Magnesium technology: metallurgy, design data, applications
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| Other Authors: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2006
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 677 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540205993 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Magnesium technology |b metallurgy, design data, applications |c Horst E. Friedrich ... [(eds.)] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 677 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Magnesium alloys | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Magnesium |x Metallurgy | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Metallurgie |0 (DE-588)4074756-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Magnesiumlegierung |0 (DE-588)4168536-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Magnesium |0 (DE-588)4128915-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Magnesium |0 (DE-588)4128915-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Magnesiumlegierung |0 (DE-588)4168536-2 |D s |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Friedrich, Horst E. |0 (DE-588)103868496X |4 edt | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804134595587735552 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
1 HISTORY 1
1.1 HISTOR
Y UNTI
L 1945
KURTHARBODT 1
1.1.1 ASIA 1
1.1.2 AUSTRALIA 2
1.1.3 EUROPE 2
1.1.4 NORT
H AMERICA 8
1.2 HISTOR
Y SINCE 1945
ROBERT
E.
BROWN 12
1.2.1 PRODUCTIO
N 12
1.2.2 APPLICATIONS 20
REFERENCES 28
2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF MAGNESIUM
GILAD GOLUB, ELI AGHION 29
2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 29
2.2 RAW MATERIALS FOR MAGNESIU
M PRODUCTIO
N 30
2.2.1 MAGNESITE 31
2.2.2 DOLOMITE 31
2.2.3 BISCHOFITE 31
2.2.4 CARNALLITE 31
2.2.5 SERPENTIN
E 32
2.2.6 SEA WATER 32
2.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD
S 33
2.3.1 PREPARATIO
N OF MAGNESIU
M CHLORIDE SALTS FROM NATURA
L
RAW MATERIALS 33
2.3.2 DRYIN
G MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE SALTS 35
2.3.3 ELECTROLYSIS OF MAGNESIU
M SALTS 36
2.3.3.1 TYPE OF ELECTROLYTES FOR ELECTROLYSIS 36
2.3.3.2 THERMA
L BALANCE OF TH
E ELECTROLYSIS CELL 37
2.3.3.3 INCREASIN
G TH
E MAGNESIU
M OUTPU
T BY MEANS OF ARTIFICIAL COOLING 39
2.3.4 TYPES OF ELECTRODES IN TH
E ELECTROLYSIS CELLS 39
2.3.5 STRUCTUR
E OF TH
E ELECTROLYSIS CELLS 41
2.3.6 OPERATIO
N OF ELECTROLYSIS CELL 42
2.3.7 REFINING RAW MAGNESIU
M PRODUCE
D B
Y ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD
S 43
2.3.8 INDUSTRIA
L METHOD
S FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTIO
N 44
2.3.8.1 DSM AN
D RUSSIAN PROCESS 44
2.3.8.2 THE DOW PROCESS 46
2.3.8.3 THE MAGCORP (NOW US MAG) PROCESS 47
2.3.8.4 THE HYDRO MAGNESIU
M PROCESS 47
2.3.8.5 THE MAGNOLA PROCESS 49
2.3.8.6 THE AMC PROCESS 50
2.4 THERMA
L REDUCTION METHOD
S 52
2.4.1 PREPARATIO
N OF RAW MATERIAL AN
D THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N METHO
D . . 52
2.4.2 INDUSTRIA
L METHOD
S WIT
H THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N 52
2.4.2.1 SILICOTHERMIC PROCESSES 52
2.4.2.2 ALUMINOTHERMI
C PROCESSES 56
2.4.2.3 CARBOTHERMI
C PROCESS 57
2.4.3 COLLECTION AN
D REFINING TH
E RAW MAGNESIU
M PRODUCE
D B
Y
THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N 58
2.5 ADVANTAGES AN
D DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTIO
N
VERSUS THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N METHOD
S 59
REFERENCES 60
3 PHYSICAL METALLURGY
BARRY
L.
MORDIKE, PAVEL LUKAC 63
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 63
3.2 PROPERTIE
S OF PUR
E MAGNESIU
M 63
3.2.1 ATOMIC PROPERTIE
S 63
3.2.2 ELECTRON STATES 64
3.2.3 LATTICE PARAMETER
S 64
3.2.4 THERMA
L EXPANSIO
N 65
3.2.5 DENSIT
Y 65
3.2.6 THERMODYNAMI
C PROPERTIE
S 65
3.2.7 DIFFUSION 65
3.2.8 THERMA
L CONDUCTIO
N 66
3.2.9 ELASTIC MODUL
I 68
3.2.10
DAMPIN
G CAPACIT
Y 68
3.2.11
DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR 74
3.2.12
STRENGTHENIN
G MECHANISM
S 75
3.2.12.1
DISLOCATION STRENGTHENIN
G 76
3.2.12.2
SOLID SOLUTION HARDENIN
G 76
3.2.12.3
PRECIPITATIO
N STRENGTHENIN
G 77
3.2.12.4
DISPERSION STRENGTHENIN
G 78
3.2.12.5
STRENGTHENIN
G BY GRAIN SIZE REFINEMENT 78
3.3 MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 79
3.3.1 COMMO
N ALLOYING ELEMENTS 80
3.3.1.1
ALUMINU
M . . . 80
3.3.1.2
CALCIUM 80
3.3.1.3
LITHIUM 80
3.3.1.4
MANGANESE . . . 81
3.3.1.5
RARE EARTH
S 81
3.3.1.6
SILICON 81
3.3.1.7
SILVER 81
3.3.1.8
THORIU
M 81
3.3.1.9
YTTRIUM 81
3.3.1.10
ZINC 81
3.3.1.11
ZIRCONIU
M 81
3.3.2 ELEMENTS USED FOR MANUFACTURIN
G PURPOSE
S OR IMPURITIE
S ...
. 82
3.3.2.1
BERYLLIUM 82
3.3.2.2
COPPER 82
3.3.2.3
IRO
N 82
3.3.2.4
NICKEL 82
3.3.2.5
TIN 82
3.3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF
ALLOYS
82
3.4 PHASE DIAGRAM
S 84
3.4.1 CONVENTIONAL ALLOYS 84
3.4.1.1
MAGNESIUM-ALUMINU
M 84
3.4.1.2
MAGNESIUM-ZIN
C 84
3.4.1.3
MAGNESIUM-MANGANES
E 85
3.4.1.4
SUPER LIGHT WEIGHT ALLOYS 86
3.4.1.5
HIGH PERFORMANCE ALLOYS 87
3.4.1.6
MAGNESIUM-SCANDIU
M 88
3.4.1.7
MAGNESIUM-ZIRCONIU
M 89
3.4.2 HIGHE
R SYSTEMS 90
3.5 COMMERCIAL ALLOY SYSTEMS 92
3.5.1 MAGNESIU
M DIE CASTING ALLOYS (ZIRCONIUM FREE) 93
3.5.2 PERMANEN
T MOULD, SAND AN
D INVESTMEN
T CASTING ALLOYS 94
3.5.2.1
MAGNESIUM-ZINC-ZIRCONIU
M 94
3.5.2.2
MAGNESIUM-RAR
E EARTH-ZINC-ZIRCONIU
M (ZK61 AN
D ZK62) ..
