Handbook of telecommunications economics: 2 Technology evolution and the internet
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
North-Holland [u.a.]
2005
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| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 663 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444514236 9780444514233 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 OF THE HANDBOOK LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS V CHAPTER 1
TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION AND THE INTERNET: INTRODUCTION SUMIT MAJUMDAR, INGO
VOGELSANG AND MARTIN CAVE 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. EVOLUTION OF MAJOR
ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL TELEPHONE NETWORKS 3 2.1. EMERGING NETWORK
TECHNOLOGIES 3 2.2. BANDWAGON EFFECTS 5 2.3. PLATFORM COMPETITION IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 6 2.4. BROADBAND 7 2.5. CABLE TELEVISION 8 2.6.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 9 3. THE INTERNET 12 3.1. THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
OF THE INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE 12 3.2. ECONOMICS OF THE INTERNET
BACKBONE 15 3.3. PRICING TRAFFIC ON INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS: ISSUES,
APPROACHES, AND SOLUTIONS 17 3.4. TOWARD AN ECONOMICS OF THE DOMAIN NAME
SYSTEM 18 4. INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 20 4.1. BOTTLENECKS AND
BANDWAGONS: ACCESS POLICY IN THE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS 21 4.2.
ANTITRUST REMEDIES AND THE INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF REGULATION 22 4.3.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 24 4.4. INSTITUTIONAL
CHANGES IN EMERGING MARKETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SECTOR 25 5. CONCLUSIONS 27 REFERENCES 28 CHAPTER 2 EMERGING NETWORK
TECHNOLOGIES DALE N. HATFIELD, BRIDGER M. MITCHELL AND PADMANABHAN
SRINAGESH 1. INTRODUCTION 31 2. VOICE, DATA, AND ENTERTAINMENT VIDEO
SIGNALS 32 2.1. SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS 32 2.2. NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 35
X CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 3. TRADITIONAL CIRCUIT-SWITCHED WIRELINE
ARCHITECTURE: LIMITATIONS IN THE FACE OF NEW DEMANDS 39 4. EVOLUTION OF
THE TRADITIONAL WIRELINE ARCHITECTURE 43 4.1. INTEROFFICE TRANSPORT
FACILITIES 43 4.2. INTEROFFICE SIGNALING AND THE INTELLIGENT NETWORK 44
4.3. THE ACCESS NETWORK 48 4.4. ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET 51 4.5. THE
NETWORK OF THE FUTURE 56 5. EVOLUTION OF CABLE, WIRELESS, AND SATELLITE
NETWORKS 56 5.1. CABLE TELEVISION 56 5.2. WIRELESS 57 5.3. SATELLITE 58
6. ECONOMIC ISSUES IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR RAISED BY CONVERGING
TECHNOLOGIES 60 6.1. INCREASED POSSIBILITIES OF COMPETITION 61 6.2.
GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGY 68 7. PUBLIC POLICY PUZZLES 68 7.1. REGULATORY
ORGANIZATION 69 7.2. SOCIAL GOALS 70 7.3. COMPETITION AND INNOVATION 70
APPENDIX A 72 REFERENCES 76 CHAPTER 3 BANDWAGON EFFECTS IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS JEFFREY H. ROHLFS 1. INTRODUCTION 81 2. THEORY OF
BANDWAGON DEMAND 82 2.1. EQUILIBRIUM USER SETS 85 2.2. MULTIPLE
EQULIBRIA 85 2.3. DEMAND AS A FUNCTION OF PRICE 86 2.4. METCALFE S LAW
88 3. PRICING OF MATURE BANDWAGON SERVICES 89 3.1. INTERNALIZATION OF
EXTERNALITIES 90 3.2. BUDGET CONSTRAINT 91 3.3. EXTERNALITIES 93 3.4.
EXTERNALITIES AND CROSS ELASTICITIES 93 3.5. NONUNIFORM PRICING 98 4.
HISTORICAL PRICING OF TELEPHONE SERVICES 99 4.1. PROMOTION OF UNIVERSAL
SERVICE 99 4.2. LOCAL USAGE CHARGES 100 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XI 5.
LOCAL-USAGE CHARGES FOR CALLS TO INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS 101 5.1.
SENSITIVITY OF DEMAND TO PRICE 101 5.2. COSTS OF FIXED TERMINATION 102
5.3. COSTS OF LOCAL USAGE 103 5.4. BANDWAGON EFFECTS 103 5.5. COMPARISON
WITH ACTUAL USAGE CHARGES FOR CALLS TO ISPS 104 6. CHARGES FOR
FIXED-TO-MOBILE CALLS 105 6.1. CHARGES UNDER CALLING-PARTY-PAYS 107 6.2.
ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT MOBILE TERMINATION CHARGES 109 6.3. SETTING
MOBILE TERMINATION CHARGES IN PRACTICE 111 6.4. A POSSIBLE DUAL REGIME
112 7. CONCLUSIONS 113 REFERENCES 113 CHAPTER 4 PLATFORM COMPETITION IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS JEFFREY CHURCH AND NEIL GANDAL 1. INTRODUCTION 119 2.
NETWORK INDUSTRIES 120 2.1. DIRECT NETWORKS 120 2.2. VIRTUAL (INDIRECT)
NETWORKS 121 2.3. NETWORK EFFECTS 121 2.4. FROM NETWORK EFFECTS TO
NETWORK EXTERNALITIES 122 2.5. IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSUMER DEMAND 123 2.6.
EXPECTATIONS AND COMPETITION BETWEEN NETWORKS 124 3. BATTLES FOR
STANDARDS, COMPATIBILITY AND ADOPTION 127 4. STANDARDS WARS 128 4.1.
