Swiss constitutional law:
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
The Hague [u.a.]
Kluwer Law Internat. [u.a.]
2005
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 306 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9041124047 3727291133 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Swiss constitutional law |c Thomas Fleiner ; Alexander Misic ; Nicole Töpperwein |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135040909574144 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE AUTHORS 3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 17
PREFACE 19
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21
CHAPTER 1. OUTLINE OF SWISS CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 21
§ 1. INTRODUCTION 21
§ 2. FOUNDATION OF THE CONFEDERATION 22
§ 3. MODERNIZATION 23
§ 4. SWITZERLAND AS A FEDERAL STATE 23
I. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1848 23
II. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1874 24
III. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1999 24
CHAPTER 2. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE SWISS POLITICAL SYSTEM 25
§ 1. THE DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLE 25
§ 2. THE FEDERAL PRINCIPLE 26
§ 3. THE NEUTRALITY PRINCIPLE 27
I. PRINCIPLE 27
II. CONCEPT OF ACTIVE NEUTRALITY 27
III. NEUTRALITY AND THE ADHESION TO THE UNITED NATIONS 28
§4. THE RECHTSSTAAT PRINCIPLE 28
I. PRINCIPLE 28
II. HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT 29
III. REFORM 29
CHAPTER 3. STATE TERRITORY 31
§ 1. OVERALL TERRITORY 31
§ 2. CANTONS 31
§ 3. MUNICIPALITIES 34
§ 4. DISTRICTS 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 5. REGIONS
34
§ 6. CAPITAL
34
CHAPTER 4. POPULATION (DEMOGRAPHIC DATA) 36
§ 1. OVERALL POPULATION 36
§ 2. CANTONAL POPULATIONS
36
§ 3. LANGUAGES 37
§ 4. RELIGION
38
§ 5. CITIES
38
§ 6. UNEMPLOYMENT 39
§ 7. FOREIGNERS 39
CHAPTER 5. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 40
PART I. SOURCES OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 43
CHAPTER 1. TREATIES
43
§ 1. IN GENERAL
43
§ 2. MONISTIC SYSTEM
43
§ 3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREATIES AND NATIONAL LAW 44
§ 4. IMPORTANT TREATIES
45
CHAPTER 2. CONSTITUTION
4
6
§ 1. FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
46
I. SYSTEM
4
6
II. CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION
4
?
§ 2. CANTONAL CONSTITUTIONS 47
CHAPTER 3. LEGISLATION 50
§ 1. FORMS OF LEGISLATION 50
§ 2. LAW MAKING PROCEDURE 51
CHAPTER 4. JURISPRUDENCE 52
CHAPTER 5. CUSTOMARY LAW 53
CHAPTER 6. ADMINISTRATIVE ORDINANCES AND ORDERS 54
CHAPTER 7. INTERPRETATION AND PUBLICATION 55
§ 1. INTERPRETATION 55
§ 2. PUBLICATION 56
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART II. STATE ORGANIZATION 59
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL 59
§ 1. A FORM SUI GENERIS 59
§ 2. CONSENSUS-ORIENTED DEMOCRACY 59
CHAPTER 2. THE PEOPLE 60
§ 1. SUPREME POWER AND OPPOSITION 60
§ 2. ELECTIONS 60
I. TYPES OF ELECTIONS 60
II. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS 61
A. DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 61
B. ACCESS TO POLITICAL RIGHTS FOR FEDERAL MATTERS 61
C. PRINCIPLES FOR THE EXERCISE OF POLITICAL RIGHTS 62
D. NON-DISCRIMINATION PRINCIPLE 62
E. SWISS CITIZENS LIVING ABROAD 62
§ 3. INITIATIVE 62
I. AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL 63
A. FORMS OF FEDERAL INITIATIVES: CONSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVE 63
1. GENERAL PROPOSITION 63
2. FORMULATED DRAFT 63
B. PROCEDURE 64
1. LIST PREPARATION FOR SIGNATURE COLLECTION 64
2. COLLECTION OF SIGNATURES 64
3. VERIFICATION OF SIGNATURES 64
4. VALIDITY OF THE INITIATIVE 64
5. DECISION ON SUPPORT 65
6. REFERENDUM 65
C. REFORM OF THE RIGHT TO INITIATIVE: INTRODUCTION OF A GENERAL
INITIATIVE 66
II. AT THE CANTONAL LEVEL 66
A. FORMS OF CANTONAL INITIATIVES 66
B. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURE 66
C. LEGAL VALIDITY 67
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE INITIATIVE 67
§ 4. REFERENDUM 68
I. IN GENERAL 68
II. AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL 68
A. MANDATORY REFERENDUM 68
B. OPTIONAL REFERENDUM 69
C. ORGANIZATION 70
III. AT THE CANTONAL LEVEL 71
A. MANDATORY REFERENDUM 71
B. OPTIONAL REFERENDUM 71
IV. IMPORTANCE OF THE REFERENDUM 71
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3. THE LEGISLATURE 73
§ 1. ORGANIZATION 73
I. THE STATUS OF FEDERAL PARLIAMENT AS HIGHEST AUTHORITY 73
II. BICAMERAL PARLIAMENT 73
III. COMPOSITION 74
A. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 74
1. DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS 74
2. PROCEDURE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS 74
3. OUTCOME 74
B. THE SENATE 75
IV. ELECTIONS 75
A. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 75
B. THE SENATE 76
V. SESSION PERIOD 76
VI. PRESIDENCY 77
VII. PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONS AND GROUPS 77
VIII. PARLIAMENTARY SERVICES 77
§ 2. PROCEDURES 77
I. SEPARATE AND JOINT DELIBERATIONS 77
II. QUORUM AND MAJORITY 78
III. RIGHTS TO INITIATIVES AND MOTIONS 78
IV. PROHIBITIONS OF INSTRUCTED MANDATES 78
V. IMMUNITY 79
§ 3. POWERS 79
I. LEGISLATION 79
II. FURTHER TASKS OF PARLIAMENT
80
CHAPTER 4. THE EXECUTIVE 82
§ 1. ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE 82
I. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS HIGHEST GOVERNING AND EXECUTIVE
AUTHORITY OF THE CONFEDERATION 82
II. THE GOVERNMENT AS FEDERAL COUNCIL 82
HI. COMPOSITION AND ELECTION 82
IV. PRESIDENCY 84
V. PRINCIPLE OF COLLECTIVE AUTHORITY 84
VI. FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION 84
VII. FEDERAL CHANCERY 85
§ 2.POWERS 86
I. GOVERNMENT POLICY 86
II. POWERS IN RESPECT TO LEGISLATION ISSUED BY PARLIAMENT 86
A. INITIATIVE 86
B. DRAFT LEGISLATION 86
C. PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE (CONSULTATION PROCEDURE) 86
D. ENTRY INTO FORCE OF ACTS OF PARLIAMENT 87
TABLE OF CONTENTS
III. OWN LEGISLATIVE POWERS 87
A. DEPENDENT ORDINANCES 87
B. INDEPENDENT ORDINANCES 87
IV. JUDICIAL POWERS OF THE FEDERAL COUNCIL 87
V. FURTHER TASKS 87
CHAPTER 5. THE JUDICIARY 88
§ 1. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF IMPARTIALITY OF
THE JUDGE 88
I. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT 88
II. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AS INSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE 88
§ 2. JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION 89
I. OVERVIEW 89
II. THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDICIARY 90
A. CANTONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURTS 90
1. ORIGINAL HOSTILITY TOWARDS THE CREATION OF CANTONAL
ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 90
2. THE CREATION OF CANTONAL ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 90
3. ARTICLE 98(A) OF THE JUDICIAL ACT 90
B. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIARY 91
1. COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF THE JUDICIARY 91
2. THE CANTONAL SYSTEM 91
3. THE FEDERAL SYSTEM 92
4. THE REFORM 93
III. THE CIVIL JUDICIARY 93
A. TRIAL COURTS IN CIVIL CASES 94
B. APPEAL IN CIVIL CASES 95
C. COURTS WITH LIMITED JURISDICTION 95
IV. THE CRIMINAL LAW JUDICIARY 95
A. OVERVIEW 95
B. THE FEDERAL CRIMINAL JUDICIARY 95
C. CANTONAL CRIMINAL COURTS 96
D. ORGANIZATION OF THE CRIMINAL COURTS 97
§ 3. THE FEDERAL COURT 97
I. THE FEDERAL COURT AS SUPREME FEDERAL JUDICIAL AUTHORITY 97
II. ELECTION OF THE FEDERAL JUDGES 97
A. ELIGIBILITY 97
B. INCOMPATIBILITIES 98
C. ELECTION 98
III. ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL COURT 98
A. PERSONAL COMPOSITION OF THE FEDERAL COURT 98
B. THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL COURT 98
C. THE CHAMBERS OF THE FEDERAL COURT 99
D. THE FEDERAL INSURANCE COURT 99
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART III. THE STATE AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS 101
CHAPTER 1. SWITZERLAND AS A FEDERAL STATE 101
§ 1. FEDERALISM AS LEGITIMIZING ELEMENT OF STATE ORGANIZATION 101
I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 101
II. DIVERSITY PROMOTION IN THE CONSTITUTION 101
III. FEDERALIZED DEMOCRACY 102
§ 2. ELEMENTS OF FEDERALISM 102
I. DEFINITION 102
II. CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED SELF-RULE 102
A. PRINCIPLE 102
B. DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 103
1. RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES 103
2. SECURITY, NATIONAL AND CIVIL DEFENSE 104
3. EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND CULTURE 104
4. ENVIRONMENT AND ZONING 104
5. PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION 104
6. ENERGY AND COMMUNICATION 105
7. ECONOMY 105
8. HOUSING, WORK, SOCIAL SECURITY, AND HEALTH 107
9. RESIDENCE AND DOMICILE OF FOREIGNERS 107
10. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 107
III. CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEED SHARED RULE 114
§ 3. SELECTED ASPECTS 115
I. SUPREMACY CLAUSE 115
II. PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN CONFEDERATION AND CANTONS 115
III. COOPERATION V. AUTONOMY 116
IV. EXECUTIVE FEDERALISM 117
V. NON-PROMOTION OF EQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS 118
CHAPTER 2. THE CANTONS 120
§ 1. THE POSITION OF THE CANTONS IN THE CONFEDERATION 120
I. CANTONAL SOVEREIGNTY 120
A. PRINCIPLE 120
B. THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY 121
C. RELATIVE SOVEREIGNTY 121
D. MISSING STATEHOOD-QUALITY ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 121
E. FEDERATION OR CONFEDERATION? 122
II. CANTONAL AUTONOMY AND ITS RESTRICTIONS 122
A. CANTONAL AUTONOMY 122
B. THE FEDERAL RESTRICTIONS ON CANTONAL AUTONOMY 123
1. APPROVAL OF THE CANTONAL CONSTITUTION 123
2. FEDERAL RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING THE CANTONAL
ORGANIZATION 124
3. FEDERAL RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING CANTONAL ACTIVITIES 125
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III. FEDERAL GUARANTEE 126
A. GUARANTEE OF THE CANTONAL CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 126
B. GUARANTEE OF THE EXISTENCE AND TERRITORY OF THE CANTONS 127
IV. INTERCANTONAL TREATIES AND COOPERATION 128
§2. ORGANIZATION OF THE CANTONS 130
I. RIGHT TO SELF-ORGANIZATION 130
II. FORMS OF CANTONAL ORGANIZATION 131
A. CANTONAL PEOPLE 131
B. CANTONAL PARLIAMENT 131
C. CANTONAL GOVERNMENT 132
D. CANTONAL COURTS 133
CHAPTER 3. THE MUNICIPALITIES 134
§ 1. THE POSITION OF THE MUNICIPALITIES IN THE CONFEDERATION 134
I. TYPES OF MUNICIPALITIES 134
A. POLITICAL MUNICIPALITY 134
B. CITIZENS AND BOURGEOIS MUNICIPALITY 135
C. SPECIALIZED MUNICIPALITIES - AGGLOMERATION 135
II. MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY 136
A. PROVISIONS IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 136
B. CANTONAL PROVISIONS 137
1. FORM OF THE ATTRIBUTION OF LOCAL AUTONOMY 137
2. SCOPE OF ATTRIBUTED AUTONOMY 137
C. CANTONAL SUPPORT AND CONTROL 138
1. SUPPORTIVE MEASURES 138
2. PREVENTIVE MEASURES 138
3. REPRESSIVE MEASURES 138
D. JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY BY THE FEDERAL
COURT 139
III. INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION AND MERGERS OF MUNICIPALITIES 140
A. INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION 140
B. MERGER OF MUNICIPALITIES 141
§ 2. ORGANIZATION OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 142
I. RIGHT TO SELF-ORGANIZATION 142
II. FORM OF MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION 142
A. IN GENERAL: BIPARTITE AND TRIPARTITE ORGANIZATION 142
B. MUNICIPAL PEOPLE 143
C. MUNICIPAL PARLIAMENT 144
D. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 144
PART IV. CITIZENSHIP AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 145
CHAPTER 1. RULES CONCERNING CITIZENSHIP AND RELEVANCE OF
CITIZENSHIP 145
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§ 1. RULES CONCERNING SWISS CITIZENSHIP 145
I. IN GENERAL 145
A. CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY 145
B. THREE LEVEL CITIZENSHIP 146
II. OBTAINING SWISS CITIZENSHIP 147
A. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION 147
B. OTHER LEGAL SOURCES 147
C. SWISS CITIZENSHIP BASED ON STATUS 147
D. THE ORDINARY NATURALIZATION 148
E. FACILITATED NATURALIZATION AND REATTRIBUTION OF SWISS
CITIZENSHIP 150
III. LOSING SWISS CITIZENSHIP 151
§ 2. RELEVANCE OF SWISS CITIZENSHIP 152
CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 153
§ 1. GENERAL 153
