Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2005
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| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Series: | Handbooks in transport
6 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 834 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0080441157 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Introduction to the series v
Chapter 1
Introduction
KENNETH J. BUTTON and DAVID A. HENSHER 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Changing themes in transport strategy, policy, and institutions 2
3. The elements of transport strategies, policy, and institutions 6
4. The Handbook 7
Chapter 2
Market and Government Failures in Transportation
KENNETH J. BUTTON 11
1. Introduction 11
2. Nature of market failures 12
2.1. Market power 13
2.2. Externalities 16
2.3. Excessive competition 18
2.4. Other market failures 20
3. Government intervention failures 21
3.1. Information issues 22
3.2. Regulatory capture 23
3.3. International coordination 25
4. Conclusions 26
References 27
Chapter 3
Regulatory Transitions
WILLIAM B. TYE 29
1. Introduction 29
2. Origins of the regulatory transition problem 29
2.1. The regulatory transition problem defined 29
2.2. Regulatory and antitrust issues in the transition to deregulation in the
US rail industry 30
3. Issues in regulatory transitions 31
3.1 Importance of addressing explicitly the specific problems raised by
regulatory transitions 31
3.2. Objectives for the regulatory transition 32
3.3. Three insights into the structure of transition problems 33
viii Contents
4. Ramsey pricing and maximum reasonable rates 34
5. Competition policy in the transition to deregulation 35
6. Pricing competitive access in the transition to deregulation 36
6.1 Significance of the access issue 36
6.2. The competitive access problem defined 37
6.3. Economic logic underlying alternative policies on competitive access 40
6.4. Implications of weak versus strong competitive neutrality to the
access pricing problem 41
7. Revenue adequacy and stranded costs 42
8. Conclusion 44
References 44
Chapter 4
Economic Deregulation in the USA
ROBERT J. WINDLE 49
1. Introduction 49
2. Rationale for economic regulation 50
3. History of network deregulation 52
4. Results of network deregulation and continuing issues 56
5. Conclusion 60
References 62
Chapter 5
Tendering of Services
JOHN PRESTON 65
1. Introduction 65
2. Forms of tendering 65
3. Theoretical evidence on tendering 66
4. Empirical evidence on bus tendering 68
4.1. Evidence on the Scandinavian model 68
4.2. Evidence on hybrid models 72
4.3. Overview of bus tendering 73
5. Empirical studies of rail tendering/franchising 74
6. Overview 77
7. Conclusions 78
References 80
Chapter 6
Performance Evaluation Frameworks
DAVID A. HENSHER 83
1. Strategic thinking, competitive advantage, and effective
performance 83
Contents ix
2. Promoting a holistic framework: STO 85
3. A useful checklist of broad principles for selecting
performance measures 87
4. The traditional dimensions of performance evaluation 88
5. Broadening the performance evaluation framework to
capture the spirit of STO 90
6. Conclusion 94
References 95
Chapter 7
Privatization in Transport
CHRIS NASH 97
1. Introduction 97
2. Arguments for and against privatization 98
3. Alternative approaches to privatization 101
3.1. Simple privatization without other measures 101
3.2. Privatization plus regulation 101
3.3. Privatization plus deregulation 102
3.4. Franchising 103
4. The success of privatization the UK experience 107
5. Conclusions 112
References 113
Chapter 8
Coordination, Integration, and Transport Regulation
DIDIER M. VAN DE VELDE 115
1. Introduction 115
2. Theoretical perspective on coordination 116
2.1. Market failures and cut throat competition 117
2.2. Market failures and networks 118
3. Historical perspective on the coordination policy 121
3.1. The shifting preferences for coordination instruments 122
3.2. Phases 122
4. Coordination of public transport services 127
