Holdings: A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)

A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali):

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Heath, Jeffrey 1949- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Mouton de Gruyter 2005
Series:	Mouton grammar library 35
Subjects:	Toeareg Grammatik Tamashek language > Grammar Tamaschek Mali
Online Access:	Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XVIII, 745 S.
ISBN:	3110184842

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245	1	0	\|a A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) \|c by Jeffrey Heath
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adam_text	Contents Abbreviations ......................................................................................................xvii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................1 1.1 Tuareg and Berber linguistics .................................................................1 1.2 Literature on non-Tamashek Tuareg .......................................................3 1.3 Historical background .............................................................................4 1.4 Malian Tamashek ....................................................................................6 1.5 Neighboring languages ............................................................................7 1.6 Fieldwork and other data .........................................................................9 1.7 Acknowledgements ...............................................................................10 2 Overview ...................................................................................................11 2.1 Recurrent morphosyntactic patterns .....................................................11 2.2 Nouns .....................................................................................................13 2.3 Prefix Reduction ....................................................................................14 2.4 Noun phrases .........................................................................................14 2.5 Verbs ......................................................................................................15 2.6 Simple main clauses ..............................................................................16 2.7 Clitics .....................................................................................................18 2.8 Focalized clauses ...................................................................................18 2.9 Relative clauses .....................................................................................19 2.10 Accent ................................................................................................20 2.11 Representation of stems .....................................................................21 2.12 Ablaut .................................................................................................21 3 Phonology ..................................................................................................23 3.1 Segments .............................................................................................23 3.1.1 Consonants .................................................................................23 3.1.1.1 Consonants of Arabic origin (ş 1 ћ ï) ..................................24 3.1.1.2 Marginal nasals (rj ñ) ............................................................25 3.1.1.3 Uvulars (r q) .........................................................................25 3.1.1.4 Pharyngealized alveolar stops (d ť) ......................................26 3.1.1.5 Alternations of š and z and of š and zz ................................27 3.1.1.6 Alternation of š and ž ............................................................29 3.1.1.7 Alternation of w and gg ........................................................29 3.1.1.8 Alternation of d and tt ...........................................................30 3.1.1.9 Loss of stem-final semivowel ...............................................31 3.1.1.10 Loss of nonfinal semivowel .............................................33 3.1.2 Vowels ........................................................................................34 3.1.2.1 Full and short vowels ............................................................34 3.1.2.2 Vowels before backing and lowering consonants (BLC s). 35 vi Contents 3.1.2.3 Deletable final vowels (nouns, suffixes, clitics) ..................36 3.1.2.4 Stem-Final i/A-Deletion (in verbs) ......................................37 3.1.2.5 Phonological status of final [u] and [i] .................................39 3.1.2.6 Phonological status of medial [u] and [i] before С ..............40 3.1.2.7 Medial ...Су/...Сэу /...Ciy, ...CW/...C3W/...CUW before V ... 41 3.2 Local assimilations and syllabification rules .....................................42 3.2.1 CC-cluster rules .........................................................................42 3.2.1.1 Stem-final С plus stop-initial suffix or clitic .......................42 3.2.1.2 Nasal assimilation and dissimilation ....................................45 3.2.1.3 lá/ -» ţ before voiceless obstruent ........................................46 3.2.1.4 zd -> zz, zd -» zz .............................................................47 3.2.1.5 Prefixai t-Deletion..! ..............................................................47 3.2.2 Longer-distance consonantal interactions .................................48 3.2.2.1 Consonantal metathesis ........................................................48 3.2.2.2 Long-distance sibilant assimilation (Sibilant Harmony) .....50 3.2.3 VV-Contraction ..........................................................................51 3.2.3.1 VV-Contraction with 3MaSg subject prefix i- ....................51 3.2.3.2 VV-Contraction with С(э)- subject prefixes ........................51 3.2.3.3 VV-Contraction at suffixal or clitic boundaries ..................52 3.2.3.4 Possible VV-Contraction with PI prefix i- ...........................59 3.2.3.5 Summary of VV-Contraction processes ...............................59 3.2.4 Resyllabification (Final-CC Schwa-Insertion) ..........................61 3.2.5 Schwa-Epenthesis ................................................... ; ..................66 3.2.6 Short-V Harmony ......................................................................68 3.2.6.1 Asymmetrical version ...........................................................68 3.2.6.2 Symmetrical version .............................................................71 3.2.7 Syncope and Leftward L-Spreading... .......................................73 3.2.7.1 Syncope .................................................................................73 3.2.7.2 Leftward L-Spreading ...........................................................79 3.3 Accent .................................................................................................81 3.3.1 Word accent (Default Accentuation) ........................................81 3.3.1.1 Suffixes and clitics inducing penultimate accent .................84 3.3.1.2 Accentual implications of Stem-Final i/A-Deletion ............87 3.3.1.3 Accentual implications of VV-Contraction .........................88 3.3.2 Epenthetic-Vowel Accentuation and Stem-Final Gemination in Resyllabification ....................................................................93 3.3.3 Phrasal accent .............................................................................94 3.4 Ablaut ...........................,......................................................................98 3.4.1 Stem shapes and templates ........................................................99 3.4.1.1 Nouns ....................................................................................99 3.4.1.2 Verbs (specific stem-shapes) ................................................99 3.4.1.3 Verb types based on full vowels ........................................101 3.4.1.4 Light and heavy (middleweight and superheavy) verb stems ....................................................................................102 Contents vii 3.4.1.5 Stems, componential or templatic ablaut, pre-ablaut reconfiguration ....................................................................104 3.4.2 Gemination and degemination in ablaut .................................107 3.4.2.1 Τ and Г-с2 in long imperfectives .......................................107 3.4.2.2 Plain/geminate alternations in nominal Sg/Pl ....................108 3.4.3 Melodies ...................................................................................110 3.4.3.1 Types of melodies ...............................................................110 3.4.3.2 Melodic association ............................................................ Ill 3.4.4 Local vocalic ablaut formatives (χ, χ, є, α).......................... 114 3.4.5 Ablaut formative association ...................................................115 3.4.5.1 Summary .............................................................................116 3.4.5.2 First postconsonantal V ( pel ) .........................................117 3.4.5.3 Final-Syllable V ( f ) .........................................................118 3.4.5.4 pel = f (є -pclf) ........................................................... 119 3.4.5.5 Penultimate V ......................................................................120 3.4.6 From <H L> to pure <L> melody (PerfP verbs) ....................121 3.4.7 V-Height Compromise ............................................................123 3.4.8 Verb-stem-initial rules (gemination, syncope, initial short V) .....................................................................................125 3.4.8.1 Onsets of underived verbs ..................................................125 3.4.8.2 Onsets of causative and mediopassive verbs .....................130 3.4.8.3 Dialectal idiosyncracies in verb and VblN onsets .............131 3.4.9 V-Shortening rules and u-Spreading .......................................134 3.4.9.1 Presuffixal α -Shortening (Non-Augment Verbs) ...............134 3.4.9.2 Pre-Augment V-Shortening ................................................137 3.4.9.3 Medial V-Shortening and u-Spreading ..............................140 3.4.9.4 V-Shortening processes confined to causative verbs .........145 3.4.10 Vowel-semivowel dissimilation (iw for #uw, ew for #ow)... 147 3.5 Syntactically controlled phonological processes .............................147 3.5.1 Prefix Reduction of nouns (dependent state) ..........................148 3.5.2 Verbs after particles .................................................................151 3.5.2.1 Verbs after Future particles ................................................151 3.5.2.2 Verbs after Negative particles ............................................152 3.5.3 Verbs and participles in definite relative clauses and after Pastkœld..... .............................................................................153 3.5.3.1 Erasure of ablaut lengthening (χ -pcl Erasure) ..................154 3.5.3.2 Rightward Accent Shift ......................................................155 3.5.3.3 Lexical Accent Erasure and χ -Erasure ............................... 