I. THE CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE SWISS
CONSTITUTION 153
A. HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 153
B. FORMS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 153
C. THE CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED RIGHTS 154
D. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS 155
II. THE SYSTEM OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE SWISS
CONSTITUTION 156
A. TEXTUAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE
CONSTITUTION OF 1874 156
B. THE RECOGNITION OF NON-TEXTUAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND
FREEDOMS 157
C. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION:
AN OVERVIEW 157
1. HUMAN DIGNITY AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE 157
2. FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES 158
3. SOCIAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 160
4. DUE PROCESS PROVISIONS 160
5. RIGHT TO PETITION AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 160
6. THE REALIZATION AND LIMITATION OF FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 161
§ 2. THE PARTICULAR RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE CONSTITUTIONS 161
I. EQUAL PROTECTION AND NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSE 161
A. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE UNDER THE
CONSTITUTION OF 1874 161
B. THE EVOLUTION OF THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE IN ARTICLE 8
OF THE CONSTITUTION 162
1. THE GENERAL EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE 162
A. THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE IN THE PROCESS OF
LAW-MAKING AND RULE-MAKING 162
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B. THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE IN THE PROCESS OF LAW
APPLICATION AND ADJUDICATION 163
2. THE SPECIAL EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSES 164
A. NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSE 164
B. EQUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN 164
3. ELIMINATION OF DISADVANTAGES AFFECTING DISABLED
PERSONS 165
II. CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF PERSONAL FREEDOM AND PRIVACY 166
A. THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF PERSONAL FREEDOM 166
B. THE ELEMENTS OF PERSONAL FREEDOM 167
C. THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY 167
III. RIGHTS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXPRESSION 167
IV. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS 168
A. GENERAL PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES (ARTICLE 29 OF THE
CONSTITUTION) 169
1. PROHIBITION OF DENIAL OF JUSTICE 169
2. JUDGMENT WITHIN REASONABLE TIME 169
3. RIGHT TO BE HEARD 170
4. RIGHT TO FREE LEGAL ASSISTANCE AND REPRESENTATION 170
B. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS IN JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS 171
1. RIGHT TO AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL COURT ESTABLISHED
BY LAW 171
2. RIGHT TO BE HEARD BEFORE THE COURT AT THE DEFENDANT S
DOMICILE 171
3. RIGHT TO A PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A COURT 172
C. HABEAS CORPUS 172
1. RIGHT TO BE INFORMED IMMEDIATELY IN CASE OF
DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY 172
2. PREVENTIVE DETENTION 172
3. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF THE LEGALITY OF THE DETENTION 173
D. DUE PROCESS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURES 173
1. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE 173
2. RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF THE ACCUSATION 173
3. RIGHT TO REVIEW BY A SUPERIOR COURT 174
V. RIGHT TO PROPERTY 174
A. THE EVOLUTION OF THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY 174
B. THE DOUBLE NATURE OF THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY 174
C. THE TAKINGS CLAUSE 175
VI. ECONOMIC FREEDOM 175
A. THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC LIBERTY 175
B. THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL ECONOMIC LIBERTY 176
C. RESTRICTIONS OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM 177
1. RESTRICTIONS OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM IN GENERAL 177
2. THE METHODOLOGY OF THE RESTRICTION OF ECONOMIC
FREEDOM 177
A. RESTRICTIONS IN CONFORMITY WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF
ECONOMIC FREEDOM 177
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B. RESTRICTIONS IN DEROGATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF
ECONOMIC FREEDOM 178
§ 3. LIMITATIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 178
I. GENERAL 178
II. THE ESSENCE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IS INVIOLABLE 179
A. ANY LIMITATION REQUIRES A LEGAL BASIS 180
B. ANY LIMITATION MUST BE JUSTIFIED BY PUBLIC INTEREST 180
C. ANY LIMITATION MUST BE PROPORTIONATE TO THE GOALS
PURSUED 181
D. LIMITATIONS BASED UPON A SPECIAL STATUS OF A CATEGORY OF
PERSONS 181
§ 4. THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 182
I. NO SWISS CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 182
II. PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS: THE REMEDIES
UNDER THE CURRENT SYSTEM 183
III. THE PUBLIC LAW ACTION (STAATSRECHTLICHE BESCHWERDE) 183
A. THE LIMITATION OF THE PUBLIC LAW ACTION TO CANTONAL ACTS
AND ORDERS 183
B. VIOLATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL 185
1. RIPENESS 186
2. STANDING 186
3. PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 187
A. PROVISIONS MUST BE EXPRESSLY INVOKED BY PLAINTIFF 187
B. THE LEVELS OF SCRUTINY OF THE FEDERAL COURT 187
IV. JUDICIARY REFORM 188
CHAPTER 3. CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS OF MINORITIES 189
§ 1. WHAT IS A MINORITY AND WHAT IS A PROBLEM? 189
I. DEFINITION OF THE TERM MINORITY 189
II. MINORITIES AND THE CONSTITUTION 189
III. MINORITIES IN SWITZERLAND 190
§ 2. ACCOMMODATION OF LINGUISTIC GROUPS AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL 191
§ 3. LINGUISTIC ACCOMMODATION ON THE CANTONAL AND MUNICIPAL LEVEL 192
§ 4. NEW MINORITIES 194
CHAPTER 4. LEGAL POSITION OF ALIENS 196
§ 1. LEGAL SOURCES 196
I. PROVISIONS IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 196
II. FURTHER FEDERAL PROVISIONS 197