STRATEGIES IN STANDARDS WARS 128 4.2, STANDARD WARS AND EFFICIENCY 131
5. BATTLES FOR COMPATIBILITY 134 5.1. DENYING COMPATIBILITY 135 5.2.
RESTRICTING COMPATIBILITY OF COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS 135 6. COOPERATIVE
STANDARD SETTING 137 7. MANDATED STANDARDS 139 7.1. ADVANTAGES OF
MANDATED STANDARDS 140 7.2. ADVANTAGES OF MARKET STANDARDS 141 7.3.
MANDATED STANDARDS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 142 8. CASE STUDIES
143 8.1. COMPETITION IN THE MOBILE CELLULAR INDUSTRY 143 8.2. INSTANT
MESSAGING 145 XII CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 8.3. THE 56K MODEM STANDARDS WAR
146 8.4. SATELLITE VS. CABLE TELEVISION (CATV) 147 8.5. DVD VS. DIVX
STANDARDS WAR 148 APPENDIX: MODELING ISSUES 149 REFERENCES 150 CHAPTER 5
BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS ROBERT W. CRANDALL 1. THE TECHNOLOGY 156 1.1.
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE 156 1.2. CABLE MODEMS 159 1.3. FIBER TO THE HOME
161 1.4. WIRELESS ACCESS 161 2. BROADBAND DIFFUSION 163 2.1. CROSS
COUNTRY COMPARISONS 163 2.2. COMPARING BROADBAND DIFFUSION WITH OTHER
BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGIES 165 3. THE ECONOMICS OF BROADBAND SUPPLY 166
3.1. CABLE MODEMS, DSL, AND FIXED WIRELESS 166 3.2. FIBER TO THE HOME
167 3.3. THE WEAK DOMINANCE OF CABLE 169 4. THE DEMAND FOR BROADBAND 169
5. NETWORK AND BANDWAGON EFFECTS 171 5.1. INTERNALIZING NETWORK
EXTERNALITIES 171 5.2. NETWORK EFFECTS AND FIRST-MOVER ADVANTAGES 172
5.3. THE BROADBAND BANDWAGON 173 5.4. CONSUMER VALUE AFTER THE
BANDWAGON 174 6. REGULATION AND COMPETITION 174 6.1. PLATFORM
COMPETITION 175 6.2. INTERCONNECTION AND NETWORK UNBUNDLING 177 6.3.
CABLE OPEN ACCESS 184 7. SUBSIDIES, UNIVERSAL SERVICE, AND THE DIGITAL
DIVIDE 186 8. CONCLUSIONS 186 REFERENCES 187 CHAPTER 6 CABLE TELEVISION
THOMAS W. HAZLETT 1. SPECTRUM IN A TUBE 192 1.1. EMERGENCE OF CABLE
TELEVISION 194 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XIII 1.2. CABLE TELEVISION S RISE TO
DOMINANCE 198 1.3. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CABLE TELEVISION INDUSTRY 202
1.4. BASIC STRUCTURE OF A CABLE TELEVISION SYSTEM 205 2. MARKET POWER IN
LOCAL CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE 206 2.1. DEFINING CABLE S MARKET POWER
208 2.2. PRICING POWER 210 2.3. CABLE ASSET VALUATION 213 2.4. ENTRY
BARRIERS 214 2.5. INTERMODAL COMPETITION 218 3. REGULATION OF RATES 221
3.1. DEREGULATION IN THE 1984 CABLE ACT 221 3.2. REREGULATION IN THE
1992 CABLE ACT 222 3.3. DEREGULATION PURSUANT TO THE 1996
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT 225 4. CABLE TELEVISION PROGRAMMING 226 4.1.
MONOPSONY POWER 227 4.2. VERTICAL INTEGRATION 229 4.3. PROGRAM ACCESS
RULES 231 4.4. CARNAGE OF BROADCAST TV SIGNALS 232 4.5. COMMON CARRIER
VIDEO 233 5. THE EVOLUTION OF CABLE 235 REFERENCES 235 CHAPTER 7
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS JOSHUA S. GANS, STEPHEN P. KING AND JULIAN
WRIGHT 1. INTRODUCTION 243 2. BACKGROUND 244 2.1. SPECTRUM ALLOCATION
244 2.2. THE RANGE OF WIRELESS SERVICES 245 2.3. THE RISE OF MOBILE
TELEPHONY 246 3. ECONOMIC ISSUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 248 3.1.
SPECTRUM AS A SCARCE RESOURCE 248 3.2. COMPLEMENTARITIES IN SPECTRUM USE
251 3.3. STANDARDS 253 4. DIFFUSION AND DEMAND FOR MOBILE TELEPHONY 256
4.1. DIFFUSION 256 4.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIXED AND MOBILE
TELEPHONY 257 4.3. COSTS 259 XIV CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 5. REGULATION AND
COMPETITION 259 5.1. LIMITATIONS OF WIRELESS COMPETITION 259 5.2. ACCESS
PRICING AND CALLER VS. RECEIVER PAYS 272 6. CONCLUSIONS 280 REFERENCES
281 CHAPTER 8 THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE
UNITED STATES SHANE M. GREENSTEIN 1. INTRODUCTION 289 2. DISPERSION AND
CONCENTRATION OF INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE 290 2.1. WHAT IS INTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE? 291 2.2. THE ORIGINS OF INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE 292 2.3.
SCALE AND URBAN LOCATION 295 2.4. SCALE AND STANDARDIZATION 299 2.5.
