Why the Middle East lagged behind: the case of Iran
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Lanham, Md. [u.a.]
Univ. Press of America
2005
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [321]-336) and index |
| Physical Description: | X, 343 S. 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 0761828680 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Why the Middle East lagged behind |b the case of Iran |c Kazem Alamdari |
| 264 | 1 | |a Lanham, Md. [u.a.] |b Univ. Press of America |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a X, 343 S. |c 22 cm | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [321]-336) and index | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1961-1981 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agriculture - Economic aspects - Iran | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Land reform - Iran | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Land reform |z Iran | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agriculture |x Economic aspects |z Iran | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface..............................................................vii
Introduction..........................................................I
Part I
Chapter 1 Theoretical Perspectives.....................................7
Clarification of Definitions.............................. 7
What is Development?.......................................10
The Sociological View of This Study........................12
Prominent Theories about the Causes of Underdevelopment
in Iran............................................. 13
The Approach and the Main Thesis of this Study.............23
The Relationship Between Man and Nature, or the Role
of the Geographic Factors in Development................25
Is Development in the West Rooted in the Eastern
Civilization?......................................... 29
A Common Mistake......................................... 33
Is State Ownership of the Means of Production in the Modem
Era the Legacy of the Asian Mode of Production?...........38
Chapter 2 The Land Tenure System in Iran: A Historical Review.........57
The Main Features of Feudalism.............................57
Three Views.............................................. 61
The Importance of Starting with the Land System............62
Land Relations in Iran: Feudalism or the Asian Mode of
Production?.............................................63
The Unique Features of the Land Tenure System in Iran......63
Shortage of Water—The Main Obstacle........................64
The Period Before Islam: Undivided Land....................65
IV
Contents
Social Stratification During the Sasanian Empire:
The Semi-Caste System..................................72
The Landowning System After the Arrival of Islam
(642-1258 AD): Beginning of the Benefice.............74
The Era in Which the Landowning Mode and Feudalism
Almost Overlapped in Iran..............................77
Iran Under the Nomadic Turks........................... 78
Backwardness in the Mongol Era...........................80
Analysis of the Landowning System in Iran..............84
Peasant Organization...................................„ 86
Conclusion...............................................88
Chapter 3 Why Did Feudalism Not Grow in Iran?.......................97
The Differences in the Modes of Production in the East
and the West: The Asian Mode of Production...........98
Group Affiliation a Base for Absolute Authority........102
Collective Ownership of Land............................103
Irrigation System, Tradition, and Law...................104
Development of Cities...................................107
Unity of Politics and Economy...........................109
Citizenry..............................................110
Military Organization...................................112
Views on Land Tenure System in Iran....................112
Iranian “Feudalism”.....................................118
Partrimonialism.........................................120
Chapter 4 Why Did Capitalism Not Grow in Iran?......................131
Comparison Between the East and the West.................131
Why Did Capitalism Grow in the West?.....................134
Major Characteristics of Capitalism in the West...........136
How the Agrarian Economy and Tribal Relations Blocked
Independent Commerce in Iran...........................138
Trade and the Development of Thought......................139
Absence of Bourgeois Class in Iran........................141
The Absence of Autonomous Cities in Iran..................146
How Tribal Relations Restrained Social Classes in Iran...148
Lack of Competition, Technological Growth, and Social
Division of Labor in Iran................................152
Contents
v
Part II
The Imposed Capitalism: Modernization Project.......................161
The Socioeconomic Effects of the Land Reform in Iran (1961-1981)....161
Chapter 5 I. Theories and Causes of Land Reform......................163
The Necessity of Land Reform...........................164
Different Approaches to Land Reform....................167
A Concrete Study in a Concrete Situation...............169
The Process of Land Reform.............................170
II. Environmental Conditions.............................171
Introduction...........................................171
Geographical Background................................171
Rural Demography..................................... 172
The Water Problem......................................173
Irrigation Techniques..................................176