4.1. From cooperation to integration 127
4.2. Integration as the good practice of coordination in public
transport 128
4.3. Transport planning 129
4.4. Reforms 130
5. Conclusion 132
References 134
x Contents
Chapter 9
Integrated Transport Systems: Public Private Interfaces
JOSE M. VIEGAS 135
1. Transport systems as integrators 135
2. The features of integrated transport systems 137
3. The difficulties and processes of transport system integration 139
4. The involvement of private agents in integrated transport
systems: advantages and difficulties 143
5. The instruments for integration and their deployment 146
6. Conclusions 153
References 154
Chapter 10
The History of Transport Planning
MAX G. LAY 157
1. Before mechanical power 157
2. The age of steam 159
3. After the car 161
4. Melbourne case study 163
4.1. 1929 Melbourne Plan of General Development 163
4.2. MMBW 1954 Town Plan 164
4.3. MTS 1969 Transportation Plan 164
4.4. From 1973 to date 165
5. Model applications 165
6. Computing power 166
7. The four step LUTS 167
8. Further developments 169
9. Problems and solutions 171
References 173
Chapter 11
The Evolution of Transport Networks
DAVID LEVINSON 175
1. Introduction 175
2. A macroscopic perspective 177
3. Microscopic models 181
3.1. The node location problem 181
3.2. The link formation problem 182
3.3. The link expansion (contraction) problem 184
4. Conclusions 187
References 188
Contents xi
Chapter 12
Transport and Regional Growth
CHRIS JENSEN BUTLER and BJARNE MADSEN 191
1. Introduction 191
1.1. Definitions 192
1.2. Problems 193
1.3. Spatial issues 194
2. Approaches to the analysis of interactions between transport
and the economy 195
2.1. Traditional approaches 195
2.2. Approaches based upon the analysis of externalities 196
2.3. Social accounting matrix based approaches 196
2.4. Computable general equilibrium models 199
3. Illustrating the central modeling issues 202
3.1. The LINE model 202
4. The key dimensions 211
5. Different modeling approaches: concrete studies 214
5.1. Transport modeling 214
5.2. Production function models 215
5.3. Accessibility models 216
5.4. Inter regional SAM models 217
5.5. Land use/transport interaction models 218
5.6. LINE 218
5.7. Spatial CGE models 220
References 221
Chapter 13
Infrastructure Policy
ROGER VICKERMAN 225
1. Introduction 225
2. Infrastructure characteristics and policy objectives 225
3. Infrastructure as public utility 228
4. Private finance and provision of infrastructure 230
5. Regulation of infrastructure 232
6. Conclusions 233
References 234
Chapter 14
Integrated Transport Strategies
ANTHONY D. MAY, CHARLOTTE KELLY and SIMON SHEPHERD 237
1. Introduction 237
I
xii Contents
2. The meaning of integration 237
3. Possible integration principles 239
4. The concept of synergy 240
5. The treatment of barriers 241
6. Some examples 243
6.1. The London congestion charging study 243
6.2. The PROPOLIS study of Dortmund 245
6.3. The Edinburgh integrated strategy study 246
7. The application of sensitivity analysis 248
8. General design guidance 251
9. Conclusions 252
References 253
Chapter 15
Long term Planning
EDWARD WEINER and ELIZABETH S. RIKLIN 255
1. Introduction 255
2. Background 255
3. Overview of the transportation planning process 256
4. Visioning and transportation goals 256
4.1. Transportation goals 258
4.2. Performance measures 258
4.3. Land use and transportation 259
4.4. Public participation 260
5. Information 260
6. Identify transportation needs 261
6.1. Assess current conditions 261
6.2. Project future conditions 262
7. Develop and evaluate alternatives 263
7.1. Generate alternative strategies and actions to address the gaps 263
7.2. Evaluate alternative strategies and actions to address the gaps 264
7.3. Identify the distribution of costs, benefits, and impacts 267
8. Prepare a long term plan 267
8.1. Long term plan document 267
8.2. Set priorities 267
8.3. Establish financial plan 268
8.4. Transportation improvement program 269
9. Monitoring and evaluation 269
