Nature and design:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Southampton [u.a.]
WIT Press
2005
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| Schriftenreihe: | Design and nature
1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 325 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 185312852X |
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MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | NATURE AND M.W. COLLINS, M.A. ATHERTON AND J.A. BRYANT W 1 1 PRESS
SOUTHAMPTON, BOSTON CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES XV PREFACE XXXI
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS DESIGN? 1 C. DOWLEN & M. ATHERTON 1 DESIGN IS 1 2
DESIGN IS ABOUT CHANGING THE WORLD 2 3 DESIGN IS MAKING DREAMS A REALITY
4 4 DESIGN IS MEETING A NEED 6 5 DESIGN IS ABOUT INTERACTION WITH THE
SENSES 7 6 DESIGN IS ABOUT FUNCTION 9 7 DESIGN IS ABOUT THE PROCESS OF
ARRIVING AT THE SOLUTION 10 8 SUMMARY: A DESIGN OVERVIEW 12 9 AN EXAMPLE
13 CHAPTER 2 MATHEMATICS IN THE NATURAL WORLD 17 J. GOMATAM & F. AMDJADI
1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS 18 2.1
PYTHAGORAS 18 2.2 PLATO AND NEO-PLATONISM 19 2.3 ARISTOTLE 20 3
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS .20 3.1 MATHEMATICS REPRESENTATION 20 3.2 AN
ENGINEER S DESCRIPTION 20 4 MATHEMATICS QF BIOLOGICAL FORM 22 4.1
SPIRALS AND PHYLLOTAXIS 22 4.2 REACTION-DIFFUSION WAVES 23 4.3 UNDULOIDS
23 5 GOLDEN SECTION, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC F. 24 6 CONCLUSION 26
CHAPTER 3 THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: CELL ENERGY TRANSFER 29 J.
MIKIELEWICZ, J.A. STASIEK& M.W. COLLINS 1 INTRODUCTION 29 2 THE ZERO TH
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 30 2.1 DEFINITIONS 30 2.2 THE SYSTEM 30 2.3
PROPERTIES 31 2.4 STATE 31 2.5 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 31 2.6 THE ZERO TH
LAW 32 2.7 TEMPERATURE 32 2.8 SCALES OF TEMPERATURE 33 2.9 WORK 33 2.10
HEAT 33 2.11 WORK OUTPUT FOR A P-V PROCESS 33 2.12 REVERSIBILITY 34 3
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 35 3.1 INTRODUCTION 35 3.2 JOULE S
EXPERIMENTS 35 3.3 THE CYCLE 35 3.4 STATEMENT OF LAW 35 4 FLOW PROCESS -
THE CONTROL VOLUME 36 5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 37 5.1
HISTORICAL: CARNOT S BRILLIANT INSIGHT 37 5.2 GENERAL 38 5.3 SECOND LAW
STATEMENT (PLANCK) 39 5.4 FIRST COROLLARY (OR CLAUSIUS STATEMENT) 40 5.5
MORE COROLLARIES 40 5.6 THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE 40 5.7 THE
DEFINITION OF ENTROPY 41 6 THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 42 7 THE
CENTRAL EQUATION OF THERMODYNAMICS 42 8 THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ENTROPY 43
9 THE RANKINE CYCLE AND GLOBAL WARMING 43 10 COMBUSTION PROCESSES 44
10.1 CONSERVATION OF MASS 45 10.2 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY -THE FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS 46 11 THE CONCEPT OF MAXIMUM WORK 48 12 ANALOGY
BETWEEN COMBUSTION AND ENERGY RELEASE IN CELLS 49 13 FUELS AND FOOD 50
13.1 COMBUSTION OF HEXANE 50 13.2 COMBUSTION OF GLUCOSE 50 13.3 AEROBIC
METABOLISM WITH GLUCOSE 50 14 CELL ENERGY RELEASE - GENERAL 52 14.1 CELL
ENERGY RELEASE - GLYCOLYSIS 52 14.2 CELL ENERGY RELEASE * CITRIC ACID
CYCLE 53 14.3 CELL ENERGY RELEASE - RESPIRATORY CHAIN 54 14.4 AEROBIC