Peasant Organization {Buneh)...........................177
Additional Barriers to the Development of Agriculture..178
The Rural Community....................................179
Chapter 6 The Conditions Prior to the Land Reform...................187
I. The Land Tenure System Before the Land Reform.........187
Introduction...........................................187
Forms of Land Ownership..................*............188
L Melk or arbabi....................................189
2. Khaleseh..................................... 189
3. Amlak-e saltanati (crown lands)..................190
4. Lands.......................................193
5. Khurdeh Maliki................................. 194
The Dominant Social Relations of Production............195
Muzara’eh System.................................. 195
Peasant Tenancy................................... 196
Peasant Extra Services (bigari).....................196
Khwush-neshin.......................................196
II. Social, Political, and Economic Background...........198
Introduction...........................................198
Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911)................. 198
Regional National Democratic Movements and
the 1921 Coup d’Etat................................200
The Beginning of Mohammad Reza Shah’s Reign (1941).....201
The 1953 Coup d’Etat the Conditions Preceding the
Land Reform.........................................204
The Competition Between the U.S. and Britain...........205
vi Contents
Economic Crisis Before the Land Reform Program.........209
The Position of the Clergy vis a-vis Land Reform, and the
Massive Uprising of 1963 .............................213
Chapter 7 The Land Reform Law...................................... 225
Introduction..............................................225
Objectives of the Land Reform Program.....................225
The Major Points of the Land Reform..................... 229
Chapter 8 The Land Reform in Practice ..............................241
Introduction..............................................241
The First Stage of the Land Reform...................... 241
The Second Stage of the Land Reform.......................246
The Third Stage of the Land Reform........................251
The Law Relating to the Sale of the General Endowments....253
The Law Relating to the Sale of Gharas-Maleki Orchards....253
Has Large-Scale Land Ownership Diminished?................254
The “White Revolution”....................................257
Chapter 9 The Economic, Social, and Political Consequences of
the Land Reform...........................................267
The General Results of the Land Reform Program............267
The New Capitalist Form of Large-Scale Landholding......271
1. Joint-Stock Agricultural Companies................271
2. Agro-Industrial Companies.........................279
3. Farm Corporation..................................280
Changes in Social Stratification .......................282
Growth in the General Awareness of the Villagers........283
The Relationship Between the Land Reform and the
1979 Revolution....................................... 283
Introduction....................................... 283
Migration.......................................... 285
Expansion of Slums.................................... 287
The Malfunction of Agriculture.......................289
Chapter 10 The Land Question After the 1979 Revolution...............295
Introduction............................................ 295
The First Land Distribution Bill..........................298
Revolutionary Council Land Reform Bill....................301
Conclusion.......................................................... 313
Glossary..............................................................319
Bibliography..........................................................321
Index ................................................................337
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface.vii
Introduction.I
Part I
Chapter 1 Theoretical Perspectives.7
Clarification of Definitions. 7
What is Development?.10
The Sociological View of This Study.12
Prominent Theories about the Causes of Underdevelopment
in Iran. 13
The Approach and the Main Thesis of this Study.23
The Relationship Between Man and Nature, or the Role
of the Geographic Factors in Development.25
Is Development in the West Rooted in the Eastern
Civilization?. 29
A Common Mistake. 33
Is State Ownership of the Means of Production in the Modem
Era the Legacy of the Asian Mode of Production?.38
Chapter 2 The Land Tenure System in Iran: A Historical Review.57
The Main Features of Feudalism.57
Three Views. 61
The Importance of Starting with the Land System.62
Land Relations in Iran: Feudalism or the Asian Mode of
Production?.63
The Unique Features of the Land Tenure System in Iran.63
Shortage of Water—The Main Obstacle.64
The Period Before Islam: Undivided Land.65
IV
Contents
Social Stratification During the Sasanian Empire:
The Semi-Caste System.72
The Landowning System After the Arrival of Islam
(642-1258 AD): Beginning of the Benefice.74
The Era in Which the Landowning Mode and Feudalism
Almost Overlapped in Iran.77
Iran Under the Nomadic Turks. 78
Backwardness in the Mongol Era.80
Analysis of the Landowning System in Iran.84
Peasant Organization.„ 86
Conclusion.88
Chapter 3 Why Did Feudalism Not Grow in Iran?.97
The Differences in the Modes of Production in the East
and the West: The Asian Mode of Production.98
Group Affiliation a Base for Absolute Authority.102
Collective Ownership of Land.103
Irrigation System, Tradition, and Law.104
Development of Cities.107