. 94
3.5.2.3
MAGNESIUM-SILVER 96
3.5.2.4
MAGNESIUM-YTTRIU
M ALLOYS 96
3.5.3 FURTHE
R DEVELOPMENT 96
3.5.4 HIGHLY CREEP RESISTANT ALLOYS 97
REFERENCES 102
APPENDIX . . 105
4 MELTING, ALLOYING AND REFINING 109
4.1 ZIRCONIUM-FRE
E ALLOYS
MIHRIBAN PEKGULERYUZ 109
4.1.1 MG-AL,
MG-AL-ZN, AN
D MG-AL-SI ALLOYS 109
4.1.1.1 FLUX MELTING AN
D REFINING 109
4.1.1.2 FLUXLESS MELTING, AN
D ALLOYING (TH
E USE OF COVER GASES) 113
4.1.1.3 ALLOYING OF MG WIT
H
AL,
ZN, SI 115
4.1.1.4 MANGANESE 116
4.1.1.5 BERYLLIUM 119
4.1.1.6 SILICON 121
4.1.2 MG-AL-(RARE-EARTH) ALLOYS 121
4.1.3 MG-AL-(ALKALINE EARTH
) ALLOYS 122
4.1.3.1 CALCIUM 123
4.1.3.2 STRONTIU
M 123
4.1.4 MG-LIALLOYS 124
4.2 ALLOYS CONTAININ
G ZIRCONIU
M
JOHN
F.
KING 128
4.2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 128
4.2.2 MECHANIS
M OF GRAIN REFINEMENT BY ZIRCONIU
M 128
4.2.3 EFFECT OF OTHE
R ALLOYING ELEMENTS 131
4.2.3.1 INCOMPATIBL
E ELEMENTS 131
4.2.3.2 COMPATIBLE ALLOY SYSTEMS 132
4.2.4 METHOD
S OF INTRODUCIN
G ZIRCONIU
M 133
4.2.4.1 PRODUCT
S AVAILABLE 133
4.2.4.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ZR GRAIN REFINEMENT 133
4.2.4.3 ZIRCONIU
M GRAIN REFINING I
N FLUXED MELTS 135
4.2.4.4 ZIRCONIU
M GRAIN REFINING IN FLUX-FREE MELTS 137
4.2.4.5 METHOD
S OF ASSESSING GRAIN REFINEMENT 138
4.2.5 MELTING,
ALLOYING PROCEDURE
S FOR OTHE
R ELEMENTS 139
REFERENCES 141
5 MAGNESIUM CASTING ALLOYS 145
5.1 CASTING ALLOYS
HAKON WESTENGEN,
TERJE
KR.
AUNE 145
5.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 145
5.1.2 ALLOYING PRINCIPLES 146
5.1.2.1
PROPERTIE
S OF PUR
E MAGNESIU
M 146
5.1.2.2
ALLOY PREPARATIO
N . . . 146
5.1.2.3
ALLOYING ELEMENTS AN
D THEIR INFLUENCE 149
5.1.3 CASTING METHOD
S 162
5.1.4 ALLOYS FOR DIECASTING 166
5.1.4.1
COMPOSITION
S 166
5.1.4.2
MICROSTRUCTURE
S (HYDRO MAGNESIUM
) 167
5.1.4.3
PROPERTIE
S 171
5.1.5 ALLOYS FOR SAND CASTING 198
5.1.5.1
COMPOSITION
S 198
5.1.5.2
PROPERTIE
S 199
5.2 WROUGHT ALLOYS
CATRIN KAMMER 204
5.2.1 MAGNESIU
M - ALUMINU
M 208
5.2.2 MAGNESIU
M - MANGANESE (M-ALLOYS) 210
5.2.3 MAGNESIU
M - ALUMINU
M - ZINC (AZ-ALLOYS) 210
5.2.4 MAGNESIU
M - ZINC - ZIRCONIU
M (ZK-ALLOYS) 212
5.2.5 MAGNESIU
M - ZINC - RARE EART
H (ZE-ALLOYS) 212
5.2.6 MAGNESIU
M - YTTRIUM - RARE EART
H (WE-ALLOYS) 212
5.2.7 MAGNESIU
M - THORIUM
, ZIRCONIU
M OR MANGANESE
(HK-AN
D HM-ALLOYS) 213
5.2.8 MAGNESIU
M - LITHIUM - ALLOYS (LA-ALLOYS) ..21
3
5.2.9 OTHER WROUGHT ALLOYS 214
REFERENCES 214
6 TECHNOLOGY OF MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 219
6.1 CASTING 219
6.1.1 SAND CASTING
JOHN
F.