10. Conclusion 270
Appendix 270
References 272
Contents xiii
Chapter 16
Transportation Asset Management
ODD J. STALEBRINK and JONATHAN L. G1FFORD 275
1. Introduction 275
2. Key functional areas of transportation asset management
systems 275
3. TAM benefits 276
4. Transportation asset management systems tools 277
5. TAM development in Commonwealth countries 278
6. TAM development in the USA 279
7. Concluding remarks 282
References 282
Chapter 17
Financing Transport Infrastructure
RICO MAGGI 285
1. Introduction 285
2. The evidence from past to present 286
3. Financing transport infrastructure via pricing 290
4. Public private partnership 294
5. Conclusions 296
References 297
Chapter 18
A Banking Perspective on Transport
NICHOLAS HANN and TIM MACK 299
1. Introduction 299
2. A banker s view of the transport sector 299
3. How bankers look at projects differently from economists 302
4. Institutional models 304
4.1. BOOT/BTO/BLT 304
4.2. Franchising 305
4.3. The role of subsidy 306
5. Key issues for governments and bankers 308
5.1. A service or an asset? 308
5.2. Risk transfer and off balance sheet 308
5.3. Certainty of cost 309
5.4. Cost of capital 309
5.5. Termination and step in rights 310
5.6. Ramp up 310
5.7. Shadow tolling 311
5.8. Revenue and value capture 311
xiv Contents
6. Financing structures and options 311
6.1. Equity 311
6.2. Leasing finance leasing and operating leasing 312
6.3. Mezzanine debt 313
6.4. Bank debt 313
6.5. Capital markets debt 313
6.6. CPI indexed bonds 314
6.7. Municipal/revenue bonds 314
6.8. Securitization 315
6.9. National Express Melbourne rolling stock financing 315
6.10. A tale of two airport rail links: Brisbane Airtrain and Sydney
Airlink 317
6.11. London Underground 318
7. Why use private sector finance? 319
8. Has private investment in transport infrastructure been
successful? 320
9. Trends in transportation finance 321
9.1. Evolving risk profile in privately funded road projects 321
9.2. Commercial models 322
9.3. Major barriers to private sector investment in public transport 322
10. Conclusions 323
References 323
Chapter 19
Financial Analysis: Applications to Australian Toll Road Entities
STEWART JONES 325
1. Introduction 325
2. Regulations governing financial disclosure 326
3. The primary financial statements used in financial analysis 328
3.1. The statement of financial position 328
3.2. The statement of financial performance 329
3.3. The statement of cash flows 330
4. Background: Transurban and the Hills Motorway Group 331
5. Financial analysis of TCL and HLY 331
6. Financial ratio analysis 334
6.1. Assessing profitability 334
6.2. Assessing cash flow from operations 336
6.3. Assessing cash position 338
6.4. Assessing liquidity 341)
6.5. Assessing capital structure 341
6.6. Assessing debt servicing capability 342
Contents xv
6.7. Assessing turnover 344
6.8. Assessing variability 345
6.9. Assessing valuation fundamentals 346
6.10. Assessing investment returns 350
7. Conclusions 351
Appendix. Financial statement summaries for TCL and HLY
(2000 2002) 353
References 357
Chapter 20
Financing Transport Infrastructure: Public Finance Issues
PETER ABELSON 359
1. Introduction 359
2. Instruments for raising and servicing capital 360
3. Capital raising, user charges, risk, and ownership 363
3.1. Capital raising and user charges 363
3.2. Capital raising and risk 364
4. Raising capital for new transport infrastructure 365
4.1. Using current tax revenues 365
4.2. Public borrowing 367
4.3. Private sector financing 369
5. Privatization: re financing transport infrastructure 370
6. Conclusions 371
References 373
Chapter 21
The World Bank and Transport
KEN GWILLIAM 375
1. The World Bank Group 375
1.1. The policy context for World Bank lending 376
1.2. The World Bank process 377
1.3. The lending instruments 378
2. Investment project appraisal at the World Bank 379
2.1. The role of formal cost benefit analysis 379
2.2. The limitations of formal appraisal 381
3. The institutional and policy context 382