157 4 Nominal and pronominal morphology... .............................................161 4.1 Noun morphology .............................................................................161 4.1.1 Gender and number categories ................................................161 4.1.1.1 Gender categories ...............................................................161 4.1.1.2 Number categories ..............................................................161 4.1.2 Morphology of gender and number marking ..........................162 viii Contents 4.1.2.1 Number (vocalic) and gender prefixes ...............................163 4.1.2.2 MaPl suffix -een, -tasn and FePl suffix -en, -ten ...............165 4.1.2.3 Feminine Singular suffix -t (-t-t) ........................................166 4.1.2.4 Extra stem-final semivowel or vowel before FeSg -t ........167 4.1.2.5 Feminine suffix -aet .............................................................169 4.1.2.6 Simple suffixal pluralization and stem extension (w) .......170 4.1.2.7 C-final Sg with aw/iw extension before PI suffix .............176 4.1.2.8 Gemination in singular or suffixal plural ...........................178 4.1.2.9 Stem-internal vowel alternations ........................................181 4.1.2.10 First-stem-syllable Sg/Pl vocalic alternations (e/o.etc.) .........................................................................183 4.1.2.11 Stem-final vowel shifts before ...w- and PI suffix ........185 4.1.2.12 Stem-Final V-Lengthening in plural verbal nouns ........188 4.1.2.13 MaPl -an due to clear VV-Contraction .........................190 4.1.2.14 Ablauted MaPl variant-an .............................................200 4.1.2.15 Unsuffixed ablaut plurals ...............................................207 4.1.2.16 <HL> PI ablaut melody (bisyllabic stems) ...................209 4.1.2.17 Conditions for Plural «i a» instead of «u a» .................218 4.1.2.18 <H L> melody realized as «a» (monosyllabic stems) ..219 4.1.2.19 <HL> melody expanded for heavy stems .....................221 4.1.2.20 Carryover of stem vowels from singular to plural ........222 4.1.2.21 Sg «э u» (or «as u»), PI «u a» ........................................223 4.1.2.22 Syncope, Accent Reattachment, and apparent FePl accent shift in unsuffixed ablaut plurals ...............223 4.1.2.23 Ablaut PI with medial gemination (t-i-CáPPaC, etc.) .. 227 4.1.2.24 Ablaut plurals with final accent (t-i-CÍQáCC, etc.) .....229 4.1.2.25 Suppletive plurals ...........................................................234 4.1.2.26 Phonologically irregular plurals .....................................235 4.1.2.27 Arabic plurals .................................................................236 4.1.2.28 Default Plural particle add .............................................237 4.2 Independent personal pronouns .......................................................237 4.3 Demonstratives .................................................................................238 4.3.1 Demonstrative pronouns ..........................................................238 4.3.2 Spatial demonstrative adverbs .................................................241 4.3.3 Demonstrative postnominal particles (í, dì, эпшп, én) ..........241 5 Noun phrase structure ...........................................................................243 5.1 Nominal modifiers ...............................................................................243 5.1.1 Adjectives .................................................................................243 5.1.1.1 Modifying adjectives ........................................................243 5.1.1.2 Comparatives .......................................................................243 5.1.2 Numerals and other quantifiers ...............................................245 5.1.2.1 Basic numeral forms 1 to 10 ..........................................245 5.1.2.2 Prenominai forms of numerals 1 to 10 ..........................247 5.1.2.3 One versus other .............................................................250 Contents ix 5.1.2.4 Numerals greater than 10 ..................................................251 5.1.2.5 Pronominalized numerals ....................................................252 5.1.2.6 Distributive numerals ...........................................................253 5.1.2.7 Ordinals ................................................................................254 5.1.2.8 Other quantifiers ..................................................................254 5.1.2.9 Days of the week ..................................................................256 5.1.2.10 Tent sizes ...........................................................................257 5.2 Possession and compounding ..............................................................257 5.2.1 Ordinary nominal possessives.................................................257 5.2.2 Pronominal possessor suffixes ................................................259 5.2.3 Inalienable possessive suffixes with certain kin terms ...........260 5.2.4 Compounds ..............................................................................263 5.2.4.1 Analytic compounds with an ...............................................263 5.2.4.2 Compounds involving kin terms or people ......................264 5.2.4.3 Some gazelle compounds ..................................................266 5.2.4.4 Compounds with èrk, t-èrk bad ........................................266 5.2.4.5 Compounds with -haèn- house ..........................................267 5.2.4.6 Compounds with and- yester- ...........................................268 5.2.4.7 Other frozen compounds ......................................................268 5.2.4.8 Phrasal compounds ..............................................................269 6 Prepositions .............................................................................................272 6.1 Inventory of true prepositions .............................................................272 6.2 Pronominal suffixes with prepositions ...............................................274 6.3 Dative (or Purposive) ..........................................................................275 6.4 Instrumental and Comitative ...............................................................276 6.4.1 Instrumental s (às)................................................................... 