SUMMARY 303 3. THE SPREAD OF COMMERCIAL INTERNET ACCESS 303 3.1. THE
ACTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL SUPPLIERS 304 3.2. GOVERNMENT POLICY ENCOURAGED A
DIVERSE GEOGRAPHIC SUPPLY 306 3.3. THE FOUNDING OF COMMERCIAL
ORGANIZATIONS 308 3.4. COVERAGE BY DIAL-UP PROVIDERS 310 3.5.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY AND COVERAGE 313 3.6. VARIETY AND QUALITY OVER
GEOGRAPHY 315 3.7. SUMMARY 318 4. THE LOCATION OF NETWORK BACKBONE 318
4.1. THE GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE BACKBONE 319 4.2. THE INDUSTRIAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMERCIAL BACKBONE 320 4.3. INTERPRETING NETWORKING
PRACTICES 324 4.4. INTERPRETING THE GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION OF CAPACITY
326 4.5. THE ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF REDUNDANCY 331 4.6. BOOM LEADS
TO BUST IN THE BACKBONE 334 4.7. INTERPRETING A DECADE OF BUILDING 335
4.8. SUMMARY 336 5. THE GROWTH OF BROADBAND 337 5.1. WHY BROADBAND
FAVORS URBAN AREAS 337 5.2. THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 339 5.3. THE
REGULATION OF BROADBAND SUPPLIERS 341 5.4. SUMMARY 345 6. THE LOCATION
OF BUSINESS INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES 345 6.1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF
PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN IT-OVERVIEW 346 6.2. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON DOMAIN
NAMES 348 6.3. EVIDENCE ON URBAN AND RURAL BUSINESS USE OF INTERNET
TECHNOLOGY 351 6.4. LOCAL INTERNET AND INFORMATION SERVICES 355 CONTENTS
OF VOLUME 2 XV 6.5. SUMMARY 356 7. SUMMARIES OF ANSWERS TO MOTIVATING
QUESTIONS 357 7.1. WHY DID NEAR-GEOGRAPHIC UBIQUITY ARISE AFTER
COMMERCIALIZATION? 358 7.2. WHY DID MARKET FORCES ENCOURAGE EXTENSIVE
GROWTH? 358 7.3. HAS THE INTERNET DIFFUSED DISPROPORTIONATELY TO URBAN
AREAS? 359 7.4. IS THE INTERNET A SUBSTITUTE OR A COMPLEMENT FOR URBAN
AGGLOMERATION? 360 7.5. WHICH POLICIES MATTERED? WERE THESE EFFECTS THE
INTENDED OR UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES? 361 7.6. ARE THERE LESSONS FOR
OTHER COUNTRIES? 363 REFERENCES 364 CHAPTER 9 THE ECONOMICS OF THE
INTERNET BACKBONE NICHOLAS ECONOMIDES 1. COMPETITION AMONG INTERNET
BACKBONE SERVICE PROVIDERS 375 1.1. INTERNET BACKBONE SERVICES 375 1.2.
INTERCONNECTION 375 1.3. THE TRANSIT AND PEERING PAYMENT METHODS FOR
CONNECTIVITY 379 1.4. CONDUCT OF INTERNET BACKBONE SERVICE PROVIDERS 382
2. STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS FOR INTERNET BACKBONE SERVICES; NEGLIGIBLE
BARRIER TO ENTRY AND EXPANSION 385 2.1. THE MARKETS FOR RAW TRANSPORT
CAPACITY AND OTHER INPUTS TO INTERNET TRANSPORT SERVICES 385 2.2. EASE
OF EXPANSION AND ENTRY 386 2.3. PUBLIC STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS ON THE
INTERNET 386 3. POTENTIAL FOR ANTICOMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR ON THE INTERNET
BACKBONE 388 4. NETWORK EXTERNALITIES AND THE INTERNET 388 4.1.
PROCOMPETITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF NETWORK EXTERNALITIES 390 4.2. CONDITIONS
UNDER WHICH NETWORK EXTERNALITIES MAY INHIBIT COMPETITION 391 5. NETWORK
EXTERNALITIES AND COMPETITION ON THE INTERNET 392 5.1. CONDITIONS
NECESSARY FOR THE CREATION OF BOTTLENECKS FAIL ON THE INTERNET 392 5.2.
BOTTLENECKS SUCH AS THE ONES OF THE LOCAL EXCHANGE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK DO NOT EXIST ON THE INTERNET 393 6. STRATEGIES THAT A LARGE IBP
MIGHT PURSUE 394 6.1. RAISING THE PRICE OF TRANSPORT 394 XVI CONTENTS OF
VOLUME 2 6.2. DISCRIMINATORY PRICE INCREASES DIRECTED SIMULTANEOUSLY
AGAINST ALL BACKBONE RIVALS 397 6.3. RAISING RIVALS COSTS AND DEGRADING
CONNECTIVITY 398 7. CONCLUSIONS 407 APPENDIX 407 REFERENCES 410 CHAPTER
10 PRICING TRAFFIC ON INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS: ISSUES, APPROACHES, AND
SOLUTIONS ALOK GUPTA, DALE O. STAHL AND ANDREW B. WHINSTON 1.
INTRODUCTION 414 2. CONGESTION, OVERUSE, AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS 416
2.1. APPROACHES TO DEAL WITH CONGESTION IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS 416 2.2.
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS: TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS PROBLEM 418 3. PRICING
APPROACHES FOR THE INTERNET TRAFFIC 420 4. A GENERIC MODEL OF PRIORITY
PRICING FOR DATA NETWORKS 422 4.1. MODEL DESCRIPTION 423 4.2. SIMULATION
AND RESULTS 425 5. FUTURE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 431 5.1. OVERLAY
NETWORKS 431 5.2. MULTIHOMING AND SMART ROUTING 433 5.3. CHANNELLING 434
6. CONCLUSIONS 435 REFERENCES 436 CHAPTER 11 TOWARD AN ECONOMICS OF THE
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM MILTON MUELLER 1. INTRODUCTION 443 2. TECHNICAL
DESCRIPTION OF DNS 447 2.1. THE NAME SPACE AND NAME ASSIGNMENT 447 2.2.
RESOLUTION, NAME SERVERS, AND BIND SOFTWARE 448 2.3. THE ROOT SERVERS
449 3. THE DEMAND FOR DOMAIN NAMES 450 3.1. DEMAND FOR TECHNICAL
FUNCTIONS 450 3.2. DEMAND FOR SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS 455 4. DOMAIN NAME
SUPPLY 461 4.1. ROOT SERVERS 461 4.2. REGISTRIES AND REGISTRARS 465 4.3.