METABOLISM 55 14.5 ANAEROBIC METABOLISM AND FERMENTATION 55 14.6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - GENERAL 56 14.7 PHOTOSYNTHESIS - PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
57 14.8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS - THE CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE 57 14.9 THE FOOD CHAIN
- CONCLUSION 58 15 CARBON DIOXIDE AND GLOBAL WARMING 58 16 CONCLUSIONS
59 CHAPTER 4 ROBUSTNESS AND COMPLEXITY 63 M. ATHERTON & R. BATES 1
INTRODUCTION: ROBUSTNESS OF FUNCTION 63 2 ROBUSTNESS THROUGH NOISE
INTERACTIONS 66 2.1 NOISE IN PATTERN FORMATION . 66 2.2 INTERACTIONS
AND SYSTEMATIC ORGANISATION 73 3 ROBUSTNESS OUT OF TRANSFORMATION 76 3.1
IDEAL FUNCTION AND NOISE 77 3.2 PHASE SPACE IN LOW-DIMENSIONAL
NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS 78 4 SUMMARY 82 CHAPTER 5 D ARCY THOMPSON: NATURE
AND DESIGN THROUGH GROWTH AND FORM 85 M.A.J. CHAPLAIN 1 INTRODUCTION 85
2 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY 87 3 ON GROWTH AND FORM, STYLE AND SUBSTANCE 88 4
D ARCY S LEGACY AND INFLUENCE TODAY 89 5 CONCLUSIONS 92 CHAPTER 6 DESIGN
IN PLANTS 95 D.F. CUTLER 1 INTRODUCTION 95 1.1 MOVE TO LAND FROM WATER
96 1.2 COMPETITION FOR LIGHT 97 1.3 ECONOMY 98 2 WHAT HOLDS A PLANT UP?
98 2.1 WATER .98 2.2 STRONG SKIN . . 99 2.3 XYLEM 99 2.4 FIBRES..*. 103
2.5 LIGNIFIED PARENCHYMA 103 2.6 FIBRES IN COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 103 2.7
SCLEREIDS 104 2.8 COLLENCHYMA 105 3 MICRO-ENGINEERING 105 3.1 FAN
VAULTING AND LEAF ARCHITECTURE 105 3.2 GUTTERING OR THIN TUBES: THE
PETIOLE 106 3.3 GIRDERS, I BEAMS 107 3.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE, ROD
REINFORCEMENT AND THE PERIPHERAL PLACEMENT OF STEM VASCULAR BUNDLES 108
3.5 TUBES 109 3.6 ROPES AND ROOTS; CENTRAL LOCATION OF STRENGTHENING
MATERIAL 109 3.7 GELATINOUS FIBRE, TRACHEIDS AND INCLINED TRUNKS 110 3.8
SELF-SHADING - KEEPING COOL 110 4 SURFACE FEATURES 111 4.1 INTRODUCTION
ILL 4.2 BOUNDARY LAYER, WIND SPEED AND TURBULENCE: MORPHOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 112 4.3 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, TURBULENCE, AND THE
BOUNDARY LAYER 113 4.4 OVERALL ASSESSMENT 118 4.5 LEAF MARGINS- DENTATE
AND AIR FLOW 119 4.6 CHIMNEYS AND PRAIRIE DOGS 119 4.7 REFLECTION: SHINY
CUTICLE, HAIRS, WAX, SELF-CLEANING 120 5 WINDOWS AND LIGHT PIPES 120 6
LIGHT ACCEPTORS AND INTERNAL MIRRORS 120 7 UV ABSORPTION 121 8 FIRE
RETARDANTS 121 9 PRESERVATIVES 122 10 FLOATING DEVICES AND AIR CHAMBERS
122 11 VELCRO 123 12 CONCLUSION 123 CHAPTER 7 THE TREE AS AN ENGINEERING
STRUCTURE 125 D. HUNT 1 INTRODUCTION 125 2 STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF A
TREE 126 2.1 GROWTH 126 2.2 CHEMISTRY, TRANSPORT, STORAGE 127 2.3 WOOD
MACRO- AND MICROSTRUCTURE 127 2.4 CELL WALLS 129 2.5 ULTRA-STRUCTURE 130
2.6 GRAIN ORIENTATIONS AT KNOTS 131 3 THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
WOOD STRUCTURE DESCRIBED ABOVE 131 3.1 STRENGTH 131 3.2 CRACK AVOIDANCE
INTENSION 132 3.3 THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH STRESSES ON BENDING FAILURES
133. 3.4 STIFFNESS: JUVENILE VS. MATURE WOOD 134 3.5 REDUCTION OF STRESS
CONCENTRATION BY CHANGE OF GRAIN DIRECTION 134 4 TREE GEOMETRY 135 4.1
TYPES OF GROWTH ADJUSTMENTS 135 5 ENGINEERING STRUCTURES 141 5.1
TRADITIONAL METHODS 141 5.2 MODERN METHODS 142 6 CONCLUSIONS 144 CHAPTER