276 6.4.2 Comitative d (àd), daetén, or hakśdd with, and ...................278 6.5 Spatial prepositions .............................................................................281 6.5.1 in, at (dab·) ............................................................................281 6.5.2 at the place of, chez (тог)..................................................... 283 6.5.3 under (dèw, daegg) ................................................................284 6.5.4 above, over (jènmj) ..............................................................285 6.5.5 on (fasi, fòlla-)...................................................................... 286 6.5.6 in front of (dát)......................................................................287 6.5.7 behind (darei, dora-)........................................................... 287 6.6 Compound prepositions .......................................................................288 6.6.1 beside (daédes or d ^é-des, dasgmon) ..................................288 6.6.2 between/among (jèr, jère-) ...................................................289 6.6.3 toward (ebré-) .......................................................................290 6.7 Preposition-like particles .....................................................................291 7 Verbal morphology. ...............................................................................293 7.1 Augment verbs with -t- ....................................................................294 7,1.1 Augmented and unaugmented V-final stems ..........................294 χ Contents 7.1.2 Alternative segmentations of Augment -t- ..............................298 7.2 Stem categories .................................................................................299 7.2.1 Mood-aspect-negation (MAN) categories ..............................299 7.2.2 Perfective system .....................................................................301 7.2.2.1 Perfective Positive stem (PerfP) .........................................302 7.2.2.2 Resultative stem (Resit) ......................................................305 7.2.2.3 Perfective Negative stem (PerfN) ......................................309 7.2.3 Short imperfective system .......................................................311 7.2.3.1 Short Imperfective stem (Shlmpf) ......................................311 7.2.3.2 Imperative positive stem(Imprt) ........................................318 7.2.3.3 Hortative of Shlmpf with suffix f)-et ...............................321 7.2.4 Alternative 1P1 hortative construction using Imprt stem ........323 7.2.5 Long imperfective system .......................................................323 7.2.5.1 Long Imperfective Positive stem (LoImpfP) .....................330 7.2.5.2 Long Imperfective Negative stem (LoImpfN) ...................334 7.2.5.3 Prohibitive stem (Prohib) and negative imperative constructions .....................................................336 7.2.5.4 Long imperative ..................................................................339 7.2.5.5 Long hortative .....................................................................340 7.2.5.6 Hortative negative ...............................................................340 7.3 Verb classes and irregular verbs ......................................................341 7.3.1 Regular classes .........................................................................341 7.3.1.1 Light short-V -vPQvC-, -vPPvC-, and -vCvC- .................341 7.3.1.2 Heavy С -final short-V -CMQCvC-, -CvCvCCvC-, etc. .. 345 7.3.1.3 Light non-augment V-final -v(C)Co- (α/ΐ subclass) ..........348 7.3.1.4 Light non-augment V-final -viQCu- (a/u and u/u subclasses) ....................................................................361 7.3.1.5 Heavy non-augment V-fmal -CvCCd- and -CvCvCCu-... 364 7.3.1.6 Augmented -CvCvCCd- (+ -t-), etc ...................................367 7.3.1.7 C-final full-V-medial -OXQCvC- and -CvCdCvC- .........370 7.3.1.8 Full-V-initial С -final -dCvC- and -dCCvC- ......................376 7.3.L9 Verbs with perfective -vCQCuC- or -vfQCiC- ................381 7.3.1.10 Verbs (mostly adjectival) with Imprt 1(0)000 and PerfP -vCCdC- ...............................................................385 7.3.1.11 Adjectival verbs with ImprtiPQaC and unprefixed C-initial PerfP ..............................................387 7.3.1.12 Adjectival verbs without i...a imperfective vocalism ... 392 7.3.1.13 Augmented verbs with adjectival perfective .............394 7.3.1.14 Non-augment -0X0)01)- and -CvCuCd- verbs ............395 7.3.1.15 Full-V-initial V-fmal -1)0(0)1)- (a/i and a/u types) .......400 7.3.1.16 Augmented -CdCCd- , -CvCuCu- , etc .........................405 7.3.2 Irregular and suppletive verbs .................................................411 7.3.2.1 die (л /rnt, 4m, Vmtn) ...................................................... І411 7.3.2.2 be much, many (Vj, Vjt), be long, tall (Všjr, л /šjrt) ....... 