THE SECONDARY MARKET 469 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XVII 5. ECONOMIC POLICY
ISSUES 473 5.1. NEW TLDS: EXPANDING SUPPLY 474 5.2. DOMAIN
NAME*TRADEMARK CONFLICTS 477 5.3. COMPETITION POLICY 479 5.4. WHOIS AND
PRIVACY POLICY 481 6. CONCLUSIONS 483 REFERENCES 483 CHAPTER 12
BOTTLENECKS AND BANDWAGONS: ACCESS POLICY IN THE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS
GERALD R. FAULHABER 1. INTRODUCTION 488 2. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
(BOTTLENECK ACCESS) 490 3. NETWORK EFFECTS AND INTERCONNECTION
(BANDWAGON ACCESS) 495 3.1. NETWORK EFFECTS AND CORPORATE STRATEGY 499
3.2. IS TIPPING IRREVOCABLE? THE SERIAL MONOPOLY HYPOTHESIS 506 3.3.
THE FCC S INSTANT MESSAGING CONDITION IN THE AOL-TIME WARNER MERGER 511
4. LESSONS OF THE AOL-TIME WARNER CASE 513 4.1. PROACTIVE VS. REACTIVE
513 4.2. SERIAL MONOPOLY AND THE NEW ECONOMY 514 5. CONCLUSIONS 515
REFERENCES 515 CHAPTER 13 EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN APPROACHES TO ANTITRUST
REMEDIES AND THE INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF REGULATION IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS DAMIEN GERADIN AND J. GREGORY SIDAK 1. INTRODUCTION
518 2. THE U.S. MODEL 520 2.1. EX ANTE, EX POST, AND HYBRID REMEDIES 520
2.2. ANTITRUST AS A NEW FORM OF EX ANTE REGULATION 527 2.3. THE SHIFTING
BALANCE OF INFLUENCE BETWEEN ANTITRUST AND SECTOR-SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW S POTENTIAL TO SHAPE ANTITRUSTREMEDIES IN NETWORK
INDUSTRIES 528 2.4. THE U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE AS REGULATOR 532 3.
THE EC MODEL 534 3.1. EX ANTE, EX POST, AND HYBRID REMEDIES 535 XVIII
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 3.2. ANTITRUST AS A NEW FORM OF REGULATION 540 3.3.
THE SHIFTING BALANCE OF INFLUENCE BETWEEN ANTITRUST AND SECTOR-SPECIFIC
REGULATION: COMPETITION LAW CONCEPTS PENETRATING SECTOR-SPECIFIC
REGULATION 541 3.4. DG TRADE AS A REGULATOR? 547 4. CONCLUSIONS 548
REFERENCES 550 CHAPTER 14 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
BJOERN WELLENIUS AND DAVID N. TOWNSEND 1. INTRODUCTION 557 2. DEVELOPMENT
SIGNIFICANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS 559 3. EVOLUTION OF POLICIES AND
MARKETS 561 3.1. DIRECTIONS OF CHANGE 562 3.2. ENTRY AND COMPETITION 564
3.3. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 566 3.4. POLICY AND REGULATION 570 4.
RESULTS 571 4.1. INVESTMENT 572 4.2. GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, AND PRICES
575 4.3. NEW SERVICES*MOBILE AND THE INTERNET 577 5. LESSONS FROM REFORM
579 5.1. COMPETITION AS DRIVER OF CHANGE 579 5.2. NARROWING THE
DEVELOPMENT GAP 582 5.3. DESIGNING ATTRACTIVE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 585
5.4. DEVELOPING REGULATORY CAPABILITY 589 5.5. MANAGING THE REFORM
PROCESS 593 6. THE INTERNET 594 6.1. EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET IN THE
DEVELOPING WORLD 595 6.2. INTERNET POLICY ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 599 6.3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE 603 7.
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND THE FUTURE 606 7.1. E-COMMERCE 606 7.2.
E-LEARNING 608 7.3. E-GOVERNMENT 609 7.4. KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES AND
E-READINESS 610 8. THE PATH AHEAD 612 8.1. THE UNFINISHED REFORM AGENDA
614 8.2. UNIVERSAL ACCESS 615 REFERENCES 616 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XIX
CHAPTER 15 INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN EMERGING MARKETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR PABLO T. SPILLER 1. INTRODUCTION 622 2.
THE UTILITIES PROBLEM 622 2.1. THE POLITICAL PROFITABILITY OF
EXPROPRIATION 625 2.2. THE IMPLICATIONS OF GOVERNMENT OPPORTUNISM 625 3.
SOURCES OF REGULATORY COMMITMENT 627 3.1. INSTITUTIONAL ENDOWMENT 627
3.2. A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES 630 4. REGULATORY GOVERNANCE:
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS WITH JUDICIAL REVIEW 635 4.1. WHY JUDICIAL
REVIEW? 638 4.2. WHY DELEGATE TO INDEPENDENT AGENCIES 642 5. COMMITMENT
IN UNIFIED GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS 644 5.1. CONTRACT-BASED REGULATION 645
5.2. ADAPTING CONTRACT-BASED REGULATION TO UNEXPECTED SHOCKS:
RENEGOTIATION 650 6. FINAL COMMENTS 652 REFERENCES 652 SUBJECT INDEX 657
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 OF THE HANDBOOK LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS V CHAPTER 1
TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION AND THE INTERNET: INTRODUCTION SUMIT MAJUMDAR, INGO
VOGELSANG AND MARTIN CAVE 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. EVOLUTION OF MAJOR
ALTERNATIVES TO TRADITIONAL TELEPHONE NETWORKS 3 2.1. EMERGING NETWORK
TECHNOLOGIES 3 2.2. BANDWAGON EFFECTS 5 2.3. PLATFORM COMPETITION IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 6 2.4. BROADBAND 7 2.5. CABLE TELEVISION 8 2.6.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 9 3. THE INTERNET 12 3.1. THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
OF THE INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE 12 3.2. ECONOMICS OF THE INTERNET
BACKBONE 15 3.3. PRICING TRAFFIC ON INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS: ISSUES,
APPROACHES, AND SOLUTIONS 17 3.4. TOWARD AN ECONOMICS OF THE DOMAIN NAME
SYSTEM 18 4. INSTITUTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 20 4.1. BOTTLENECKS AND
BANDWAGONS: ACCESS POLICY IN THE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS 21 4.2.