KING 219
6.1.1.1
INTRODUCTIO
N 219
6.1.1.2
SAND SYSTEMS 220
6.1.1.3
DESIGN OF RUNNIN
G SYSTEMS 223
6.1.1.4
MOULD PREPARATIO
N AN
D ASSEMBLY 226
6.1.1.5
IDENTIFICATION AN
D ELIMINATIO
N OF DEFECTS 228
6.1.1.6
SAND CASTING TECHNIQUES . 229
6.1.1.7
HEAT TREATMENT 231
6.1.1.8
INSPECTIO
N OF CASTINGS 232
6.1.2 DIE CASTING
DIETER BRUNGS, ANDREAS MERTZ 234
6.1.2.1
DIE CASTING PROCESS FOR MAGNESIU
M 234
6.1.2.2
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MAGNESIU
M DIE CASTINGS 247
6.1.2.3
PROPERTIE
S OF MAGNESIU
M DIE CASTINGS 252
6.1.2.4
ENVIRONMENTA
L IMPAC
T 257
6.1.3 SQUEEZE CASTING, THIXOCASTIN
G AN
D RHEOCASTIN
G
HELMUT KAUFMANN, SIMON KLEINER 258
6.1.3.1
INTRODUCTIO
N 258
6.1.3.2
SQUEEZE CASTING 259
6.1.3.3
SEMI-SOLID CASTING 261
6.2 FORMIN
G 269
6.2.1 ROLLING AN
D SHUT FORMIN
G
PETER JUCHMANN 269
6.2.1.1
SITUATION AN
D POTENTIAL OF MAGNESIU
M SHEET 269
6.2.1.2
FORMIN
G OF MAGNESIU
M AN
D MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 272
6.2.1.3
MAGNESIU
M ROLLING 274
6.2.1.4
MAGNESIU
M SHEET 276
6.2.1.5
SHEET METAL FORMIN
G 278
6.2.1.6
PROTOTYPIN
G AN
D APPLICATION PERSPECTIVES 284
6.2.1.7
CONCLUDING REMARK
S AN
D OUTLOO
K 287
6.2.2 EXTRUSION
, FORGING
BERNARD CLOSSET 289
6.2.2.1
PRODUCTIO
N OF CAST STOCK 289
6.2.2.2
EXTRUSIO
N 294
6.2.2.3
MAGNESIU
M EXTRUSIO
N FUNDAMENTAL
S 299
6.2.2.4
ALLOY DEVELOPMENTS 310
6.2.2.5
NOVEL EXTRUSIO
N METHOD
S 312
6.2.2.6
BENDIN
G OF MAGNESIU
M EXTRUSION
S 314
6.3 MAGNESIU
M MATRI
X COMPOSITES
NORBERT HORT, HAJO DIERINGA, SANDAY
T.
KUMAR, KARL
ULRICH
KAINER 315
6.3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 315
6.3.2 REINFORCEMENTS 319
6.3.2.1
PARTICLE-REINFORCEMENT 320
6.3.2.2
FIBRE-REINFORCEMENT 321
6.3.2.3
WHISKER 322
6.3.2.4
HYBRID
S 322
6.3.3 MANUFACTURIN
G 323
6.3.3.1
INGOT METALLURGY 323
6.3.3.2
POWDER METALLURGY 326
6.3.4 INTERFACES 329
6.3.5 ALLOYS AN
D COMPOSITES 331
6.3.6 MACHININ
G AN
D RECYCLING 333
6.3.7 CORROSIO
N 334
6.4 JOINING 335
6.4.1 MOTIVATION AN
D REQUIREMENT
S
GERSON MESCHUT 335
6.4.2 JOINING MAGNESIU
M
GUNTER
H.
DEINZER 336
6.4.3 WELDING AN
D OTHE
R THERMA
L PROCESSES
GUENTER
H.
DEINZER, MICHAEL RETHMEIER 349
6.4.3.1
WELDABILITY OF MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 349
6.4.3.2
TIG
WELDING 349
6.4.3.3
MIG WELDING 349
6.4.3.4
LASER-BEAM WELDING 356
6.4.3.5
ELECTRON-BEAM WELDING 359
6.4.3.6
FRICTIO
N WELDING 359
6.4.3.7
BRAZING AN
D SOLDERING 364
6.4.4 ADHESIVE BONDING
OTTO-DIEDRICH HENNEMANN 365
6.4.4.1
INTRODUCTIO
N 365
6.4.4.2
ADHESIVES 367
6.4.4.3
PRE-TREATMEN
T 369
6.4.4.4
ADHESIVE BONDING TECHNOLOGY 371
6.4.4.5
STRENGT
H AN
D TESTING 372
6.4.4.6
DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES 373
6.4.5 MECHANICAL AN
D HYBRI
D JOINING
GERSON MESCHUT 374
6.4.5.1
CLINCHING 374
6.4.5.2
RIVETING 377
6.4.5.3
DIRECT SCREWING (SELF-PIERCING/-TAPPING) 385
6.4.5.4
FOLDING 392
6.4.5.5
HYBRI
D JOINING 394
6.4.5.6
CONCLUSION AN
D OUTVIEW 396
6.5 MACHININ
G
HANS KURT
T
OENSHOFF,
BEREND DENKENA, JENS WINKLER,
CHRISTIAN PODOLSKY 398
6.5.1 MACHINING 398
6.5.1.1
MACHININ
G OF NO
T REINFORCED MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 399
6.5.1.2
MACHININ
G OF REINFORCED MG ALLOYS 406
6.5.1.3
COOLING LUBRICANTS 409
6.5.2 BURNISHIN
G 411
REFERENCES 418
7 CORROSION AND SURFACE PROTECTIONS 431
7.1 SURFACE TREATMENTS AN
D PROTECTIO
N
PETER KURZE 431
7.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 431
7.1.2 PASSIVATION PROPERTIE
S OF MAGNESIUM-BASED MATERIALS IN AIR . . 432
7.1.2.1
RESISTANCE OF TH
E PASSIVATED LAYER TO CHEMICALS . . 433
7.1.3 SURFACE TREATMENT OF MAGNESIUM-BASED MATERIALS 433
7.1.3.1
PRINCIPLE
S AN
D PREREQUISITES FOR OPTIMU
M SURFACE PROTECTIO
N . . 433
7.1.3.2
PRELIMINAR
Y TREATMENT 437
7.1.3.3
CONVERSION COATINGS PROVIDED B
Y ELECTROLESS ELECTROCHEMICAL
SURFACE TREATMENT 439
7.1.3.4
CONVERSION COATINGS PROVIDE
D B
Y ANODI
C OXIDATION 450
7.1.3.5
CONVERSION COATINGS PROVIDED BY ANODI
C PLASMA-CHEMICAL
REACTION IN TH
E ELECTROLYTE 455
7.1.3.6 GALVANIC-DEPOSIT COATINGS 466
7.1.3.7 APPLICATION OF COATINGS USING PHYSICAL METHOD
S 467
7.1.3.8 ORGANIC COATING SYSTEMS 467
7.2 CORROSIO
N
JIM HILLIS 469
7.2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 469
7.2.2 MAGNESIU
M PROTECTIVE FILMS 469
7.2.3 METALLURGICAL FACTORS IN TH
E CORROSIO
N OF ALLOYS 470
7.2.4 STRESS CORROSIO
N 481
7.2.5 CORROSIO
N FATIGUE 482
7.2.6 COMMO
N CAUSES OF CORROSIO
N FAILURE 484
7.2.7 ENVIROMENTA
L FACTORS 488
7.2.7.1 ACIDITY/ALKALINITY 488
7.2.7.2 SPECIFIC IONS/SALTS 488
7.2.7.3 ELEVATED TEMPERATURE 489
7.2.7.4 ORGANIC COMPOUND
S 489
7.2.8 GALVANIC CORROSION/SELECTION OF FASTENERS 490
REFERENCES 494
8 ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS, STRATEGIES AND EXAMPLES 499
8.1 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS IN EUROPE
SOENKE SCHUMANN, HORST
E.