412 7.3.2.3 forget (Vtw) ......................................................................414 Contents xi 7.3.2.4 be yellow (Vwnr, Vrv) .....................................................415 7.3.2.5 say (Vn, Vjn) .....................................................................415 7.3.2.6 goto (Vk) ..........................................................................416 7.3.2.7 go (Vjl, Vms) .....................................................................417 7.3.2.8 come , arrive and be on the way (Vyw, Vs, Vml) ........418 7.3.2.9 sit (Vrm, Vvyrn) ...............................................................419 7.3.2.10 testify (Vjyh, Vjh) .........................................................420 7.3.2.11 Existential/locational be (Vi).......................................421 7.3.2.12 be in (Vh) ......................................................................424 7.3.2.13 have (Vi).......................................................................425 7.3.2.14 do (Vj) ...........................................................................426 7.3.2.15 (day) break (Vfw, Vf) ...................................................427 7.3.2.16 be lost (Vb) ...................................................................428 7.3.2.17 be born (Vw) ................................................................429 7.3.2.18 be unripe (Vrh) .............................................................429 7.3.2.19 pickup (Vdkl, Vkl, etc.) ...............................................429 7.3.2.20 be enough (Vjdh) and be equal (Vjdh) ......................430 7.3.2.21 quick! (šíkk) .................................................................431 7.4 Pronominal subject paradigms .........................................................431 7.4.1 Non-imperative pronominal subject affixes ............................431 7.4.1.1 C- versus Сэ- and эС- forms of subject prefixes ...............432 7.4.1.2 Prefixai t-Deletion ..............................................................434 7.4.1.3 Phonology of -seC subject suffixes ....................................434 7.4.1.4 3MaSg i- versus 0-.............................................................436 7.4.2 Omission of subject prefixes with perfective adjectival verbs .........................................................................................437 7.4.3 Second person subject affixes in imperatives .........................438 8 Verbal derivation ...................................................................................439 8.1 Causative (-s-, -ş-, -š-, -z-, -ž-, -z-, -svw-).... .................................439 8.1.1 Causative derivation................................................................ 439 8.1.2 Sibilant Harmony in the Causative prefix ...............................442 8.1.3 Double causatives .................................................................443 8.1.4 Causative stem shapes .............................................................444 8.1.5 Causative stem shapes (inputs with initial or medial full vowel) ................................................................................449 8.1.6 Causative stem shapes (inputs with stem-final V) ..................454 8.1.7 Causative stem shapes (heavy С -final input stems) ...............459 8.1.8 Causative stem shapes (V-final augment verbs) .....................461 8.1.9 Causatives of prefixally derived verbs ....................................462 8.1.10 Dialectal causative Shlmpf forms without CpGemination.... 466 8.2 Passive (-t-, -tt-, -tvw-) ....................................................................466 8.3 Mediopassive (-m-, -n-, -nvy-) ........................................................471 8.4 Reciprocal -nvm-, -m-, -n- ...................................................,..........476 8.5 Participles (subject relatives) ..........................................................481 xii Contents 8.5.1 Affixes for participles built directly on verb stems ................483 8.5.2 Forms of definite participles (PerfP, Resit) ............................484 8.5.3 Forms of definite participles (LoImpfP) .................................486 8.5.4 Indefinite participles ................................................................490 8.5.5 Suffixal augment -t- in participles ...........................................492 8.5.6 Participles built on preverbal particles ....................................493 8.5.6.1 Participles with Negative waèr ...........................................493 8.5.6.2 Participles with Future màr (or è) ......................................497 8.5.6.3 Participles not used with Past кагШ ....................................502 8.5.7 Resit Participles with adjectival sense .................................502 8.5.8 Participles of prefixally derived verbs ....................................506 8.6 Verbal nouns .....................................................................................506 8.6.1 Ordinary verbal nouns .............................................................506 8.6.1.1 Verbal nouns of light V-fmal verbs ....................................508 8.6.1.2 Verbal nouns of light C-final verbs ....................................513 8.6.1.3 Verbal nouns of -viQCuC- and -uiQCuC- verbs ............519 8.6.1.4 Verbal nouns of non-augment heavy verbs .......................520 8.6.1.5 Verbal nouns of augmented verbs (with -t-) ......................524 8.6.1.6 Verbal nouns of prefixally derived verbs ...........................526 8.6.2 Verbal nouns of underived verbs with -nW-n- prefix ............528 8.6.3 Suppletive verbal nouns ...........................................................529 8.6.4 Semantic extensions of verbal nouns ......................................529 8.6.5 Abstractive nominais ...............................................................529 8.7 Adjectival nouns without derivational prefix ..................................536 8.8 Agentives ..........................................................................................539 8.8.1 Deverbal agentives with -nW-n- Prefix ..................................539 8.8.2 Passive agentives with -m-astt- and -m- ................................547 8.8.3 Reciprocal agentives with -n-aemm- .......................................547 8.8.4 Causative agentives with -m-An- plus -s- ..............................548 8.9 Nonagentive nominais with -m- or -n- ............................................549 8.10 Denominal agentives (-тагѕ-, -пагѕ-, etc.) ......................................552 8.11 Instrumental (and related) nominais with -s- or -s-vg- prefix ........554 8.12 Other nominais .................................................................................561 8.12.1 Agent/instrument nominal with <L> melody .........................561 8.12.2 Other nominal derivations .......................................................563 9 Verb phrases and other predications ..................................................573 9.1 Voice (valency) types of verbs ........................................................573 9.1.1 Subject and object ....................................................................573 9.1.2 Intransitive ...............................................................................574 9.1.3 Ambi-valent intransitive/transitive verbs ................................574 9.1.4 Transitive ..................................................................................575 9.1.5 Intransitives with dative complement .....................................576 9.1.6 Underived ditransitive (object plus dative)..... ........................ 577 9.1.7 Complex causatives .................................................................578 Contents xiii 9.1.8 Double datives .........................................................................580 9.2 Copular predications ( be , become ) .............................................580 9.3 Locational and existential predications ...........................................582 9.4 Possessive predications ....................................................................584 9.5 External negation and negative copular clauses ..............................585 9.6 Preverbs ............................................................................................586 9.6.1 Pastíkaelá) ...............................................................................586 9.6.2 Negative (waèr) ........................................................................587 9.6.3 Future (ad, àr, màr, màd, è) ...................................................589 9.6.4 Combinations of preverbs ........................................................591 9.7 Verbs borrowed from French ...........................................................594 10 CUtìcs .......................................................................................................595 10.1 Sentential clitics ................................................................................595 10.2 Directional clitics ..............................................................................595 10.2.1 Centripetal Aádd (-Vidd, - dśd, etc.) ........................................595 10.2.1.1 Forms ..............................................................................595 10.2.1.2 Meaning ..........................................................................598 10.2.2 Centrifugal - în (- hín)............................................................ 6-00 10.2.2.1 Forms ..............................................................................600 10.2.2.2 Meaning ..........................................................................601 10.2.3 Further Centripetal/Centrifugal oppositions ...........................602 10.3 Pronominal clitics .............................................................................603 10.3.1 Object clitics ............................................................................603 10.3.2 Dative clitics ............................................................................607 10.4 Ordering of clitics. ............................................................................610 11 Dicourse-functional particles and topicalization ...............................615 11.1 Topicalization ...................................................................................615 11.2 Emphatics .........................................................................................616 11.2.1 Clause- or phrase-final yd .......................................................616 11.2.2 even (tad, waela) ..................................................................617 11.2.3 Confirmational (lob) ................................................................617 11.3 Other discourse particles ..................................................................617 11.3.1 only (rás, Negation plus òr) .................................................617 11.3.2 other than (sèi) .....................................................................619 11.3.3 also, too, again (day) ............................................................619 11.3.4 still (har w-d) ........................................................................620 11.3.5 not yet (har w-á, sasddér, andí) ..........................................620 12 Extraction ................................................................................................623 12.1 Relativization ...................................................................................623 12.1.1 Subject relatives .......................................................................626 12.1.2 Object relatives ........................................................................628 12.1.3 something to eat ....................................................................631 xiv Contents 12.1.4 Relati vization on prepositional complement NP.................... 633 12.1.5 Possessor and long-distance relatives with - s and resumptive pronoun .................................................................635 12.1.6 Generalized relatives (ère whoever , 1, à, èd)....................... 