Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
CRC Press
2005
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-258) and index |
| Physical Description: | 272 S. ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 1566706688 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors |c Yin Sun and Kwok Y. Ong |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b CRC Press |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a 272 S. |b ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-258) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Agents chimiques (Munitions) - Mesure | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gaz asphyxiants et délétères - Mesure | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Guerre chimique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemical agents (Munitions) |x Measurement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemical warfare | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gases, Asphyxiating and poisonous |x Measurement | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ong, Kwok Y. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804133608525398016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors
Autor: Sun, Yin
Jahr: 2005
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Overview.........................................................................................1
1.2 Chemical Warfare Agents................................................................................2
1.2.1 Nerve Agents........................................................................................3
1.2.2 Blister Agents.......................................................................................3
1.2.3 Choking Agents....................................................................................3
1.2.4 Blood Agents........................................................................................4
1.2.5 Other Types of Agents.........................................................................4
1.3 Toxic Industrial Compounds............................................................................4
1.4 CWA and TIC Detection..................................................................................5
1.4.1 Historical Overview.............................................................................5
1.4.2 Detection Requirements and Detector Development..........................5
Chapter 2 Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Industrial Chemicals
2.1 Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties........................................10
.1 Molecular Formula.............................................................................10
.2 Molecular Structure Formula.............................................................10
2.1.3 Molecular Weight...............................................................................11
2.1.4 Relative Vapor Density......................................................................11
2.1.5 Vapor Pressure....................................................................................12
2.1.6 Volatility.............................................................................................12
2.1.7 Concentration.....................................................................................13
2.2 Toxic Properties.............................................................................................13
2.2.1 IDLH Level........................................................................................13
2.2.2 LCt50...................................................................................................14
2.2.3 TWA...................................................................................................15
2.2.4 Other Terms........................................................................................16
2.3 Common CWAs.............................................................................................16
2.3.1 Nerve Agents......................................................................................16
2.3.1.1 Tabun...................................................................................17
2.3.1.2 Sarin....................................................................................19
2.3.1.3 Soman and Cyclosarin........................................................19
2.3.1.4 VX and Vx..........................................................................20
2.3.2 Blister Agents.....................................................................................20
2.3.2.1 Arsenicals............................................................................21
2.3.2.2 Levinstein Mustard and Distilled Mustard.........................21
2.3.2.3 Nitrogen Mustards..............................................................23
2.3.2.4 Mustard-T Mixture.............................................................23
2.3.2.5 Mustard-Lewisite Mixture..................................................23
2.3.2.6 Phosgene Oxime.................................................................24
2.3.3 Blood Agents......................................................................................24
2.3.3.1 Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanogen Chloride......................26
2.3.3.2 Arsenic Trihydride..............................................................26
2.3.4 Choking Agents..................................................................................26
2.3.5 Other CWAs.......................................................................................26
2.4 Toxic Industrial Compounds..........................................................................27
2.4.1 High-Hazard TICs..............................................................................28
2.4.2 Medium-Hazard TICs........................................................................28
2.4.3 Low-Hazard TICs...............................................................................28
Chapter 3 Governmental Policies and Programs
3.1 CWA Detection Standards and Criteria for Deployment..............................34
3.1.1 Low-Level Exposure and Operational Risk Management................34
3.1.1.1 Significant Adverse Effect..................................................35
3.1.1.2 Duration of Exposure.........................................................35
3.1.1.3 Low-Level Exposure Concentration...................................36
3.1.2 Uncertainties in Risk Assessment and Research
Considerations....................................................................................36
3.1.3 Summary of Existing/Recently Proposed Air Standards..................36
3.1.4 Recommended Chemical Agent Concentration Criteria
for Detectors .....................................................................................39