3.1. Maintenance strategies 382
3.2. The role of the private sector 385
4. Focusing on poverty impacts 387
5. Summary 389
References 390
J
xvi Contents
Chapter 22
Asset Management and Funding: Transport and Non profit
Institutions
JAMES H. MILLER, JILL HOUGH and LYN HELLEGAARD 391
1. Introduction 391
2. The role of non profit corporations in passenger
transportation 391
3. Characteristics of non profit corporations 393
4. Advantages and disadvantages of the private, non profit form
of organization 394
5. Case studies of non profits 396
5.1. York County, Maine 396
5.2. Bis Man Transit Board, Bismarck, North Dakota 398
5.3. Wheels of Wellness, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 399
5.4. Missoula Ravalli Transportation Management Association, Missoula,
Montana 400
Summary 402
References 402
Chapter 23
Deregulation of US Air Transportation
STEVEN A. MORRISON 405
1. Introduction 405
2. History 405
3. Methodology 408
4. Effects 408
4.1. Route competition 409
4.2. Load factors 412
4.3. Fares 412
4.4. Network structure 414
4.5. Profits 415
4.6. Safety 416
5. Trouble spots 416
5.1. Gates 417
5.2. Perimeter rules 417
5.3. Dominated hub airports 417
5.4. Congestion 418
6. The future 418
7. Summary and conclusions __ 419
Contents xvii
References 420
Chapter 24
Regulatory Issues: The Role of International Maritime Institutions
WAYNE K. TALLEY 421
1. Introduction 421
2. Classification societies 421
3. Flag states 423
4. Coastal states 425
5. The International Maritime Organization 426
5.1. IMO safety conventions 428
5.2. IMO pollution conventions 429
5.3. IMO recommendations and codes 430
6. The International Labour Organization 431
7. The UN Conference on Trade and Development 432
References 433
Chapter 25
Fostering Inland Waterways
JACOB B. POLAK 435
1 Introduction 435
2. Inland waterborne transport 436
3. Regulation 438
4. Effectiveness of regulating inland waterborne transport 441
5. Deregulation 442
6. Conclusion 444
References 445
Chapter 26
Making Pricing Work in Public Transport Provision
SERGIO R. JARA DIAZ and ANTONIO GSCHWENDER 447
1. Introduction 447
2. Costs in public transport 448
2.1. General aspects 448
2.2. Cost structure 448
3. Optimal fares in public transport 449
3.1. The optimal fare 449
3.2. The financial result in the presence of scale economies 451
4. Returns to scale in public transport 451
4.1. A microeconomic model 451
4.2. Other relevant aspects 453
5. The impact of substitute modes and second best fares 455
xviii Contents
6. The optimal fare and distance 455
7. Summary and discussion 457
References 458
Chapter 27
Transportation Mergers: The Case of the US Railroads
WILLIAM B. TYE and JOHN HORN 461
1. Introduction 461
2. Current state of the rail industry 463
2.1. The effects of rail mergers in the USA 463
2.2. Consequences of the Staggers Act 465
2.3. Three to two issues 466
2.4. One lump theory 468
2.5. Post merger competitive access 470
2.6. Merger benefits 471
3. Conclusions 472
References 473
Chapter 28
Protecting the Captive Railroad Shipper
KIMBERLY VACHAL and JOHN BITZAN 477
1. Introduction 477
2. Identifying the captive shipper 480
3. Implications of captivity for pricing and service 483
4. Institutional alternatives 486
References 488
Chapter 29
Cost benefit Analysis
KENNETH G. WILLIS 491
1. Introduction 491
2. Financial versus social costs and benefits 491
3. Identification of costs and benefits 492
4. Relevant costs and benefits 492
5. Market prices and shadow prices 493
5.1. Monopolistic prices 493
5.2. Unemployed resources 494
5.3. Subsidies 495
5.4. Public goods and externalities 496
5.5. Taxation 496
5.6. Marginal cost of public funds 496
5.7. Constraints on use 497
5.8. Summary 497
Contents xix
6. Social discount rate: opportunity cost versus time preference 498
7. Decision rules 498
7.1. The net present value, internal rate of return, and benefit/cost ratio 498
7.2. Social welfare 499
8. Timing of investments 500
9. Multiple period investments and budget constraints 500
10. Risk and uncertainty 501