637 12.1.6.1 Definite human (ère) .........................................................637 12.1.6.2 Indefinite human (Ї, t-i) .....................................................638 12.1.6.3 Nonhuman(à) ....................................................................639 12.1.6.4 whenever ... (èd) .............................................................640 12.1.6.5 until the time (when) ... (horiketi) ...............................641 12.2 Focalization ......................................................................................642 12.2.1 Subject focalization .................................................................643 12.2.2 Object focalization ...................................................................645 12.2.3 Focalization of prepositional complement ..............................646 12.2.4 Focalization of adverbial NP ...................................................647 12.2.5 Focalization of verb or VP ......................................................647 12.2.6 Focalization of other constituents ...........................................648 12.3 Interrogatives...................................................................................649 12.3.1 Yes-no (=polar) interrogatives................................................649 12.3.2 who? (mi) ..............................................................................650 12.3.3 what? (má) ............................................................................651 12.3.4 to where?, whence? (mi) .......................................................653 12.3.5 where? (sndék, andské, ande) .............................................653 12.3.6 when? (mandajú, harsmmén, smméd) ...............................655 12.3.7 why? (ma-Vfiél, má- s) .........................................................655 12.3.8 which? (émiser, andék) .........................................................656 12.3.9 how much/many? (man-îket) and how? (mcm -эттэк) .. 658 12.3.10 Embedded WH-interrogatives .................................................659 13 Clausal subordination ...........................................................................663 13.1 Adverbial clauses .............................................................................663 13.1.1 Temporal adverbial clauses .....................................................663 13.1.1.1 Finite when ... clauses (ò- s, d-i-há- d, qjúd, èd) ..........663 13.1.1.2 Locative preposition plus VblN for when ... ..................665 13.1.1.3 as long as ... (with -vkkvs-) ............................................665 13.1.1.4 before ... (эпсй, t-szzűr, dát) ..........................................666 13.1.1.5 until ... (hàr, àr) ..............................................................668 13.1.1.6 after ... (šsemá-) ..............................................................669 13.1.1.7 happen later ... (i-Ikém ...)..............................................669 13.1.2 Spatial adverbial clauses ( where... ) .....................................670 13.1.3 Manner adverbial clauses ( how... ) .......................................670 13.2 Purposive and causal clauses ...........................................................671 13.2.1 Purposives ( in order that ... ) (y à- d, ò- d, у) .......................671 13.2.2 Causal ( because ) clauses (fiel, ò- s, èd)..... ..........................673 13.3 Jussive and subjunctive clauses (ù- d)..... .......................................674 13.3.1 want (-vrmv) ............................................................. ZZ .....676 Contents xv 13.3.2 be able (-dubu- + -í) and prefer (-suf-) ..............................676 13.3.3 Obligationals ( must , should , may not ) ............................677 13.3.4 warn (-vrjgVh-) and advise (-s-vmvtvr-) ...........................679 13.3.5 try (-vttvr-, -Drvm-) ..............................................................680 13.4 Add-on small clauses .......................................................................680 13.5 Verbs with verbal поїш complements .............................................683 13.5.1 prevent (-vkkvs-) ..................................................................684 13.5.2 cease (-vbdu-), leave (-uyyu-) and begin (-s-vntu-) ......684 13.5.3 go (in order) to (-vkku-) ........................................................685 13.5.4 be ashamed to (-kvrukvd-) ...................................................685 13.5.5 do a lot (-vknu-) ............. .......................................................685 13.5.6 do many times (-s-vjvt-) .......................................................686 13.5.7 do frequently (-vršvj-) ..........................................................686 13.5.8 can (-dubu- + -t).................................................................... 