8 THE HOMEOSTATIC MODEL AS A TOOL FOR THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SHELL
STRUCTURES 145 O.A. ANDRES, N.F. ORTEGA & J.C. PALOTO 1 INTRODUCTION 146
2 PHYSICAL MODELS 146 3 THE HOMEOSTATIC MODEL 147 3.1 PRINCIPLES 147 3.2
THE HOMEOSTATIC TECHNIQUE 147 4 DESIGN MODEL 148 5 ANALYSIS MODEL 149
5.1 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 149 5.2 HYBRID METHOD 152 6 CONCLUSIONS 155
CHAPTER 9 ADAPTIVE GROWTH 157 J. PLATTS 1 INTRODUCTION 157 2 GRAPHIC
STATICS 158 3 MEDICAL INSIGHTS 160 4 ACHIEVING STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY 161
5 FIELD THEORY 162 6 MODELLING GROWTH 163 7 HONOURING NATURE 165 CHAPTER
10 OPTICAL REFLECTORS AND ANTIREFLECTORS IN ANIMALS 169 A.R. PARKER & N.
MARTINI 1 INTRODUCTION 169 2 MECHANISMS CAUSING
REFLECTION/ANTIREFLECTION IN ANIMALS 171 2.1 MULTILAYER REFLECTORS
(INTERFERENCE) 171 2.2 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS 176 2.3 SCATTERING 181 3
FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL REFLECTORS IN BEHAVIOURAL RECOGNITION AND CAMOUFLAGE
184 3.1 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES 185 3.2 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES .185 4
MIRROR AND ANTIREFLECTION FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL STRUCTURES 187 4.1 MIRRORS
IN PHOTOPHORES 187 4.2 MIRRORS IN EYES 188 4.3 MIRRORS-IN OTHER BODY
PARTS 190 5 EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL REFLECTORS 191 CHAPTER 11 A MEDICAL
ENGINEERING PROJECT IN THE FIELD OF CARDIAC ASSISTANCE: A
LUMPED-PARAMETER MODEL OF THE GULDNER MUSCLE-POWERED PUMP TRAINER AND
ITS USE WITH A VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE 199 CD. BERTRAM & J.P.
ARMITSTEAD 1 INTRODUCTION 200 1.1 HEART TRANSPLANTATION AND THE NEED FOR
ASSIST DEVICES 200 1.2 THE SKELETAL MUSCLE GRAFT: HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND 201 1.3 SKELETAL MUSCLE: APPLICATION ALTERNATIVES AND THE SMV
202 1.4 THE MUSCLE-POWERED PUMP 203 1.5 THE FROGGER DEVICE 203 1.6
MODELLING USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) AND LUMPED-PARAMETER
APPROACHES 204 2 METHODS 206 2.1 THE FROGGER BARREL 206 2.2 THE VAD
DIAPHRAGM 207 2.3 THE BLOOD IN THE VAD AND BEYOND 208 2.4 MUSCLE
PERFORMANCE 209 2.5 OVERALL MODEL 210 3 RESULTS 211 4 DISCUSSION 217 5
CONCLUSION 218 CHAPTER 12 LEONARDO DA VINCI 223 W. GRASSI & M. COLLINS 1
INTRODUCTION 223 2 LIFE AND WORKS 225 3 LEONARDO THE POLYMATH 233 3.1
BACKGROUND 233 3.2 LEONARDO S BREADTH OF ACHIEVEMENT 235 4 LEONARDO S
HOLISTIC APPROACH 238 5 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: THE ACADEMIC CONTEXT
OF LEONARDO 239 6 LEONARDO THE DESIGNER 243 7 WAS LEONARDO A GENIUS? 247
8 CONCLUSION 248 CHAPTER 13 THE EVOLUTION OF LAND-BASED LOCOMOTION: THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORM AND AERODYNAMICS FOR ANIMALS AND VEHICLES WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SOLAR POWERED CARS 253 D. ANDREWS, A. SHADDOCK &
P.D. EWING 1 INTRODUCTION 253 2 AERO AND HYDRODYNAMICS IN THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM FOR HIGH-SPEED SPECIES 256 2.1 THE CHEETAH 256 2.2 THE PEREGRINE
FALCON 257 2.3 THESAILFISH 257 2.4 SUMMARY 258 3 HUMAN LOCOMOTION 258
3.1 HUMAN EVOLUTION 258 3.2 GAIT PATTERNS 258 3.3 WALKING 259 3.4
RUNNING 259 3.5 SUMMARY 259 4 ASSISTED LOCOMOTION - THE BICYCLE 260 4.1
