Space debris: models and risk analysis
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin
Springer u.a.
2006
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | X, 430 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| ISBN: | 354025448X 9783540254485 |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | HEINER KLINKRAD
SPACE DEBRIS
MODELS AN
D RISK ANALYSIS
FURNISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH
SPRINGE
R PRAXIS PUBLISHING PR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROLOG IX
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HISTORY OF THE EVOLVING SPACE DEBRIS RESEARCH 1
1.2 GUIDANCE FOR READING THIS BOOK 4
1.3 REFERENCES 4
2 THE CURRENT SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT AND ITS SOURCES 5
2.1 LAUNCH HISTORY AND THE RESULTING ORBITAL ENVIRONMENT 5
2.2 HISTORIC ON-ORBIT BREAK-UP EVENTS 18
2.3 NON-FRAGMENTATION DEBRIS SOURCES 23
2.4 GROUND-BASED RADAR AND OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS 27
2.5 IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS AN
D RETRIEVED SURFACES 47
2.6 REFERENCES
57
3 MODELING OF THE CURRENT SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT 59
3.1 ORBIT PROPAGATION METHODS FOR LARGE POPULATIONS 59
3.2 VOLUME DISCRETIZATION AND CELL-PASSAGE EVENTS 61
3.3 THE TRACKABLE SPACE OBJECT POPULATION 66
3.4 MODELING EXPLOSION AN
D COLLISION FRAGMENTS 67
3.5 MODELING SOLID ROCKET MOTOR SLAG AND DUST 76
3.6 MODELING SODIUM-POTASSIUM COOLANT DROPLETS 83
3.7 MODELING WESTFORD NEEDLE CLUSTERS 86
3.8 MODELING SURFACE DEGRADATION AND IMPACT EJECTA 87
3.9 HISTORIC EVOLUTION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEBRIS 91
3.10 COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS AND MODELED DATA 104
3.11 ALTERNATIVE SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT MODELS IL
L
3.12 REFERENCES 112
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 MODELING OF COLLISION FLUX FOR THE CURRENT SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT
115
4.1 DETERMINATION OF COLLISION FLUX 115
4.2 ANALYSIS OF COLLISION GEOMETRIES 119
4.3 COLLISION FLUX ASSESSMENT FOR TYPICAL TARGET ORBITS 122
4.4 REFERENCES 142
5 MODELING OF THE FUTURE SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT 143
5.1 ORBIT PROPAGATION METHODS FOR LONG-TERM PREDICTIONS 143
5.2 CONCEPTS OF A LONG-TERM DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT PROJECTION 144
5.3 MODELING FUTURE LAUNCH TRAFFIC AND RELEASE EVENTS 145
5.4 DEPLOYMENTS OF CONSTELLATIONS AND NANO-SATELLITES 148
5.5 DEFINITION OF A BUSINESS-AS-USUAL FORECAST SCENARIO 151
5.6 VARIATIONS OF A BUSINESS-AS-USUAL FORECAST SCENARIO 159
5.7 ALTERNATIVE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT PROJECTION MODELS 161
5.8 REFERENCES 162
6 EFFECTS OF DEBRIS MITIGATION MEASURES ON ENVIRONMENT PROJECTIONS 165
6.1 SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION OPTIONS 165
6.2 EXPLOSION PREVENTION BY END-OF-LIFE PASSIVATION 168
6.3 POST-MISSION DISPOSAL FROM LOW-EARTH ORBITS 170
6.4 POST-MISSION DISPOSAL FROM GEO-SYNCHRONOUS ORBITS 183
6.5 DE-ORBIT OF GTO UPPER STAGES 190
6.6 DEFINITION OF PROTECTED REGIONS 192
6.7 REFERENCES 197
7
HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND PROTECTION TECHNIQUES 199
7.1 HYPERVELOCITY ACCELERATORS AN
D HYDROCODE SIMULATIONS 199
7.2 EFFECTS OF HYPERVELOCITY IMPACTS 203
7.3 SINGLE-WALL DAMAGE EQUATIONS 205
7.4 MULTIPLE-WALL DAMAGE EQUATIONS 208
7.5 HVI SHIELD DESIGNS AN
D IMPLEMENTATIONS 212
7.6 REFERENCES 214
8 OPERATIONAL COLLISION AVOIDANCE WITH REGARD TO CATALOG OBJECTS 215
8.1 ORBIT PREDICTION AND ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES 215
8.2 DETERMINATION OF NEAR-MISS CONJUNCTION EVENTS 219
8.3 COLLISION RISK ESTIMATE FOR NEAR-MISS CONJUNCTIONS 222
8.4 STATISTICAL FORECAST OF AVOIDANCE MANEUVER FREQUENCY 226
8.5 COLLISION AVOIDANCE FOR OPERATIONAL SATELLITES 233
8.6 REFERENCES 239
9 RE-ENTRY PREDICTION AND ON-GROUND RISK ESTIMATION 241
9.1 HISTORY OF HAZARDOUS RE-ENTRY EVENTS 241
9.2 LONG- AN
D MEDIUM-TERM RE-ENTRY PREDICTIONS 244