III. INTERNATIONAL LAW 197
§ 2. ACCESS TO SWISS TERRITORY 197
§ 3. RESIDENCE AND DOMICILE 198
§ 4. REMOVAL FROM SWISS TERRITORY 198
§ 5. STATUS OF FOREIGNERS 199
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CHAPTER 5. JUDICIAL CONTROL OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION 201
§ 1. OVERVIEW 201
§ 2. FORMS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS 201
I. OVERVIEW OF THE FORMS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS 201
A. OVERVIEW 201
B. THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 202
1. THE CENTRALITY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 202
2. THE DEFINITION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 203
3. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: AN AGENCY 203
4. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: UNILATERAL DECISION 203
5. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: INDIVIDUAL AND CONCRETE CASE 204
6. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: BINDING DECISION OF AN AGENCY 204
7. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: BASED UPON FEDERAL PUBLIC LAW 204
C. THE PUBLIC CONTRACT 205
§ 3. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS AND ITS ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL 205
I. OVERVIEW 205
II. THE PROCESS OF ADJUDICATION 205
A. THE PRELIMINARY STAGE OF ADJUDICATION 206
B. THE INVESTIGATION 206
C. THE DECISION 207
D. THE EXECUTION OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 208
III. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL OF THE PROCESS OF ADJUDICATION 208
A. OVERVIEW 208
B. IMPACT OF JUDICIARY REFORM 208
C. THE AMBIVALENT NATURE OF INTERNAL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL 209
D. FORMAL AND INFORMAL REMEDIES 209
1. FORMAL REMEDIES 209
A. THE ADMINISTRATIVE COMPLAINT 209
B. THE ADMINISTRATIVE OBJECTION AND THE REQUEST FOR
REVISION 210
2. INFORMAL REMEDIES 210
§4. THE JUDICIAL CONTROL OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION 210
I. OVERVIEW 210
II. THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT ACTION BEFORE THE FEDERAL COURT 212
A. GENERALLY 212
B. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE COURT ACTION AND
PUBLIC LAW ACTION 212
C. ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AS MAIN OBJECT OF LITIGATION 213
D. GROUNDS FOR THE ACTION 213
E. STANDING 214
1. STANDING OF THE ADDRESSEE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER
AND THIRD-PARTY STANDING 214
2. AGENCY STANDING 214
3. STANDING OF ASSOCIATIONS 215
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F. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 216
G. EFFECTS OF THE ACTION 216
PART V. SPECIFIC PROBLEMS 217
CHAPTER 1. WAR, TREATY, AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS POWERS 217
§ 1. WAR POWERS 217
I. THE SWISS ARMY AS MILITIA 217
II. THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY 217
§ 2. TREATY POWERS 218
I. OVERVIEW 218
II. PROCEDURE FOR THE CONCLUSION OF TREATIES 218
A. NEGOTIATION AND APPROVAL 218
B. OPTIONAL AND MANDATORY REFERENDUM FOR INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 219
C. RATIFICATION AND PUBLICATION 219
III. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREATIES AND NATIONAL LAW 220
§ 3. FOREIGN AFFAIRS POWERS 220
I. FOREIGN POLICY IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION: A CHANGE OF PARADIGM 220
II. THE PILLARS OF SWISS FOREIGN POLICY 221
III. THE CANTONS AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 221
CHAPTER 2. TAXING POWER, FINANCIAL EQUALIZATION AND
SPENDING POWER 224
§ 1. TAXING POWER 224
I. EXCLUSIVE AND CONCURRENT POWERS 224
II. FEDERAL TAXES 224
III. CANTONAL AND MUNICIPAL TAXES 225
IV. HARMONIZATION OF TAXES 225
§ 2. FINANCIAL EQUALIZATION 226
§ 3. SPENDING POWER 227
CHAPTER 3. THE CONSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION
AND STATE 228
§ 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 228
§ 2. PROVISIONS IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 228
I. RULE 228
II. LIMITS AND RELATED PROVISIONS 229
§ 3. CANTONAL SOLUTIONS 229
I. SEPARATION BETWEEN STATE AND RELIGION 230
II. PUBLIC LAW STATUS FOR CERTAIN RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES 230
III. STATE CHURCH 230
INDEX 233
TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTION 247
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE AUTHORS 3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 17
PREFACE 19
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21
CHAPTER 1. OUTLINE OF SWISS CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 21
§ 1. INTRODUCTION 21
§ 2. FOUNDATION OF THE CONFEDERATION 22
§ 3. MODERNIZATION 23
§ 4. SWITZERLAND AS A FEDERAL STATE 23
I. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1848 23
II. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1874 24
III. THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF 1999 24
CHAPTER 2. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE SWISS POLITICAL SYSTEM 25
§ 1. THE DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLE 25
§ 2. THE FEDERAL PRINCIPLE 26
§ 3. THE NEUTRALITY PRINCIPLE 27
I. PRINCIPLE 27
II. CONCEPT OF ACTIVE NEUTRALITY 27
III. NEUTRALITY AND THE ADHESION TO THE UNITED NATIONS 28
§4. THE RECHTSSTAAT PRINCIPLE 28
I. PRINCIPLE 28
II. HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT 29
III. REFORM 29
CHAPTER 3. STATE TERRITORY 31
§ 1. OVERALL TERRITORY 31
§ 2. CANTONS 31
§ 3. MUNICIPALITIES 34
§ 4. DISTRICTS 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 5. REGIONS
34
§ 6. CAPITAL
34
CHAPTER 4. POPULATION (DEMOGRAPHIC DATA) 36
§ 1. OVERALL POPULATION 36
§ 2. CANTONAL POPULATIONS
36
§ 3. LANGUAGES 37
§ 4. RELIGION
38
§ 5. CITIES
38
§ 6. UNEMPLOYMENT 39
§ 7. FOREIGNERS 39
CHAPTER 5. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 40
PART I. SOURCES OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 43
CHAPTER 1. TREATIES
43
§ 1. IN GENERAL
43
§ 2. MONISTIC SYSTEM
43
§ 3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREATIES AND NATIONAL LAW 44
§ 4. IMPORTANT TREATIES
45
CHAPTER 2. CONSTITUTION
4
6
§ 1. FEDERAL CONSTITUTION
46
I. SYSTEM
4
6
II. CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION
4
?