3.2 Joint Services Operational Requirements for Chemical
Agent Detectors..............................................................................................40
3.2.1 JCAD Requirements and Rationales.................................................42
3.3 Objective and Approaches at Dugway Proving Ground...............................43
3.3.1 Simultaneous Constant Agent Vapor Concentration Generation......44
3.3.2 Simultaneous Dynamic Agent Vapor Concentration Generation......44
3.3.3 Characterization of Chemical Interferents.........................................44
3.3.4 Quantification of Dosages..................................................................45
3.3.5 Quantification of Hazard Levels........................................................45
3.3.6 Data Monitoring and Recording........................................................45
3.3.7 Quantification of TICs.......................................................................45
3.4 JCAD Requirements for Detection and Identification Functions.................45
3.4.1 Detection and Identification...............................................................46
3.4.2 Sampling Requirements and Additional Challenges.........................46
3.5 General Capabilities Necessary to Mitigate Vulnerability............................48
3.6 Evaluation of Commercially Available Detection Devices for
Certification as CWA Detectors.....................................................................49
3.6.1 Background........................................................................................49
3.6.2 Proposal..............................................................................................49
3.6.3 Purpose...............................................................................................50
3.6.4 General Test Protocol.........................................................................50
3.6.4.1 Operating Characteristics....................................................50
3.6.4.2 Device Sensitivity...............................................................50
3.6.4.3 Relative Humidity and Temperature Effects......................53
3.6.4.4 Field Interference Test........................................................54
3.6.5 Stability and Reliability.....................................................................55
3.6.6 Remarks..............................................................................................55
3.6.7 CWA Sensitivity Testing....................................................................56
3.6.8 Detector Testing.................................................................................57
3.6.9 Return of Materials Exposed to CWAs.............................................57
3.7 Safety Risk Assessment for Release of Tested, Contractor-Owned
Materials to Contractor..................................................................................57
3.7.1 Assessment Scenario..........................................................................59
Chapter 4 Vapor Generation Techniques
4.1 Gas Law and Gas Concentration...................................................................66
4.1.1 Mole, Molar Weight, Molar Volume, and Mole Number.................66
4.1.2 Ideal Gas Law....................................................................................67
4.1.3 Vapor Concentration..........................................................................68
4.2 Vapor Generation...........................................................................................69
4.2.1 Vapor Generation Methods................................................................71
4.2.1.1 Evaporation Method...........................................................71
4.2.1.2 Saturation Method..............................................................74
4.2.1.3 High-Pressure Injection Method.........................................76
4.2.1.4 Diffusion/Effusion Method.................................................77
4.2.1.5 Permeation Method.............................................................78
4.2.1.6 Syringe-Pump Injection Method........................................79
4.2.1.7 Solid-State Vapor Generator...............................................81
4.2.1.8 Compressed Gas or Gas Mixture.......................................82
4.2.1.9 Chemical Reaction Method................................................82
4.2.2 Dilution and Mixing System.............................................................82
4.2.2.1 One-Stage Dilution System................................................83
4.2.2.2 Two-Stage Dilution System................................................83
4.2.2.3 Other Generation Techniques.............................................88
4.2.3 Comparison of Generation Techniques.............................................89
4.2.4 Humidification of Generated Vapor...................................................93
4.3 Generation of CWA or TIC Vapor with Interferent Vapor............................94
4.4 CWA Simulants............................................................................................100
Chapter 5 Detector Selection Factors
5.1 Selectivity.....................................................................................................104
5.2 Sensitivity.....................................................................................................105
5.3 Limit of Detection........................................................................................106
5.4 Response Dynamic Range...........................................................................106
5.5 Quantitative Analysis Capability.................................................................107
5.6 False Alarm Rate..........................................................................................107
5.7 Response Time.............................................................................................108
5.8 Resistance to Environmental Conditions.....................................................109
5.9 Setup and Warmup Time.............................................................................109
5.10 Calibration/Verification in Field Applications.............................................109
5.11 Other Factors................................................................................................110
Chapter 6 Ion Mobility Spectrometry
6.1 Principle of Operation..................................................................................114
6.1.1 Drift..................................................................................................114
6.1.2 Collision...........................................................................................115
6.1.3 Diffusion...........................................................................................115