FRIEDRICH 499
8.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 499
8.1.2 POTENTIAL USE OF MAGNESIU
M I
N VEHICLES 503
8.1.3 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS - EXAMPLES 506
8.1.3.1
DRIVE TRAI
N TRAIN APPLICATIONS 506
8.1.3.2
INTERIO
R APPLICATIONS 519
8.1.3.3
BODY 527
8.1.3.4
CHASSIS 554
8.1.4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 559
8.1.4.1
LIFE CYCLE INVENTOR
Y OF VEHICLES 560
8.1.4.2
LIFE CYCLE INVENTOR
Y OF MAGNESIU
M 563
8.1.5 STRATEGY AN
D OUTLOOK 565
8.2 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS IN NORT
H AMERICA
GERALD
COLE
569
8.2.1 TRANSPORTATIO
N INDUSTR
Y 569
8.2.1.1
INTRODUCTIO
N AN
D BACKGROUN
D 569
8.2.1.2
MAGNESIU
M I
N TH
E 1970S 570
8.2.1.3
MAGNESIU
M IN TH
E 1980S 570
8.2.1.4
MAGNESIU
M IN TH
E 1990S 571
8.2.1.5
MAGNESIU
M I
N NA VS EUROPE 573
8.2.1.6
ENGINEERIN
G MAGNESIU
M APPICATIONS 589
8.2.2 NON-AUTOMOTIVE USES FOR MAGNESIU
M 593
8.2.2.1
ELECTRONICS/COMMUNICATIO
N 593
8.2.2.2
HAN
D TOOLS 593
8.2.2.3
SPORTS EQUIPMEN
T 594
8.2.2.4
AEROSPACE 594
8.2.3 MAGNESIU
M MANUFACTURIN
G IN NORT
H AMERICA 594
8.2.3.1
SEMI-SOLID METAL CASTING (SSM) 595
8.2.3.2
THIXOMOLDIN
G (TXM) 595
8.2.3.3
MAGNESIU
M CAN REPLACE POLYMERS 597
8.2.3.4
MAGNESIU
M CAN B
E FABRICATED INT
O MACRO-COMPOSITES OF
PLASTICS AN
D METALS 597
8.2.3.5
ALLOYS DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR SSM AN
D TXM 597
8.2.3.6
REDESIGNING PART
S AN
D ASSEMBLIES 598
8.2.3.7
THERMA
L MANAGEMEN
T AN
D IMPROVEMEN
T OF TXM 598
8.2.3.8
SUMMAR
Y 599
8.2.4 MAGNESIU
M R&D I
N NORT
H AMERIC
A 600
8.2.4.1
USCAR PROGRAM
S . . . 600
8.3 MAGNESIU
M AEROSPACE
FRANCIS H. FROES, DAN ELIEZER, ELI AGHION 603
8.3.1 BACKGROUN
D 603
8.3.2 PAST AEROSPACE USE 607
8.3.3 BARRIER
S T
O MAGNESIU
M USE I
N AEROSPACE 617
8.4 CONSUME
R APPLICATIONS OF MAGNESIU
M
STEVE ERICKSON 620
8.4.1 LOGISTICS 621
8.4.2 POWER HAN
D TOOLS 621
8.4.3 LAWN AN
D GARDEN EQUIPMEN
T 623
8.4.4 CONCRETE HANDLIN
G TOOLS AN
D EQUIPMEN
T 623
8.4.5 COMPUTER
S AN
D COMPUTE
R HARDWAR
E 624
8.4.6 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMEN
T 625
8.4.7 OPTICAL EQUIPMEN
T 625
8.4.8 SPORTS EQUIPMEN
T . 626
8.4.9 GALVANIC APPLICATIONS 627
8.4.10
MISCELLANEOUS CONSUME
R APPLICATIONS . . 628
REFERENCES 629
9 RECYCLING
HAKON WESTENGEN 633
9.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 633
9.2 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 634
9.2.1 PROCESS OVERVIEW 635
9.2.2 CLASS 1 636
9.2.2.1 FLUX-BASED SYSTEMS 637
9.2.2.2 IN-HOUS
E RECYCLING 638
9.2.2.3
IN-CELL RECYCLING 639
9.2.3 CLASS 2 640
9.2.4 CLASS 3 640
9.2.5 CLASS 4 641
9.2.6 CLASS 5 641
9.2.7 CLASS 6 642
9.2.8 CLASS 7 643
9.2.9 CLASS 8 645
9.3 RECYCLING USING FLUX 645
9.3.1 PRINCIPLES 645
9.3.1.1
THERMODYNAMI
C RESTRICTION
S 647
9.4 FLUXLESS REFINING 647
9.4.1 PRINCIPLES 648
9.4.2 SYSTEMS INVOLVING FILTERS 649
9.5 CONTAMINATIO
N CONTROL 650
9.5.1 ADDITIONA
L SOURCES OF TRACE ELEMENTS AN
D INCLUSIONS DURIN
G
RECYCLING 651
9.5.2 EFFECTS AN
D REMOVAL OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS 652
9.5.2.1
NICKEL 652
9.5.2.2
IRO
N 653
9.5.2.3
COPPER 653
9.5.2.4
COBALT . . 653
9.5.2.5
HYDROGEN 655
9.5.2.6
OTHE
R ELEMENTS 655
9.5.3 EFFECTS OF INCLUSIONS 656
9.5.4 MEASUREMENT
S OF INCLUSIONS 656
9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 659
REFERENCES 660
SUBJECT INDEX 665
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
1 HISTORY 1
1.1 HISTOR
Y UNTI
L 1945
KURTHARBODT 1
1.1.1 ASIA 1
1.1.2 AUSTRALIA 2
1.1.3 EUROPE 2
1.1.4 NORT
H AMERICA 8
1.2 HISTOR
Y SINCE 1945
ROBERT
E.