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BICYCLE 260 4.2 THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE UPRIGHT
BICYCLE 262 4.3 RECUMBENT BICYCLES 263 4.4 MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE SPEEDS 263
4.5 SUMMARY 265 5 ASSISTED LOCOMOTION - THE AUTOMOBILE 265 5.1 THE
POPULARITY OF THE CAR 265 5.2 THE FUTURE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR
TRANSPORTATION 265 5.3 FOSSIL FUELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 266 5.4
ALTERNATIVE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 266 6 VEHICLE AERODYNAMICS 267 7
AUTOMOTIVE STYLING 268 7.1 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 268 7.2 AERODYNAMICS AND
EARLY VEHICLE DESIGN 269 7.3 CONSUMER EXPECTATION AND CONTEMPORARY
VEHICLE DESIGN 271 7.4 CONTEMPORARY VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE 272 7.5 THE
INFLUENCE OF AERODYNAMICS ON CONTEMPORARY CAR STYLING 274 7.6 SUMMARY
276 8 THE FUTURE OF AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMICS 277 8.1 CONCEPT CARS 277 8.2
ICE - ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES 277 8.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 278 8.4 THE
HYPERCAR CONCEPT 279 8.5 SUMMARY 280 9 SOLAR POWERED CARS : 280 9.1
HISTORY ;....280 9.2 SOLAR CAR DESIGN PRINCIPLES :...281 9.3 SOLAR CARS
SPEEDS 286 9.4 ROLLING RESISTANCE 287 9.5 SOLAR CARS AERODYNAMICS 287
9.6 STREAMLINING IN THE ANIMAL WORLD 290 9.7 THE EVOLUTION OF SOLAR CAR
FORM 291 9.8 SUMMARY 293 10 CONCLUSION 294 CHAPTER 14 CREATIVITY AND
NATURE 301 C. DOWLEN 1 CREATIVITY 301 2 THE SCOPE OF CREATIVITY 301 3
THE NATURE OF CREATIVITY 308 4 CREATIVITY HISTORY 310 5 DEFINITIONS OF
CREATIVITY 311 5.1 RESEARCH DEFINITION 312 5.2 ARTISTIC DEFINITION 312
5.3 SURVIVAL DEFINITION 312 5.4 DEFINITIONS FROM A LIST COLLATED BY
TAYLOR 313 5.5 A RANGE OF DEFINITIONS 313 5.6 MY OWN PREFERENCE 313 6
MEASURES OF CREATIVITY 314 7 CREATIVITY IN PRACTICE 317 7.1 A CREATIVITY
DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE 317 7.2 THE ASSIGNMENT 318 7.3 THE METHODS 319 7.4
THE RESULTS 321 7.5 NATURAL ANALOGIES 322 7.6 ANALOGICAL THINKING FOR
CREATIVE PRODUCTS 322 8 CREATIVITY AND NATURE 323
|
| adam_txt |
NATURE AND M.W. COLLINS, M.A. ATHERTON AND J.A. BRYANT W 1 1 PRESS
SOUTHAMPTON, BOSTON CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES XV PREFACE XXXI
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS DESIGN? 1 C. DOWLEN & M. ATHERTON 1 DESIGN IS 1 2
DESIGN IS ABOUT CHANGING THE WORLD 2 3 DESIGN IS MAKING DREAMS A REALITY
4 4 DESIGN IS MEETING A NEED 6 5 DESIGN IS ABOUT INTERACTION WITH THE
SENSES 7 6 DESIGN IS ABOUT FUNCTION 9 7 DESIGN IS ABOUT THE PROCESS OF
ARRIVING AT THE SOLUTION 10 8 SUMMARY: A DESIGN OVERVIEW 12 9 AN EXAMPLE
13 CHAPTER 2 MATHEMATICS IN THE NATURAL WORLD 17 J. GOMATAM & F. AMDJADI
1 INTRODUCTION 17 2 GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS 18 2.1
PYTHAGORAS 18 2.2 PLATO AND NEO-PLATONISM 19 2.3 ARISTOTLE 20 3
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS .20 3.1 MATHEMATICS REPRESENTATION 20 3.2 AN
ENGINEER'S DESCRIPTION 20 4 MATHEMATICS QF BIOLOGICAL FORM 22 4.1
SPIRALS AND PHYLLOTAXIS 22 4.2 REACTION-DIFFUSION WAVES 23 4.3 UNDULOIDS
23 5 GOLDEN SECTION, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC F. 24 6 CONCLUSION 26
CHAPTER 3 THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: CELL ENERGY TRANSFER 29 J.