§ 2. CANTONAL CONSTITUTIONS 47
CHAPTER 3. LEGISLATION 50
§ 1. FORMS OF LEGISLATION 50
§ 2. LAW MAKING PROCEDURE 51
CHAPTER 4. JURISPRUDENCE 52
CHAPTER 5. CUSTOMARY LAW 53
CHAPTER 6. ADMINISTRATIVE ORDINANCES AND ORDERS 54
CHAPTER 7. INTERPRETATION AND PUBLICATION 55
§ 1. INTERPRETATION 55
§ 2. PUBLICATION 56
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PART II. STATE ORGANIZATION 59
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL 59
§ 1. A FORM SUI GENERIS 59
§ 2. CONSENSUS-ORIENTED DEMOCRACY 59
CHAPTER 2. THE PEOPLE 60
§ 1. SUPREME POWER AND OPPOSITION 60
§ 2. ELECTIONS 60
I. TYPES OF ELECTIONS 60
II. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS 61
A. DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 61
B. ACCESS TO POLITICAL RIGHTS FOR FEDERAL MATTERS 61
C. PRINCIPLES FOR THE EXERCISE OF POLITICAL RIGHTS 62
D. NON-DISCRIMINATION PRINCIPLE 62
E. SWISS CITIZENS LIVING ABROAD 62
§ 3. INITIATIVE 62
I. AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL 63
A. FORMS OF FEDERAL INITIATIVES: CONSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVE 63
1. GENERAL PROPOSITION 63
2. FORMULATED DRAFT 63
B. PROCEDURE 64
1. LIST PREPARATION FOR SIGNATURE COLLECTION 64
2. COLLECTION OF SIGNATURES 64
3. VERIFICATION OF SIGNATURES 64
4. VALIDITY OF THE INITIATIVE 64
5. DECISION ON SUPPORT 65
6. REFERENDUM 65
C. REFORM OF THE RIGHT TO INITIATIVE: INTRODUCTION OF A GENERAL
INITIATIVE 66
II. AT THE CANTONAL LEVEL 66
A. FORMS OF CANTONAL INITIATIVES 66
B. REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURE 66
C. LEGAL VALIDITY 67
III. IMPORTANCE OF THE INITIATIVE 67
§ 4. REFERENDUM 68
I. IN GENERAL 68
II. AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL 68
A. MANDATORY REFERENDUM 68
B. OPTIONAL REFERENDUM 69
C. ORGANIZATION 70
III. AT THE CANTONAL LEVEL 71
A. MANDATORY REFERENDUM 71
B. OPTIONAL REFERENDUM 71
IV. IMPORTANCE OF THE REFERENDUM 71
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3. THE LEGISLATURE 73
§ 1. ORGANIZATION 73
I. THE STATUS OF FEDERAL PARLIAMENT AS HIGHEST AUTHORITY 73
II. BICAMERAL PARLIAMENT 73
III. COMPOSITION 74
A. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 74
1. DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS 74
2. PROCEDURE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS 74
3. OUTCOME 74
B. THE SENATE 75
IV. ELECTIONS 75
A. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 75
B. THE SENATE 76
V. SESSION PERIOD 76
VI. PRESIDENCY 77
VII. PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONS AND GROUPS 77
VIII. PARLIAMENTARY SERVICES 77
§ 2. PROCEDURES 77
I. SEPARATE AND JOINT DELIBERATIONS 77
II. QUORUM AND MAJORITY 78
III. RIGHTS TO INITIATIVES AND MOTIONS 78
IV. PROHIBITIONS OF INSTRUCTED MANDATES 78
V. IMMUNITY 79
§ 3. POWERS 79
I. LEGISLATION 79
II. FURTHER TASKS OF PARLIAMENT
80
CHAPTER 4. THE EXECUTIVE 82
§ 1. ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURE 82
I. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS HIGHEST GOVERNING AND EXECUTIVE
AUTHORITY OF THE CONFEDERATION 82
II. THE GOVERNMENT AS FEDERAL COUNCIL 82
HI. COMPOSITION AND ELECTION 82
IV. PRESIDENCY 84
V. PRINCIPLE OF COLLECTIVE AUTHORITY 84
VI. FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION 84
VII. FEDERAL CHANCERY 85
§ 2.POWERS 86
I. GOVERNMENT POLICY 86
II. POWERS IN RESPECT TO LEGISLATION ISSUED BY PARLIAMENT 86
A. INITIATIVE 86
B. DRAFT LEGISLATION 86
C. PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE (CONSULTATION PROCEDURE) 86
D. ENTRY INTO FORCE OF ACTS OF PARLIAMENT 87
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III. OWN LEGISLATIVE POWERS 87
A. DEPENDENT ORDINANCES 87
B. INDEPENDENT ORDINANCES 87
IV. JUDICIAL POWERS OF THE FEDERAL COUNCIL 87
V. FURTHER TASKS 87
CHAPTER 5. THE JUDICIARY 88
§ 1. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AND THE PRINCIPLE OF IMPARTIALITY OF
THE JUDGE 88
I. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT 88
II. INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY AS INSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE 88
§ 2. JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION 89
I. OVERVIEW 89
II. THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDICIARY 90
A. CANTONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW COURTS 90
1. ORIGINAL HOSTILITY TOWARDS THE CREATION OF CANTONAL
ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 90
2. THE CREATION OF CANTONAL ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS 90
3. ARTICLE 98(A) OF THE JUDICIAL ACT 90
B. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIARY 91
1. COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF THE JUDICIARY 91
2. THE CANTONAL SYSTEM 91
3. THE FEDERAL SYSTEM 92
4. THE REFORM 93
III. THE CIVIL JUDICIARY 93
A. TRIAL COURTS IN CIVIL CASES 94
B. APPEAL IN CIVIL CASES 95
C. COURTS WITH LIMITED JURISDICTION 95
IV. THE CRIMINAL LAW JUDICIARY 95
A. OVERVIEW 95
B. THE FEDERAL CRIMINAL JUDICIARY 95
C. CANTONAL CRIMINAL COURTS 96
D. ORGANIZATION OF THE CRIMINAL COURTS 97
§ 3. THE FEDERAL COURT 97
I. THE FEDERAL COURT AS SUPREME FEDERAL JUDICIAL AUTHORITY 97
II. ELECTION OF THE FEDERAL JUDGES 97
A. ELIGIBILITY 97
B. INCOMPATIBILITIES 98
C. ELECTION 98
III. ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL COURT 98
A. PERSONAL COMPOSITION OF THE FEDERAL COURT 98
B. THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE FEDERAL COURT 98
C. THE CHAMBERS OF THE FEDERAL COURT 99
D. THE FEDERAL INSURANCE COURT 99
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PART III. THE STATE AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS 101
CHAPTER 1. SWITZERLAND AS A FEDERAL STATE 101
§ 1. FEDERALISM AS LEGITIMIZING ELEMENT OF STATE ORGANIZATION 101
I. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 101
II. DIVERSITY PROMOTION IN THE CONSTITUTION 101
