . . . . . 230 9.2
POLARIZATION-MAINTAINING FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 231 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PM FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 232 9.2.2 CLEAVING CONSIDERATIONS FOR PM FIBERS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 9.2.3 POLARIZATION CROSSTALK AND
POLARIZATION EXTINCTION RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 234 9.2.4 PM FIBER ALIGNMENT. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 9.3 ERBIUM-DOPED FIBERS . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
9.3.1 INTRODUCTION TO ERBIUM-DOPED GAIN FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . 241
9.3.2 STRATEGIES FOR LOW-LOSS EDF FUSION SPLICING . . . . . . . . 242
9.3.3 LOSS MEASUREMENT OF ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER SPLICES . . . . 244 9.4
DISPERSION-COMPENSATING FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 244 9.4.1 INTRODUCTION TO DISPERSION-COMPENSATING FIBERS . . . .
. 245 9.4.2 SPLICING STRATEGIES FOR DISPERSION-COMPENSATING FIBERS 246
9.5 MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 248 9.5.1 TYPES OF MICROSTRUCTURED FIBERS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 9.5.2 FUSION SPLICING MICROSTRUCTURED
FIBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 9.6 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
253 10. SPLICER HARDWARE: STATE OF THE ART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 255 10.1 INTRODUCTION TO SPLICER HARDWARE . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 10.2 FIELD SPLICERS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256 10.3 FACTORY SPLICERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 10.4 RESEARCH AND LABORATORY
SPLICERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 10.5
SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 CONTENTS XIII APPENDIX A: LIST OF
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 APPENDIX
B: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 275 APPENDIX C: LIST OF RELEVANT PUBLISHED STANDARDS AND
REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 277 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Yablon, Andrew D. |
| author_facet | Yablon, Andrew D. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Yablon, Andrew D. |
| author_variant | a d y ad ady |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021286113 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TA1800 |
| callnumber-raw | TA1800 |
| callnumber-search | TA1800 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 41800 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | UH 5100 UH 5760 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)57540973 (DE-599)BVBBV021286113 |
| dewey-full | 621.36/92 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.36/92 |
| dewey-search | 621.36/92 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.36 292 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Physik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| discipline_str_mv | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Physik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021286113 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:48:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:34:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540231048 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014607049 |
| oclc_num | 57540973 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29T DE-1043 DE-83 DE-11 DE-M347 |
| owner_facet | DE-29T DE-1043 DE-83 DE-11 DE-M347 |
| physical | XIII, 306 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Springer series in optical sciences |
| series2 | Springer series in optical sciences |
| spelling | Yablon, Andrew D. Verfasser aut Optical fiber fusion splicing Andrew D. Yablon Berlin ; Heidelberg ; New York Springer 2005 XIII, 306 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Springer series in optical sciences 103 Literaturverz. S. 279 - 300 Óptica larpcal Optical fibers Joints Optical fibers Joints Technological innovations Spleißen (DE-588)4056331-5 gnd rswk-swf Lichtleitfaser (DE-588)4167589-7 gnd rswk-swf Lichtleitfaser (DE-588)4167589-7 s Spleißen (DE-588)4056331-5 s DE-604 Springer series in optical sciences 103 (DE-604)BV000000237 103 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014607049&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Yablon, Andrew D. Optical fiber fusion splicing Springer series in optical sciences Óptica larpcal Optical fibers Joints Optical fibers Joints Technological innovations Spleißen (DE-588)4056331-5 gnd Lichtleitfaser (DE-588)4167589-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056331-5 (DE-588)4167589-7 |
| title | Optical fiber fusion splicing |
| title_auth | Optical fiber fusion splicing |
| title_exact_search | Optical fiber fusion splicing |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Optical fiber fusion splicing |
| title_full | Optical fiber fusion splicing Andrew D. Yablon |
| title_fullStr | Optical fiber fusion splicing Andrew D. Yablon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optical fiber fusion splicing Andrew D. Yablon |
| title_short | Optical fiber fusion splicing |
| title_sort | optical fiber fusion splicing |
| topic | Óptica larpcal Optical fibers Joints Optical fibers Joints Technological innovations Spleißen (DE-588)4056331-5 gnd Lichtleitfaser (DE-588)4167589-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Óptica Optical fibers Joints Optical fibers Joints Technological innovations Spleißen Lichtleitfaser |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014607049&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000000237 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yablonandrewd opticalfiberfusionsplicing |