ANTITRUST REMEDIES AND THE INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF REGULATION 22 4.3.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 24 4.4. INSTITUTIONAL
CHANGES IN EMERGING MARKETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SECTOR 25 5. CONCLUSIONS 27 REFERENCES 28 CHAPTER 2 EMERGING NETWORK
TECHNOLOGIES DALE N. HATFIELD, BRIDGER M. MITCHELL AND PADMANABHAN
SRINAGESH 1. INTRODUCTION 31 2. VOICE, DATA, AND ENTERTAINMENT VIDEO
SIGNALS 32 2.1. SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS 32 2.2. NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 35
X CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 3. TRADITIONAL CIRCUIT-SWITCHED WIRELINE
ARCHITECTURE: LIMITATIONS IN THE FACE OF NEW DEMANDS 39 4. EVOLUTION OF
THE TRADITIONAL WIRELINE ARCHITECTURE 43 4.1. INTEROFFICE TRANSPORT
FACILITIES 43 4.2. INTEROFFICE SIGNALING AND THE INTELLIGENT NETWORK 44
4.3. THE ACCESS NETWORK 48 4.4. ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET 51 4.5. THE
NETWORK OF THE FUTURE 56 5. EVOLUTION OF CABLE, WIRELESS, AND SATELLITE
NETWORKS 56 5.1. CABLE TELEVISION 56 5.2. WIRELESS 57 5.3. SATELLITE 58
6. ECONOMIC ISSUES IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR RAISED BY CONVERGING
TECHNOLOGIES 60 6.1. INCREASED POSSIBILITIES OF COMPETITION 61 6.2.
GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGY 68 7. PUBLIC POLICY PUZZLES 68 7.1. REGULATORY
ORGANIZATION 69 7.2. SOCIAL GOALS 70 7.3. COMPETITION AND INNOVATION 70
APPENDIX A 72 REFERENCES 76 CHAPTER 3 BANDWAGON EFFECTS IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS JEFFREY H. ROHLFS 1. INTRODUCTION 81 2. THEORY OF
BANDWAGON DEMAND 82 2.1. EQUILIBRIUM USER SETS 85 2.2. MULTIPLE
EQULIBRIA 85 2.3. DEMAND AS A FUNCTION OF PRICE 86 2.4. METCALFE'S LAW
88 3. PRICING OF MATURE BANDWAGON SERVICES 89 3.1. INTERNALIZATION OF
EXTERNALITIES 90 3.2. BUDGET CONSTRAINT 91 3.3. EXTERNALITIES 93 3.4.
EXTERNALITIES AND CROSS ELASTICITIES 93 3.5. NONUNIFORM PRICING 98 4.
HISTORICAL PRICING OF TELEPHONE SERVICES 99 4.1. PROMOTION OF UNIVERSAL
SERVICE 99 4.2. LOCAL USAGE CHARGES 100 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XI 5.
LOCAL-USAGE CHARGES FOR CALLS TO INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS 101 5.1.
SENSITIVITY OF DEMAND TO PRICE 101 5.2. COSTS OF FIXED TERMINATION 102
5.3. COSTS OF LOCAL USAGE 103 5.4. BANDWAGON EFFECTS 103 5.5. COMPARISON
WITH ACTUAL USAGE CHARGES FOR CALLS TO ISPS 104 6. CHARGES FOR
FIXED-TO-MOBILE CALLS 105 6.1. CHARGES UNDER CALLING-PARTY-PAYS 107 6.2.
ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT MOBILE TERMINATION CHARGES 109 6.3. SETTING
MOBILE TERMINATION CHARGES IN PRACTICE 111 6.4. A POSSIBLE DUAL REGIME
112 7. CONCLUSIONS 113 REFERENCES 113 CHAPTER 4 PLATFORM COMPETITION IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS JEFFREY CHURCH AND NEIL GANDAL 1. INTRODUCTION 119 2.
NETWORK INDUSTRIES 120 2.1. DIRECT NETWORKS 120 2.2. VIRTUAL (INDIRECT)
NETWORKS 121 2.3. NETWORK EFFECTS 121 2.4. FROM NETWORK EFFECTS TO
NETWORK EXTERNALITIES 122 2.5. IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSUMER DEMAND 123 2.6.
EXPECTATIONS AND COMPETITION BETWEEN NETWORKS 124 3. BATTLES FOR
STANDARDS, COMPATIBILITY AND ADOPTION 127 4. STANDARDS WARS 128 4.1.
STRATEGIES IN STANDARDS WARS 128 4.2, STANDARD WARS AND EFFICIENCY 131
5. BATTLES FOR COMPATIBILITY 134 5.1. DENYING COMPATIBILITY 135 5.2.
RESTRICTING COMPATIBILITY OF COMPLEMENTARY PRODUCTS 135 6. COOPERATIVE
STANDARD SETTING 137 7. MANDATED STANDARDS 139 7.1. ADVANTAGES OF
MANDATED STANDARDS 140 7.2. ADVANTAGES OF MARKET STANDARDS 141 7.3.