III. FEDERALIZED DEMOCRACY 102
§ 2. ELEMENTS OF FEDERALISM 102
I. DEFINITION 102
II. CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED SELF-RULE 102
A. PRINCIPLE 102
B. DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS 103
1. RELATIONS WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES 103
2. SECURITY, NATIONAL AND CIVIL DEFENSE 104
3. EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND CULTURE 104
4. ENVIRONMENT AND ZONING 104
5. PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION 104
6. ENERGY AND COMMUNICATION 105
7. ECONOMY 105
8. HOUSING, WORK, SOCIAL SECURITY, AND HEALTH 107
9. RESIDENCE AND DOMICILE OF FOREIGNERS 107
10. CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LAW, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 107
III. CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEED SHARED RULE 114
§ 3. SELECTED ASPECTS 115
I. SUPREMACY CLAUSE 115
II. PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN CONFEDERATION AND CANTONS 115
III. COOPERATION V. AUTONOMY 116
IV. EXECUTIVE FEDERALISM 117
V. NON-PROMOTION OF EQUAL LIVING CONDITIONS 118
CHAPTER 2. THE CANTONS 120
§ 1. THE POSITION OF THE CANTONS IN THE CONFEDERATION 120
I. CANTONAL SOVEREIGNTY 120
A. PRINCIPLE 120
B. THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY 121
C. RELATIVE SOVEREIGNTY 121
D. MISSING STATEHOOD-QUALITY ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW 121
E. FEDERATION OR CONFEDERATION? 122
II. CANTONAL AUTONOMY AND ITS RESTRICTIONS 122
A. CANTONAL AUTONOMY 122
B. THE FEDERAL RESTRICTIONS ON CANTONAL AUTONOMY 123
1. APPROVAL OF THE CANTONAL CONSTITUTION 123
2. FEDERAL RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING THE CANTONAL
ORGANIZATION 124
3. FEDERAL RESTRICTIONS CONCERNING CANTONAL ACTIVITIES 125
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III. FEDERAL GUARANTEE 126
A. GUARANTEE OF THE CANTONAL CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER 126
B. GUARANTEE OF THE EXISTENCE AND TERRITORY OF THE CANTONS 127
IV. INTERCANTONAL TREATIES AND COOPERATION 128
§2. ORGANIZATION OF THE CANTONS 130
I. RIGHT TO SELF-ORGANIZATION 130
II. FORMS OF CANTONAL ORGANIZATION 131
A. CANTONAL PEOPLE 131
B. CANTONAL PARLIAMENT 131
C. CANTONAL GOVERNMENT 132
D. CANTONAL COURTS 133
CHAPTER 3. THE MUNICIPALITIES 134
§ 1. THE POSITION OF THE MUNICIPALITIES IN THE CONFEDERATION 134
I. TYPES OF MUNICIPALITIES 134
A. POLITICAL MUNICIPALITY 134
B. CITIZENS AND BOURGEOIS MUNICIPALITY 135
C. SPECIALIZED MUNICIPALITIES - AGGLOMERATION 135
II. MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY 136
A. PROVISIONS IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 136
B. CANTONAL PROVISIONS 137
1. FORM OF THE ATTRIBUTION OF LOCAL AUTONOMY 137
2. SCOPE OF ATTRIBUTED AUTONOMY 137
C. CANTONAL SUPPORT AND CONTROL 138
1. SUPPORTIVE MEASURES 138
2. PREVENTIVE MEASURES 138
3. REPRESSIVE MEASURES 138
D. JUDICIAL PROTECTION OF MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY BY THE FEDERAL
COURT 139
III. INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION AND MERGERS OF MUNICIPALITIES 140
A. INTERMUNICIPAL COOPERATION 140
B. MERGER OF MUNICIPALITIES 141
§ 2. ORGANIZATION OF THE MUNICIPALITIES 142
I. RIGHT TO SELF-ORGANIZATION 142
II. FORM OF MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION 142
A. IN GENERAL: BIPARTITE AND TRIPARTITE ORGANIZATION 142
B. MUNICIPAL PEOPLE 143
C. MUNICIPAL PARLIAMENT 144
D. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT 144
PART IV. CITIZENSHIP AND THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 145
CHAPTER 1. RULES CONCERNING CITIZENSHIP AND RELEVANCE OF
CITIZENSHIP 145
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§ 1. RULES CONCERNING SWISS CITIZENSHIP 145
I. IN GENERAL 145
A. CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONALITY 145
B. THREE LEVEL CITIZENSHIP 146
II. OBTAINING SWISS CITIZENSHIP 147
A. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION 147
B. OTHER LEGAL SOURCES 147
C. SWISS CITIZENSHIP BASED ON STATUS 147
D. THE ORDINARY NATURALIZATION 148
E. FACILITATED NATURALIZATION AND REATTRIBUTION OF SWISS
CITIZENSHIP 150
III. LOSING SWISS CITIZENSHIP 151
§ 2. RELEVANCE OF SWISS CITIZENSHIP 152
CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 153
§ 1. GENERAL 153
I. THE CONCEPT OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE SWISS
CONSTITUTION 153
A. HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 153
B. FORMS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 153
C. THE CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTIONALLY GUARANTEED RIGHTS 154
D. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN
RIGHTS 155
II. THE SYSTEM OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE SWISS
CONSTITUTION 156
A. TEXTUAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE
CONSTITUTION OF 1874 156
B. THE RECOGNITION OF NON-TEXTUAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND
FREEDOMS 157
C. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION:
AN OVERVIEW 157
1. HUMAN DIGNITY AND THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE 157
2. FUNDAMENTAL LIBERTIES 158
3. SOCIAL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 160
4. DUE PROCESS PROVISIONS 160
5. RIGHT TO PETITION AND POLITICAL RIGHTS 160
6. THE REALIZATION AND LIMITATION OF FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS 161
§ 2. THE PARTICULAR RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE CONSTITUTIONS 161
I. EQUAL PROTECTION AND NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSE 161
A. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE UNDER THE
CONSTITUTION OF 1874 161
B. THE EVOLUTION OF THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE IN ARTICLE 8
OF THE CONSTITUTION 162