MIKIELEWICZ, J.A. STASIEK& M.W. COLLINS 1 INTRODUCTION 29 2 THE ZERO'TH
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 30 2.1 DEFINITIONS 30 2.2 THE SYSTEM 30 2.3
PROPERTIES 31 2.4 STATE 31 2.5 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM 31 2.6 THE ZERO'TH
LAW 32 2.7 TEMPERATURE 32 2.8 SCALES OF TEMPERATURE 33 2.9 WORK 33 2.10
HEAT 33 2.11 WORK OUTPUT FOR A P-V PROCESS 33 2.12 REVERSIBILITY 34 3
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 35 3.1 INTRODUCTION 35 3.2 JOULE'S
EXPERIMENTS 35 3.3 THE CYCLE 35 3.4 STATEMENT OF LAW 35 4 FLOW PROCESS -
THE CONTROL VOLUME 36 5 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 37 5.1
HISTORICAL: CARNOT'S BRILLIANT INSIGHT 37 5.2 GENERAL 38 5.3 SECOND LAW
STATEMENT (PLANCK) 39 5.4 FIRST COROLLARY (OR CLAUSIUS STATEMENT) 40 5.5
MORE COROLLARIES 40 5.6 THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE 40 5.7 THE
DEFINITION OF ENTROPY 41 6 THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 42 7 THE
CENTRAL EQUATION OF THERMODYNAMICS 42 8 THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ENTROPY 43
9 THE RANKINE CYCLE AND GLOBAL WARMING 43 10 COMBUSTION PROCESSES 44
10.1 CONSERVATION OF MASS 45 10.2 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY -THE FIRST LAW
OF THERMODYNAMICS 46 11 THE CONCEPT OF MAXIMUM WORK 48 12 ANALOGY
BETWEEN COMBUSTION AND ENERGY RELEASE IN CELLS 49 13 FUELS AND FOOD 50
13.1 COMBUSTION OF HEXANE 50 13.2 COMBUSTION OF GLUCOSE 50 13.3 AEROBIC
METABOLISM WITH GLUCOSE 50 14 CELL ENERGY RELEASE - GENERAL 52 14.1 CELL
ENERGY RELEASE - GLYCOLYSIS 52 14.2 CELL ENERGY RELEASE * CITRIC ACID
CYCLE 53 14.3 CELL ENERGY RELEASE - RESPIRATORY CHAIN 54 14.4 AEROBIC
METABOLISM 55 14.5 ANAEROBIC METABOLISM AND FERMENTATION 55 14.6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - GENERAL 56 14.7 PHOTOSYNTHESIS - PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
57 14.8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS - THE CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE 57 14.9 THE FOOD CHAIN
- CONCLUSION 58 15 CARBON DIOXIDE AND GLOBAL WARMING 58 16 CONCLUSIONS
59 CHAPTER 4 ROBUSTNESS AND COMPLEXITY 63 M. ATHERTON & R. BATES 1
INTRODUCTION: ROBUSTNESS OF FUNCTION 63 2 ROBUSTNESS THROUGH NOISE
INTERACTIONS 66 2.1 NOISE IN PATTERN FORMATION '. 66 2.2 INTERACTIONS
AND SYSTEMATIC ORGANISATION 73 3 ROBUSTNESS OUT OF TRANSFORMATION 76 3.1
IDEAL FUNCTION AND NOISE 77 3.2 PHASE SPACE IN LOW-DIMENSIONAL
NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS 78 4 SUMMARY 82 CHAPTER 5 D'ARCY THOMPSON: NATURE
AND DESIGN THROUGH GROWTH AND FORM 85 M.A.J. CHAPLAIN 1 INTRODUCTION 85
2 A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY 87 3 ON GROWTH AND FORM, STYLE AND SUBSTANCE 88 4
D'ARCY'S LEGACY AND INFLUENCE TODAY 89 5 CONCLUSIONS 92 CHAPTER 6 DESIGN
IN PLANTS 95 D.F. CUTLER 1 INTRODUCTION 95 1.1 MOVE TO LAND FROM WATER
96 1.2 COMPETITION FOR LIGHT 97 1.3 ECONOMY 98 2 WHAT HOLDS A PLANT UP?