11. Issues in CBA 502
11.1. Framing and context 502
11.2. Future costs 503
11.3. Environmental costs 503
12. Conclusions 504
Appendix. The sequence of investments in the presence of budget
constraints 504
References 506
Chapter 30
Multicriteria Evaluation of Transport Policies
RON VREEKER and PETER NIJKAMP 507
1. Introduction 507
2. Evaluating transport policies 509
3. Multicriteria evaluation methods 512
3.1. Utility or value system approaches 514
3.2. Programming methods 515
3.3. Outranking methods 515
4. Applications of multicriteria analysis in transportation planning 516
4.1. Multi objective programming 516
4.2. The Maastricht Aachen Airport expansion 518
4.3. The Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park 520
5. Conclusions 523
References 525
Chapter 31
Negotiated and Competitively Tendered Performance Based Contracts
ERNE HOUGHTON and DAVID A. HENSHER 527
1. Introduction 527
2. Defining performance based contracts 528
3. Examples of the implementation of PBCs: the Hordaland
(Norway) and New Zealand models 531
3.1. The Hordaland model 531
3.2. The New Zealand model 533
3.3. Assessment 534
xx Contents
4. A case study: PBCs in Sydney 535
4.1. Model summary 535
4.2. The case study 538
5. Ongoing issues to consider in contracting 543
References 546
Chapter 32
Discriminant, Logit, and Neural Network Models for Measuring
Financial Fitness: Application to the US Airline Industry
RICHARD D. GRITTA 547
1. Introduction 547
2. Measures of financial fitness 548
2.1. The Altman Z score model 549
3. Application of the Altman Z score model to major US airlines 550
4. Causes of the US airline industry s problems 552
5. Other models of forecasting 554
5.1. The ZETA credit score model 554
5.2. The AIRSCORE model 556
5.3. Logistics regression analysis 556
5.4. Neural networks 557
6. Conclusion 558
References 559
Chapter 33
Voluntary Travel Behavior Change
PETER R. STOPHER 561
1. Introduction 561
2. The social marketing approach (IndiMark) 563
2.1. Applications of the social marketing approach 565
3. The community development approach (Living Neighborhoods/
Living Change) 566
3.1. Applications of the community development approach 568
4. Evaluating voluntary travel behavior change 569
4.1. How to measure change 570
4.2. Issues of variability 573
4.3. Choosing a control group 573
4.4. Measurement error 574
4.5. External evidence 575
4.6. Diffusion effects 576
5. Evaluation of recent VTBC interventions 577
6. Conclusions 578
References 578
Contents xxi
Chapter 34
Non motorized Transportation Policy
MATTHEW PAGE 581
1. Introduction 581
2. Why walking and cycling are important 582
2.1. Walking and cycling arc more efficient 583
2.2. Walking and cycling arc more sustainable 583
2.3. Walking and cycling impose less danger on others 584
2.4. Walking and cycling are healthy forms of transport 584
3. Policies toward non motorized modes 585
3.1. Development of walking policy in the UK 588
3.2. Development of cycling policy in the UK 590
4. Discussion 591
4.1. Differences from motorized traffic 591
4.2. The importance of sensitive design 593
5. Conclusions 594
References 595
Chapter 35
Flexible Transport Systems
JONATHAN L. GIFFORD 597
1. Introduction 597
2. Predict and provide 598
3. Control 599
4. Flexibility 601
5. Flexibility and the theory of options 604
5.1. Varying construction cost 605
5.2. Varying demand 607
5.3. Increasing uncertainty over demand 607
5.4. The bad news principle 608
5.5. Scale versus flexibility 609
5.6. Investing under uncertainty: summary 610
6. Public policy implications 611
References 611
Chapter 36
Stimulating Modal Shift
PETER BONSALL 613
1. Background 613
1.1. Introduction 613
1.2. Why should we want to alter the modal split? 613
i
xxii Contents
2. Reducing the use of undesirable modes 615
2.1. Taxes and charges 615
2.2. Regulations and physical restrictions 619
3. Positive encouragement of the use of desirable modes 620
3.1. Provision of facilities and services 620
3.2. Financial inducements 622
4. Marketing 624