9.3 SHORT-TERM RE-ENTRY PREDICTIONS 249
9.4 PREDICTION OF BREAK-UP AN
D SURVIVAL OF ENTRY OBJECTS 256
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
9.5 ESTIMATION OF ON-GROUND RISK DUE TO RE-ENTRIES 266
9.6 LONG- AN
D SHORT-TERM RE-ENTRY RISK MANAGEMENT 272
9.7 HAZARDOUS RE-ENTRY MATERIALS 285
9.8 REFERENCES 287
10 MODELING OF THE TERRESTRIAL METEOROID ENVIRONMENT 289
10.1 THE DIVINE-STAUBACH METEOROID MODEL 289
10.2 METEOROID FLUX ASSESSMENT FOR TYPICAL TARGET ORBITS 294
10.3 MODELING METEOROID STREAM EVENTS 296
10.4 NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS AND ASSOCIATED RISKS 301
10.5 REFERENCES 309
11 SPACE DEBRIS ACTIVITIES IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 311
11.1 INTERNATIONAL FORUMS FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE 311
11.2 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AT A TECHNICAL LEVEL 312
11.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AN
D POLICIES 313
11.4 REFERENCES 314
EPILOG 315
A BASICS OF ORBIT MECHANICS 317
A.I KEPLER ORBITS 317
A.2 PLANAR ORBIT TRANSFER MANEUVERS 321
A.3 SHAPE OF THE EARTH AND THE GEODETIC POSITION 322
A.4 MAJOR PERTURBATIONS ON EARTH ORBITS 322
A.5 THE PERTURBED NEWTON EQUATIONS 324
A.6 THE GAUSS PERTURBATION EQUATIONS 325
A.7 THE LAGRANGE PERTURBATION EQUATIONS 326
A.8 INTEGRATING THE PERTURBATION EQUATIONS 326
A.9 RESULTING PERTURBATIONS ON EARTH ORBITS 328
A. 10 REFERENCES 330
B TH
E ATMOSPHER
E OF TH
E EARTH 331
B.I STRUCTURE OF THERMOSPHERE MODELS 331
B.2 IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THERMOSPHERE MODELS 334
B.3 SOLAR AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITIES 336
B.4 REFERENCES 347
C TH
E GRAVITATIONA
L POTENTIA
L OF THE EARTH 349
C.I MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE GEOPOTENTIAL 349
C.2 HARMONIC COEFFICIENTS OF THE GEOPOTENTIAL 350
C.3 REFERENCES 354
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
D THE WORLD POPULATION VIEWED FROM ORBIT
355
D.I MODEL OF THE WORLD POPULATION DENSITY DISTRIBUTION 355
D.2 SAMPLING THE WORLD POPULATION ALONG GROUND TRACKS 356
D.3 REFERENCES 369
E COLOR SUPPLEMENT 371
LIST OF SYMBOLS 387
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 393
LIST OF TABLES 399
LIST OF FIGURES 401
BIBLIOGRAPHY 407
INDEX 417
|
| adam_txt |
HEINER KLINKRAD
SPACE DEBRIS
MODELS AN
D RISK ANALYSIS
FURNISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH
SPRINGE
R PRAXIS PUBLISHING PR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PROLOG IX
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 HISTORY OF THE EVOLVING SPACE DEBRIS RESEARCH 1
1.2 GUIDANCE FOR READING THIS BOOK 4
1.3 REFERENCES 4
2 THE CURRENT SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT AND ITS SOURCES 5
2.1 LAUNCH HISTORY AND THE RESULTING ORBITAL ENVIRONMENT 5
2.2 HISTORIC ON-ORBIT BREAK-UP EVENTS 18
2.3 NON-FRAGMENTATION DEBRIS SOURCES 23
2.4 GROUND-BASED RADAR AND OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS 27
2.5 IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS AN
D RETRIEVED SURFACES 47
2.6 REFERENCES
57
3 MODELING OF THE CURRENT SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT 59
3.1 ORBIT PROPAGATION METHODS FOR LARGE POPULATIONS 59
3.2 VOLUME DISCRETIZATION AND CELL-PASSAGE EVENTS 61
3.3 THE TRACKABLE SPACE OBJECT POPULATION 66
3.4 MODELING EXPLOSION AN
D COLLISION FRAGMENTS 67
3.5 MODELING SOLID ROCKET MOTOR SLAG AND DUST 76
3.6 MODELING SODIUM-POTASSIUM COOLANT DROPLETS 83
3.7 MODELING WESTFORD NEEDLE CLUSTERS 86
3.8 MODELING SURFACE DEGRADATION AND IMPACT EJECTA 87
3.9 HISTORIC EVOLUTION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEBRIS 91
3.10 COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS AND MODELED DATA 104
3.11 ALTERNATIVE SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT MODELS IL
L
3.12 REFERENCES 112
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 MODELING OF COLLISION FLUX FOR THE CURRENT SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT
115
4.1 DETERMINATION OF COLLISION FLUX 115
4.2 ANALYSIS OF COLLISION GEOMETRIES 119