1. THE GENERAL EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE 162
A. THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE IN THE PROCESS OF
LAW-MAKING AND RULE-MAKING 162
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B. THE EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE IN THE PROCESS OF LAW
APPLICATION AND ADJUDICATION 163
2. THE SPECIAL EQUAL PROTECTION CLAUSES 164
A. NON-DISCRIMINATION CLAUSE 164
B. EQUALITY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN 164
3. ELIMINATION OF DISADVANTAGES AFFECTING DISABLED
PERSONS 165
II. CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF PERSONAL FREEDOM AND PRIVACY 166
A. THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF PERSONAL FREEDOM 166
B. THE ELEMENTS OF PERSONAL FREEDOM 167
C. THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY 167
III. RIGHTS OF COMMUNICATION AND EXPRESSION 167
IV. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS 168
A. GENERAL PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES (ARTICLE 29 OF THE
CONSTITUTION) 169
1. PROHIBITION OF DENIAL OF JUSTICE 169
2. JUDGMENT WITHIN REASONABLE TIME 169
3. RIGHT TO BE HEARD 170
4. RIGHT TO FREE LEGAL ASSISTANCE AND REPRESENTATION 170
B. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS IN JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS 171
1. RIGHT TO AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL COURT ESTABLISHED
BY LAW 171
2. RIGHT TO BE HEARD BEFORE THE COURT AT THE DEFENDANT'S
DOMICILE 171
3. RIGHT TO A PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A COURT 172
C. HABEAS CORPUS 172
1. RIGHT TO BE INFORMED IMMEDIATELY IN CASE OF
DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY 172
2. PREVENTIVE DETENTION 172
3. JUDICIAL REVIEW OF THE LEGALITY OF THE DETENTION 173
D. DUE PROCESS IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURES 173
1. PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE 173
2. RIGHT TO BE INFORMED OF THE ACCUSATION 173
3. RIGHT TO REVIEW BY A SUPERIOR COURT 174
V. RIGHT TO PROPERTY 174
A. THE EVOLUTION OF THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY 174
B. THE DOUBLE NATURE OF THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY 174
C. THE TAKINGS CLAUSE 175
VI. ECONOMIC FREEDOM 175
A. THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC LIBERTY 175
B. THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL ECONOMIC LIBERTY 176
C. RESTRICTIONS OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM 177
1. RESTRICTIONS OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM IN GENERAL 177
2. THE METHODOLOGY OF THE RESTRICTION OF ECONOMIC
FREEDOM 177
A. RESTRICTIONS IN CONFORMITY WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF
ECONOMIC FREEDOM 177
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B. RESTRICTIONS IN DEROGATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF
ECONOMIC FREEDOM 178
§ 3. LIMITATIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 178
I. GENERAL 178
II. THE ESSENCE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IS INVIOLABLE 179
A. ANY LIMITATION REQUIRES A LEGAL BASIS 180
B. ANY LIMITATION MUST BE JUSTIFIED BY PUBLIC INTEREST 180
C. ANY LIMITATION MUST BE PROPORTIONATE TO THE GOALS
PURSUED 181
D. LIMITATIONS BASED UPON A SPECIAL STATUS OF A CATEGORY OF
PERSONS 181
§ 4. THE PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 182
I. NO SWISS CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 182
II. PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS: THE REMEDIES
UNDER THE CURRENT SYSTEM 183
III. THE PUBLIC LAW ACTION (STAATSRECHTLICHE BESCHWERDE) 183
A. THE LIMITATION OF THE PUBLIC LAW ACTION TO CANTONAL ACTS
AND ORDERS 183
B. VIOLATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL 185
1. RIPENESS 186
2. STANDING 186
3. PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 187
A. PROVISIONS MUST BE EXPRESSLY INVOKED BY PLAINTIFF 187
B. THE LEVELS OF SCRUTINY OF THE FEDERAL COURT 187
IV. JUDICIARY REFORM 188
CHAPTER 3. CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS OF MINORITIES 189
§ 1. WHAT IS A MINORITY AND WHAT IS A PROBLEM? 189
I. DEFINITION OF THE TERM MINORITY 189
II. MINORITIES AND THE CONSTITUTION 189
III. MINORITIES IN SWITZERLAND 190
§ 2. ACCOMMODATION OF LINGUISTIC GROUPS AT THE FEDERAL LEVEL 191
§ 3. LINGUISTIC ACCOMMODATION ON THE CANTONAL AND MUNICIPAL LEVEL 192
§ 4. NEW MINORITIES 194
CHAPTER 4. LEGAL POSITION OF ALIENS 196
§ 1. LEGAL SOURCES 196
I. PROVISIONS IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 196
II. FURTHER FEDERAL PROVISIONS 197
III. INTERNATIONAL LAW 197
§ 2. ACCESS TO SWISS TERRITORY 197
§ 3. RESIDENCE AND DOMICILE 198
§ 4. REMOVAL FROM SWISS TERRITORY 198
§ 5. STATUS OF FOREIGNERS 199
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CHAPTER 5. JUDICIAL CONTROL OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION 201
§ 1. OVERVIEW 201
§ 2. FORMS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS 201
I. OVERVIEW OF THE FORMS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS 201
A. OVERVIEW 201
B. THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 202
1. THE CENTRALITY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 202
2. THE DEFINITION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 203
3. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: AN AGENCY 203
4. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: UNILATERAL DECISION 203
5. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: INDIVIDUAL AND CONCRETE CASE 204
6. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: BINDING DECISION OF AN AGENCY 204
7. ELEMENT OF THE DEFINITION: BASED UPON FEDERAL PUBLIC LAW 204
C. THE PUBLIC CONTRACT 205
§ 3. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS AND ITS ADMINISTRATIVE
CONTROL 205
I. OVERVIEW 205
II. THE PROCESS OF ADJUDICATION 205