MANDATED STANDARDS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 142 8. CASE STUDIES
143 8.1. COMPETITION IN THE MOBILE CELLULAR INDUSTRY 143 8.2. INSTANT
MESSAGING 145 XII CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 8.3. THE 56K MODEM STANDARDS WAR
146 8.4. SATELLITE VS. CABLE TELEVISION (CATV) 147 8.5. DVD VS. DIVX
STANDARDS WAR 148 APPENDIX: MODELING ISSUES 149 REFERENCES 150 CHAPTER 5
BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS ROBERT W. CRANDALL 1. THE TECHNOLOGY 156 1.1.
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE 156 1.2. CABLE MODEMS 159 1.3. FIBER TO THE HOME
161 1.4. WIRELESS ACCESS 161 2. BROADBAND DIFFUSION 163 2.1. CROSS
COUNTRY COMPARISONS 163 2.2. COMPARING BROADBAND DIFFUSION WITH OTHER
'BREAKTHROUGH'TECHNOLOGIES 165 3. THE ECONOMICS OF BROADBAND SUPPLY 166
3.1. CABLE MODEMS, DSL, AND FIXED WIRELESS 166 3.2. FIBER TO THE HOME
167 3.3. THE WEAK DOMINANCE OF CABLE 169 4. THE DEMAND FOR BROADBAND 169
5. NETWORK AND BANDWAGON EFFECTS 171 5.1. INTERNALIZING NETWORK
EXTERNALITIES 171 5.2. NETWORK EFFECTS AND FIRST-MOVER ADVANTAGES 172
5.3. THE BROADBAND'BANDWAGON' 173 5.4. CONSUMER VALUE AFTER THE
BANDWAGON 174 6. REGULATION AND COMPETITION 174 6.1. PLATFORM
COMPETITION 175 6.2. INTERCONNECTION AND NETWORK UNBUNDLING 177 6.3.
CABLE OPEN ACCESS 184 7. SUBSIDIES, UNIVERSAL SERVICE, AND THE 'DIGITAL
DIVIDE' 186 8. CONCLUSIONS 186 REFERENCES 187 CHAPTER 6 CABLE TELEVISION
THOMAS W. HAZLETT 1. SPECTRUM IN A TUBE 192 1.1. EMERGENCE OF CABLE
TELEVISION 194 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XIII 1.2. CABLE TELEVISION'S RISE TO
DOMINANCE 198 1.3. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CABLE TELEVISION INDUSTRY 202
1.4. BASIC STRUCTURE OF A CABLE TELEVISION SYSTEM 205 2. MARKET POWER IN
LOCAL CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE 206 2.1. DEFINING CABLE'S MARKET POWER
208 2.2. PRICING POWER 210 2.3. CABLE ASSET VALUATION 213 2.4. ENTRY
BARRIERS 214 2.5. INTERMODAL COMPETITION 218 3. REGULATION OF RATES 221
3.1. DEREGULATION IN THE 1984 CABLE ACT 221 3.2. REREGULATION IN THE
1992 CABLE ACT 222 3.3. DEREGULATION PURSUANT TO THE 1996
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT 225 4. CABLE TELEVISION PROGRAMMING 226 4.1.
MONOPSONY POWER 227 4.2. VERTICAL INTEGRATION 229 4.3. PROGRAM ACCESS
RULES 231 4.4. CARNAGE OF BROADCAST TV SIGNALS 232 4.5. COMMON CARRIER
VIDEO 233 5. THE EVOLUTION OF CABLE 235 REFERENCES 235 CHAPTER 7
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS JOSHUA S. GANS, STEPHEN P. KING AND JULIAN
WRIGHT 1. INTRODUCTION 243 2. BACKGROUND 244 2.1. SPECTRUM ALLOCATION
244 2.2. THE RANGE OF WIRELESS SERVICES 245 2.3. THE RISE OF MOBILE
TELEPHONY 246 3. ECONOMIC ISSUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 248 3.1.
SPECTRUM AS A SCARCE RESOURCE 248 3.2. COMPLEMENTARITIES IN SPECTRUM USE
251 3.3. STANDARDS 253 4. DIFFUSION AND DEMAND FOR MOBILE TELEPHONY 256
4.1. DIFFUSION 256 4.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIXED AND MOBILE
TELEPHONY 257 4.3. COSTS 259 XIV CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 5. REGULATION AND
COMPETITION 259 5.1. LIMITATIONS OF WIRELESS COMPETITION 259 5.2. ACCESS
PRICING AND CALLER VS. RECEIVER PAYS 272 6. CONCLUSIONS 280 REFERENCES
281 CHAPTER 8 THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE
UNITED STATES SHANE M. GREENSTEIN 1. INTRODUCTION 289 2. DISPERSION AND
CONCENTRATION OF INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE 290 2.1. WHAT IS INTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE? 291 2.2. THE ORIGINS OF INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE 292 2.3.
SCALE AND URBAN LOCATION 295 2.4. SCALE AND STANDARDIZATION 299 2.5.