Unity of Politics and Economy.109
Citizenry.110
Military Organization.112
Views on Land Tenure System in Iran.112
Iranian “Feudalism”.118
Partrimonialism.120
Chapter 4 Why Did Capitalism Not Grow in Iran?.131
Comparison Between the East and the West.131
Why Did Capitalism Grow in the West?.134
Major Characteristics of Capitalism in the West.136
How the Agrarian Economy and Tribal Relations Blocked
Independent Commerce in Iran.138
Trade and the Development of Thought.139
Absence of Bourgeois Class in Iran.141
The Absence of Autonomous Cities in Iran.146
How Tribal Relations Restrained Social Classes in Iran.148
Lack of Competition, Technological Growth, and Social
Division of Labor in Iran.152
Contents
v
Part II
The Imposed Capitalism: Modernization Project.161
The Socioeconomic Effects of the Land Reform in Iran (1961-1981).161
Chapter 5 I. Theories and Causes of Land Reform.163
The Necessity of Land Reform.164
Different Approaches to Land Reform.167
A Concrete Study in a Concrete Situation.169
The Process of Land Reform.170
II. Environmental Conditions.171
Introduction.171
Geographical Background.171
Rural Demography. 172
The Water Problem.173
Irrigation Techniques.176
Peasant Organization {Buneh).177
Additional Barriers to the Development of Agriculture.178
The Rural Community.179
Chapter 6 The Conditions Prior to the Land Reform.187
I. The Land Tenure System Before the Land Reform.187
Introduction.187
Forms of Land Ownership.*.188
L Melk or arbabi.189
2. Khaleseh. 189
3. Amlak-e saltanati (crown lands).190
4. Lands.193
5. Khurdeh Maliki. 194
The Dominant Social Relations of Production.195
Muzara’eh System. 195
Peasant Tenancy. 196
Peasant Extra Services (bigari).196
Khwush-neshin.196
II. Social, Political, and Economic Background.198
Introduction.198
Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911). 198
Regional National Democratic Movements and
the 1921 Coup d’Etat.200
The Beginning of Mohammad Reza Shah’s Reign (1941).201
The 1953 Coup d’Etat the Conditions Preceding the
Land Reform.204
The Competition Between the U.S. and Britain.205
vi Contents
Economic Crisis Before the Land Reform Program.209
The Position of the Clergy vis a-vis Land Reform, and the
Massive Uprising of 1963 .213
Chapter 7 The Land Reform Law. 225
Introduction.225
Objectives of the Land Reform Program.225
The Major Points of the Land Reform. 229
Chapter 8 The Land Reform in Practice .241
Introduction.241
The First Stage of the Land Reform. 241
The Second Stage of the Land Reform.246
The Third Stage of the Land Reform.251
The Law Relating to the Sale of the General Endowments.253
The Law Relating to the Sale of Gharas-Maleki Orchards.253
Has Large-Scale Land Ownership Diminished?.254
The “White Revolution”.257
Chapter 9 The Economic, Social, and Political Consequences of
the Land Reform.267
The General Results of the Land Reform Program.267
The New Capitalist Form of Large-Scale Landholding.271
1. Joint-Stock Agricultural Companies.271
2. Agro-Industrial Companies.279
3. Farm Corporation.280
Changes in Social Stratification .282
Growth in the General Awareness of the Villagers.283
The Relationship Between the Land Reform and the
1979 Revolution. 283
Introduction. 283
Migration. 285
Expansion of Slums. 287
The Malfunction of Agriculture.289
Chapter 10 The Land Question After the 1979 Revolution.295
Introduction. 295
The First Land Distribution Bill.298
Revolutionary Council Land Reform Bill.301
Conclusion. 313
Glossary.319
Bibliography.321
Index .337 |
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| spelling | ʿAlamdārī, Kāẓim 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)131756508 aut Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran Kazem Alamdari Lanham, Md. [u.a.] Univ. Press of America 2005 X, 343 S. 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [321]-336) and index Geschichte 1961-1981 gnd rswk-swf Agriculture - Economic aspects - Iran Land reform - Iran Landwirtschaft Land reform Iran Agriculture Economic aspects Iran Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 gnd rswk-swf Iran (DE-588)4027653-3 gnd rswk-swf Iran (DE-588)4027653-3 g Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 s Geschichte 1961-1981 z DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014190155&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | ʿAlamdārī, Kāẓim 1946- Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran Agriculture - Economic aspects - Iran Land reform - Iran Landwirtschaft Land reform Iran Agriculture Economic aspects Iran Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000776-5 (DE-588)4027653-3 |
| title | Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran |
| title_auth | Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran |
| title_exact_search | Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran |
| title_full | Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran Kazem Alamdari |
| title_fullStr | Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran Kazem Alamdari |
| title_full_unstemmed | Why the Middle East lagged behind the case of Iran Kazem Alamdari |
| title_short | Why the Middle East lagged behind |
| title_sort | why the middle east lagged behind the case of iran |
| title_sub | the case of Iran |
| topic | Agriculture - Economic aspects - Iran Land reform - Iran Landwirtschaft Land reform Iran Agriculture Economic aspects Iran Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agriculture - Economic aspects - Iran Land reform - Iran Landwirtschaft Land reform Iran Agriculture Economic aspects Iran Agrarreform Iran |
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