A. THE PRELIMINARY STAGE OF ADJUDICATION 206
B. THE INVESTIGATION 206
C. THE DECISION 207
D. THE EXECUTION OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER 208
III. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL OF THE PROCESS OF ADJUDICATION 208
A. OVERVIEW 208
B. IMPACT OF JUDICIARY REFORM 208
C. THE AMBIVALENT NATURE OF INTERNAL ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL 209
D. FORMAL AND INFORMAL REMEDIES 209
1. FORMAL REMEDIES 209
A. THE ADMINISTRATIVE COMPLAINT 209
B. THE ADMINISTRATIVE OBJECTION AND THE REQUEST FOR
REVISION 210
2. INFORMAL REMEDIES 210
§4. THE JUDICIAL CONTROL OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION 210
I. OVERVIEW 210
II. THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT ACTION BEFORE THE FEDERAL COURT 212
A. GENERALLY 212
B. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ADMINISTRATIVE COURT ACTION AND
PUBLIC LAW ACTION 212
C. ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AS MAIN OBJECT OF LITIGATION 213
D. GROUNDS FOR THE ACTION 213
E. STANDING 214
1. STANDING OF THE ADDRESSEE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER
AND THIRD-PARTY STANDING 214
2. AGENCY STANDING 214
3. STANDING OF ASSOCIATIONS 215
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F. STATUTE OF LIMITATION 216
G. EFFECTS OF THE ACTION 216
PART V. SPECIFIC PROBLEMS 217
CHAPTER 1. WAR, TREATY, AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS POWERS 217
§ 1. WAR POWERS 217
I. THE SWISS ARMY AS MILITIA 217
II. THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY 217
§ 2. TREATY POWERS 218
I. OVERVIEW 218
II. PROCEDURE FOR THE CONCLUSION OF TREATIES 218
A. NEGOTIATION AND APPROVAL 218
B. OPTIONAL AND MANDATORY REFERENDUM FOR INTERNATIONAL TREATIES 219
C. RATIFICATION AND PUBLICATION 219
III. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TREATIES AND NATIONAL LAW 220
§ 3. FOREIGN AFFAIRS POWERS 220
I. FOREIGN POLICY IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION: A CHANGE OF PARADIGM 220
II. THE PILLARS OF SWISS FOREIGN POLICY 221
III. THE CANTONS AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 221
CHAPTER 2. TAXING POWER, FINANCIAL EQUALIZATION AND
SPENDING POWER 224
§ 1. TAXING POWER 224
I. EXCLUSIVE AND CONCURRENT POWERS 224
II. FEDERAL TAXES 224
III. CANTONAL AND MUNICIPAL TAXES 225
IV. HARMONIZATION OF TAXES 225
§ 2. FINANCIAL EQUALIZATION 226
§ 3. SPENDING POWER 227
CHAPTER 3. THE CONSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION
AND STATE 228
§ 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 228
§ 2. PROVISIONS IN THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 228
I. RULE 228
II. LIMITS AND RELATED PROVISIONS 229
§ 3. CANTONAL SOLUTIONS 229
I. SEPARATION BETWEEN STATE AND RELIGION 230
II. PUBLIC LAW STATUS FOR CERTAIN RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES 230
III. STATE CHURCH 230
INDEX 233
TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTION 247
16 |
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| author | Fleiner, Thomas 1938-2023 Misic, Alexander Töpperwein, Nicole |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122117727 |
| author_facet | Fleiner, Thomas 1938-2023 Misic, Alexander Töpperwein, Nicole |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Fleiner, Thomas 1938-2023 |
| author_variant | t f tf a m am n t nt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021264484 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)835994511 (DE-599)BVBBV021264484 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Schweiz (DE-588)4053881-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schweiz |
| id | DE-604.BV021264484 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:42:50Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:34:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9041124047 3727291133 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014585685 |
| oclc_num | 835994511 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 306 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Kluwer Law Internat. [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fleiner, Thomas 1938-2023 Verfasser (DE-588)122117727 aut Swiss constitutional law Thomas Fleiner ; Alexander Misic ; Nicole Töpperwein The Hague [u.a.] Kluwer Law Internat. [u.a.] 2005 306 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd rswk-swf Schweiz (DE-588)4053881-3 gnd rswk-swf Schweiz (DE-588)4053881-3 g Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 s DE-604 Misic, Alexander Verfasser aut Töpperwein, Nicole Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014585685&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fleiner, Thomas 1938-2023 Misic, Alexander Töpperwein, Nicole Swiss constitutional law Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062801-2 (DE-588)4053881-3 |
| title | Swiss constitutional law |
| title_auth | Swiss constitutional law |
| title_exact_search | Swiss constitutional law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Swiss constitutional law |
| title_full | Swiss constitutional law Thomas Fleiner ; Alexander Misic ; Nicole Töpperwein |
| title_fullStr | Swiss constitutional law Thomas Fleiner ; Alexander Misic ; Nicole Töpperwein |
| title_full_unstemmed | Swiss constitutional law Thomas Fleiner ; Alexander Misic ; Nicole Töpperwein |
| title_short | Swiss constitutional law |
| title_sort | swiss constitutional law |
| topic | Verfassungsrecht (DE-588)4062801-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verfassungsrecht Schweiz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014585685&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fleinerthomas swissconstitutionallaw AT misicalexander swissconstitutionallaw AT topperweinnicole swissconstitutionallaw |