BROWN 12
1.2.1 PRODUCTIO
N 12
1.2.2 APPLICATIONS 20
REFERENCES 28
2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF MAGNESIUM
GILAD GOLUB, ELI AGHION 29
2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 29
2.2 RAW MATERIALS FOR MAGNESIU
M PRODUCTIO
N 30
2.2.1 MAGNESITE 31
2.2.2 DOLOMITE 31
2.2.3 BISCHOFITE 31
2.2.4 CARNALLITE 31
2.2.5 SERPENTIN
E 32
2.2.6 SEA WATER 32
2.3 ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD
S 33
2.3.1 PREPARATIO
N OF MAGNESIU
M CHLORIDE SALTS FROM NATURA
L
RAW MATERIALS 33
2.3.2 DRYIN
G MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE SALTS 35
2.3.3 ELECTROLYSIS OF MAGNESIU
M SALTS 36
2.3.3.1 TYPE OF ELECTROLYTES FOR ELECTROLYSIS 36
2.3.3.2 THERMA
L BALANCE OF TH
E ELECTROLYSIS CELL 37
2.3.3.3 INCREASIN
G TH
E MAGNESIU
M OUTPU
T BY MEANS OF ARTIFICIAL COOLING 39
2.3.4 TYPES OF ELECTRODES IN TH
E ELECTROLYSIS CELLS 39
2.3.5 STRUCTUR
E OF TH
E ELECTROLYSIS CELLS 41
2.3.6 OPERATIO
N OF ELECTROLYSIS CELL 42
2.3.7 REFINING RAW MAGNESIU
M PRODUCE
D B
Y ELECTROCHEMICAL METHOD
S 43
2.3.8 INDUSTRIA
L METHOD
S FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTIO
N 44
2.3.8.1 DSM AN
D RUSSIAN PROCESS 44
2.3.8.2 THE DOW PROCESS 46
2.3.8.3 THE MAGCORP (NOW US MAG) PROCESS 47
2.3.8.4 THE HYDRO MAGNESIU
M PROCESS 47
2.3.8.5 THE MAGNOLA PROCESS 49
2.3.8.6 THE AMC PROCESS 50
2.4 THERMA
L REDUCTION METHOD
S 52
2.4.1 PREPARATIO
N OF RAW MATERIAL AN
D THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N METHO
D . . 52
2.4.2 INDUSTRIA
L METHOD
S WIT
H THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N 52
2.4.2.1 SILICOTHERMIC PROCESSES 52
2.4.2.2 ALUMINOTHERMI
C PROCESSES 56
2.4.2.3 CARBOTHERMI
C PROCESS 57
2.4.3 COLLECTION AN
D REFINING TH
E RAW MAGNESIU
M PRODUCE
D B
Y
THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N 58
2.5 ADVANTAGES AN
D DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTIO
N
VERSUS THERMA
L REDUCTIO
N METHOD
S 59
REFERENCES 60
3 PHYSICAL METALLURGY
BARRY
L.
MORDIKE, PAVEL LUKAC 63
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 63
3.2 PROPERTIE
S OF PUR
E MAGNESIU
M 63
3.2.1 ATOMIC PROPERTIE
S 63
3.2.2 ELECTRON STATES 64
3.2.3 LATTICE PARAMETER
S 64
3.2.4 THERMA
L EXPANSIO
N 65
3.2.5 DENSIT
Y 65
3.2.6 THERMODYNAMI
C PROPERTIE
S 65
3.2.7 DIFFUSION 65
3.2.8 THERMA
L CONDUCTIO
N 66
3.2.9 ELASTIC MODUL
I 68
3.2.10
DAMPIN
G CAPACIT
Y 68
3.2.11
DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR 74
3.2.12
STRENGTHENIN
G MECHANISM
S 75
3.2.12.1
DISLOCATION STRENGTHENIN
G 76
3.2.12.2
SOLID SOLUTION HARDENIN
G 76
3.2.12.3
PRECIPITATIO
N STRENGTHENIN
G 77
3.2.12.4
DISPERSION STRENGTHENIN
G 78
3.2.12.5
STRENGTHENIN
G BY GRAIN SIZE REFINEMENT 78
3.3 MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 79
3.3.1 COMMO
N ALLOYING ELEMENTS 80
3.3.1.1
ALUMINU
M . . . 80
3.3.1.2
CALCIUM 80
3.3.1.3
LITHIUM 80
3.3.1.4
MANGANESE . . . 81
3.3.1.5
RARE EARTH
S 81
3.3.1.6
SILICON 81
3.3.1.7
SILVER 81
3.3.1.8
THORIU
M 81
3.3.1.9
YTTRIUM 81
3.3.1.10
ZINC 81
3.3.1.11
ZIRCONIU
M 81
3.3.2 ELEMENTS USED FOR MANUFACTURIN
G PURPOSE
S OR IMPURITIE
S .
. 82
3.3.2.1
BERYLLIUM 82
3.3.2.2
COPPER 82
3.3.2.3
IRO
N 82
3.3.2.4
NICKEL 82
3.3.2.5
TIN 82
3.3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF
ALLOYS
82
3.4 PHASE DIAGRAM
S 84
3.4.1 CONVENTIONAL ALLOYS 84
3.4.1.1
MAGNESIUM-ALUMINU
M 84
3.4.1.2
MAGNESIUM-ZIN
C 84
3.4.1.3
MAGNESIUM-MANGANES
E 85
3.4.1.4
SUPER LIGHT WEIGHT ALLOYS 86
3.4.1.5
HIGH PERFORMANCE ALLOYS 87
3.4.1.6
MAGNESIUM-SCANDIU
M 88
3.4.1.7
MAGNESIUM-ZIRCONIU
M 89
3.4.2 HIGHE
R SYSTEMS 90
3.5 COMMERCIAL ALLOY SYSTEMS 92
3.5.1 MAGNESIU
M DIE CASTING ALLOYS (ZIRCONIUM FREE) 93
3.5.2 PERMANEN
T MOULD, SAND AN
D INVESTMEN
T CASTING ALLOYS 94
3.5.2.1
MAGNESIUM-ZINC-ZIRCONIU
M 94
3.5.2.2
MAGNESIUM-RAR
E EARTH-ZINC-ZIRCONIU
M (ZK61 AN
D ZK62) .