686 13.6 Verbs and particles with finite complements ..................................687 13.6.1 find, encounter (-Djvz-) .........................................................687 13.6.2 repeat (-ulvs-) ........................................................................687 13.6.3 end up (doing) (-jurhu-) ........................................................687 13.6.4 spend the day doing (-huji>) .................................................688 13.6.5 nearly ( on the verge of, about to ) and barely ...............688 13.6.6 (have) just (iket) ....................................................................689 13.6.7 no longer ................................................................................690 13.6.8 maybe , it s possible that ... .................................................691 13.6.9 soon (i-šwdr) .........................................................................692 13.7 Factive that complements (s, à- s) ...............................................692 13.7.1 Simple factive complements ....................................................692 13.7.2 Embedded factives (preposition plus ò- s complement) ........694 13.8 Reported speech and thought ..........................................................695 13.9 Conditionals .....................................................................................696 13.9.1 Hypothetical conditionals (ajiíd, kunta, kúd, waslá, а- Ш, fiel)...........................................................................................696 13.9.2 Counterfactual conditionals (andsér, enaśkk) .........................698 13.9.3 Antecedent reduced to NP .......................................................700 13.10 Possessive an plus that complement .........................................700 14 Coordination ...........................................................................................702 14.1 NP coordination ...............................................................................702 14.1.1 and ..... ....................................................................................702 14.1.2 or (mér) and nor (wasló) ....................................................703 14.1.3 Gender and plural agreement ...................................................705 14.2 Clausal coordination ........................................................................706 14.2.1 Clausal and ............................................................................706 14.2.2 Clausal or and whether .......................................................707 xvi Contents 15 Anaphora................................................................................................708 15.1 Reflexive..........................................................................................708 15.2 Reciprocal ........................................................................................709 16 Text..........................................................................................................711 Indices ................................................................................................................727 References.......................................................................................................... 744
any_adam_object	1
author	Heath, Jeffrey 1949-
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dewey-tens	490 - Other languages
discipline	Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft
format	Book
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geographic	Mali (DE-588)4074505-3 gnd
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id	DE-604.BV020050386
illustrated	Not Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T20:11:43Z
institution	BVB
isbn	3110184842
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013371331
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physical	XVIII, 745 S.
publishDate	2005
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publisher	Mouton de Gruyter
record_format	marc
series	Mouton grammar library
series2	Mouton grammar library
spelling	Heath, Jeffrey 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)12155273X aut A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) by Jeffrey Heath Berlin [u.a.] Mouton de Gruyter 2005 XVIII, 745 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mouton grammar library 35 Toeareg gtt Grammatik Tamashek language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Tamaschek (DE-588)4184392-7 gnd rswk-swf Mali (DE-588)4074505-3 gnd rswk-swf Tamaschek (DE-588)4184392-7 s Mali (DE-588)4074505-3 g Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Mouton grammar library 35 (DE-604)BV000018422 35 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2634621&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013371331&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Heath, Jeffrey 1949- A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) Mouton grammar library Toeareg gtt Grammatik Tamashek language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Tamaschek (DE-588)4184392-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4184392-7 (DE-588)4074505-3
title	A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
title_auth	A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
title_exact_search	A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
title_full	A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) by Jeffrey Heath
title_fullStr	A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) by Jeffrey Heath
title_full_unstemmed	A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) by Jeffrey Heath
title_short	A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
title_sort	a grammar of tamashek tuareg of mali
topic	Toeareg gtt Grammatik Tamashek language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Tamaschek (DE-588)4184392-7 gnd
topic_facet	Toeareg Grammatik Tamashek language Grammar Tamaschek Mali
url	http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2634621&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013371331&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV000018422
work_keys_str_mv	AT heathjeffrey agrammaroftamashektuaregofmali

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