4.3 COLLISION FLUX ASSESSMENT FOR TYPICAL TARGET ORBITS 122
4.4 REFERENCES 142
5 MODELING OF THE FUTURE SPACE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT 143
5.1 ORBIT PROPAGATION METHODS FOR LONG-TERM PREDICTIONS 143
5.2 CONCEPTS OF A LONG-TERM DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT PROJECTION 144
5.3 MODELING FUTURE LAUNCH TRAFFIC AND RELEASE EVENTS 145
5.4 DEPLOYMENTS OF CONSTELLATIONS AND NANO-SATELLITES 148
5.5 DEFINITION OF A BUSINESS-AS-USUAL FORECAST SCENARIO 151
5.6 VARIATIONS OF A BUSINESS-AS-USUAL FORECAST SCENARIO 159
5.7 ALTERNATIVE DEBRIS ENVIRONMENT PROJECTION MODELS 161
5.8 REFERENCES 162
6 EFFECTS OF DEBRIS MITIGATION MEASURES ON ENVIRONMENT PROJECTIONS 165
6.1 SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION OPTIONS 165
6.2 EXPLOSION PREVENTION BY END-OF-LIFE PASSIVATION 168
6.3 POST-MISSION DISPOSAL FROM LOW-EARTH ORBITS 170
6.4 POST-MISSION DISPOSAL FROM GEO-SYNCHRONOUS ORBITS 183
6.5 DE-ORBIT OF GTO UPPER STAGES 190
6.6 DEFINITION OF PROTECTED REGIONS 192
6.7 REFERENCES 197
7
HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND PROTECTION TECHNIQUES 199
7.1 HYPERVELOCITY ACCELERATORS AN
D HYDROCODE SIMULATIONS 199
7.2 EFFECTS OF HYPERVELOCITY IMPACTS 203
7.3 SINGLE-WALL DAMAGE EQUATIONS 205
7.4 MULTIPLE-WALL DAMAGE EQUATIONS 208
7.5 HVI SHIELD DESIGNS AN
D IMPLEMENTATIONS 212
7.6 REFERENCES 214
8 OPERATIONAL COLLISION AVOIDANCE WITH REGARD TO CATALOG OBJECTS 215
8.1 ORBIT PREDICTION AND ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES 215
8.2 DETERMINATION OF NEAR-MISS CONJUNCTION EVENTS 219
8.3 COLLISION RISK ESTIMATE FOR NEAR-MISS CONJUNCTIONS 222
8.4 STATISTICAL FORECAST OF AVOIDANCE MANEUVER FREQUENCY 226
8.5 COLLISION AVOIDANCE FOR OPERATIONAL SATELLITES 233
8.6 REFERENCES 239
9 RE-ENTRY PREDICTION AND ON-GROUND RISK ESTIMATION 241
9.1 HISTORY OF HAZARDOUS RE-ENTRY EVENTS 241
9.2 LONG- AN
D MEDIUM-TERM RE-ENTRY PREDICTIONS 244
9.3 SHORT-TERM RE-ENTRY PREDICTIONS 249
9.4 PREDICTION OF BREAK-UP AN
D SURVIVAL OF ENTRY OBJECTS 256
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
9.5 ESTIMATION OF ON-GROUND RISK DUE TO RE-ENTRIES 266
9.6 LONG- AN
D SHORT-TERM RE-ENTRY RISK MANAGEMENT 272
9.7 HAZARDOUS RE-ENTRY MATERIALS 285
9.8 REFERENCES 287
10 MODELING OF THE TERRESTRIAL METEOROID ENVIRONMENT 289
10.1 THE DIVINE-STAUBACH METEOROID MODEL 289
10.2 METEOROID FLUX ASSESSMENT FOR TYPICAL TARGET ORBITS 294
10.3 MODELING METEOROID STREAM EVENTS 296
10.4 NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS AND ASSOCIATED RISKS 301
10.5 REFERENCES 309
11 SPACE DEBRIS ACTIVITIES IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 311
11.1 INTERNATIONAL FORUMS FOR INFORMATION EXCHANGE 311
11.2 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AT A TECHNICAL LEVEL 312
11.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AN
D POLICIES 313
11.4 REFERENCES 314
EPILOG 315
A BASICS OF ORBIT MECHANICS 317
A.I KEPLER ORBITS 317
A.2 PLANAR ORBIT TRANSFER MANEUVERS 321
A.3 SHAPE OF THE EARTH AND THE GEODETIC POSITION 322
A.4 MAJOR PERTURBATIONS ON EARTH ORBITS 322
A.5 THE PERTURBED NEWTON EQUATIONS 324
A.6 THE GAUSS PERTURBATION EQUATIONS 325
A.7 THE LAGRANGE PERTURBATION EQUATIONS 326
A.8 INTEGRATING THE PERTURBATION EQUATIONS 326
A.9 RESULTING PERTURBATIONS ON EARTH ORBITS 328
A. 10 REFERENCES 330
B TH
E ATMOSPHER
E OF TH
E EARTH 331
B.I STRUCTURE OF THERMOSPHERE MODELS 331
B.2 IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THERMOSPHERE MODELS 334
B.3 SOLAR AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITIES 336
B.4 REFERENCES 347
C TH
E GRAVITATIONA
L POTENTIA
L OF THE EARTH 349
C.I MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF THE GEOPOTENTIAL 349
C.2 HARMONIC COEFFICIENTS OF THE GEOPOTENTIAL 350
C.3 REFERENCES 354
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
D THE WORLD POPULATION VIEWED FROM ORBIT
355
D.I MODEL OF THE WORLD POPULATION DENSITY DISTRIBUTION 355
D.2 SAMPLING THE WORLD POPULATION ALONG GROUND TRACKS 356
D.3 REFERENCES 369
E COLOR SUPPLEMENT 371
LIST OF SYMBOLS 387