98 2.1 WATER .98 2.2 STRONG SKIN .'. 99 2.3 XYLEM 99 2.4 FIBRES.*. 103
2.5 LIGNIFIED PARENCHYMA 103 2.6 FIBRES IN COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 103 2.7
SCLEREIDS 104 2.8 COLLENCHYMA 105 3 MICRO-ENGINEERING 105 3.1 FAN
VAULTING AND LEAF ARCHITECTURE 105 3.2 GUTTERING OR THIN TUBES: THE
PETIOLE 106 3.3 GIRDERS, I BEAMS 107 3.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE,"ROD
REINFORCEMENT AND THE PERIPHERAL PLACEMENT OF STEM VASCULAR BUNDLES 108
3.5 TUBES 109 3.6 ROPES AND ROOTS; CENTRAL LOCATION OF STRENGTHENING
MATERIAL 109 3.7 GELATINOUS FIBRE, TRACHEIDS AND INCLINED TRUNKS 110 3.8
SELF-SHADING - KEEPING COOL 110 4 SURFACE FEATURES 111 4.1 INTRODUCTION
ILL 4.2 BOUNDARY LAYER, WIND SPEED AND TURBULENCE: MORPHOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 112 4.3 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, TURBULENCE, AND THE
BOUNDARY LAYER 113 4.4 OVERALL ASSESSMENT 118 4.5 LEAF MARGINS- DENTATE
AND AIR FLOW 119 4.6 CHIMNEYS AND PRAIRIE DOGS 119 4.7 REFLECTION: SHINY
CUTICLE, HAIRS, WAX, SELF-CLEANING 120 5 WINDOWS AND LIGHT PIPES 120 6
LIGHT ACCEPTORS AND INTERNAL MIRRORS 120 7 UV ABSORPTION 121 8 FIRE
RETARDANTS 121 9 PRESERVATIVES 122 10 FLOATING DEVICES AND AIR CHAMBERS
122 11 VELCRO 123 12 CONCLUSION 123 CHAPTER 7 THE TREE AS AN ENGINEERING
STRUCTURE 125 D. HUNT 1 INTRODUCTION 125 2 STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF A
TREE 126 2.1 GROWTH 126 2.2 CHEMISTRY, TRANSPORT, STORAGE 127 2.3 WOOD
MACRO- AND MICROSTRUCTURE 127 2.4 CELL WALLS 129 2.5 ULTRA-STRUCTURE 130
2.6 GRAIN ORIENTATIONS AT KNOTS 131 3 THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
WOOD STRUCTURE DESCRIBED ABOVE 131 3.1 STRENGTH 131 3.2 CRACK AVOIDANCE
INTENSION 132 3.3 THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH STRESSES ON BENDING FAILURES
133. 3.4 STIFFNESS: JUVENILE VS. MATURE WOOD 134 3.5 REDUCTION OF STRESS
CONCENTRATION BY CHANGE OF GRAIN DIRECTION 134 4 TREE GEOMETRY 135 4.1
TYPES OF GROWTH ADJUSTMENTS 135 5 ENGINEERING STRUCTURES 141 5.1
TRADITIONAL METHODS 141 5.2 MODERN METHODS 142 6 CONCLUSIONS 144 CHAPTER
8 THE HOMEOSTATIC MODEL AS A TOOL FOR THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SHELL
STRUCTURES 145 O.A. ANDRES, N.F. ORTEGA & J.C. PALOTO 1 INTRODUCTION 146
2 PHYSICAL MODELS 146 3 THE HOMEOSTATIC MODEL 147 3.1 PRINCIPLES 147 3.2
THE HOMEOSTATIC TECHNIQUE 147 4 DESIGN MODEL 148 5 ANALYSIS MODEL 149
5.1 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 149 5.2 HYBRID METHOD 152 6 CONCLUSIONS 155
CHAPTER 9 ADAPTIVE GROWTH 157 J. PLATTS 1 INTRODUCTION 157 2 GRAPHIC
STATICS 158 3 MEDICAL INSIGHTS 160 4 ACHIEVING STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY 161