. 94
3.5.2.3
MAGNESIUM-SILVER 96
3.5.2.4
MAGNESIUM-YTTRIU
M ALLOYS 96
3.5.3 FURTHE
R DEVELOPMENT 96
3.5.4 HIGHLY CREEP RESISTANT ALLOYS 97
REFERENCES 102
APPENDIX . . 105
4 MELTING, ALLOYING AND REFINING 109
4.1 ZIRCONIUM-FRE
E ALLOYS
MIHRIBAN PEKGULERYUZ 109
4.1.1 MG-AL,
MG-AL-ZN, AN
D MG-AL-SI ALLOYS 109
4.1.1.1 FLUX MELTING AN
D REFINING 109
4.1.1.2 FLUXLESS MELTING, AN
D ALLOYING (TH
E USE OF COVER GASES) 113
4.1.1.3 ALLOYING OF MG WIT
H
AL,
ZN, SI 115
4.1.1.4 MANGANESE 116
4.1.1.5 BERYLLIUM 119
4.1.1.6 SILICON 121
4.1.2 MG-AL-(RARE-EARTH) ALLOYS 121
4.1.3 MG-AL-(ALKALINE EARTH
) ALLOYS 122
4.1.3.1 CALCIUM 123
4.1.3.2 STRONTIU
M 123
4.1.4 MG-LIALLOYS 124
4.2 ALLOYS CONTAININ
G ZIRCONIU
M
JOHN
F.
KING 128
4.2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 128
4.2.2 MECHANIS
M OF GRAIN REFINEMENT BY ZIRCONIU
M 128
4.2.3 EFFECT OF OTHE
R ALLOYING ELEMENTS 131
4.2.3.1 INCOMPATIBL
E ELEMENTS 131
4.2.3.2 COMPATIBLE ALLOY SYSTEMS 132
4.2.4 METHOD
S OF INTRODUCIN
G ZIRCONIU
M 133
4.2.4.1 PRODUCT
S AVAILABLE 133
4.2.4.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ZR GRAIN REFINEMENT 133
4.2.4.3 ZIRCONIU
M GRAIN REFINING I
N FLUXED MELTS 135
4.2.4.4 ZIRCONIU
M GRAIN REFINING IN FLUX-FREE MELTS 137
4.2.4.5 METHOD
S OF ASSESSING GRAIN REFINEMENT 138
4.2.5 MELTING,
ALLOYING PROCEDURE
S FOR OTHE
R ELEMENTS 139
REFERENCES 141
5 MAGNESIUM CASTING ALLOYS 145
5.1 CASTING ALLOYS
HAKON WESTENGEN,
TERJE
KR.
AUNE 145
5.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 145
5.1.2 ALLOYING PRINCIPLES 146
5.1.2.1
PROPERTIE
S OF PUR
E MAGNESIU
M 146
5.1.2.2
ALLOY PREPARATIO
N . . . 146
5.1.2.3
ALLOYING ELEMENTS AN
D THEIR INFLUENCE 149
5.1.3 CASTING METHOD
S 162
5.1.4 ALLOYS FOR DIECASTING 166
5.1.4.1
COMPOSITION
S 166
5.1.4.2
MICROSTRUCTURE
S (HYDRO MAGNESIUM
) 167
5.1.4.3
PROPERTIE
S 171
5.1.5 ALLOYS FOR SAND CASTING 198
5.1.5.1
COMPOSITION
S 198
5.1.5.2
PROPERTIE
S 199
5.2 WROUGHT ALLOYS
CATRIN KAMMER 204
5.2.1 MAGNESIU
M - ALUMINU
M 208
5.2.2 MAGNESIU
M - MANGANESE (M-ALLOYS) 210
5.2.3 MAGNESIU
M - ALUMINU
M - ZINC (AZ-ALLOYS) 210
5.2.4 MAGNESIU
M - ZINC - ZIRCONIU
M (ZK-ALLOYS) 212
5.2.5 MAGNESIU
M - ZINC - RARE EART
H (ZE-ALLOYS) 212
5.2.6 MAGNESIU
M - YTTRIUM - RARE EART
H (WE-ALLOYS) 212
5.2.7 MAGNESIU
M - THORIUM
, ZIRCONIU
M OR MANGANESE
(HK-AN
D HM-ALLOYS) 213
5.2.8 MAGNESIU
M - LITHIUM - ALLOYS (LA-ALLOYS) .21
3
5.2.9 OTHER WROUGHT ALLOYS 214
REFERENCES 214
6 TECHNOLOGY OF MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 219
6.1 CASTING 219
6.1.1 SAND CASTING
JOHN
F.
KING 219
6.1.1.1
INTRODUCTIO
N 219
6.1.1.2
SAND SYSTEMS 220
6.1.1.3
DESIGN OF RUNNIN
G SYSTEMS 223
6.1.1.4
MOULD PREPARATIO
N AN
D ASSEMBLY 226
6.1.1.5
IDENTIFICATION AN
D ELIMINATIO
N OF DEFECTS 228
6.1.1.6
SAND CASTING TECHNIQUES . 229
6.1.1.7
HEAT TREATMENT 231
6.1.1.8
INSPECTIO
N OF CASTINGS 232
6.1.2 DIE CASTING
DIETER BRUNGS, ANDREAS MERTZ 234
6.1.2.1
DIE CASTING PROCESS FOR MAGNESIU
M 234
6.1.2.2
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MAGNESIU
M DIE CASTINGS 247
6.1.2.3
PROPERTIE
S OF MAGNESIU
M DIE CASTINGS 252
6.1.2.4
ENVIRONMENTA
L IMPAC
T 257
6.1.3 SQUEEZE CASTING, THIXOCASTIN
G AN
D RHEOCASTIN
G
HELMUT KAUFMANN, SIMON KLEINER 258
6.1.3.1
INTRODUCTIO
N 258
6.1.3.2
SQUEEZE CASTING 259
6.1.3.3
SEMI-SOLID CASTING 261
6.2 FORMIN
G 269
6.2.1 ROLLING AN
D SHUT FORMIN
G
PETER JUCHMANN 269
6.2.1.1
SITUATION AN
D POTENTIAL OF MAGNESIU
M SHEET 269
6.2.1.2
FORMIN
G OF MAGNESIU
M AN
D MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 272
6.2.1.3
MAGNESIU
M ROLLING 274
6.2.1.4
MAGNESIU
M SHEET 276
6.2.1.5
SHEET METAL FORMIN
G 278
6.2.1.6
PROTOTYPIN
G AN
D APPLICATION PERSPECTIVES 284
6.2.1.7
CONCLUDING REMARK
S AN
D OUTLOO
K 287
6.2.2 EXTRUSION
, FORGING
BERNARD CLOSSET 289
6.2.2.1
PRODUCTIO
N OF CAST STOCK 289
6.2.2.2
EXTRUSIO
N 294
6.2.2.3
MAGNESIU
M EXTRUSIO
N FUNDAMENTAL
S 299
6.2.2.4
ALLOY DEVELOPMENTS 310
6.2.2.5
NOVEL EXTRUSIO
N METHOD
S 312
6.2.2.6
BENDIN
G OF MAGNESIU
M EXTRUSION
S 314
6.3 MAGNESIU
M MATRI
X COMPOSITES
NORBERT HORT, HAJO DIERINGA, SANDAY
T.