6.1.4 Detection..........................................................................................115
6.2 Instrumentation of Typical IMS Detector....................................................116
6.2.1 Sample Inlet.....................................................................................117
6.2.2 Ionization Region.............................................................................118
6.2.2.1 Ionization Sources............................................................118
6.2.2.2 Ionization Processes..........................................................118
6.2.2.3 Charge Competition..........................................................119
6.2.3 Ion Injection Gate............................................................................120
6.2.4 Drift Tube.........................................................................................120
6.2.5 Ion Collector and Signal Processor................................................ 121
6.3 Technique Specification.............................................................................. 121
6.3.1 Detectable Substances......................................................................121
6.3.2 Selectivity.........................................................................................122
6.3.3 Sensitivity and LOD........................................................................122
6.3.4 Response Dynamic Range and Quantitative Capacity....................123
6.3.5 Resistance to Environmental Conditions.........................................123
6.3.6 Other Specifications.........................................................................124
6.4 Applications.................................................................................................125
6.5 Fact Sheets for Selected IMS-Based Detectors...........................................127
Chapter 7 Flame Photometry
7.1 Principle of Operation..................................................................................136
7.2 Instrumentation.............................................................................................139
7.2.1 Direct Sample Introduction and GC Interface................................140
7.2.2 Flame and Hydrogen Source...........................................................141
7.2.2.1 Hydrogen-Air Flame........................................................141
7.2.2.2 Hydrogen Source..............................................................141
7.2.3 Signal Detection...............................................................................142
7.2.3.1 Thermal and Wavelength Filters.......................................142
7.2.3.2 PMT..................................................................................142
7.2.3.3 Chemical Identification.....................................................143
7.3 Technical Specifications...............................................................................144
7.3.1 Selectivity.........................................................................................144
7.3.2 Sensitivity and LOD........................................................................144
7.3.3 Response Dynamic Range...............................................................144
7.3.4 Quantitative Analysis Capability.....................................................145
7.3.5 False Alarm Rate..............................................................................145
7.3.6 Response Time..................................................................................145
7.3.7 Other Specifications.........................................................................145
7.4 Pulsed Flame Photometry............................................................................146
7.5 Applications.................................................................................................146
7.6 Conclusion....................................................................................................148
7.7 Fact Sheets on Selected Photometry-Based Detectors................................149
Chapter 8 Infrared Spectroscopy
8.1 Principle of Operation..................................................................................154
8.1.1 Infrared Sources...............................................................................154
8.1.2 Molecular Absorption......................................................................156
8.1.3 Beer s Law.......................................................................................156
8.1.4 IR Transducers.................................................................................159
8.1.5 Photoacoustic Effect.........................................................................159
8.2 Instrumentation of Filter IR and Photoacoustic Detectors..........................160
8.2.1 IR Source and Wavelength Control.................................................161
8.2.2 Sample Cell......................................................................................161
8.2.3 IR Intensity Detectors......................................................................161
8.2.4 Photoacoustic Detectors...................................................................161
8.2.5 Detector Operation...........................................................................163
8.2.6 Technique Specification of Filter and Photoacoustic
IR Detectors.....................................................................................163
8.2.6.1 Detectable Substances and Selectivity.............................163
8.2.6.2 Sensitivity and LOD.........................................................164
8.2.6.3 Environmental Effect........................................................164
8.2.6.4 Response Time..................................................................164
8.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Detectors..........................................................164
8.3.1 Interferometer...................................................................................165
8.3.2 Fourier Transform............................................................................166
8.3.3 Background Handling......................................................................166
8.3.4 CWA and TIC Detection..................................................................167
8.4 Remote IR Monitors....................................................................................168
8.5 Applications.................................................................................................168
8.6 Fact Sheets for Selected IR-Based Detectors..............................................171
Chapter 9 Surface Acoustic Wave and Electrochemical Techniques
9.1 Principle of Operation of SAW Devices.....................................................178