5 FIELD THEORY 162 6 MODELLING GROWTH 163 7 HONOURING NATURE 165 CHAPTER
10 OPTICAL REFLECTORS AND ANTIREFLECTORS IN ANIMALS 169 A.R. PARKER & N.
MARTINI 1 INTRODUCTION 169 2 MECHANISMS CAUSING
REFLECTION/ANTIREFLECTION IN ANIMALS 171 2.1 MULTILAYER REFLECTORS
(INTERFERENCE) 171 2.2 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS 176 2.3 SCATTERING 181 3
FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL REFLECTORS IN BEHAVIOURAL RECOGNITION AND CAMOUFLAGE
184 3.1 TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES 185 3.2 AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES .185 4
MIRROR AND ANTIREFLECTION FUNCTIONS OF ANIMAL STRUCTURES 187 4.1 MIRRORS
IN PHOTOPHORES 187 4.2 MIRRORS IN EYES 188 4.3 MIRRORS-IN OTHER BODY
PARTS 190 5 EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL REFLECTORS 191 CHAPTER 11 A MEDICAL
ENGINEERING PROJECT IN THE FIELD OF CARDIAC ASSISTANCE: A
LUMPED-PARAMETER MODEL OF THE GULDNER MUSCLE-POWERED PUMP TRAINER AND
ITS USE WITH A VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE 199 CD. BERTRAM & J.P.
ARMITSTEAD 1 INTRODUCTION 200 1.1 HEART TRANSPLANTATION AND THE NEED FOR
'ASSIST' DEVICES 200 1.2 THE SKELETAL MUSCLE GRAFT: HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND 201 1.3 SKELETAL MUSCLE: APPLICATION ALTERNATIVES AND THE SMV
202 1.4 THE MUSCLE-POWERED PUMP 203 1.5 THE 'FROGGER' DEVICE 203 1.6
MODELLING USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) AND LUMPED-PARAMETER
APPROACHES 204 2 METHODS 206 2.1 THE FROGGER BARREL 206 2.2 THE VAD
DIAPHRAGM 207 2.3 THE BLOOD IN THE VAD AND BEYOND 208 2.4 MUSCLE
PERFORMANCE 209 2.5 OVERALL MODEL 210 3 RESULTS 211 4 DISCUSSION 217 5
CONCLUSION 218 CHAPTER 12 LEONARDO DA VINCI 223 W. GRASSI & M. COLLINS 1
INTRODUCTION 223 2 LIFE AND WORKS 225 3 LEONARDO THE POLYMATH 233 3.1
BACKGROUND 233 3.2 LEONARDO'S BREADTH OF ACHIEVEMENT 235 4 LEONARDO'S
HOLISTIC APPROACH 238 5 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: THE ACADEMIC CONTEXT
OF LEONARDO 239 6 LEONARDO THE DESIGNER 243 7 WAS LEONARDO A GENIUS? 247
8 CONCLUSION 248 CHAPTER 13 THE EVOLUTION OF LAND-BASED LOCOMOTION: THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORM AND AERODYNAMICS FOR ANIMALS AND VEHICLES WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SOLAR POWERED CARS 253 D. ANDREWS, A. SHADDOCK &
P.D. EWING 1 INTRODUCTION 253 2 AERO AND HYDRODYNAMICS IN THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM FOR HIGH-SPEED SPECIES 256 2.1 THE CHEETAH 256 2.2 THE PEREGRINE
FALCON 257 2.3 THESAILFISH 257 2.4 SUMMARY 258 3 HUMAN LOCOMOTION 258
3.1 HUMAN EVOLUTION 258 3.2 GAIT PATTERNS 258 3.3 WALKING 259 3.4
RUNNING 259 3.5 SUMMARY 259 4 ASSISTED LOCOMOTION - THE BICYCLE 260 4.1
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BICYCLE 260 4.2 THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE UPRIGHT
BICYCLE 262 4.3 RECUMBENT BICYCLES 263 4.4 MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE SPEEDS 263
4.5 SUMMARY 265 5 ASSISTED LOCOMOTION - THE AUTOMOBILE 265 5.1 THE
POPULARITY OF THE CAR 265 5.2 THE FUTURE OF FOSSIL FUELS FOR
TRANSPORTATION 265 5.3 FOSSIL FUELS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 266 5.4
'ALTERNATIVE' AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 266 6 VEHICLE AERODYNAMICS 267 7
AUTOMOTIVE STYLING 268 7.1 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS 268 7.2 AERODYNAMICS AND