SUMMARY 303 3. THE SPREAD OF COMMERCIAL INTERNET ACCESS 303 3.1. THE
ACTIVITY OF COMMERCIAL SUPPLIERS 304 3.2. GOVERNMENT POLICY ENCOURAGED A
DIVERSE GEOGRAPHIC SUPPLY 306 3.3. THE FOUNDING OF COMMERCIAL
ORGANIZATIONS 308 3.4. COVERAGE BY DIAL-UP PROVIDERS 310 3.5.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY AND COVERAGE 313 3.6. VARIETY AND QUALITY OVER
GEOGRAPHY 315 3.7. SUMMARY 318 4. THE LOCATION OF NETWORK BACKBONE 318
4.1. THE GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF THE BACKBONE 319 4.2. THE INDUSTRIAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMERCIAL BACKBONE 320 4.3. INTERPRETING NETWORKING
PRACTICES 324 4.4. INTERPRETING THE GEOGRAPHIC DISPERSION OF CAPACITY
326 4.5. THE ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF REDUNDANCY 331 4.6. BOOM LEADS
TO BUST IN THE BACKBONE 334 4.7. INTERPRETING A DECADE OF BUILDING 335
4.8. SUMMARY 336 5. THE GROWTH OF BROADBAND 337 5.1. WHY BROADBAND
FAVORS URBAN AREAS 337 5.2. THE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 339 5.3. THE
REGULATION OF BROADBAND SUPPLIERS 341 5.4. SUMMARY 345 6. THE LOCATION
OF BUSINESS INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES 345 6.1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF
PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN IT-OVERVIEW 346 6.2. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON DOMAIN
NAMES 348 6.3. EVIDENCE ON URBAN AND RURAL BUSINESS USE OF INTERNET
TECHNOLOGY 351 6.4. LOCAL INTERNET AND INFORMATION SERVICES 355 CONTENTS
OF VOLUME 2 XV 6.5. SUMMARY 356 7. SUMMARIES OF ANSWERS TO MOTIVATING
QUESTIONS 357 7.1. WHY DID NEAR-GEOGRAPHIC UBIQUITY ARISE AFTER
COMMERCIALIZATION? 358 7.2. WHY DID MARKET FORCES ENCOURAGE EXTENSIVE
GROWTH? 358 7.3. HAS THE INTERNET DIFFUSED DISPROPORTIONATELY TO URBAN
AREAS? 359 7.4. IS THE INTERNET A SUBSTITUTE OR A COMPLEMENT FOR URBAN
AGGLOMERATION? 360 7.5. WHICH POLICIES MATTERED? WERE THESE EFFECTS THE
INTENDED OR UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES? 361 7.6. ARE THERE LESSONS FOR
OTHER COUNTRIES? 363 REFERENCES 364 CHAPTER 9 THE ECONOMICS OF THE
INTERNET BACKBONE NICHOLAS ECONOMIDES 1. COMPETITION AMONG INTERNET
BACKBONE SERVICE PROVIDERS 375 1.1. INTERNET BACKBONE SERVICES 375 1.2.
INTERCONNECTION 375 1.3. THE TRANSIT AND PEERING PAYMENT METHODS FOR
CONNECTIVITY 379 1.4. CONDUCT OF INTERNET BACKBONE SERVICE PROVIDERS 382
2. STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS FOR INTERNET BACKBONE SERVICES; NEGLIGIBLE
BARRIER TO ENTRY AND EXPANSION 385 2.1. THE MARKETS FOR RAW TRANSPORT
CAPACITY AND OTHER INPUTS TO INTERNET TRANSPORT SERVICES 385 2.2. EASE
OF EXPANSION AND ENTRY 386 2.3. PUBLIC STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS ON THE
INTERNET 386 3. POTENTIAL FOR ANTICOMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR ON THE INTERNET
BACKBONE 388 4. NETWORK EXTERNALITIES AND THE INTERNET 388 4.1.
PROCOMPETITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF NETWORK EXTERNALITIES 390 4.2. CONDITIONS
UNDER WHICH NETWORK EXTERNALITIES MAY INHIBIT COMPETITION 391 5. NETWORK
EXTERNALITIES AND COMPETITION ON THE INTERNET 392 5.1. CONDITIONS
NECESSARY FOR THE CREATION OF BOTTLENECKS FAIL ON THE INTERNET 392 5.2.
BOTTLENECKS SUCH AS THE ONES OF THE LOCAL EXCHANGE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK DO NOT EXIST ON THE INTERNET 393 6. STRATEGIES THAT A LARGE IBP
MIGHT PURSUE 394 6.1. RAISING THE PRICE OF TRANSPORT 394 XVI CONTENTS OF
VOLUME 2 6.2. DISCRIMINATORY PRICE INCREASES DIRECTED SIMULTANEOUSLY
AGAINST ALL BACKBONE RIVALS 397 6.3. RAISING RIVALS' COSTS AND DEGRADING
CONNECTIVITY 398 7. CONCLUSIONS 407 APPENDIX 407 REFERENCES 410 CHAPTER
10 PRICING TRAFFIC ON INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS: ISSUES, APPROACHES, AND
SOLUTIONS ALOK GUPTA, DALE O. STAHL AND ANDREW B. WHINSTON 1.
INTRODUCTION 414 2. CONGESTION, OVERUSE, AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS 416
2.1. APPROACHES TO DEAL WITH CONGESTION IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS 416 2.2.
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS: TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS PROBLEM 418 3. PRICING
APPROACHES FOR THE INTERNET TRAFFIC 420 4. A GENERIC MODEL OF PRIORITY
PRICING FOR DATA NETWORKS 422 4.1. MODEL DESCRIPTION 423 4.2. SIMULATION
AND RESULTS 425 5. FUTURE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 431 5.1. OVERLAY
NETWORKS 431 5.2. MULTIHOMING AND SMART ROUTING 433 5.3. CHANNELLING 434
6. CONCLUSIONS 435 REFERENCES 436 CHAPTER 11 TOWARD AN ECONOMICS OF THE
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM MILTON MUELLER 1. INTRODUCTION 443 2. TECHNICAL
DESCRIPTION OF DNS 447 2.1. THE NAME SPACE AND NAME ASSIGNMENT 447 2.2.
RESOLUTION, NAME SERVERS, AND BIND SOFTWARE 448 2.3. THE ROOT SERVERS
449 3. THE DEMAND FOR DOMAIN NAMES 450 3.1. DEMAND FOR TECHNICAL
FUNCTIONS 450 3.2. DEMAND FOR SEMANTIC FUNCTIONS 455 4. DOMAIN NAME
SUPPLY 461 4.1. ROOT SERVERS 461 4.2. REGISTRIES AND REGISTRARS 465 4.3.