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 393
LIST OF TABLES 399
LIST OF FIGURES 401
BIBLIOGRAPHY 407
INDEX 417 |
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| author | Klinkrad, Heiner 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)110384024 |
| author_facet | Klinkrad, Heiner 1953- |
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| author_sort | Klinkrad, Heiner 1953- |
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| bvnumber | BV021274281 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)68190965 (DE-599)BVBBV021274281 |
| dewey-full | 629.4/16 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 629 - Other branches of engineering |
| dewey-raw | 629.4/16 |
| dewey-search | 629.4/16 |
| dewey-sort | 3629.4 216 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Physik Verkehr / Transport Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik Verkehr / Transport Geographie |
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| id | DE-604.BV021274281 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:45:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:34:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 354025448X 9783540254485 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014595361 |
| oclc_num | 68190965 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-706 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-706 DE-20 |
| physical | X, 430 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer u.a. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Klinkrad, Heiner 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)110384024 aut Space debris models and risk analysis Heiner Klinkrad Berlin Springer u.a. 2006 X, 430 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mathematisches Modell Space debris Space debris Risk assessment Mathematical models Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd rswk-swf Weltraummüll (DE-588)4322449-0 gnd rswk-swf Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd rswk-swf Geostationäre Umlaufbahn (DE-588)4276417-8 gnd rswk-swf Weltraummüll (DE-588)4322449-0 s Geostationäre Umlaufbahn (DE-588)4276417-8 s Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 s DE-604 Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 s DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014595361&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Klinkrad, Heiner 1953- Space debris models and risk analysis Mathematisches Modell Space debris Space debris Risk assessment Mathematical models Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd Weltraummüll (DE-588)4322449-0 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Geostationäre Umlaufbahn (DE-588)4276417-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137042-9 (DE-588)4322449-0 (DE-588)4114528-8 (DE-588)4276417-8 |
| title | Space debris models and risk analysis |
| title_auth | Space debris models and risk analysis |
| title_exact_search | Space debris models and risk analysis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Space debris models and risk analysis |
| title_full | Space debris models and risk analysis Heiner Klinkrad |
| title_fullStr | Space debris models and risk analysis Heiner Klinkrad |
| title_full_unstemmed | Space debris models and risk analysis Heiner Klinkrad |
| title_short | Space debris |
| title_sort | space debris models and risk analysis |
| title_sub | models and risk analysis |
| topic | Mathematisches Modell Space debris Space debris Risk assessment Mathematical models Risikoanalyse (DE-588)4137042-9 gnd Weltraummüll (DE-588)4322449-0 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Geostationäre Umlaufbahn (DE-588)4276417-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mathematisches Modell Space debris Space debris Risk assessment Mathematical models Risikoanalyse Weltraummüll Geostationäre Umlaufbahn |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014595361&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT klinkradheiner spacedebrismodelsandriskanalysis |