4.1. Basic information and advice 624
4.2. Presentation and marketing 625
5. Who can make it happen? 628
6. Conclusion 632
References 633
Chapter 37
Marketing Public Transport
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO and SARA HAYDEN 635
1. Introduction 635
2. Informing the public 636
2.1. Changing the image of public transport 638
2.2. Information availability 638
3. Pricing strategies 641
3.1. Free fare strategies 641
3.2. Simplified fare structures 642
3.3. Smart and accessible fare payment 643
4. Market segmentation 645
4.1. Public private partnerships 647
5. Conclusions 648
References 648
Chapter 38
Implementing Intelligent Transportation Systems
BRIEN BENSON 651
1. Introduction 651
2. Federal leadership 652
2.1. National program plan 652
2.2. Systems architecture and national standards 654
3. Mainstreaming ITS 657
4. Legal issues 658
4.1. Liability 658
4.2. Privacy 659
Contents xxiii
4.3. Procurement 659
4.4. Intellectual property rights 660
5. Road pricing 660 ,
6. Cell phone usage 661
7. Education and training 661
8. Conclusion 662
References 663
Chapter 39
Optimization of Transport Strategies
ANTHONY D. MAY, SIMON SHEPHERD and GUENTER EMBERGER 665
1. Introduction 665
2. Optimization 667
2.1. The general optimization problem 667
2.2. Optimization approaches 670
3. Application of formal optimization 672
3.1. The strategic land use transport interaction model (MARS) 673
3.2. Identification of optimal transport strategies in four European cities 673
3.3. The Edinburgh case study 677
4. Summary and conclusions 682
References 683
Chapter 40
Transport Policy within APEC
CHRISTOPHER FINDLAY and CHRISTOPHER KISSLING 687
1. Introduction 687
2. APEC and transport policy 687
3. APEC structure and operations 689
4. Challenges for APEC 691
5. Transport policy work 692
6. Conclusion 698
Appendix. APEC work on transportation 699
References 703
Chapter 41
Transport Policy in the European Union
PERAN VAN REEVEN 705
1. Introduction 705
2. European union 705
3. Transport policy in the Treaty of Rome 707
3.1. Strong regulation of the transport sector in the member states 707
3.2. The development of the common transport policy 709
xxiv Contents
4. The internal market for the provision of transport
services 710
4.1. Airtransport 711
4.2. Maritime transport 713
4.3. Rail transport 714
4.4. Inland shipping 715
4.5. Road transport 716
5. Antitrust and state aid in transport 716
5.1. Antitrust 716
5.2. State aid 718
6. Infrastructure policy and charging 719
6.1. Infrastructure policy 719
6.2. Charging for infrastructure use 722
7. The way forward 722
References 724
Chapter 42
Transport Policy in Post Communist Europe
JOHN PUCHER and RALPH BUEHLER 725
1. Introduction 725
2. Trends in transport systems and travel 726
3. Shifts in land use patterns 731
4. Transport policies in the socialist era 732
5. Transport policies transformed by fall of Communism 734
6. Problems of modal shift in central Europe 736
7. Further adjustments to transport policies 737
8. Impacts of EU policies on the accession countries 739
9. Conclusions and policy recommendations 740
References 742
Chapter 43
Transport Policies in ASEAN Countries
ANTHONY T.H. CHIN 745
1. Introduction 745
2. Transport policy, economic growth and development 747
2.1. Low income economies 747
2.2. Medium income economies 752
2.3. High income economies 756
3. Conclusion 760
References 761
Contents xxv
Chapter 44
Transportation Policy in the USA
EDWARD WEINER 763
1. Introduction 763
2. Establishment of the US Department of Transportation 763
3. The institutional and decision making environment 764
3.1. The federal government 764
3.2. State governments 765
3.3. Local agencies 765
3.4. Citizens and community groups 765
3.5. The private sector 768
3.6. International coordination 768
4. A comprehensive and coordinated decision making process 768
5. Major policy issues 769
5.1. Passenger and freight travel growth 769
5.2. Funding 770
5.3. Safety 774
5.4. Energy needs 774
5.5. Environmental quality 775