KUMAR, KARL
ULRICH
KAINER 315
6.3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 315
6.3.2 REINFORCEMENTS 319
6.3.2.1
PARTICLE-REINFORCEMENT 320
6.3.2.2
FIBRE-REINFORCEMENT 321
6.3.2.3
WHISKER 322
6.3.2.4
HYBRID
S 322
6.3.3 MANUFACTURIN
G 323
6.3.3.1
INGOT METALLURGY 323
6.3.3.2
POWDER METALLURGY 326
6.3.4 INTERFACES 329
6.3.5 ALLOYS AN
D COMPOSITES 331
6.3.6 MACHININ
G AN
D RECYCLING 333
6.3.7 CORROSIO
N 334
6.4 JOINING 335
6.4.1 MOTIVATION AN
D REQUIREMENT
S
GERSON MESCHUT 335
6.4.2 JOINING MAGNESIU
M
GUNTER
H.
DEINZER 336
6.4.3 WELDING AN
D OTHE
R THERMA
L PROCESSES
GUENTER
H.
DEINZER, MICHAEL RETHMEIER 349
6.4.3.1
WELDABILITY OF MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 349
6.4.3.2
TIG
WELDING 349
6.4.3.3
MIG WELDING 349
6.4.3.4
LASER-BEAM WELDING 356
6.4.3.5
ELECTRON-BEAM WELDING 359
6.4.3.6
FRICTIO
N WELDING 359
6.4.3.7
BRAZING AN
D SOLDERING 364
6.4.4 ADHESIVE BONDING
OTTO-DIEDRICH HENNEMANN 365
6.4.4.1
INTRODUCTIO
N 365
6.4.4.2
ADHESIVES 367
6.4.4.3
PRE-TREATMEN
T 369
6.4.4.4
ADHESIVE BONDING TECHNOLOGY 371
6.4.4.5
STRENGT
H AN
D TESTING 372
6.4.4.6
DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES 373
6.4.5 MECHANICAL AN
D HYBRI
D JOINING
GERSON MESCHUT 374
6.4.5.1
CLINCHING 374
6.4.5.2
RIVETING 377
6.4.5.3
DIRECT SCREWING (SELF-PIERCING/-TAPPING) 385
6.4.5.4
FOLDING 392
6.4.5.5
HYBRI
D JOINING 394
6.4.5.6
CONCLUSION AN
D OUTVIEW 396
6.5 MACHININ
G
HANS KURT
T
OENSHOFF,
BEREND DENKENA, JENS WINKLER,
CHRISTIAN PODOLSKY 398
6.5.1 MACHINING 398
6.5.1.1
MACHININ
G OF NO
T REINFORCED MAGNESIU
M ALLOYS 399
6.5.1.2
MACHININ
G OF REINFORCED MG ALLOYS 406
6.5.1.3
COOLING LUBRICANTS 409
6.5.2 BURNISHIN
G 411
REFERENCES 418
7 CORROSION AND SURFACE PROTECTIONS 431
7.1 SURFACE TREATMENTS AN
D PROTECTIO
N
PETER KURZE 431
7.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 431
7.1.2 PASSIVATION PROPERTIE
S OF MAGNESIUM-BASED MATERIALS IN AIR . . 432
7.1.2.1
RESISTANCE OF TH
E PASSIVATED LAYER TO CHEMICALS . . 433
7.1.3 SURFACE TREATMENT OF MAGNESIUM-BASED MATERIALS 433
7.1.3.1
PRINCIPLE
S AN
D PREREQUISITES FOR OPTIMU
M SURFACE PROTECTIO
N . . 433
7.1.3.2
PRELIMINAR
Y TREATMENT 437
7.1.3.3
CONVERSION COATINGS PROVIDED B
Y ELECTROLESS ELECTROCHEMICAL
SURFACE TREATMENT 439
7.1.3.4
CONVERSION COATINGS PROVIDE
D B
Y ANODI
C OXIDATION 450
7.1.3.5
CONVERSION COATINGS PROVIDED BY ANODI
C PLASMA-CHEMICAL
REACTION IN TH
E ELECTROLYTE 455
7.1.3.6 GALVANIC-DEPOSIT COATINGS 466
7.1.3.7 APPLICATION OF COATINGS USING PHYSICAL METHOD
S 467
7.1.3.8 ORGANIC COATING SYSTEMS 467
7.2 CORROSIO
N
JIM HILLIS 469
7.2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 469
7.2.2 MAGNESIU
M PROTECTIVE FILMS 469
7.2.3 METALLURGICAL FACTORS IN TH
E CORROSIO
N OF ALLOYS 470
7.2.4 STRESS CORROSIO
N 481
7.2.5 CORROSIO
N FATIGUE 482
7.2.6 COMMO
N CAUSES OF CORROSIO
N FAILURE 484
7.2.7 ENVIROMENTA
L FACTORS 488
7.2.7.1 ACIDITY/ALKALINITY 488
7.2.7.2 SPECIFIC IONS/SALTS 488
7.2.7.3 ELEVATED TEMPERATURE 489
7.2.7.4 ORGANIC COMPOUND
S 489
7.2.8 GALVANIC CORROSION/SELECTION OF FASTENERS 490
REFERENCES 494
8 ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS, STRATEGIES AND EXAMPLES 499
8.1 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS IN EUROPE
SOENKE SCHUMANN, HORST
E.