9.1.1 Piezoelectric Effect..........................................................................178
9.1.2 Surface Acoustic Waves...................................................................178
9.1.3 Surface Sorption...............................................................................179
9.1.4 SAW Chemical Sensor.....................................................................182
9.2 Instrumentation.............................................................................................183
9.2.1 Sample Input....................................................................................183
9.2.2 SAW Device.....................................................................................184
9.2.3 Temperature Effect and Compensation...........................................185
9.3 Analysis Processes.......................................................................................186
9.4 Technical Specifications...............................................................................186
9.4.1 Selectivity.........................................................................................186
9.4.2 Sensitivity. MDL. and Response Dynamic Range..........................187
9.4.3 Response Time.................................................................................187
9.5 Applications................................................................................................. 88
9.6 Electrochemical Sensors..............................................................................190
9.6.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions......................................................190
9.6.2 The Sensor........................................................................................191
9.6.3 Operation, Sensitivity, and Selectivity.............................................193
9.7 Fact Sheets for Selected SAW and/or Electrochemical Detectors..............194
Chapter 10 Colorimetric Technology
10.1 Principle of Operation..................................................................................198
10.2 Instrumentation.............................................................................................198
10.2.1 Badge Monitoring Kit and Paper Spot Detector.............................199
10.2.2 Detection Tube.................................................................................199
10.2.3 Advancing Tape-Based Colorimetric Detector...............................201
10.3 Applications.................................................................................................203
10.4 Fact Sheets on Selected Colorimetric Technique-Based Detectors............206
Chapter 11 Photoionization and Flame Ionization Detection Techniques
11.1 Photoionization Technique...........................................................................210
11.1.1 Photoionization.................................................................................210
11.1.2 Ionization Source.............................................................................211
11.1.3 Ion Detection....................................................................................212
11.1.4 Instrumentation.................................................................................212
11.1.5 Technique Specification...................................................................212
11.2 Flame Ionization Technology......................................................................214
11.3 Comparison of Photoionization, Flame Ionization, and Flame
Photometric Techniques...............................................................................215
11.4 Applications.................................................................................................217
11.5 Fact Sheet on Selected Photoionization and Flame
Ionization Detectors.....................................................................................221
Chapter 12 Future Trends in CWA and TIC Detection..................................225
Appendix A Material Safety Data Sheet..........................................................231
Appendix B Standing Operating Procedure.....................................................241
Appendix C Index of Chemical Agent Detectors and Supplies and
Manufacturers...............................................................................249
Glossary and Abbreviations...................................................................................251
Bibliography..........................................................................................................255
Index......................................................................................................................259
|
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| spelling | Sun Yin Verfasser aut Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors Yin Sun and Kwok Y. Ong Boca Raton [u.a.] CRC Press 2005 272 S. ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-258) and index Agents chimiques (Munitions) - Mesure Gaz asphyxiants et délétères - Mesure Guerre chimique Chemical agents (Munitions) Measurement Chemical warfare Gases, Asphyxiating and poisonous Measurement Ong, Kwok Y. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013359127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sun Yin Ong, Kwok Y. Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors Agents chimiques (Munitions) - Mesure Gaz asphyxiants et délétères - Mesure Guerre chimique Chemical agents (Munitions) Measurement Chemical warfare Gases, Asphyxiating and poisonous Measurement |
| title | Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors |
| title_auth | Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors |
| title_exact_search | Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors |
| title_full | Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors Yin Sun and Kwok Y. Ong |
| title_fullStr | Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors Yin Sun and Kwok Y. Ong |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors Yin Sun and Kwok Y. Ong |
| title_short | Detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors |
| title_sort | detection technologies for chemical warfare agents and toxic vapors |
| topic | Agents chimiques (Munitions) - Mesure Gaz asphyxiants et délétères - Mesure Guerre chimique Chemical agents (Munitions) Measurement Chemical warfare Gases, Asphyxiating and poisonous Measurement |
| topic_facet | Agents chimiques (Munitions) - Mesure Gaz asphyxiants et délétères - Mesure Guerre chimique Chemical agents (Munitions) Measurement Chemical warfare Gases, Asphyxiating and poisonous Measurement |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013359127&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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