5.6. Land development 776
5.7. Social equity 777
6. Conclusion 777
References 777
Chapter 45
Transportation Policy in Canada
TREVOR D. HEAVER and WILLIAM G. WATERS II 779
1. Introduction 779
2. The geographical, historical, and jurisdictional setting 780
3. The MacPherson Commission and the National
Transportation Act 1967 781
4. Developments in transport policy to 2000 783
4.1. The progress of regulatory reform (deregulation) 783
4.2. The subsidization of unremunerative services 788
4.3. Changes in the provision and finance of transport infrastructure
and related services 790
4.4. Privatization of Crown corporations providing transport services 792
5. Challenges of Canadian transport policy entering the
twenty first century 793
5.1. The decline of transport regulation as a major policy issue 793
5.2. The changing emphasis in cost recovery in provision of infrastructure 794
I
xxvi Contents
5.3. Urban transportation challenges 797
5.4. Environmental concerns in Canadian transport policy 798
5.5. The conflict of national transport policies 798
5.6. Security and border issues 799
5.7. The problem of low density markets 800
6. The future of transport policy 801
References 801
Chapter 46
Transportation Policy in New Zealand and Australia
DEREK SCRAFTON 803
1. Introduction 803
2. Transport policy in New Zealand: the 1980s and early 1990s 803
2.1. Encouraging fair competition in the transport sector 804
2.2. Minimizing public ownership of transport and related systems 804
2.3. Improving accountability within the transport system 805
2.4. Improving safety within the transport system 806
2.5. Outcomes 806
3. Transport policy in New Zealand: into the twenty first century 808
3.1. Assisting economic development 809
3.2. Assisting safety and personal security 809
3.3. Improving access and mobility 810
3.4. Protecting and promoting public health 810
3.5. Ensuring environmental sustainability 810
4. Australian transport policy: the constitutional framework 811
5. Australian transport policy: recent developments 812
5.1. Railways 812
5.2. Roads and road transport 814
5.3. Urban transport 815
5.4. Aviation 816
5.5. Maritime 817
6. The way forward 818
References 819
Author Index 821
Subject Index 829
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| spelling | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions ed. by Kenneth J. Button ... 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2005 XXVI, 834 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Handbooks in transport 6 Transportation Planning Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 gnd rswk-swf Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 s DE-604 Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 s 1\p DE-604 Button, Kenneth John 1948- Sonstige (DE-588)124272037 oth Handbooks in transport 6 (DE-604)BV014136648 6 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013371457&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions Handbooks in transport Transportation Planning Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 gnd Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4062955-7 (DE-588)4062954-5 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions |
| title_auth | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions |
| title_full | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions ed. by Kenneth J. Button ... |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions ed. by Kenneth J. Button ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions ed. by Kenneth J. Button ... |
| title_short | Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions |
| title_sort | handbook of transport strategy policy and institutions |
| topic | Transportation Planning Verkehrspolitik (DE-588)4062955-7 gnd Verkehrsplanung (DE-588)4062954-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Transportation Planning Verkehrspolitik Verkehrsplanung Großbritannien Aufsatzsammlung |
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