FRIEDRICH 499
8.1.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 499
8.1.2 POTENTIAL USE OF MAGNESIU
M I
N VEHICLES 503
8.1.3 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS - EXAMPLES 506
8.1.3.1
DRIVE TRAI
N TRAIN APPLICATIONS 506
8.1.3.2
INTERIO
R APPLICATIONS 519
8.1.3.3
BODY 527
8.1.3.4
CHASSIS 554
8.1.4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 559
8.1.4.1
LIFE CYCLE INVENTOR
Y OF VEHICLES 560
8.1.4.2
LIFE CYCLE INVENTOR
Y OF MAGNESIU
M 563
8.1.5 STRATEGY AN
D OUTLOOK 565
8.2 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS IN NORT
H AMERICA
GERALD
COLE
569
8.2.1 TRANSPORTATIO
N INDUSTR
Y 569
8.2.1.1
INTRODUCTIO
N AN
D BACKGROUN
D 569
8.2.1.2
MAGNESIU
M I
N TH
E 1970S 570
8.2.1.3
MAGNESIU
M IN TH
E 1980S 570
8.2.1.4
MAGNESIU
M IN TH
E 1990S 571
8.2.1.5
MAGNESIU
M I
N NA VS EUROPE 573
8.2.1.6
ENGINEERIN
G MAGNESIU
M APPICATIONS 589
8.2.2 NON-AUTOMOTIVE USES FOR MAGNESIU
M 593
8.2.2.1
ELECTRONICS/COMMUNICATIO
N 593
8.2.2.2
HAN
D TOOLS 593
8.2.2.3
SPORTS EQUIPMEN
T 594
8.2.2.4
AEROSPACE 594
8.2.3 MAGNESIU
M MANUFACTURIN
G IN NORT
H AMERICA 594
8.2.3.1
SEMI-SOLID METAL CASTING (SSM) 595
8.2.3.2
THIXOMOLDIN
G (TXM) 595
8.2.3.3
MAGNESIU
M CAN REPLACE POLYMERS 597
8.2.3.4
MAGNESIU
M CAN B
E FABRICATED INT
O MACRO-COMPOSITES OF
PLASTICS AN
D METALS 597
8.2.3.5
ALLOYS DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR SSM AN
D TXM 597
8.2.3.6
REDESIGNING PART
S AN
D ASSEMBLIES 598
8.2.3.7
THERMA
L MANAGEMEN
T AN
D IMPROVEMEN
T OF TXM 598
8.2.3.8
SUMMAR
Y 599
8.2.4 MAGNESIU
M R&D I
N NORT
H AMERIC
A 600
8.2.4.1
USCAR PROGRAM
S . . . 600
8.3 MAGNESIU
M AEROSPACE
FRANCIS H. FROES, DAN ELIEZER, ELI AGHION 603
8.3.1 BACKGROUN
D 603
8.3.2 PAST AEROSPACE USE 607
8.3.3 BARRIER
S T
O MAGNESIU
M USE I
N AEROSPACE 617
8.4 CONSUME
R APPLICATIONS OF MAGNESIU
M
STEVE ERICKSON 620
8.4.1 LOGISTICS 621
8.4.2 POWER HAN
D TOOLS 621
8.4.3 LAWN AN
D GARDEN EQUIPMEN
T 623
8.4.4 CONCRETE HANDLIN
G TOOLS AN
D EQUIPMEN
T 623
8.4.5 COMPUTER
S AN
D COMPUTE
R HARDWAR
E 624
8.4.6 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMEN
T 625
8.4.7 OPTICAL EQUIPMEN
T 625
8.4.8 SPORTS EQUIPMEN
T . 626
8.4.9 GALVANIC APPLICATIONS 627
8.4.10
MISCELLANEOUS CONSUME
R APPLICATIONS . . 628
REFERENCES 629
9 RECYCLING
HAKON WESTENGEN 633
9.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 633
9.2 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 634
9.2.1 PROCESS OVERVIEW 635
9.2.2 CLASS 1 636
9.2.2.1 FLUX-BASED SYSTEMS 637
9.2.2.2 IN-HOUS
E RECYCLING 638
9.2.2.3
IN-CELL RECYCLING 639
9.2.3 CLASS 2 640
9.2.4 CLASS 3 640
9.2.5 CLASS 4 641
9.2.6 CLASS 5 641
9.2.7 CLASS 6 642
9.2.8 CLASS 7 643
9.2.9 CLASS 8 645
9.3 RECYCLING USING FLUX 645
9.3.1 PRINCIPLES 645
9.3.1.1
THERMODYNAMI
C RESTRICTION
S 647
9.4 FLUXLESS REFINING 647
9.4.1 PRINCIPLES 648
9.4.2 SYSTEMS INVOLVING FILTERS 649
9.5 CONTAMINATIO
N CONTROL 650
9.5.1 ADDITIONA
L SOURCES OF TRACE ELEMENTS AN
D INCLUSIONS DURIN
G
RECYCLING 651
9.5.2 EFFECTS AN
D REMOVAL OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS 652
9.5.2.1
NICKEL 652
9.5.2.2
IRO
N 653
9.5.2.3
COPPER 653
9.5.2.4
COBALT . . 653
9.5.2.5
HYDROGEN 655
9.5.2.6
OTHE
R ELEMENTS 655
9.5.3 EFFECTS OF INCLUSIONS 656
9.5.4 MEASUREMENT
S OF INCLUSIONS 656
9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 659
REFERENCES 660
SUBJECT INDEX 665 |
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| author2 | Friedrich, Horst E. |
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| bvnumber | BV020870037 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP535 |
| callnumber-raw | QP535.M4 TN799.M2 |
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| dewey-full | 669.723 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 669 - Metallurgy |
| dewey-raw | 669.723 |
| dewey-search | 669.723 |
| dewey-sort | 3669.723 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik Hüttenwesen, Metallurgie |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Werkstoffwissenschaften Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik Hüttenwesen, Metallurgie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV020870037 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:25:46Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:27:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540205993 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014191793 |
| oclc_num | 62396756 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| physical | XXII, 677 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications Horst E. Friedrich ... [(eds.)] Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2006 XXII, 677 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Magnesium alloys Magnesium Metallurgy Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd rswk-swf Magnesiumlegierung (DE-588)4168536-2 gnd rswk-swf Magnesium (DE-588)4128915-8 gnd rswk-swf Magnesium (DE-588)4128915-8 s DE-604 Magnesiumlegierung (DE-588)4168536-2 s Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 s Friedrich, Horst E. (DE-588)103868496X edt DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014191793&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications Magnesium alloys Magnesium Metallurgy Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd Magnesiumlegierung (DE-588)4168536-2 gnd Magnesium (DE-588)4128915-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074756-6 (DE-588)4168536-2 (DE-588)4128915-8 |
| title | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications |
| title_auth | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications |
| title_exact_search | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications |
| title_full | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications Horst E. Friedrich ... [(eds.)] |
| title_fullStr | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications Horst E. Friedrich ... [(eds.)] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Magnesium technology metallurgy, design data, applications Horst E. Friedrich ... [(eds.)] |
| title_short | Magnesium technology |
| title_sort | magnesium technology metallurgy design data applications |
| title_sub | metallurgy, design data, applications |
| topic | Magnesium alloys Magnesium Metallurgy Metallurgie (DE-588)4074756-6 gnd Magnesiumlegierung (DE-588)4168536-2 gnd Magnesium (DE-588)4128915-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Magnesium alloys Magnesium Metallurgy Metallurgie Magnesiumlegierung Magnesium |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014191793&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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