THE SECONDARY MARKET 469 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XVII 5. ECONOMIC POLICY
ISSUES 473 5.1. NEW TLDS: EXPANDING SUPPLY 474 5.2. DOMAIN
NAME*TRADEMARK CONFLICTS 477 5.3. COMPETITION POLICY 479 5.4. WHOIS AND
PRIVACY POLICY 481 6. CONCLUSIONS 483 REFERENCES 483 CHAPTER 12
BOTTLENECKS AND BANDWAGONS: ACCESS POLICY IN THE NEW TELECOMMUNICATIONS
GERALD R. FAULHABER 1. INTRODUCTION 488 2. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES
(BOTTLENECK ACCESS) 490 3. NETWORK EFFECTS AND INTERCONNECTION
(BANDWAGON ACCESS) 495 3.1. NETWORK EFFECTS AND CORPORATE STRATEGY 499
3.2. IS TIPPING IRREVOCABLE? THE 'SERIAL MONOPOLY' HYPOTHESIS 506 3.3.
THE FCC'S INSTANT MESSAGING CONDITION IN THE AOL-TIME WARNER MERGER 511
4. LESSONS OF THE AOL-TIME WARNER CASE 513 4.1. PROACTIVE VS. REACTIVE
513 4.2. SERIAL MONOPOLY AND THE NEW ECONOMY 514 5. CONCLUSIONS 515
REFERENCES 515 CHAPTER 13 EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN APPROACHES TO ANTITRUST
REMEDIES AND THE INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF REGULATION IN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS DAMIEN GERADIN AND J. GREGORY SIDAK 1. INTRODUCTION
518 2. THE U.S. MODEL 520 2.1. EX ANTE, EX POST, AND HYBRID REMEDIES 520
2.2. ANTITRUST AS A NEW FORM OF EX ANTE REGULATION 527 2.3. THE SHIFTING
BALANCE OF INFLUENCE BETWEEN ANTITRUST AND SECTOR-SPECIFIC REGULATION:
TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW'S POTENTIAL TO SHAPE ANTITRUSTREMEDIES IN NETWORK
INDUSTRIES 528 2.4. THE U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE AS REGULATOR 532 3.
THE EC MODEL 534 3.1. EX ANTE, EX POST, AND HYBRID REMEDIES 535 XVIII
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 3.2. ANTITRUST AS A NEW FORM OF REGULATION 540 3.3.
THE SHIFTING BALANCE OF INFLUENCE BETWEEN ANTITRUST AND SECTOR-SPECIFIC
REGULATION: COMPETITION LAW CONCEPTS PENETRATING SECTOR-SPECIFIC
REGULATION 541 3.4. DG TRADE AS A REGULATOR? 547 4. CONCLUSIONS 548
REFERENCES 550 CHAPTER 14 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
BJOERN WELLENIUS AND DAVID N. TOWNSEND 1. INTRODUCTION 557 2. DEVELOPMENT
SIGNIFICANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS 559 3. EVOLUTION OF POLICIES AND
MARKETS 561 3.1. DIRECTIONS OF CHANGE 562 3.2. ENTRY AND COMPETITION 564
3.3. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 566 3.4. POLICY AND REGULATION 570 4.
RESULTS 571 4.1. INVESTMENT 572 4.2. GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, AND PRICES
575 4.3. NEW SERVICES*MOBILE AND THE INTERNET 577 5. LESSONS FROM REFORM
579 5.1. COMPETITION AS DRIVER OF CHANGE 579 5.2. NARROWING THE
DEVELOPMENT GAP 582 5.3. DESIGNING ATTRACTIVE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 585
5.4. DEVELOPING REGULATORY CAPABILITY 589 5.5. MANAGING THE REFORM
PROCESS 593 6. THE INTERNET 594 6.1. EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET IN THE
DEVELOPING WORLD 595 6.2. INTERNET POLICY ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES 599 6.3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE 603 7.
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND THE FUTURE 606 7.1. E-COMMERCE 606 7.2.
E-LEARNING 608 7.3. E-GOVERNMENT 609 7.4. KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES AND
E-READINESS 610 8. THE PATH AHEAD 612 8.1. THE UNFINISHED REFORM AGENDA
614 8.2. UNIVERSAL ACCESS 615 REFERENCES 616 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 XIX
CHAPTER 15 INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN EMERGING MARKETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR
THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR PABLO T. SPILLER 1. INTRODUCTION 622 2.
THE UTILITIES' PROBLEM 622 2.1. THE POLITICAL PROFITABILITY OF
EXPROPRIATION 625 2.2. THE IMPLICATIONS OF GOVERNMENT OPPORTUNISM 625 3.
SOURCES OF REGULATORY COMMITMENT 627 3.1. INSTITUTIONAL ENDOWMENT 627
3.2. A TALE OF TWO COUNTRIES 630 4. REGULATORY GOVERNANCE:
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS WITH JUDICIAL REVIEW 635 4.1. WHY JUDICIAL
REVIEW? 638 4.2. WHY DELEGATE TO INDEPENDENT AGENCIES 642 5. COMMITMENT
IN UNIFIED GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS 644 5.1. CONTRACT-BASED REGULATION 645
5.2. ADAPTING CONTRACT-BASED REGULATION TO UNEXPECTED SHOCKS:
RENEGOTIATION 650 6. FINAL COMMENTS 652 REFERENCES 652 SUBJECT INDEX 657 |
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| spelling | Handbook of telecommunications economics 2 Technology evolution and the internet edited by Martin E. Cave ... 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] North-Holland [u.a.] 2005 XIX, 663 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cave, Martin Sonstige (DE-588)124166563 oth Majumdar, Sumit Kumar Sonstige (DE-588)124166571 oth (DE-604)BV014541994 2 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014195548&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of telecommunications economics |
| title | Handbook of telecommunications economics |
| title_auth | Handbook of telecommunications economics |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of telecommunications economics |
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| title_full | Handbook of telecommunications economics 2 Technology evolution and the internet edited by Martin E. Cave ... |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of telecommunications economics 2 Technology evolution and the internet edited by Martin E. Cave ... |
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| title_short | Handbook of telecommunications economics |
| title_sort | handbook of telecommunications economics technology evolution and the internet |
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