EARLY VEHICLE DESIGN 269 7.3 CONSUMER EXPECTATION AND CONTEMPORARY
VEHICLE DESIGN 271 7.4 CONTEMPORARY VEHICLE NOMENCLATURE 272 7.5 THE
INFLUENCE OF AERODYNAMICS ON CONTEMPORARY CAR STYLING 274 7.6 SUMMARY
276 8 THE FUTURE OF AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMICS 277 8.1 CONCEPT CARS 277 8.2
ICE - ELECTRIC HYBRID VEHICLES 277 8.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLES 278 8.4 THE
HYPERCAR CONCEPT 279 8.5 SUMMARY 280 9 SOLAR POWERED CARS : 280 9.1
HISTORY ;.280 9.2 SOLAR CAR DESIGN PRINCIPLES :.281 9.3 SOLAR CARS
SPEEDS 286 9.4 ROLLING RESISTANCE 287 9.5 SOLAR CARS AERODYNAMICS 287
9.6 STREAMLINING IN THE ANIMAL WORLD 290 9.7 THE EVOLUTION OF SOLAR CAR
FORM 291 9.8 SUMMARY 293 10 CONCLUSION 294 CHAPTER 14 CREATIVITY AND
NATURE 301 C. DOWLEN 1 CREATIVITY 301 2 THE SCOPE OF CREATIVITY 301 3
THE NATURE OF CREATIVITY 308 4 CREATIVITY HISTORY 310 5 DEFINITIONS OF
CREATIVITY 311 5.1 RESEARCH DEFINITION 312 5.2 ARTISTIC DEFINITION 312
5.3 SURVIVAL DEFINITION 312 5.4 DEFINITIONS FROM A LIST COLLATED BY
TAYLOR 313 5.5 A RANGE OF DEFINITIONS 313 5.6 MY OWN PREFERENCE 313 6
MEASURES OF CREATIVITY 314 7 CREATIVITY IN PRACTICE 317 7.1 A CREATIVITY
DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE 317 7.2 THE ASSIGNMENT 318 7.3 THE METHODS 319 7.4
THE RESULTS 321 7.5 NATURAL ANALOGIES 322 7.6 ANALOGICAL THINKING FOR
CREATIVE PRODUCTS 322 8 CREATIVITY AND NATURE 323 |
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| id | DE-604.BV020835688 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T13:14:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:26:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 185312852X |
| language | English |
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| physical | 325 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
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| publisher | WIT Press |
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| series | Design and nature |
| series2 | Design and nature |
| spelling | Nature and design [ed.] M. W. Collins ... Southampton [u.a.] WIT Press 2005 325 S. zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Design and nature 1 Aufsatzsammlung Biomimetik Bionik Design Engineering design Nature Collins, Michael W. Sonstige oth Design and nature 1 (DE-604)BV016963360 1 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014157641&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nature and design Design and nature Aufsatzsammlung Biomimetik Bionik Design Engineering design Nature |
| title | Nature and design |
| title_auth | Nature and design |
| title_exact_search | Nature and design |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Nature and design |
| title_full | Nature and design [ed.] M. W. Collins ... |
| title_fullStr | Nature and design [ed.] M. W. Collins ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nature and design [ed.] M. W. Collins ... |
| title_short | Nature and design |
| title_sort | nature and design |
| topic | Aufsatzsammlung Biomimetik Bionik Design Engineering design Nature |
| topic_facet | Aufsatzsammlung Biomimetik Bionik Design Engineering design Nature |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014157641&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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